How staircases are installed in apartment buildings. Installation of staircases. Minimum dimensional deviations
When designing stairs, their manufacture and installation, you should strictly observe the points of GOST standards and adhere to the requirements of SNiP (building codes and regulations). The second type of regulatory documents is recommended for implementation, but is not strictly mandatory. They are designed to prevent gross errors in the design of wooden, interfloor concrete, spiral, flight and fire staircases in residential and public buildings. Based on SNiP standards, they build safe (during descent and ascent) for people, easy to use, non-provoking dangerous situations and facilities that comply with evacuation rules for residents.
There are basic design requirements and separate SNiPs for each type of stairs located inside and outside residential and public buildings. At the stage of drawing up a house project, it is the general norms that are applied. They state that:
- In buildings with more than 2 floors, the main staircases must have a common span;
- Transformable species as the main ones for use in multi-storey buildings not allowed. Their purpose is safe access to basements and attics;
- At the main staircase, the width of the flight depends on its bandwidth:
- The passage of one person is strictly 0.8 meters wide;
- Passage for 2 people at the same time - width strictly from 1.0 meters;
- Regardless of the capacity, the flight of stairs must have a width equal to (not less, but more possible) the width of the emergency exit;
- Structures connecting more than 2 floors, and turning stairs are designed, according to GOST standards, with a march width of 1.0 m to provide safe passage for several people at once;
- The dimensions of the marches in the presence of lifts for the disabled are equal to 1.5 m;
- The construction of two- and multi-flight stairs must take into account the same width of the flight along the entire height of the object;
- If the marches according to the project will be placed in the opposite direction to each other, then a mandatory gap of 50 mm or more will be provided between them;
- The number of steps should be odd - from 3 to 18. SNiP stipulates that it is more comfortable for people to start and complete a move with one leg;
- Slope of stairs various types calculated like this:
- Objects inside the house and main interfloor ones - rise at an angle of 45 0 (slope 1:1 no more) and 26 0 40’ (slope 1:2 no less);
- The maximum upper value of the slope is a rise at an angle of 50 0 (slope 1: 0.85);
- The maximum lower value of the slope is a rise at an angle of 20 0 (slope 1: 2.75);
- Extension ladders - climbing at a slope exceeding 1:0.85;
- Ramps - slope less than 5 0.
Some requirements of GOST standards and SNiP overlap. When drawing up projects, the purpose of the building matters. In residential and administrative buildings requirements for the comfort and safety of people play vital role Therefore, compliance with SNiP is recommended.
General requirements for stair elements
Regulatory documents also describe the parameters of staircase elements - steps, railings, lighting. Based on SNiP, design an object convenient for moving people up and down the flights. Therefore, when drawing up a project internal stairs for multi-storey buildings with high traffic, their compliance is highly desirable. If there are GOST requirements for the construction site regulations are compared. In view of the fact that staircase elements must be comfortable to use and safe, their dimensions are as follows:
- Degrees.
The height within one flight of stairs is no less than 12 cm and no more than 20 cm. However, the difference in the size of the steps should not exceed 5 mm, otherwise an uneven slope will be observed, which is unsafe when descending. The width depends on the purpose of the building under construction. If you are designing stairs for a residential multi-storey building, then the width of the steps should be from 25 cm (we are talking about the main interfloor objects). In public buildings, this parameter is reduced to 20 cm. If the steps are 0.26 meters wide, then its protrusion should be no more than 30 mm (less is possible).
- Wedge-shaped steps.
A tread of 10 cm on the inner border of the useful width of the wedge-shaped (winder) degrees. The size of the tread increases to 26 cm (not less) for marching stairs.
- Staircase landings.
The dimensions of the platforms are calculated based on the useful width of the adjacent flights. They should be no less. The platform should have a length equal to 2 times the average step of an adult. Physical quantity- 1.31-1.42 meters. If the landing is located in front of the main entrance, then its length should be at least a meter. When calculating the area of an element, the type matters front door, the opening side of the leaves and the dimensions of the doorway, especially when using swing doors. The landing towards which the sash opens is made wider and longer, otherwise it will be inconvenient and unsafe for an adult to manipulate it.
