Temporary porch. Porch for a wooden house: types and subtleties of manufacturing. Architectural features and design options for the porch
Coming to the dacha just to garden is a thing of the past. The dacha plot has long become a favorite vacation spot. It's so nice to take a steam bath warm bath, and then sit on a cozy porch, enjoying the beauty of the village landscape.
Peculiarities
The porch can be built together with country house or attach it after completion construction work. But they must build it, because it leads to interior spaces, protecting them from snow in winter, and from dirt in the off-season.
The porch is constantly subjected to heavy loads, so it must meet high strength requirements. As a rule, it becomes an organic addition to the house, making the entire structure unique.
The appearance of the porch also depends on your financial capabilities, the area of your summer cottage, materials and, of course, on your wishes.
Kinds
Depending on the type, there are open and closed extensions. The first ones are equipped only with fencing and handrails, and the staircase has no more than three steps. This simple porch can be permanent or attached so that it can be removed indoors for the winter.
If the porch is protected from precipitation from above and on all sides, it is classified as closed type. As a rule, it is a continuation of the glazed terrace or veranda. This porch expands the space, allowing you to place the necessary things. This is an ideal option for those who come to their country cottage area all year round.
Regardless of the type of porch, consider constructing an awning or canopy to provide protection from the elements and bright sunlight. The first one is supported by support pillars, and the second one is supported by brackets or protruding ceilings. To ensure a reliable and durable design, consider a few important tips:
- The most durable options for canopies and canopies are made from steel sheets or metal tiles. They will withstand heavy hail, layers of snow, and ice on the roof.
- Polycarbonate structures are gaining popularity: they are light, durable, and easy to maintain. The transparency of this material is 88%, so bright sunlight turns into soft diffused lighting.
- Pay attention to single- and double-pitch wooden structures: they are durable and especially suitable for wooden house. But you shouldn’t take glass or plastic: fragile material may simply not survive until the next season.
- The slope of canopies and canopies should be directed away from the steps so that they do not flow rainwater or melted snow.
Materials
The house and porch should look like a single whole. Therefore, it is important to select materials so that they are in harmony with each other and fit organically into the overall design. Otherwise, the entire structure will look tasteless.
Metal, concrete, wood and brick are popular materials for DIY porch construction. You will determine which one is suitable for your design by considering their pros and cons. Thus, a metal porch is reliable and durable. Anti-corrosion varnish will protect the material from rust, so the extension will remain attractive for a long time appearance.
Often, it does not require installing a foundation, and it is possible to assemble the porch yourself within three days. A metal porch quickly heats up in the sun and freezes in the cold, so for closed options it won't fit.
To install a metal porch, there are the following instructions:
- Install pipe supports, angles and profiles, make the frame of the porch platform, then prepare a string from a channel or metal corner. The latter is also used for making steps.
- The result is a frame to which the racks are welded, and the upper edge of the bowstring to the resulting structure. Edged board screwed to the corner, and the final step is the application of anti-corrosion varnish, as well as protective or decorative paint.
Wood is an affordable, practical and durable material. It is easy to remodel a building from it, and the wooden structure will equally decorate the façade and small house, and a grandiose building. Wooden structures periodically require repairs with the replacement of individual elements. To extend the life of your porch, treat it special means from rodents, paint or varnish. You can actually install a wooden structure yourself, and to make you happy with the result, take into account the following recommendations:
- Prepare holes 50 cm deep in advance and install supports in them. Then make a platform for the porch, prepare bowstrings or stringers.
- Attach the steps with bolts and nuts and only then proceed to install the railings: first install the balusters, and then attach the handrails to them. The installation of a wooden porch, as a rule, ends with the installation of a canopy.
Concrete structures are not afraid of either heat or frost. It's easy to do it yourself:
- On wooden frame install the fittings and then make concrete mixture and poured into formwork. Before adding a porch, it must first be connected to the foundation of the house.
- If the house is already shrinking, drill holes in the foundation and install metal pins in them to connect the house to the porch. If the house has just been built, before work begins, a spacer of roofing felt-wrapped boards is installed between the foundation and the porch.
- After installing the porch, the boards are removed and the resulting gap is filled polyurethane foam. Initially concrete porch It doesn’t look very aesthetically pleasing, but finishing it with siding will improve the situation.
Bright, durable brick porches are still popular. Near a small house, such a porch will look cumbersome, but for a solid brick or stone building it will be perfect. To make the porch an organic addition to your home, listen to the following recommendations:
- The brick porch is mounted on a solid foundation, which is filled with concrete mortar. When the concrete has dried, its surface is laid out with backfill bricks. For waterproofing, roofing felt is laid between the porch and the wall of the house.
- Then they begin to make the steps: the backing brick is laid in the middle, and the facing brick is finished on the outer part. After installing the steps, they begin installing the railings, canopy and finishing the entire structure.
When choosing material, give preference ceramic brick as the most durable and never use used material. After all, constant load and weather conditions will lead to the destruction of the brick, and the entire structure will look very untidy.
How to build?
