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Presentation - the structure of flowering plants. Organs of flowering plants Plant organs and their functions presentation

G.Ya.Sultangirova

biology teacher

Organ- a part of the body that has a certain structure and performs certain functions.

Kinds:

• Vegetative organs
• Generative organs

• Root;
• Stem;
• Sheet;
• The escape;
• Flower.

Root -

This is the axial organ of the plant. It has apical growth and has positive geotropism, that is, it grows towards the center of the Earth.

• Fixing the plant in the soil;
• Absorption, conduction of water and minerals;
• Supply of nutrients;
• Interaction with the roots of other plants (symbiosis), fungi, microorganisms living in the soil (mycorrhiza, legume nodules).
• Vegetative propagation
• Synthesis of biologically active substances
• In many plants, the roots perform special functions (aerial roots, sucker roots).

Stem-

vegetative organ

plants with a radial structure, apical growth in length.

• the place of formation of leaves and flowers, and in their axils - axillary buds;
• assimilation of organic substances;
• transport of water, minerals and organic substances from roots to leaves and back;
• vegetative propagation.

Leaf -

vegetative organ of a plant

developing on a stem, having

bilateral symmetry,

increasing base by

intercalary growth (monocots) or

entire surface (dicots).

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF SHEET

• assimilation of organic matter

(photosynthesis);

• transpiration (evaporation of water);
• gas exchange (absorption and release

• storage of nutrients and water;
• vegetative propagation.

The escape-

one of the main vegetative organs of higher plants, consisting of a stem with leaves and buds located on it.

• photosynthesis process;
• transpiration;
• formation of reproductive organs (sporangia, cones, flowers);
• supporting;
• transport

Flower -

organ of seed reproduction of flowering (angiosperm) plants.

• ensuring sexual reproduction of plants;
• protection (flowers serve to cover and protect ripening fruits and seeds)

• All flowering plants have the same organs.
• An essential feature of all flowering plants is the presence of a flower (modified shoot).
• All plant organs are interconnected.

VEGETATIVE ORGANSStructure of the root
Root functions:
1. Fixing the plant in the soil.
2. Absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
3. Nutrient storage
4. Synthesis of physiologically active substances (hormones)
The root system is the collection of roots of one plant.
main root
Derived from
germinal root
Lateral roots
From the main
subordinate clauses
roots
From the above-ground part of the plant -
leaves
or
stem.
On
capabilities
plants
form
subordinate clauses
roots based reproduction
their cuttings.

Types of root systems

Taproot system (dicots) – main root well
expressed.
Fibrous root system (monocots) – in case of dieback
embryonic root, adventitious roots are formed at the base of the shoot,
approximately similar in size.

Diagram of the structure of the root tip

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Root cap. The root has unlimited
height. It grows at the top, it is concentrated here
educational tissue (meristem). Root tip
protected by a root cap, which also
serves as a direction for plant growth.
Cells of the cap are able to respond to influence
gravity and cause positive
plant geotropism.
Division zone - cells multiply intensively,
causing the root to grow in length.
Stretch zone - cells that have stopped dividing
stretch along the axis of the root and increase in
sizes.
Absorption zone - root integumentary cells form
root hairs that absorb water and
mineral salts. Around the root hair cell
a mucous membrane is formed, which increases
contact with colloidal soil solution.
Absorption is facilitated by secreted hairs
acids (carbonic, malic, citric), which
dissolve mineral salts. Root hairs
die off quickly, their lifespan
is 10-20 days.
Conduction zone – transport of absorbed
root hairs of substances to plant organs.

Root modifications

Roots
Thickened
roots,
forming
V
as a result of accumulation
nutritious
substances
(beets, rutabaga, turnips,
carrot,
turnip,
parsley.).
Root tubers
–
thickening
subordinate clauses
roots
(orchis,
dahlia).
Contractives
(retracting roots) –
in plants with
stem modification
(rhizomatous)
such roots develop.
These roots are better
retract the corm
into the soil.