- Fencing.
According to the requirements, when designing stairs between floors, it is necessary to provide enclosing structures with a height of 90 cm. The spacing between railing balusters is no more than 15 cm. In apartment buildings residential buildings, where the main structure will be used by small children, the height of the fence should be from 1.2 to 1.5 m, and the step between balusters should not be more than 10 cm. There are also requirements for entrance porch structures. If they are designed for 3 or more steps, then the height of the fence should be at least 800 mm.
The lighting requirements for the main structures must also be observed. SNiP require high-quality illumination of steps, especially the first and last elements of the flight. In the presence of window openings(according to GOST, if they are located at the height level of an adult), they must be fenced.
The video below explains the requirements in more detail. stair elements. It is explained why exactly these dimensions and values for the railings were obtained.
Design and construction of fire escapes
There are no regulatory documents providing recommendations regarding the placement and size of fire escapes. External structures are described by GOST R 53254-2009. But since they can have both a vertical and a marching type, there are requirements for their operational characteristics. They are as follows:
- Guardrails for flight stairs are required;
- Vertical structures are equipped with a fence if their height exceeds 5 m;
- Fire escapes in residential buildings and non-residential buildings with a height of 6 floors or more can only be of the flight type;
- Production material - metal. The steel grade is selected depending on climatic conditions in which the structure will be used;
- Width vertical design including fencing - from 800 mm;
- Main width - 600 mm;
- Fences for the marching structure must have a height of 1 meter.
The requirements also include the design of roof railings. Their height is 60 cm. Metal elements are tested once every 5 years. In this case, the test loads must exceed the permissible ones by 7-20 times.
Basic regulatory documents for various types of stairs
- II-23-81 – steel objects;
- II-25-80 – wooden objects;
- 35-01 2001 - objects with ramps for the disabled;
- 2.01.07-85 - describes the permissible loads on all stair elements;
- 2.08.01-89 - design of residential buildings;
- 2.08.02-89 - design of public buildings.
Contents
Installation of concrete stairs is in demand in massive, heavy buildings, where light wooden stairs do not look solid enough or cannot cope with the load placed on them. We offer you material that describes and shows how installation is carried out concrete marches and stairs.
The porch and flight of stairs can be made on our own using concrete. However, please note that this type of stairs is not recommended for installation on soft, landslide, sandy and swampy soils.
Installation of concrete marches on stringers
Installation of concrete marches is carried out only by professionals using special equipment. First, the “shoes” are poured at the corners of the flight of stairs. Appropriate supports are installed in their cavity, which are reinforced with concrete. After the solution has dried, stringers and steps are installed using embedded welding. Depending on the connection with the ground level or with the lower platform, the first stage can have a different configuration. Instead of a concrete stringer, it is permissible to use a channel or I-beam with a height of 150-200 mm.
Arrangement of a flight of stairs
Another arrangement of the flight of stairs is also possible. Installation of solid reinforced concrete flights of stairs performed in three ways. The first method is completely identical to installation on stringers, where the flight of stairs is installed on concrete or metal beams. In the second method, brick retaining walls are laid on a pre-prepared foundation along the slope and along the perimeter of the flight of stairs or they are poured with concrete. The third method is to install a flight of stairs on an earthen embankment that has an appropriate slope. In this case, the lower end of the flight is rigidly attached to the pre-filled foundation by welding anchors and mortgages, and the upper end is rigidly attached to the casting of the upper platform.
Installation of a flight of stairs
The pouring and installation of a flight of stairs on the ground is carried out using various technologies. The design used in this method is completely consistent with the design from the third method for the previous option, but differs in a single monolithic march structure with lower and upper platforms.
This type of stairs can only be poured in areas with natural slope, requiring small layout soil.
Size of steps of a flight of stairs
|
Option number |
Angle of inclination of flight of stairs |
Step height, mm |
Step width, mm |
It is also worth considering the size of the steps of the flight of stairs. The contour of the flight of stairs, as well as the upper and lower landings, is formed taking into account the topography of the site and the values from the table above.