Any event requires a specific plan of action, and the construction of a country porch is no exception. First of all, you need to design the future structure. This can be done both on paper and in a special 3D program to look at the porch from all sides, assessing its advantages and disadvantages.
Design the number and height of steps, the height of the railings and the frequency of balusters, the dimensions of the canopy or canopy and their shape. The design needs to reflect the size of the site’s base, the thickness of the side walls, as well as the presence of window and door openings.
There are rules and regulations that need to be taken into account when building a porch:
- The site is built at the foundation level, the width of the area in front of the front door is 1.3-1.7 meters, the width of the steps is 30-40 cm, the height is 15-20 cm. At the entrance, a switch should be placed on the porch, because you will go outside and in dark time days.
- The bottom of the canopy or canopy is placed 25-30 cm higher front door, the minimum width of the passage is 70-80 cm. If the dimensions of the house allow, the passage can be increased to 1.4-1.6 meters. The minimum width of the passage is 70-80 cm, but if dimensions allow, the passage can be increased to 1.4-1.6 meters. If you are planning more than three steps, the porch should be equipped with railings.
- The width of the site is designed taking into account one- or double door, and if the base is concrete, they plan waterproofing wooden walls. Steps and platforms are designed at a slight angle (2-3 degrees) to avoid the accumulation of rainwater and winter ice. The front door is made external, so the porch area is installed 5-7 cm lower.
After a detailed review of the project, proceed directly to construction work. Mark required area, marking it with pegs driven around the perimeter. Then you need to dig a pit, the dimensions equal to the depth of the main foundation.
The bottom of the hole is covered with crushed stone approximately 5-10 cm, lightly compacted, and then proceeds to the final stage: prepare a solution of cement, crushed stone, water and sand and fill the hole so that it is level with the ground, and then level the surface with a lath and bubble level . This concrete pad is ideal for simple wooden and metal structures.
A columnar foundation is a simpler option, when the stairs of a wooden porch rest on a concrete, monolithic or brick pillar driven into the ground.
If you plan to build a porch into the veranda, install a strip foundation.
To do this, a trench is dug along the perimeter of the veranda, the bottom is covered with sand and formwork is installed. After this, a support is made from wooden bars for the reinforcement in the pit, which is installed in the formwork and filled with concrete. After a day, the formwork is removed, and after two to three weeks the veranda itself is installed. Concrete or brick buildings are located on a slab foundation. It is mounted similarly to a concrete pad, and the depth of the ditch is at least 50-70 cm.
Despite the fact that all the work with the foundation seems long and tedious, there are a number of nuances that cannot be ignored:
- the foundation is not replaced with concrete slabs, since they can be damaged by heavy precipitation in the form of rain and snow;
- Without a foundation, your porch will not live long, because as the soil thaws in the spring, it will either move or simply become askew.
After completing the foundation work, choose any porch option to suit your taste and budget and begin installing a new summer cottage structure. The installation of stair steps begins from the bottom up, attaching them to the beams with self-tapping screws or wooden pins. Both carved wooden handrails and forged railings are suitable for fencing.
Left to do landing, which is either equipped with a dense flooring of boards with a slight slope, or boards are installed with a distance of 5 mm so that the moisture itself goes into the floor.
Since you have decided to do it yourself new extension, you probably want it to become not just another element of the dacha, but a beautiful addition to the entire site. Therefore, you should listen to the advice of professionals and decide how to decorate your porch.
The gable canopy and turned railings, steps and porch platform, finished with tiles or stone, are fully consistent with the classic style. An elegant addition will be lighting and pots with fresh flowers.
Wooden structure with a pronounced wood pattern is simply created for country style, and clear lines and laconic forms are the most striking features of the European style.
Country porch will turn into a piece of paradise if you equip it as a Latin American or Mediterranean patio. Give preference corner solutions: They will protect your patio from the elements and allow you to move around your home freely. The walls will be decorated with climbing clematis, ivy, lemongrass or virgin grapes, and place tubs with cypress in the corners of the site.
Wicker furniture, wooden benches and picturesque pergolas will emphasize the beauty and help in the arrangement rural style. Bamboo decor, stone flooring and bonsai will transport you to the land of warlike samurai. A modest wooden base with white elements and bright colors will create a Mediterranean atmosphere, and colorful mosaics will not leave fans of the Moorish style indifferent.
The most correct version of the porch is when its foundation is cast along with the house. In this case, there are practically no problems. Sometimes when planning a building it is forgotten. Then a porch is added to the house. An extension is made mainly from three materials: wood, metal and concrete. If the house is brick, they can build it out of brick. Another option is to make it from building blocks and then finish it. In any case, when planning to make a porch with your own hands, you must immediately decide what kind of foundation to make and whether or not to connect it with the base of the building.
How to calculate parameters
First you need to decide which way the steps will go. They can be on one, two or three sides. You determine this based on personal preferences and the finances that you can/want to allocate for construction. The height of the porch depends on the height of the plinth and should be 50-70 mm below the edge door leaf. This small step prevents precipitation from getting inside the house. Perhaps more importantly, it prevents the doors from becoming blocked if the porch rises up due to frost heaving (if the doors open outward).