Root modifications

Breathing roots -
tropical plants,
living on
swampy soils,
poor in oxygen. This
shoots of lateral roots,
rising above the water
or soil.
Aerial roots - tropical plants,
living on tree branches, develop
aerial roots. They are often found in
orchids, bromeliads, in some
ferns. Aerial roots freely
hang in the air without reaching the ground and
absorbing moisture that falls on them from
rain or dew.

Root modifications

Roots of plants - parasites
converted to suckers
organs.
Sucker roots, for example,
dodders
Bacterial nodules
(leguminous plants)

Stem and shoot

A shoot is one of the main organs of a plant, consisting of a stem, leaves and
kidney
The stem is the part of the shoot that provides a connection between the roots and leaves.
A node is a section of the stem from which a leaf emerges.
Internode - the distance between neighboring
nodes.
A bud is a rudimentary shoot. It consists of
shortened stem with rudimentary leaves and
surrounded by kidney scales that perform
protective function. The scales represent
modified leaves.
There are apical and lateral buds.
Apical bud - the tip of the stem (cone
increase). From the apical bud it is formed
the main shoot, and from the side shoots - side shoots.
The apical bud regulates the growth of the lateral buds.
If the apical bud is damaged, growth
dormant buds are moving.

Types of kidneys
In addition to the vegetative bud in
plants have generative
(flower bud),
presented
shortened stem with
flower primordia or
inflorescences. flower bud,
containing 1 flower,
called a bud.

In addition to the apical and axillary buds,
plants are often formed this way
called accessory buds. These
the kidneys have no specific
correctness in location and arise
from internal fabrics. Their source
formations may be pericycle, cambium,
parenchyma of the medullary rays.
Accessory buds may form
both on the stems and on the leaves, and even on
roots However, the structure of these kidneys
no different from normal
apical and axillary. They
provide intense vegetative
renewal and reproduction and have
great biological significance. IN
in particular, with the help of accessory buds
root shoots reproduce
plants.

Forms of shoots

Creeping - stems
creep along the ground
(strawberries,
blackberry).
Erect
–
good
developed
mechanical
fabric (trees,
herbaceous
cereals).
Curly
(vines)
wrap around
trunks
trees.
Climbing –
cling to support
antennae
(vine)
or subordinate clauses
roots

Branching shoots

Branching is necessary for the plant to increase the contact area
with the environment - water, air and soil.
BRANCHING
Apical
Top of the main axis of the plant
forked (dichotomous)
branches and gives rise to two
axes of the next
order (spore and lower
plants).
Lateral
Depart from the main axis
lateral axles
Monopodial
Apical
bud
plants are active on
throughout life
plants and main axis
has unlimited
growth (gymnosperms)
Sympodial –
apical bud
dies or
stops growing while
time as side
shoots are growing vigorously.

The structure of the stem of a woody plant

Modifications of shoots

RHOZOME is a highly modified
underground escape, reminiscent
root (wheatgrass, iris, lily of the valley). Carries
underdeveloped scale-like leaves and
kidneys From rhizome nodes often
adventitious roots emerge. Stock
carbohydrates.
TUBERS – very thick
underground stem with buds,
storing
function.
Bulbs – shortened stem
– bottom, surrounded by juicy
leaves that store water and
Sahara.

Leaf structure

Sheet functions:
1. Photosynthesis
2. Transpiration (gas exchange and evaporation of water).
The sheet consists of 2 main parts:
leaf blade and petiole. Leaves
without a petiole are called sessile.
In some plants at the base
stipules develop on the petiole,
performing a protective function.

Sheet
SIMPLE
DIFFICULT
Consists of sheet
blades and petiole.
whole
Birch, poplar,
linden, pear,
cherry
Blade
Plate
cut into
result
what
arise
blades
(maple, oak)
Split cutouts
edges
records
almost reach
to medium
veins,
forming
segments
records.
Several leafy ones
plates located on
one petiole.
Palmate - lupine (leaves
attached at 1 point);
Pinnate (pinnate) If on the main petiole
lateral leaves
located on both sides
along the length of the petiole, leaf
called pinnate.
Triple - If complex
the sheet consists of three
leaves (maple)