At the foot of the lower step, they dig a trench 40 cm wide and deep, reinforce it and release the ends of the wire into the trench, tying the reinforcement in a checkerboard pattern. Then a MAK mesh is laid over the entire area of the planned porch, which is raised above ground level by 50 mm. To do this, small stones, fragments of brick, etc. are placed under the crosshairs of the mesh. The ends of the reinforcement are tied with wire to fragments of the mesh. At the last stage, formwork is installed along the width of the flight of stairs and the shape of the steps, which is filled with concrete.
Pouring flights of stairs and concrete stairs on video
The pouring technology, including the upper platform, comes down to installing formwork in the shape of a well on each step. The width of each wall is 150 mm. Along the outer perimeter of the porch and steps, a MAK mesh is installed at a distance of 50 mm from the outer wall and over its entire area. The structure is built on a waterproofing platform, and the external and internal surfaces The finished walls are painted with moisture-resistant compounds. After this, crushed stone, gravel or expanded clay are poured inside the formed wells. On final stage laid on top of the steps cement-sand screed. We suggest you take a look concrete stairs on video:
INSTALLATION OF STAIRWAYS AND MARCHES
Tools, devices, equipment: mounting belt (2 pcs.), platform for the welder and installer (2 pcs.), ladder for climbing to the next floor, steel mounting crowbar (2 pcs.), four-legged sling with two shortened branches, mortar shovel , metal brush, box with hand tools, metal meter (2 pcs.), container box with solution, trowel (2 pcs.), bucket of water, broom, metal brush, ladder for climbing to the next floor, template for site alignment, universal lifting device, wooden slats length 2 m.
Scheme of workplace organization during installation landings
and flights of stairs:
1 - mounting crowbar, 2 - box with hand tools, 3 - platform for the welder and installer, 4 - mortar shovel, 5 - container box with mortar, 6 - flights of stairs, 7 - template for site alignment, 8 - ladder for climbing to the next floor, 9 - mounted platform
Preparing the element for installation (Fig. 1)
Rigger
1. Approaches the structure lying in the warehouse and inspects it, checking the condition of the cladding, mounting loops and embedded parts.
2. If necessary, clean its surface with a wire brush.
3. Gives a signal to the crane operator to move the load-handling device 2 to the structure.
4. Alternately inserts the hooks of the slings 2 into the mounting loops and allows the slings to be tensioned.
5. After checking the correctness of the sling, he moves to a safe area.
6. Gives the command to the crane operator to lift structure 1 200...300 mm from the surface.
7. Approaches the suspended element, once again checks the reliability of the sling and gives permission to move the structure to the installation site.
Preparing the installation site for the landing,
installation of the platform (Fig.
Installers 1st, 2nd
1. Lay out tools, equipment and accessories.
2. Then the platforms for the welder and installer 4 are rolled up to the installation site of the landing on the wall and climbed onto them (Fig. 2).
Rice. 1. Scheme of platform lifting:
1 - platform, 2 - universal load-handling device, 3 - rigger
3. Metal meters mark the installation site of the structure. 1
4. The 1st installer checks the accuracy of the installation of the platform according to the markings and, if there are deviations, gives the command to the 2nd installer to move it in the required direction.
5. The 2nd installer uses a mounting crowbar to shift the platform to the required distance.
6. Then he takes the template and rises to the previously installed platform, located below the installed one (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Scheme for reconciling the landing:
1 - lower platform, 2 - 2nd installer, 3 - template for aligning the platform,
4 - 1st installer, 5 - site to be assembled
7. 1st installer ladder rises to the mounted platform.
8. The 2nd installer gives the 1st installer one end of template 3.
9. The installers simultaneously apply the template to the platforms at two points: to the area adjacent to the support areas on the wall panels and in the middle of the platform.