Determining the dimensions of the upper platform
The layout of the porch begins with determining the size of the upper platform. If the doors open outward, you should be able to stand on the landing to open the doors. That is, its depth should be 30-40 cm greater than the width of the door leaf. According to GOST recommendations, the dimensions of the platform should be 1.5 times the width of the doorway. More is possible - less - undesirable - inconvenient.
If your doors are 80 cm wide, then the depth of the upper platform at the very minimum is 120 cm. Its width is determined based on the tastes and proportions of the house, but it should definitely be greater than the width of the doorway.
We count the number and sizes of steps
You know the height of the porch: 50-60 mm below the door leaf. The recommended height of the step (riser) is 15-20 cm. Divide the height of the porch by the height of the steps, you get the approximate number of steps. The number rarely turns out to be a whole number. The remaining centimeters can be divided between all steps or one of them can be made higher. Another option is to create a small step at the bottom, although this may be awkward.
The optimal width of the step (tread) is 25-30 cm. Knowing the number of steps, the depth of the upper platform, the depth of the steps, you can calculate the full dimensions of the porch. Using them it is already possible to develop the foundation for the porch.
When choosing the parameters of the steps, you must adhere to the recommendations of SNiP: the sum of the tread and double riser should be in the range of 600-640 mm. For example, you calculated that the height of the step (riser) is 17 cm, the tread (depth) is 280 mm. After performing the calculations we get: 170 mm * 2+280 mm = 620 mm. We fit into the recommended parameters, which means there is no need to change anything.
What kind of foundation is needed?
If the porch is planned to be light - wooden or metal - the foundation is most often made of piles or columns. Specifically chosen based on geological conditions. On well-draining soils with low levels groundwater enough, if you are prone to heaving, you may need it already.
For a heavy porch - made of brick or monolithic concrete- make a strip foundation or. The type of foundation is most often similar to the one on which the house is built.
Next, you need to decide whether you will connect the porch foundation to the house foundation or not. Decisions are made based on the planned mass of the extension and the type of soil. Both options have disadvantages. If there is no connection, cracks often form at the junction of the porch and the house; due to frost heaving, the porch may become warped. Owners often face this problem. summer cottages- Mostly the porch to the dachas is made of wood and disjointed. After the ground thaws, it may “sit” in place on its own, or it may require some additional measures.
When installing connections, it is also possible for cracks to form, but not only at the joint, but also in the “body” of the extension. This happens if the reinforced connections installed cannot compensate for the uneven load, created by the house and an extension. Therefore, a connected foundation for the porch is made if it is attached to a heavy house and is itself heavy and massive, made of reinforced concrete. The second difficulty with this decision is to make the connection high-quality. To do this, use ribbed reinforcement with a diameter of 12-16 mm, for which holes are drilled in the foundation with a given diameter. Reinforcement is hammered into them and a frame for the porch is knitted on its basis.
There are two main designs of stairs: on bowstrings and on stringers. They can be made of wood or metal. There are also combined options- metal + wooden steps or metal + concrete steps.
Staircase designs - on bowstrings and on stringers
On the bowstrings
Stairs on bowstrings are the simplest. For a porch - a good option, especially if the house is wooden or a small country house. TO inside support bars are attached to the bowstrings. If you are working with metal, the bars are welded horizontally (you can minimum slope 1-2° so that water flows from the steps). In the case of wood, support bars can either be nailed to which the step will then be attached, or recesses can be cut into the bowstring (no more than 1/2 the thickness of the board), into which the step boards are inserted.
On the stringers
A staircase on stringers can also be of a simple design - with open supports. In this case, triangles are cut at the required angle in the upper part of the board. Their lower part serves as a support for the steps.
When cutting the stringer, set aside the height of the step and the width of the tread. They are connected at right angles. Using the applied markings, a template is made, with which all steps are marked.
The number of stringers in a staircase depends on its width and the thickness of the boards used for the steps. The thinner the board for the steps, the more often you need to install stringers. If you use 25 mm boards, then there should be a distance of no more than 50-60 cm between the two supports. If you need a larger staircase width and don’t want to install three stringers, use thicker boards. It is important that they do not bend under your feet.
If you decide to weld a ladder on stringers from metal, you will need to be patient: you will have to weld many small sections, but the formation principle is the same.
Methods of fastening parts
The lower edge of the porch stairs can sometimes rest directly on the ground. This option is simple, but unreliable. Firstly, the soil may settle and the stairs will begin to collapse. Secondly, upon contact with the ground, both wood and metal are destroyed faster. There are special impregnations for wood (Senezh and Senezh Ultra, for example), and metal is well prepared with a primer and painted in several layers. However, it is better to make a base - pour a shallow tape on which the bowstrings or stringers will rest.
To iron concrete base There are two ways to attach a staircase for a porch - to a beam - a beam with a cross-section of at least 75 * 75 mm or to an embedded beam of a smaller cross-section (pictured on the left).