Leaf blades are penetrated by veins - these are conductive bundles, also
give plants strength.
Venation
Reticular – (pinnate)
In dicotyledons
Parallel (arc)
- monocots

Leaf blades are distinguished by the degree of dissection: shallow cuts - jagged or
palmate leaf edges, deep notches - lobed, separated and dissected edges.
If the edges of the leaf blade do not have any notches, the leaf is called entire. If
the notches along the edge of the sheet are shallow, the sheet is called whole.
Lobed leaf – a leaf whose blade is divided into lobes up to 1/3 of the width of the half-leaf.
A split sheet is a sheet with a blade divided to ½ the width of the half sheet.
Dissected leaf - a leaf whose blade is dissected to the main vein or to the base
leaf.
The edge of the leaf blade is serrated (sharp corners).
The edge of the leaf blade is crenate (rounded projections).
The edge of the leaf blade is notched (rounded notches).

Attaching a leaf to a stem

Internal structure of the leaf

The top and bottom of the leaf is covered with epidermis
(skin) that protects the leaf from drying out,
mechanical damage, from pathogenic
organisms. Cells are transparent, living, also
there are cells with chloroplasts (closing
cells) forming a gap - stomata.
Through the stomatal slits, air enters the internal
leaf cells; through them gaseous substances, in
including water vapor, comes out of the leaf. At
insufficient supply of water to the plant (which
may occur in dry and hot weather), stomata
are closing. This is how plants protect themselves from
desiccation, since water vapor when closed
stomatal fissures do not come out and remain in
leaf intercellular spaces. Thus, plants
retain water during dry periods.

Under the epidermis is the main (chlorenchyma) columnar, and below
spongy tissue with developed intercellular space. In spongy tissue
fewer chloroplasts.

The influence of environmental factors on leaf structure

1. The leaves of plants in humid places are usually large with a large number of stomata.
A lot of moisture evaporates from the surface of these leaves. Aquatic plants do well
intercellular spaces are developed, ensuring the accumulation of gases and promoting
buoyancy of the plant. Stomata are located on the upper side of the leaf, chloroplasts
found in epidermal cells. In terrestrial animals, chloroplasts are found only in stomata.
2. The leaves of plants in arid places are small in size and have adaptations
reducing evaporation. This is a thick pubescence, a waxy coating, relatively
a small number of stomata, etc. Some plants have soft and succulent leaves. In them
water is stored. The leaves of many cereals curl into
straw.

Leaf modifications

In the process of adaptation to environmental conditions, the leaves of some
plants changed because they began to play a role not typical
typical leaves. In barberry, some of the leaves have changed into spines.

Slide 1

Structure of flowering plants

Slide 2

Organs of a flowering plant
The root strengthens the plant in the soil, absorbs water and mineral salts from the soil. The stem rises above the ground, bringing the leaves of the plant towards the light. It carries water and mineral salts into the leaves and flowers. A leaf is a special organ of a flowering plant. Thanks to chlorophyll, which is included in the cells of the leaf, it is able to form organic substances from inorganic substances. At the same time, the plant is provided with the necessary nutrition, and oxygen is released into the atmosphere. A flower is the organ of seed reproduction of flowering (angiosperm) plants. A flower is a modified, shortened and growth-limited spore-bearing shoot, adapted for the formation of spores, gametes and the sexual process, culminating in the formation of a fruit with seeds. The flower, being a unique formation in its nature and functions, is amazingly diverse in structural details, color and size. The smallest flowers of plants of the duckweed family have a diameter of only about 1 mm, while the largest flower of Arnold's rafflesia (Rafflesia arnoldii R.Br.) of the Rafflesiaceae family, which lives in tropical forests on the island of Sumatra (Indonesia), reaches a diameter of 91 cm and has a mass of about 11 kg. A fruit is a reproductive organ of angiosperms, formed from a single flower and serving to form, protect and distribute the seeds contained in it. Many fruits are valuable food products, raw materials for obtaining medicinal and dyeing substances, etc. The seed of a plant is an organ of seed plants that performs the functions of their reproduction, dispersal and survival of unfavorable conditions.