Rice. 5. Layout diagram for the landing:
1 - 2nd installer, 2 - ladder on top floor, 3 - sling,
4 - 1st installer, 5 - platform
10. In case of deviations, the 1st installer uses a crowbar to shift the platform in the desired direction.
11. The installers again check the position of the site with a template.
12. The 1st installer gives a signal to the crane operator to loosen slings 3 (Fig. 5).
13. The 2nd installer climbs to the installed platform and removes the sling hooks from the mounting loops of the structure.
14. The 1st installer allows the crane operator to lift the slings and move them to the side.
15. When lifting the slings, the 2nd installer makes sure that his hooks do not catch on the loops and protrusions of the structure.
Preparing the installation site for a flight of stairs (Fig. 6),
Installers 1st, 2nd
1. The 2nd installer uses a shovel to deliver the solution from the container box to the support area of the upper and lower ends of the flight of stairs.
2. The 1st installer uses trowel 2 to level the mortar into an even layer on the upper platform.
3. Then levels the solution on the lower platform.
Installation of a flight of stairs (Fig. 7... 9)
Installers 1st, 2nd
1. The 1st installer, being on the upper landing, gives a signal to the crane operator to move flight of stairs 3 to the installation site (Fig. 7).
2. Then it takes the march at a height of 200...300 mm from the level of the upper platform (relative to its end of the march) and orients it in the desired direction.
3. Then gives permission to the crane operator to continue lowering the structure, keeping it from swinging.
4. When the element is lowered to a height of 300...400 mm from the level of the lower platform, it gives the crane operator a signal to stop lowering.
5. Installers press the march to wall panel, The 1st installer signals the crane operator to lower it slowly.
6. First, the 2nd installer lays the lower end of the flight on the mortar bed, and then the 1st installer lays the upper end.
7. Installers determine the accuracy of installation by leaning wooden slats to the surface of the platform and one step of the march. Use a metal ruler to measure the gap between the bottom of the rail and the plane installed structures. If the gap does not exceed 5 mm, then the installation is considered complete. As you acquire the skill to determine the accuracy of installation visually, the need for a rail disappears.
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Fig.7. Installation diagram of a flight of stairs:
1 - 2nd installer, 2 - four-leg sling with two shortened branches, 3 - installed flight of stairs, 4 - 1st installer
Fig.8. Flight of stairs alignment diagram
1.5 - mounting crowbar, 2 - 2nd installer, 3 - flight of stairs, 4 - 1st installer
8. If there are large deviations, installers use mounting crowbars to correct the position of the march and check again (Fig. 8).
9. The 1st installer gives a signal to the crane operator to loosen the slings (Fig. 9).
10. Installers release the sling hooks from the mounting loops.
11. The 1st installer allows the crane operator to lift the slings.
12. The 2nd installer holds the slings during lifting.
Fig. 9. Scheme of bridging a flight of stairs
1 - 2nd installer, 2 - 1st installer
Electronic document text
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against
materials provided by (VITU)
Prefabricated reinforced concrete stairs are fireproof structures and are mounted in a special room - a staircase. If you have crane equipment for building a house, such ladders allow you to work efficiently and quickly. Prefabricated stairs made from large reinforced concrete elements are especially suitable for high-speed construction.
In the practice of constructing residential buildings, standard reinforced concrete stairs with a march slope of 1:2 are most widely used. In addition to them, more steep stairs with a slope of 1:1.75 and 1:1.5, which occupy significantly smaller areas.
Flights of stairs (GOST 9818–85×) are manufactured in several types: LM - flat without frieze steps; LMF - ribbed with frieze steps; LMP - ribbed with two half-platforms or with one upper half-platform (Fig. 18–20). Flat and ribbed flights of stairs differ from each other in that in some the steps are made on reinforced flat plate, in others on two reinforced concrete beams - stringers.
Both flights of stairs are solid reinforced concrete structures, the steps in which are cast together with the slab or stringers. Flights of stairs of the LMP type are larger reinforced concrete elements, here the following are combined into one structure: steps, stringers and one or two stair half-landings.