Difficulties may also arise with the installation of porch posts. There are several ways. There is one very simple and effective one that works great even on heaving soils(clays and loams). Holes 50-60 cm deep are dug under the pillars. A bucket and a half of sand is poured into them at the bottom and compacted well. Half a bucket of crushed stone is poured on top of the sand and compacted too. They put up a pole, level it, put spacers that will hold it in a given position. The space between the wall of the hole and the pillar is gradually filled with crushed stone, tamping it thoroughly. The hole is filled flush with the ground, the top can be concreted (so that precipitation does not drain), but not spilled to the very bottom. Pillars installed in this way do not lead even with severe heaving. A significant part of the water goes into the sand, and the remaining forces of frost heaving are absorbed by the rubble, neutralizing them.
If piles, strip foundations or monolithic slab, a columnar base is folded, then for fastening wooden racks Studs or special glasses are embedded in concrete. After the concrete has matured, the rack bars are attached to them with wood grouse or bolts.
If the racks are metal, a corner with a wall thickness of at least 3-4 mm is placed in the concrete so that it can be easily welded to it later.
When building a wooden porch with your own hands, questions may arise about attaching the railings and balusters. They can be assembled using ordinary nails, but if desired, you can use bolts or wood grouse. In this case, holes are pre-drilled, then fasteners are installed in them and tightened using corner key. Such a connection is certainly more reliable than simply using nails.
If the porch is attached to a freshly cut wooden house, in which the shrinkage has not yet been completed, and the design of the porch provides for the presence of a canopy, the racks must be attached to special adjustable plates.
Please note that both the metal and wood that you will use to build the porch require careful processing. The porch is exposed to all climatic influences and the materials require good protection.
Monolithic concrete stairs
The most durable stairs are made of monolithic concrete. They take longer to manufacture than metal or wood ones, but their service life is calculated in decades. The types of concrete stairs are described in detail in the video. The basics of calculation are also given.
How to make a concrete staircase on stringers with your own hands, see the following video.
Wooden porch
A wooden porch is one of the most common options in our country. Wood is plastic, easy to process, costs relatively little (in our country), and forgives many mistakes. That is why it is a favorite building material.
It also has disadvantages: it requires good protection before construction begins (antibacterial impregnations and flame retardants), as well as regular maintenance - updating the protective paint coating. Then long time looks attractive, otherwise it quickly loses its decorative effect.
One of the options for building a wooden porch with a ladder on bowstrings can be seen in the video. Please note that the porch is being built on sandy soil, so the method used to install the pillars is not suitable for everyone. Everything else is clear.
Brick porch
Since brick is a dense and heavy material, a brick porch requires a serious foundation. Usually this is a monolithic slab, with double reinforcement and it is better if it is larger in size than the planned porch.
When calculating the parameters of the steps, it is necessary to take into account the dimensions of the brick and the thickness of the seam between them. Then the laying work will be easier - no need to cut the brick. If you are not going to cover the porch, use high-quality material for the outer rows. The inner rows - backfilling - can be made from scrap or building blocks and their remains.
Brick porch with wooden steps
If the house is on a high base, making a monolithic brick porch is too expensive. Then the columns or walls are folded, leaving empty space inside. It can then be used for household purposes or covered with decorative panels. If an upper platform is needed, these columns/walls are covered from above with a concrete slab - homemade or ready-made - this is your choice. Then a staircase is attached to the resulting base. It doesn't have to be brick. It can be metal, concrete or a combination.
Photo report: wooden porch on a metal frame
A theory is just a theory, and in construction too. You always understand the essence of the matter better if you observe the process yourself, because you can see how others do it and learn something for yourself.
At the request of the parents, an exact copy of the old porch was made. The only difference is that the new one has a welded metal frame.
In place of the demolished porch, a pit with a depth of 25 cm was dug. Sand was poured and compacted into layers at the bottom, crushed stone was placed on it - 10 cm each. A metal mesh with a mesh of 10 cm was laid on top and the whole thing was filled with concrete.
Welded according to the previous dimensions of the porch metal carcass(from a corner 70*5 mm). The sidewalls are set vertically and secured with studs. Next, the base for the benches is welded to them. All metal is treated with a rust converter, primed and painted twice.
The wood used for construction was dry. Planed boards were cut to size (the width of the porch) and treated with impregnation for direct contact with the ground.
We lay the dried boards on the frame. You have to drill a hole for each fastener - you can’t just take a corner.
At this stage, two mistakes were made at once. The first is that the sheathing did not start from the sides. They immediately began laying the steps. As a result, water constantly flows into the joints of the side paneling and steps and warps the wood. It is necessary to start the cladding from the sides, and make the steps a little longer so that they protrude beyond the side cladding by at least a couple of centimeters. The second mistake is that the boards on the porch are laid close to each other. At high humidity they swell and the surface becomes uneven. When laying porch sheathing, make gaps of at least 5-8 mm.
After all the boards are secured, they are sanded. First tape grinder with coarse grain, then disk with fine grain. The process is long. At the same time, the task of removing the green color of the impregnation is being solved. It is not covered even by three layers of tint.
After sanding, we begin painting. We apply it three times. Each layer after the previous one has completely dried. The resulting color is dark mahogany.
While the paint dries completely, we begin making the benches. We cut boards for them, grind down an oblique chamfer (for beauty), and cover them with impregnation.