Slide 3

Organs of a flowering plant

Slide 4

Escape (lat. córmus) is one of the main vegetative organs of higher plants, consisting of a stem with leaves and buds located on it. Shoots arose as an adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle. The emergence of shoots (that is, leaf formation) is the largest aromorphosis in the history of the plant world on Earth. Thanks to the flat shape of the leaves, the photosynthetic surface has increased dramatically

Slide 5

Complete task No. 119 in the workbook on page 77

Slide 6

Modifications of shoots
The shoot is the most variable plant organ in appearance. This is due not only to the general multifunctionality of vegetative organs that arose in the process of evolution, but also to changes that occur during the ontogeny of plants, due to adaptation to a variety of environmental conditions, and in cultivated plants - under the influence of humans. The main type of shoot of a green plant is an aboveground (aerial) shoot, bearing green leaves on its axis. Underground modified shoots include: rhizome, underground stolon and tuber, bulb, corm. An unusual lifestyle and/or adaptations to the special conditions of existence of plants lead to various modifications of shoots. In this case, shoots can serve not only for storing nutrients, reproduction and propagation of plants, but also perform other functions. There are frequent cases when not the entire shoot is modified, but only its leaves, and some of their metamorphoses are externally and functionally similar to the metamorphoses of the shoot (spines, tendrils).

Slide 7

Slide 8

Complete task No. 120 in the workbook on page 78

Slide 9

Slide 10

Now let's do laboratory work No. 6 (p. 160 textbook)
“Recognizing the organs of a flowering plant” Complete the laboratory work in your workbook on page 76.

Slide 11

Homework:
Paragraph No. 38. Do laboratory work No. 7 (p. 160) yourself at home and write it in a workbook on p. 76. Prepare a report about any medicinal plant growing in the Novgorod region

Slide 12

Crossword puzzle "Structure of flowering plants"
horizontally: 4. Multicellular formation from which the seed develops. 6. Inner layer of bark. 7. Nutrient tissue developing in plant seeds. 10. Green pigment. 12. The main part of the flower involved in the formation of the fruit. 13. Stem with leaves and buds located on it. 14. Cells of conductive tissue of wood. 10. Green pigment. 15. A vegetative organ of higher plants, serving to secure itself in the substrate and absorb water and substances dissolved in it. 16. Layer of educational tissue cells. vertically: 1. The organ of plant reproduction and dispersal, developing from the ovule 2. Part of the plant shoot on which a leaf, bud and sometimes adventitious roots are formed. 3. Part of the pestle. 4. The first leaves of plants developing in the seed. 5. A set of tissues located outward from the cambium. 8. Central part of the stem. 9. Cover tissue consisting of dead cells. 11. Leaves of the corolla of the flower.

In multicellular algae, the body is not divided into organs and has the appearance of threads, plates or bushes. In higher plants, in connection with their habitat in the air-terrestrial environment, vegetative and generative organs consisting of tissues arose.

Organs that provide the basic life processes of a plant organism: - nutrition, - growth, - respiration, - excretion, are called vegetative. The main vegetative organs of plants are shoots and roots. All shoots of one plant form a shoot system. All roots of one plant form a root system.

In addition to vegetative ones, plants have generative organs, or reproductive organs. These include: flower fruit seed

A shoot is a stem with leaves and buds located on it. The presence of leaves is the main difference between a shoot and a root. Buds can be apical or lateral. The apical ones are located at the top of the shoot, the lateral ones are located on its sides above each leaf. The angle between the leaf and the part of the stem located above is called the leaf axil, and the lateral buds located in the leaf axils are called axillary buds.

The section of the stem on which the leaf and axillary bud are located is called a node. They are usually thicker than the internode - the section of the stem between two nodes. Thus, the shoot consists of repeating sections: internodes, nodes with leaves and buds.

A bud is a rudimentary shoot. On the outside, it is covered with dense leathery scales, under which there are a rudimentary stem and small rudimentary leaves. In the axils of these leaves there are very small rudimentary buds, barely visible through a magnifying glass.