Rice. 18. Prefabricated (flat) reinforced concrete stairs used in buildings with transverse load-bearing walls(the landings with their ends or cantilever projections rest on the load-bearing walls of the staircase)
For each standard flight, stair landings are manufactured at reinforced concrete factories: 1LP - flat for LM type flights; 2LP - ribbed for LM type marches; LPF - ribbed for LMF type marches; LPP - ribbed final half-platforms for marches of the LMP type.
Flights of stairs, landings and steps are manufactured in two versions: right and left - for stairs with rise, respectively, counterclockwise and clockwise.
Rice. 19. Prefabricated (ribbed with frieze steps) reinforced concrete stairs used in buildings with transverse load-bearing walls; and stairs with two half-landings, used in buildings with longitudinal load-bearing walls All reinforced concrete stairs must be designed and marked on the floor plan of the house before starting construction work. This is not the type of stairs that can be worked on “for later”. Such stairs are built according to the working drawings of the project, where all elevations, horizontal dimensions and installation clearances are indicated.
The installation of stairs is carried out simultaneously with the construction of walls. Three people work during the installation, who, as the walls grow, after measuring the horizontal and vertical dimensions lay landings and flights using a crane.
Rice. 20. Prefabricated (ribbed) reinforced concrete stairs without a lower half-landing and final half-landings for LMP type stairs Before the installation of landings and flights begins, their dimensions are checked with a tape measure and a wooden template is made that copies the profile of the supporting part of the flight of stairs. Then the installation sites for the landings are marked on the walls of the staircase, a layer of mortar is applied and the landing is installed. Check the position of the installed staircase vertically and horizontally.
If necessary, correct the position of the platform with mounting crowbars or lift it with a crane and install it again, achieving the design position. The elevation of the top of the landings must strictly correspond to the design level, otherwise the flight of stairs will be crooked or fall between the landings. To align the platforms in height and in plan, use a wooden template (Fig. 21).
Rice. 21. Sequence of installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete stairs Flights of stairs are conveyed by crane using a four-legged sling with two shortened branches, which, when lifted, give the elements a slope slightly greater than the design one. Flights of stairs without mounting loops are mounted with a fork.
Before installing the flight, installers make a bed of cement-sand mortar on the supporting places of the landings, spreading it and leveling it with trowels. When installing flights of stairs, one installer is on the lower landing, the other on the upper landing or on a scaffold next to the stairwell.
He is the first to accept the flight of stairs and directs it towards staircase. At a height of 30–40 cm from the landing site of the flight, both installers press it against the wall, give the crane operator a signal and install first the lower end of the flight, then the upper one. Installation inaccuracies are corrected with crowbars, after which the sling is unhooked and the joints between the march and the platforms are sealed. cement-sand mortar and install inventory barriers.
If the landing of the march on the support platforms proceeds in the reverse order (first top, then bottom), then the march may fall off the upper platform. With such landing of the march, it can also become jammed between the platforms.
Standard staircase designs make it possible to arrange two-flight staircases for most standard heights floors (2.7; 2.8; 3; and 3.3 m). In staircases with transverse load-bearing walls, landings of the 1LP, 2LP and LPF types are used, which with their ends or supporting ribs (consoles) are included in the masonry of the walls.
For 1LP platforms without a supporting rib, another installation option can be used, in which the floor and interfloor platforms are supported on steel “chairs” (cantilever brackets), rigidly anchored into the walls of the staircase. In this case, all the walls of the staircase can be load-bearing. Flights of stairs of the LMP type are used in buildings with longitudinal load-bearing walls; these flights, like LPP half-landings, are cantilever structures.
In low-rise cottage construction, a reinforced concrete staircase can be built in an open staircase (in a niche). With a certain building layout, to save space, staircase landings are not installed, and the ascent to and from the stairs is arranged directly from the floor slabs.
In this case, the flight of stairs must be supported by a load-bearing lintel or reinforced concrete beam (purlin, crossbar). You cannot rest the ladder on the floor slab (Fig. 22). The installation height of the lintel (or beam) is selected so that the height of the final steps is equal to the ordinary steps of the flight, that is, the full thickness is taken into account flooring, arranged on floor slabs.