We make backrests with small decor- rounded edges.
We saw along the marked lines with a jigsaw, then sanded to a smooth edge.
The sides are covered with plywood, which was painted the same color. The porch is ready.
Ready wooden porch do it yourself - side view
DIY brick and concrete porch: photo
The walls of the staircase landing were pre-built from brick, on top of which a monolithic concrete slab was poured. Along the edge, a frame of corners is embedded into it so that the stairs and railings can be welded.
Porch plan: how everything should look
From a corner 70*70*5 mm we cut blanks of the required length. After which we treat them with a rust converter. We start cooking after the reaction has stopped and the metal has dried.
We welded the first metal string.
The finished sidewall was attached to the concrete base with two pins.
Fastening to a concrete support support
We cook the second string in the same way and secure it. When working, make sure that the two bowstrings are in the same plane.
We begin to weld the support bars. Here it is important to constantly monitor the horizontality so that the steps are not oblique.
We weld transverse pieces of the corner to the support bars to form a shelf.
The corners are welded so that they form a frame. We put a piece of slate sheet in it. We lay out the reinforcing material on the slate metal mesh. We weld the edges of the mesh to the frame.
We pour concrete into the prepared steps. We make it high-quality so that the steps do not wear out longer.
While the concrete gains strength, we begin to work on the posts that will support the canopy over the porch. For them we take a profiled pipe 70*40*3 mm. We cut four columns from it. Two are slightly longer - they will be near the wall of the house, two are 15 cm shorter - they stand on the outer edge of the porch, creating the necessary slope - so that the water and snow melt off normally. For railings and crossbars we use profiled pipe 40*40 mm.
All metal is also treated with a rust converter.
First we set up the racks, grab them, install temporary stops
To avoid lateral stresses, it is important to position the racks strictly vertically. We set them up, grab them, use short seams in several places, and check again whether they are positioned correctly. We weld the temporary stops and only after the next check we weld them according to all the rules.
Once all the posts are aligned and welded, you can assemble the railings. At the required height they are fixed strictly horizontally.
Then we proceed to install the roof. We also cook it from profile pipe 40*40 mm. First, strapping around the perimeter - at the level of the shorter posts, then - the rest of the structure. It's not complicated, but it takes a lot of time - a lot of intersections.
Then it was time to do the railings and decorations. And again, there are no difficulties, it can be done easily if desired.
That's it, the porch is ready for finishing works. Rough tiles for outdoor use were purchased for the steps and landing. The sidewall of the monolithic slab was also trimmed with it.
The metal was painted with matching paint, and the roof was covered with corrugated sheeting left over after the roof was installed. The DIY porch turned out pretty good.
Photo ideas for porch design
Porch to wooden bath or dacha - a staircase made of logs
Porch covered with WPC - wood-polymer composite
The porch performs not only decorative functions. In winter, it protects the front door from snow drifts, and in summer, from rain or heat. It can be made from metal, stone, brick, concrete, but the best option for wooden house there will be a porch made of good wood. You can build a porch for a wooden house with your own hands if you approach this matter prepared, and for this we recommend that you read our article.
Porch dimensions
To freely approach the front door and open it, you need free space. By building regulations the upper platform of the porch adjacent to single door, should have a width of 1.6 m, to double door– from 2 m. The distance from the door to the first of the steps is 1 m. To protect from rain and snow, the canopy over the porch is made slightly wider than the platform (by 30 cm).Must be normalized width and height of steps, in which the average width of a person’s step is taken as a basis. Their optimal height is 16-19 cm with a width of 25-33 cm. Since a person starts climbing the stairs and finishes it with one leg, the number of steps should be odd.
Standard step sizes
IN winter period steps are often covered with ice, so the porch should be equipped with handrails. If there are more than 3 steps, their manufacture is mandatory. Standard railing height– 80-90 cm.
Important! The top platform of the porch should be lower door threshold by 5-10 cm. Otherwise, during seasonal soil fluctuations, it may rise and block the door.
Foundation
The simplest foundation for a wooden porch is piles. They can be made from wooden beams treated with an antiseptic or burned in a fire, or metal pipes. Depth such supports should be slightly below (20-30 cm) the level of soil freezing.To install the piles, a small layer of sand is first poured into the holes prepared for them, and then gravel. Such a pillow will remove moisture from the supports and protect them from premature rotting.
Foundation for a porch on wooden piles
After installing the supports and leveling them, the space between them and the ground is filled with concrete mortar. Extreme supports They are attached to the wall of the house with large nails or self-tapping screws. Further work should be carried out only after the concrete has completely hardened.
Important! If a concrete foundation is chosen for the porch, it is imperative to provide expansion joint. Otherwise, during seasonal soil movements, due to the difference in the load on the supports, the foundation at the point of its connection with the building may crack. To avoid moisture ingress, such an expansion joint can be filled with any flexible material(rubber gasket, mineral wool, etc.), and then cover with a strip.
An expansion joint should be provided between the base of the house and the porch
What is a kosour?
The side inclined boards to which the steps are attached are called bowstrings. The steps in them can be inserted into special grooves cut into the bowstring, mounted on screws, dowels, studs or special steel fasteners.