The bud scales protect the shoot enclosed under them from drying out and penetration of pathogenic organisms, and in wintering buds - from freezing. Some trees have scales impregnated with resin, for example poplar and birch. This enhances the protection of the embryonic shoot.

At the top of the kidney there is delicate educational tissue. Its cells constantly divide and ensure the formation of all the rudimentary organs of the future shoot. Buds can be vegetative and generative (floral). A stem with leaves and buds is formed from a vegetative bud. In the generative bud, the rudiment of an inflorescence or a single flower is formed from the educational tissue. From such a bud a flowering shoot grows.

Topic: Organs and organ systems of plants. The escape. Laboratory work No. 1. “The external structure of a plant shoot. The structure of vegetative and generative buds” Purpose of the lesson: familiarization with the main organs of plants, study of the structure and development of shoots from the bud. Tasks: Educational:

Introduce the vegetative and generative organs of plants;

Expand the content of the concept of “escape”

Teach to distinguish vegetative buds from generative ones.

Educational:

Develop the ability to compare, analyze, generalize;

Develop communication skills.

To form an idea of ​​the process of kidney expansion;

Teach to recognize vegetative and generative shoots and buds.

Educational:

Continue work on developing a scientific worldview.

Formation of UUD:

Personal UUD:

Establishing a connection between learning activity and motive.

Regulatory UUD:

Learn to plan, build an activity algorithm, make forecasts;

Teach self-esteem, self-control of work performed;

Learn to work according to a model, according to an algorithm.

Communicative UUD:

Develop students' attention;

To teach the ability to listen and record the content and explanations of the teacher or the student’s response;

Learn to pose a question.

Cognitive UUD:

Work on developing logical skills:

Synthesis analysis;

Comparison;

Generalizations and classifications;

Proof;

Proposing hypotheses and their justification;

Constructing chains of reasoning.

2. Reading and working with text.

Equipment: ICT.

Concepts: escape, vegetative and generative buds

Lesson structure: 1. Organization 2. Target setting 3. Updating basic knowledge 4. Studying a new topic + performing L.R. 5. Final reinforcement 6. Homework 7. Commenting on grades

During the classes:

date : ___________

Laboratory work No. 1

Subject: External structure of plant shoots. The structure of vegetative and generative buds

Target: get acquainted with the structure of the buds and their location on the stem.

Equipment: cuttings of shoots of trees (poplar, birch, lilac, elderberry, rowan, maple), shrubs (currant, gooseberry, raspberry, blackberry); herbarium specimens of plants; blades, magnifying glasses; tables: “Structure of the bud”, “Development of shoot from the bud”; textbook drawings on p. 72–73.

1. Open the albums for laboratory work and make notes:

Organs that provide the basic life processes of a plant organism: nutrition, growth, respiration, excretion are called vegetative.

The main vegetative organs of plants are shoots and roots.

In addition to vegetative ones, plants have generative organs - reproductive organs.

These include: flower, fruit, seed.

The escape- This is a stem with leaves and buds located on it.

Presence of leaves the main difference between the stem and the root .

Buds can be apical or lateral.

Apical - located at the top of the shoot, lateral - on its sides above each leaf.

The angle between the leaf and the part of the stem located above is called the leaf axil, and the lateral buds located in the leaf axils are called axillary.

The section of the stem on which the leaf and axillary bud are located is called a node. It is usually thicker than the internode - the section of the stem between two nodes.

Thus, the shoot consists of repeating sections: internodes, nodes with leaves and buds.

Vegetative shoots have this structure.

Sketch the escape and make notes in your lab notebook.

Rice. 1 Escape structure

Draw the vegetative and generative buds and make notes in the laboratory album.

Rice. 2 The structure of the vegetative and generative buds of a plant

In spring, the buds on the shoots swell.

Inside the bud there is intensive growth of all its parts, especially leaves and internodes.

For some time the scales remain tightly closed. Then they move apart and the green curled leaves of the young shoot appear.

Subsequently, the bud scales fall off as the bud unfolds.

On the stem, the fallen scales leave scars in the form of rings - bud rings. Using them, you can calculate the age of branches of trees and shrubs.