Rice. 22. Non-standard support of flights of stairs Typically, flights of stairs arrive at a construction site with smooth steps made of heavy concrete. To give the staircase an elegant look (Fig. 23), the steps can be lined with marble or granite treads, supplied with the staircase.
The landings are also finished accordingly (with treads or other materials of the same thickness). The thickness of the treads should be taken into account when designing the floor height, since they, laid on steps and landings, will raise the level of the “clean” floor.
Rice. 23. Overhead treads If the entrance to the building is organized through a staircase under the first intermediate landing, then with a floor height of 2.8–3.0 m, it is necessary to install a basement flight of 3–6 steps leading to the first floor landing. In this case, a structure of stacked reinforced concrete steps laid on steel stringers or brick walls is used.
When arranging a flight of stairs, one of the most important and serious stages that determines its quality is the installation of flights. Their number and type of installation depend on the type of staircase. We will consider the features and requirements for installing flights of stairs below.
Requirements for flights of stairs
There are several types of staircase:
- one-march;
- two-flight;
- multi-march.
The most simple option is the arrangement of a single-flight staircase; they are typical for low buildings. If the number of steps in the staircase does not reach sixteen, then the construction of a one-flight staircase will be relevant for it.
Otherwise, it is necessary to equip a structure consisting of several flights. Its construction will be more expensive and much more complicated. Multi-flight stairs consist of a certain number of flights that separate special platforms.
There is an order building codes, which are presented for the construction of a flight of stairs. They call it a march building structure, which is located along a straight oblique line or in a curvilinear manner. The minimum number of steps when arranging staircases is three, and the maximum is sixteen. If there are more steps, then the construction of a horizontal platform is required.
The central line dividing the span is called the sunrise line; its location should be at least thirty centimeters away from the tread. Therefore, the minimum width of a flight of stairs is sixty centimeters. It is convenient for only one person to move on such a staircase. The march requires mandatory fencing with railings located on both sides of the stairs.
The landing of a building is the horizontal part, which is located in the space between the flights. When calculating its size or shape, you should proceed from the average step length of the average person.
We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the basic requirements for arranging a staircase landing:
- the width of the platform and stairs must be the same;
- its length is the length of the flight of stairs;
- when the marching elements are arranged parallel to each other, the platform should have a rectangular or rounded shape; if it is perpendicular, its shape will be in the form of a square.
The most common location for installing a flight of stairs is a multi-story building. It is when arranging flight stairs in these places that structures made of concrete or reinforced concrete are most often used. To perform the full range of these works, the intervention of special equipment is required.
Before installing a flight of stairs, you need to check its quality. This is done in two ways:
- visual;
- measuring.
With the help of a visual inspection, debris, dirt, cracks, and ice are detected - all this is eliminated by cleaning. By using measuring method check the compliance of the shape and size of the flight of stairs with geometrically pre-established parameters.
During the installation of staircases, each stage of work is carefully monitored, all parts of the staircase are checked, and the installation is completed with welding and finishing work.
Flights of stairs photo:
According to the requirements laid out in special documents, there are extremely valid values deviations when installing flights of stairs:
- at horizontal position steps - 0.2 cm;
- with horizontal placement of platforms - 0.5 cm;
- at vertical installation elements providing fencing - 0.3 cm;
- in the mismatch of the top row of the roof - 0.5 cm;
- the discrepancy between the horizontal support depths of the sections is 0.5 mm.
Deviations from the norm in relation to the dimensions of the staircase parts are more than 0.3 cm in thickness and up to 0.5 cm in length. The presence of cracks, sagging, rust stains, and fat accumulation on the staircase parts is unacceptable.
The construction of staircase structures begins after the spans are filled with concrete slabs. The flight of stairs is fixed using cement mortar, the thickness of which does not exceed three centimeters. The solution must be high quality and freshly prepared.
Calculation of a flight of stairs: features of implementation
Calculation of staircase dimensions is carried out taking into account the load on bearing structures, which are consoles. Since the stairs are exposed to dynamic loads almost every day, the rigidity of the load-bearing elements must be of high quality. The value of their deflection should not exceed four hundredth of one span. To calculate the load on the staircase consoles, the dead weight of the structure should be added to the temporary loads; for a residential building this value is three hundred kilograms per square meter.