Stair strings
But most often stairs are made, the bowstrings of which have cutouts, on which the steps lie. This type of bowstring is called stringer.
Stairs with one stringer are rare. Most often, the steps are mounted on two or (if the span width is large enough and ranges from 1.2-1.5 m) on three supports.
Making a stringer
Staircase on three stringers
All stringers are divided into two main types:
Regular stepped; have cutouts triangular shape, placed at an equal distance from each other; significant disadvantage This method is thinning wooden beam after cutting it;
WITH "fillies": small bars (dowels) to support the steps, which are inserted into the slots of the stringers; quite complex, but more durable design.
Stringer with fillies
Kosour is the most complex element design, therefore its dimensions and the width of the cutouts should be measured with special care. To facilitate the process, you can use a stencil made from a piece of plywood or thick, even cardboard.
The horizontal cutouts for the steps in the stringer must be equal tread(width of the step). The size of the vertical cut is riser(step height).
Important! When measuring the size of a stringer or bowstring, it should be taken into account that the tread of the first step should become a continuation of the platform.
To prevent the support beams from bending under the weight of people walking along the stairs, the boards from which bowstrings or stringers will be made must be thick enough - from 60 mm at width from 30 cm. They are made from quality wood hardwood (spruce, pine, maple, oak or beech), without cracks or knots.
More durable and reliable are stringers made from metal profile. For this you can use steel corners.
Channel stringers
Porch assembly
Before starting assembly, to protect it from rotting, you should carefully treat the wood with any antibacterial agents and paint it several times with drying oil or varnish.1. After hardening concrete mortar V support pillars holes are cut out for laying the top part of stringers or bowstrings (they are attached without nails). The lower part of the bowstrings should lie on support pads, resting on nickels.
Fastening the upper part of the stringer
Notches for attaching the bottom of the stringer
2. Placed on support piles lags and are attached using self-tapping screws. For their manufacture, 5-centimeter strong boards are used. They are laid on the logs floorboards thickness from 2.5 cm.
3. To ensure ventilation, be sure to leave a small 20mm gap. The same gap is left between the steps and the tread. There is no need to make too large a distance between the boards - after all, during use, the wood will dry out and the size of the cracks will increase.
4. Laying the steps begins from the bottom. If desired, you can do without risers by laying only treads.
You don’t have to make steps for the street porch
5. Treads and risers are attached to screws with wide heads. They are slightly (a couple of millimeters) recessed into the boards. Metal brackets can also be used for fastening. Ideal option There will be the use of boards with a tongue-and-groove system.
Fastening steps and risers
Hard to imagine a private house without a built porch. The process of its construction may vary. The best option is to cast the foundations of the house and the porch at the same time. However, steps are often thought about after the building is built.
In this case, the porch is attached, for which three types of materials are used - wood, metal, concrete.
How to build a porch correctly
Attaching a porch to a house with our own hands is within the capabilities of many of us. Once you decide on the direction of the steps (they can go in one, two or three directions at the same time), you need to choose the height of the porch. It is desirable that it be lowered by 50-70 mm in relation to the border of the doorway.
There are two points to consider here:
- eliminating blocking of the door leaf opening outwards;
- preventing water from entering the house after precipitation
Calculation of the dimensions of the upper platform
For doors oriented outward, you should prepare an upper platform with a depth that is 300-400 mm greater than the width of the door leaf. At the same time, there are also GOST requirements - the size of the site must be at least 1.5 times larger than the opening. For example, you installed a door whose width is 900 mm, then the size of the platform should be over 1350 mm.
Design of steps
When determining the parameters of the stairs, you can focus on the recommended step size of 15-20 cm. If you divide the height of the porch by this size, you can get the required number of steps.
Of course, you're unlikely to get an integer. Therefore, you can vary the height of the steps within the recommended limit, distributing the excess between them. Or provide a small step at the very beginning of the stairs. But the width of each segment can be within 30-40 cm.
There are also the following recommendations: if you sum up the tread size with twice the step value, then the result obtained should be 600-640 mm. For example, when designing steps with a height of 175 mm and a tread of 280 mm, the resulting value will be 170*2+280=630 mm, which fully complies with the criterion under consideration.
Selection of base
The heavier the designed porch for a private house is, the more powerful the foundation is required. If for relatively light wooden and metal structures we can limit ourselves to a pile or columnar foundation, then a concrete or brick building will require strip foundation or monolithic slab.
It is also important to understand whether you will connect the foundations of the house and the porch. You need to focus on the characteristics of the extension itself and the characteristics of the soil. If you don’t tie, you need to be prepared for cracks to form at the joint, for example due to frost, which will cause the structure to warp. Repairs may be required in the future.
A bound base also does not guarantee the absence of cracks. They may appear in the mass of the porch itself. Because reinforced reinforcement cannot always cover the difference in loads between the house and the extension.
This base option is recommended if the structure of the house and porch are quite massive. For example, when the latter is made of reinforced concrete. This requires a high-quality bond using reinforcement with a diameter of 12-16 mm, driven into pre-made holes in the foundation. Then the frame is built.