Please note that a person uses several times more energy to climb stairs than when moving along a horizontal straight line. Experts say that for correct calculation comfortable and, most importantly, safe stairs you need to double the height of the riser and add the width of the step to it, given value will show the person's average stride. If we take into account the length of the step on the treads, then it is 60-64 cm. Therefore, to determine the tread and rise, you should use this formula: 2 * A + B = 60-64 cm.
In addition, there is Alternative option the above formula: A + B = 460, in which A is the height of the tread, and B is its width.
When calculating the width of the tread, one should proceed from the fact that the foot should rest completely on it, which means it should be a minimum of 20 cm and a maximum of 32 cm. The most optimal option is a riser height of 15 cm and a step width of 30 cm. If The width of the tread is quite large, then when climbing the stairs, a person will constantly get confused, otherwise, with a minimum width of the tread, the descent from the stairs will be steep, which will lead to injury to people using it for its intended purpose.
The flight of stairs diagram is based on the fact that when calculating the angle of inclination of the flight of stairs, one should take into account the factor that optimal options are values from 24 to 38 degrees. The space in the room that it occupies depends on the angle of inclination of the staircase. If there is an angle of inclination that is less than twenty-four degrees, it is recommended to install a ramp - a flat platform for descent. If the angle of inclination is more than forty-five degrees, then the staircase is constructed as a folding or attached staircase.
The most difficult process when arranging a staircase with a steep angle is ensuring a safe descent. If the angle of inclination of the stairs is more than forty-five degrees, then to ensure safety, starting along it is carried out only facing backwards.
When calculating the number of steps, factors such as floor height and inclination angle should be taken into account. When determining the exact location of the stairs and the height of the room, an option is possible self-determination number of steps. To do this, you will need to draw a drawing of a flight of stairs, in which the staircase and its main components will be outlined down to the millimeter. The drawing of a flight of stairs is carried out in relation to the height of the flight of stairs.
The floor height value indicates the distance between the finished floor elevations on the first and second floors. For example, when finishing the floor of the first floor with laminates and the second floor with tiles, all layers of finishing should be taken into account, including concrete screed. Standard size the height of one floor is 280 cm, sometimes 300, 270 or 330 cm. In this case, the ceiling height in the room will be 240 cm. At this height, it is possible to install a staircase in which the steps meet all safety standards. If there is a different height of the flight of stairs, you should calculate the height of the steps very carefully, taking into account the size of the riser. If small errors arise in the calculations, it is better to distribute them between the first steps, and leave the size of the remaining steps the same.
When arranging steps of different heights, the staircase becomes dangerous. If there is a non-standard height of the flight of stairs, care must be taken to lower the level of the subfloor of the first and second floors. To equalize the difference between the floor in the house and the landing, the level of the finished floor should be made lower than the level of the landing. In this case, there will be no threshold, and the floor will be arranged in an inclined manner.
Arrangement of a flight of stairs
During the construction of multi-storey buildings, one of the main components providing vertical communication between floors are flights of stairs. Their installation is quite labor-intensive process requiring special care and attention.
There are three options for the location of the march:
- straight;
- curvilinear;
- in an oblique way.
To easily remove moisture from the stairs, the bottom edge of the flight of stairs should be higher than the first.
In addition, there are several forms of landings, which are:
- tetrahedral;
- multifaceted;
- curvilinear shape.
Installation work on arranging a flight of stairs begins with reinforcing the surfaces; this process will help protect the stairs from heavy loads. Since a flight of stairs is influenced by many factors: gravity from its own mass, people and things that move along it, reinforcement is a mandatory process. Reinforcement of a single-flight staircase is carried out in its lower part, and double-flight structures require reinforcement both above and below, while the upper reinforced section smoothly passes from the landing to the surface of the steps. Due to the exposure of stairs high loads, they need to be strengthened in a concrete wall.