Selection of staircase design
Stairs can be built on bowstrings or stringers. Wood, metal or combinations, including with concrete, are used for manufacturing.
The bowstring option is suitable for a wooden or small house. The fastening goes like this. The inner surface of the bowstring is connected to the support bars.
For metal parts welding is used in horizontal plane, and for wood, simply nailing the bars and then attaching the steps is suitable. It is also permissible to cut notches in the bowstring to install steps.
The use of stringers may involve the use of open supports. To do this, you need to cut triangles at the top of the board, the base of which will be the support for the step.
If you choose the method of cutting the stringer, you will need to orientate yourself by the height of the step and the width of the tread. It is advisable to connect them at an angle of 90 degrees. Many experienced craftsmen It is recommended to first make a general template, which you can use in subsequent work.
Remember you need to choose the right number of stringers. This depends on the parameters of the staircase itself and the thickness of the board.
Thin boards will require more frequent installation kosourov. For example, a 25 mm board requires a distance between supports of up to 60 mm. Deflection should be avoided.
Porch structures made of different materials
There are several options for choosing material for the extension. You must decide on the porch design yourself, based on the type of house, soil characteristics and your own preferences.
Wooden porch
This is a fairly popular material for making an extension of this type. It is recommended to use hardwood, such as oak. Larch, spruce and other conifers will also suit you. True, special impregnation will be required.
First, the load-bearing beam is installed. Teeth are pre-cut in it, and steps are placed on the horizontal ribs. This beam is called a stringer and serves as additional support. A distance of 500 mm is left between the stringers. Their number will depend on the intervals specified by the project.
To arrange the bowstring, take a thicker board. The two strings must be held together by crossbars. In between, stringers are attached to the beams.
Cutting out the ribs on which the steps will be fixed is done using a square. Mistakes can lead to sagging and swelling of the steps.
The width of the steps should ensure comfort for residents. And their number is preferably odd - this way you will get an additional stiffener. Well, don't forget about the railings. Their presence is desirable if the number of steps is more than three.
The presence of an overhang is determined general design. If you have glazing or reliable protection from bad weather, then his presence is not necessary. But at the same time, the overhang itself allows water to flow onto the plane of the lower step, preventing it from getting into the grooves after rolling down the riser.
When you mount the porch to a wooden house on the foundation, you can form a small trench by applying pressure to the lower beam of the stringer. Of course, if the concrete has not yet hardened. This will increase the strength of the ladder. To arrange the upper platform, take a board that has convenient dimensions. It is necessary to accurately adjust the joints to prevent the occurrence of deformations in the future.
Metal construction
This extension looks quite elegant. But you will need the ability to work with welding equipment and use standard parts. Moreover, the cost will not be too high. Although the use of forged parts will increase the cost and will require pre-ordering forging elements.
A simplified version of the design is mounted using channels and corners. And then install the filling material, for example, wooden boards or high-strength chipboard.
The channels are fixed parallel to each other. The distance is selected in accordance with the designed length of the steps. A corner is made to fit the size of the steps. It is advisable to provide an additional margin of up to 1 cm at the edges for the seam.
Similarly, the part of the corner corresponding to the height between the steps is cut off. Then they are connected in the shape of the letter “G” by welding and attached to the channel. The output is metal obliques, which are connected in pairs with corners.
Use of concrete
The structure being manufactured will be connected directly to the foundation. Each step requires high-quality reinforcement to avoid destruction of the material. First, a formwork is created for the bottom step. It is recommended to make the height of the first step 15-20 mm higher than the others.
Subsequent elements are done in the same way as laying the foundation. Each of them is securely reinforced with a mesh, and the transition to the next level is carried out after the concrete has dried at the previous level. Then rough tiles or stone are laid on top of the concrete.
You can evaluate the benefits of using each type of material from a photo of the porch. Appearance, quality of construction and durability in operation are important factors choosing a design solution.
Arrangement of the canopy
Owner country house can decorate his home if he builds a canopy over the porch of the house. This element will be an excellent protection from bad weather. You can use metal pipes, wooden beam for the frame. The casing is also made of metal, wood and plexiglass.
The canopy is mounted on piles pre-installed into the base. Tiles or a metal sheet, although polycarbonate is now gaining popularity. Be sure to provide a slope, on the lower edge of which a gutter is attached by welding.
Even a novice master can make a porch with his own hands. It is necessary to properly design this structure and carry out the work in stages, adhering to basic instructions.
Photo of the porch to the house
In this case, the porch can be made of different materials and have a variety of shapes. In this article we will talk about how to make a wooden porch with your own hands, show diagrams, drawings, photos and video materials.
Perhaps, even at the design stage, you should think about what kind of porch to make for your house. There are several types:
- Regular (simple) porch. It consists of a small number of steps, and the risers can be either open or closed. This porch can be built with or without railings. It has a simple appearance, there is no wide flooring.
- Porch - patio. It has an original appearance and is characterized by beautiful shapes. Such a porch has a special platform on which flowers or other elements of decorative structures are installed. A small recreation area may be provided.
- Porch - terrace or veranda has enough complex shape. It connects to the open part of the house and has a seating area.