The installation of staircases itself begins after the level masonry is completed. The first span and platform are installed in the presence of internal wall masonry, and the next masonry is carried out floor by floor.
Installation of landing
The main stages of work on installing a staircase landing:
- carrying out work on marking the installation site of the site;
- application concrete mortar on the surface of stubborn places;
- direct installation of the site.
To check the horizontal position of the landing, use building level. To check the interval between pads, it is necessary to manufacture a special wooden template, according to which the check is carried out. Flights to interfloor ceilings are installed in the same way as platforms. The installation of a flight of stairs begins with its laying first on the lower section and then on the upper. The crowbar helps eliminate minor defects that arise during the installation process.
Installation of prefabricated staircases
Since making flights of stairs with your own hands is an almost impossible procedure, in the absence special tool and skills to work with it, it is better to resort to purchasing a prefabricated structure. In this case, we will consider the option with a staircase made of reinforced concrete.
This type of flight stairs is absolutely fireproof and is installed on staircases. Their installation is carried out using cranes, since it is impossible for people to lift such a weight.
The most common option for performing a flight of stairs is its slope is one to two; such stairs are the basis of almost any multi-story building. At the same time, there are prefabricated structures with a slope of one to one and a half; they are relevant for cottages or private houses.
There are several types of such marches:
- flat shape, on which there are no frieze steps, but there is ribbing of the surface;
- ribbed type with one or two half-platforms.
Their main difference is that the first option uses a reinforced flat pipe as reinforcement, while the second option uses a reinforced beam or stringer.
Each flight of stairs involves custom production own staircase. There are two types of execution of flights of stairs and landings:
- left-handed;
- right-handed.
Before starting construction work, you should carefully calculate the size of the flight of stairs and landing. Since their installation is carried out in accordance with the working drawing of the project, which clearly indicates elevation marks, horizontal dimensions and installation gaps.
Stairs, in this case, are installed during the construction of walls. Before the beginning installation work, you need to check the flight of stairs and landing using a tape measure. Next, their wooden template is made, which is identical to the natural version; it copies the supporting components of the staircase.
Next, the location of the platform is marked on the wall, the solution is applied and its installation takes place. The next process is checking the levelness of the installed site. If the platform is installed incorrectly, then a crowbar or correction using a crane is used to correct it.
If the site does not comply with the pre-calculations, the installation of the flight of stairs will end in its failure or location in a crooked position. To verify the accuracy of the site installation, it is recommended to use a wooden template.
The supply of flights of stairs is carried out using a crane, which makes it slightly inclined during the lifting process. If there are no mounting loops on the flight, then a fork is used.
Before installing flights of stairs, a bed is arranged on the basis cement-sand mixture. It is located in places of reference, application occurs manually, using trowels.
To install a flight of stairs, a minimum of three people are required, one of whom stands on the lower landing, and the second on the upper one. The third one acts as a driver. As the flight of stairs moves, the person at the top takes it first. 35-40 cm before planting, the march should be pressed tightly against the wall and directed into the stairwell. First, the lower part of the march is installed, and then the upper. Using a crowbar, minor defects are corrected and the march is uncoupled from the crane. The seams between flights and landings are covered with monolithic mortar. When installing the march in the opposite position, first upper and then lower, it will fall off the platform.
When carrying out work in low-rise buildings in the form of cottages, reinforced concrete stairs are installed in open staircases. To save space, it is possible to avoid the landing. In this case, the stairs ascend and descend directly from concrete floor. The flight of stairs rests on the surface of the load-bearing lintel or reinforced concrete beam. Under no circumstances should the floor slab be supported on the surface of the slabs. The installation height of the lintels depends on the total thickness of the floor covering to be installed.
Standard appearance marches implies the presence of smooth reinforced concrete steps, which are subsequently finished with marble or granite treads. They come complete with stairs. Staircases are also finished with this material. Please note that the tread is taken into account when calculating the height of the finished floor. When organizing the entrance to the building through a staircase, the first intermediate platform requires the organization of a basement flight of three to six steps. In such cases, structures consisting of stacked reinforced concrete steps are used.