- Built-in porch. It is built together with the house and has a common foundation with it. This type of porch is designed together with the building, every element of the building is thought through.
- Attached (attached) porch. It is being built separately from the building itself. Can be done while using the house. It is a separate structure that is connected to the house in a certain way.
Anyone can build a porch. When carrying out construction work, it is important to follow safety rules and regulations.
Independent construction of a porch includes the following steps:
- First of all, you need to make a drawing future design. You can make the drawing yourself or order it from specialists.
- The porch drawing must have general form, dimensions flight of stairs, platforms, railings and flights of stairs.
- When designing, you must immediately think about what material will be used. If the porch will have a lot of traffic, then it is better to use stronger types of wood. For a small family, you can make a porch from pine.
- It is important to consider what kind of protection from precipitation will be provided, for example, you can use a roof or canopy.
- The construction site should not interfere with the opening and closing of doors, while there should be enough space for several people to move around.
- Before starting construction work, it is worth deciding what height of steps is best to use.
- Consider the design and appearance of the porch. This design should fit harmoniously into the exterior of the house.
After the preparatory work has been carried out, you can safely begin building the porch.
To make a wooden porch you will need to select the following building material:
- Beam with a section of 10×20 cm for supports. Although in most cases the size of the support beam is selected individually. The choice depends on the degree of load on the structure. As for the wood itself, it is preferable to choose larch or pine. They contain resins that allow the wood to withstand adverse environmental conditions.
- Boards 3–5 cm thick for decking the platform.
- Blanks for balusters and railings. If there are none, then you should purchase a beam/batten for their manufacture. Dimensions depend on design parameters.
- Impregnations, solutions and special compositions for wood impregnation.
- Concrete for pouring supports.
We invite you to familiarize yourself with the technology of making a wooden porch at wooden pillars. Building a porch on a foundation in the form of a support cushion will be justified if the following rules are observed:
- The base of the stringer must necessarily have an emphasis on waterproofing, which is located between the wood of the stringer and the foundation.
- It is better to use wood for supports. coniferous species, especially if you live in an area with high humidity.
- The support pillars should be treated with an antiseptic against rotting. It is not recommended to use roofing felt in this case, since it does not allow air to pass through, and this leads to rotting of the wood. Therefore, it is better to use waste oil or drying oil for processing.
- The installation depth of the pole is up to 80 cm. On average, the depth of digging a support can be equal to 1/3 of its length.
- If the design is quite massive according to plan, then more supports should be installed for better stability.
- Each support must be poured with concrete. Once it's dry, check the height between all the posts. If there is a difference, then it is necessary to eliminate it by filing.
- After this, you can lay the logs on the supports.
- If possible, secure the upper edge of the stringer to a railway sleeper.
The principle of building a porch to a brick or wooden house is identical. In any case, it is worth making a high-quality connection of the porch to the building.
As for the steps, everything is very simple here. The boards are laid on logs and fixed with nails or screws. The method of installing them may vary. For example, boards are fitted close to each other so that there are no gaps between them. In this case, the slope of the porch will be from 1.5 to 2°. This will be enough so that the water does not accumulate, but drains. Another installation method is to leave gaps of up to 3 mm between the boards. This will allow the water to immediately flow down without lingering on the surface of the porch.
The latter method of laying flooring has its disadvantages, which is associated with the risk of injury. This applies to cases where the fair half of the house wears stilettos.
If we talk about steps, they can be purchased ready-made. But if you want to save family budget, you can make them yourself:
- It is necessary to start installing the steps from the bottom of the bowstring/stringer. For fastening, self-tapping screws are used, the heads of which are recessed into the wood.
- First of all, the risers are installed, and then the steps themselves.
- If your steps are on a stringer, then the fastening is carried out directly to it.
When the steps are ready, you should worry about safe movement on the porch by building railings. They can also be made from wood. Guardrails on steps are especially necessary if there are more than three steps.
The porch fence can be made of forging, stone or brick. In this case, it will look more monumental.
Be sure to provide additional elements security. This includes anti-slip coating, which can be made of rubber, rubber, etc. This is very important, because frozen water makes movement on the porch and steps unsafe.
So, making a porch out of wood is one thing. Providing it with a long service life is quite another. We will talk further about the means of protecting a wooden porch.
To organize the protection of the porch and steps, it is worth making a canopy. It will prevent snow, rain and direct sun rays. All this negatively affects wood, especially with constant exposure. If the porch is small, then it will be enough to build small visor. For canopy/canopy roofs you can use different materials corrugated sheeting, polycarbonate, tiles, etc.
When arranging a canopy or canopy, it is important to ensure that the support pillars do not interfere with movement.
This is the principle used to make a wooden porch. If you already have experience in making such a design, then leave comments at the end of this article. If you are a beginner, then the provided diagrams and photographs will help you design and do all the work yourself. We also invite you to watch the prepared video material.
Video
In the video provided, you can clearly see the technology for making a wooden porch:
Photo
You can see in the photographs different variants making a wooden porch:
Scheme
If you decide to make a wooden porch yourself, then the proposed diagrams can help you develop your own project:
