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Installation of three-layer wall panels. Elevator shafts Three-layer reinforced concrete wall panels GOST

Three-layer wall panels are used in the construction of multi-storey residential buildings, cottages and industrial facilities.

They are manufactured in a factory from three plates, which are connected to each other by a reinforcement cage.

Heat-saving material is placed in the free space. The release of such panels made it possible to speed up and optimize the construction process.

Let's consider the types of reinforced concrete slabs and their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and regulatory requirements for production.

Features of panels

Depending on the design features reinforced concrete wall panels are divided into types:

№	Kinds	Characteristics
1	Single layer	They are made of concrete with porous aggregates: foam concrete, aerated concrete, ash gravel. Expanded clay, slag, etc. serve as fillers. The outer side is covered with a facing layer 2-4 mm thick to protect the panel from moisture and other atmospheric influences. The inside is plastered.
2	Double layer	They are made from two layers: outer and insulating. On the inside of the slab is fixed insulation material, cover it with cement mortar. Install the structure with the heat-saving side facing inward.
3	Three-layer	They are made in the form of a sandwich of two outer plates and insulation between them. They have increased properties to retain heat and block out street noise.

Depending on their design features, the panels accept and distribute the loads placed on them in different ways.

Depending on resistance to loads, they are divided into:

Type depending on load resistance	Characteristics	Manufacturing materials
Bearers	Receive and distribute loads from their mass, floors, and finishing materials.	Blocks from small to large. Internal panels are made hollow, solid, often ribbed or with ribs located along the contour of the slab.
Self-supporting	They take the loads of their weight and wind influences and transfer them to the frame part of the building.	Large panels.
Mounted	Withstand wind loads within one floor and own strength gravity.	Multilayer lightweight energy efficient materials. Serves as an enclosing structure.

Mineral wool, fiberglass and other fireproof materials are used as insulation.

The outer layer is made depending on the requirements for operational, protective, and decorative properties.

It can be finished with concrete, tiles, natural stone, sprinkled decorative crushed stone or painted with facade paint.

For the installation of walls and in heated housing construction, multilayer wall panels are used, the design of which includes: external protective and finishing, heat-saving and load-bearing layers.

Requirements for wall panels

Wall panels undergo strict quality control and compliance with requirements

Wall panels used in construction must comply with the requirements of regulatory documents:

strict compliance of sizes and geometric shapes;
high rates of heat saving and noise insulation;
high strength, low specific gravity;
fire resistance;
high-quality reinforcement, all intersections of the reinforcement must be fastened together by welding;
quality of connecting connections;
resistance to atmospheric and mechanical influences;
efficiency.

High stability of reinforced concrete wall panels is ensured when they are connected to each other and to the floors. The concrete panels themselves are not stable enough due to their shape: large length, width and small thickness.

Flaws

The disadvantages of reinforced concrete slabs include the fact that due to their large weight and size, it is necessary to use special equipment when transporting and installing the blocks.

How to distinguish high-quality concrete products

Without special equipment, it is impossible to determine the quality of concrete used in the production. But there are several secrets on how to visually try to establish the quality of a wall panel.

The grade of concrete can be determined by color:

If, upon external inspection, defects and thin reinforcement are visible, then most likely the slab is of poor quality

The surface of the slab must be free of cracks, chips, and other defects. The reinforcement should not protrude from the concrete slab.

According to GOST, hinges are made of metal with a thickness of more than 10 mm.

If you see that the hinges are made of thin metal, you can assume that they also saved on internal reinforcement.

If during inspection you find at least one of the described shortcomings, it is better not to buy such wall panels. By saving on material, you will lose in the fact that the building will last much less and will need frequent repairs.

Panel marking

Each wall panel is marked, which allows you to find out its characteristics

Precast concrete products must be marked with letters and numbers separated by a dash.

The first group of symbols indicates the purpose and overall dimensions of the structure. An example of marking PST 700-350-25, where length is 700 cm, width is 350 cm, thickness is 25 cm.

The last part of the marking indicates additional parameters:

resistance to seismic ground vibrations greater than 7 points is designated by the letter C;
possibility of operation at temperatures lower than 40 degrees, letter M;
permeability: normal - N, reduced - P, very low - O.

The marking also indicates the following parameters:

Shape, configuration of the end sides.
Location and dimensions of door and window openings.
Type and location.
The presence and shape of grooves at the junctions of adjacent elements.

For construction you need to purchase reinforced concrete slabs, manufactured according to all standard requirements. In this case, house construction will be reliable and warm. For more information about the installation of three-layer reinforced concrete structures, see this video:

The best option for energy-efficient construction is the use of three-layer reinforced concrete panels.

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION

INTERSTATE

STANDARD

THREE-LAYER REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL PANELS WITH EFFICIENT

INSULATION

Are common technical specifications

Official publication

Stand Rtinform 2016

Preface

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards. rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, adoption, application, updating and cancellation"

Standard information

1 DEVELOPED by the Joint Stock Company "TSNIIEP Dwellings - Institute of Integrated Design of Residential and public buildings"(JSC "TSNIIEP Dwellings")

2 8NESSEN Technical Committee for Standardization TC 465 “Construction”

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (protocol dated December 10, 2015 No. 48)

4 By Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated March 17, 2016 No. 166-st, the interstate standard GOST 31310-2015 was put into effect as a national standard Russian Federation from January 1, 2017

5 83AMEN 31310-2005

Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index “National Standards”. and the text of changes and amendments is included in the monthly information index “National Standards”. In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index *National Standards.” Relevant information, notices and texts are also posted in information system public-unofficial website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet

In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be reproduced in whole or in part. replicated and distributed as an official publication without permission from the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

INTERSTATE STANDARD

THREE-LAYER REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL PANELS WITH EFFICIENT INSULATION

General technical conditions

Well three-layer reinforced concrete panels with energy-effloent Insulation. General specifications

Date of introduction - 2017-01-01

1 area of use

This standard establishes the classification, types, basic parameters of three-layer wall panels, and general technical requirements for them. general rules for their acceptance, control methods, transportation and storage rules.

This standard applies to three-layer concrete and reinforced concrete panels with effective insulation (hereinafter referred to as panels) intended for external walls of residential, public and industrial buildings.

The requirements of this standard do not apply to:

On composite panels;

Wall panels for wet rooms:

Filling window and door openings in panels.

Panels intended for use in environments exposed to aggressive environments must meet the requirements of this standard and additional instructions project documentation. established taking into account current regulatory documents and technical documentation*.

The requirements of this standard should be taken into account when developing regulatory documents and working documentation for specific types of panels.

2 Normative references

This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:

GOST 475-78 Wooden doors. General technical conditions

GOST 5781-82 Hot-rolled steel for reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures. Specifications

GOST 5802-86 Construction mortars. Test methods

GOST 6727-80 Cold-drawn low-carbon steel wire for reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures. Specifications

GOST 7076-99 Construction materials and products. Method for determining thermal conductivity and thermal resistance under stationary thermal conditions

GOST 8829-94 Prefabricated reinforced concrete and concrete building products. Load test methods. Rules for assessing strength, stiffness and crack resistance

GOST 9573-2012 Heat-insulating mineral wool slabs with a synthetic binder. Specifications

* 8 of the Russian Federation SP S0.13330.2012 “SNiP 23-02-2003 Fuel protection of buildings” is in force.

Official publication

GOST 10060-2012 Concrete. Methods for determining frost resistance

GOST 10180-2012 Concrete. Methods for determining strength using control samples

GOST 10181-2014 Concrete mixtures. Test methods

GOST 10499-95 Heat-insulating products made of glass staple fiber. Specifications

GOST 10884-94 Reinforcing steel thermomechanically strengthened for reinforced concrete structures. Specifications

GOST 10922-2012 Reinforcement and embedded products, their welded, knitted and mechanical connections for reinforced concrete structures. General technical conditions

GOST 11214-2003 Wooden window blocks with sheet glazing. Technical specifications GOST 12730.1-78 Concrete. Methods for determining density GOST 12730.2-78 Concrete. Method for determining humidity GOST 12730.5-84 Concrete. Methods for determining water resistance GOST 13015-2012 Concrete and reinforced concrete products for construction. General technical requirements. Rules for acceptance, labeling, transportation and storage

GOST 15588-2014 Polystyrene foam thermal insulation boards. Technical specifications GOST 16381-77 Heat-insulating construction materials and products. Classification and general technical requirements

GOST 17177-94 Heat-insulating construction materials and products. Test methods GOST 17623-87 Concrete. Radioisotope method for determining the average density GOST 17624-2012 Concrete. Ultrasonic method for determining the strength of GOST 18105-2010 Concrete. Rules for monitoring and assessing strength GOST 21519-2003 Window blocks made of aluminum alloys. Technical specifications GOST 21718-84 Construction materials. Dielcometric method of measuring humidity GOST 21779-82 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Technological tolerances

GOST 21780-2006 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Accuracy calculation

GOST 22690-88 Concrete. Determination of strength by mechanical methods of non-destructive testing

GOST 22950-95 Mineral wool slabs of increased rigidity with a synthetic binder. Specifications

GOST 23009-2015 Prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures and products. Symbols (brands)

GOST 23166-1999 Window blocks. General technical conditions

GOST 23279-2012 Welded reinforcing mesh for reinforced concrete structures and products. General technical conditions

GOST 23858-79 Welded butt and tee connections for reinforced concrete structures. Ultrasonic quality control methods. Acceptance rules

GOST 24700-99 Wooden window blocks with double-glazed windows. Technical specifications GOST 25097-2002 Wood-aluminum window blocks. Technical specifications GOST 25820-2014 Lightweight concrete. Specifications

GOST 26433.1-89 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements. Factory-made elements

GOST 26633-2012 Heavy and fine-grained concrete. Technical specifications GOST 27005-2014 Lightweight and cellular concrete. Rules for control of average density GOST 28013-98 Construction mortars. General technical conditions

GOST 28089-2012 Building wall structures. Method for determining the adhesion strength of facing tiles to the base

GOST 28984-2011 Modular coordination of dimensions in construction. Basic provisions of GOST 30244-94 Construction materials. Test methods for flammability GOST 30674-99 Window blocks made of polyvinyl chloride profiles. Technical specifications GOST 30971-2012 Mounting seams of joints connecting window units to wall openings. General technical conditions

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the operation of the reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or using the annual information index “National Standards”, which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the release of the monthly information index “National Standards” for the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard you should be guided by the replacing (changed) standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the reference is made applies to the part that does not affect this reference.

3 Terms and definitions

The following terms with corresponding definitions are used in this standard:

3.1 three-layer external wall panel: A one-piece planar building product consisting of three main layers - external, internal and thermal insulation, the integrity of the structure of which is created during the molding process.

3.2 main layers of the panel: Outer and inner concrete or reinforced concrete layers and a middle thermal insulation layer. The main layers do not include: an external decorative or protective-decorative layer, an internal finishing layer and layers of roll or film materials.

3.3 solid panel: Panel without voids or air gaps.

3.4 thermal insulation layer: One of the main layers of three-layer panels, designed to perform thermal insulation functions: it consists of effective thermal insulation materials. The thermal insulation layer can consist of several layers thermal insulation products and materials of the same or different types.

3.5 flexible connections: Connections of corrosion-resistant steel or other corrosion-resistant material between the outer and inner concrete or reinforced concrete layers of a panel, ensuring their joint operation in the outer wall panel.

Flexible connections depending on purpose and design scheme static work are divided into pendants, struts and struts.

3.5.1 hangers: Flexible connections designed to transfer the vertical load from the mass of the outer concrete layer and insulation to the inner reinforced layer of the panel: the number of hangers is determined by calculation.

3.5.2 spacers: Flexible connections designed to fix the relative position of the reinforced concrete layers and the thermal insulation layer and to absorb compressive and tensile forces from wind and other influences directed perpendicular to the façade surface of the wall.

3.5.3 struts: Flexible connections designed to prevent mutual displacement of panel layers horizontally in the plane of the wall from forces arising during loading and unloading operations, transportation and installation.

3.6 rigid connections: Reinforced concrete lintels (dowels) or ribs in three-layer panels located in the insulation layer and combining the outer and inner concrete or reinforced concrete layers.

3.7 load-bearing panel: A panel that takes up the vertical load from its own weight and other structures resting on it (floors, roofs, etc.) and transfers this load to the foundation.

3.8 non-load-bearing panel: A panel not intended to support building structures.

3.9 floor-by-floor load-bearing panel: A type of load-bearing panel that receives and floor-by-floor transfers to the transverse structures of the building the load from its own weight and the floor resting on it.

3.10 self-supporting panel: A panel that takes up vertical load only from its own weight and the weight of the overlying external panels and transfers the load to the foundation.

3.11 concrete panel: A panel whose strength during operation is ensured by the concrete of the outer and inner layers. In both layers, the concrete panel has structural reinforcement and design reinforcement designed to absorb the forces arising during manufacturing. transportation and installation.

3.12 reinforced concrete panel: A panel whose strength during operation is ensured by the joint work of concrete and reinforcement.

Note - The reinforced concrete panel has design working reinforcement, located, as a rule. in the load-bearing inner layer, and structural reinforcement - in the non-load-bearing outer layer, and may also have design reinforcement designed to absorb the forces arising during manufacturing, transportation and installation.

3.13 outer protective and decorative layer: A layer that is not the main one, located on the front side of the panel and intended to protect the main layers from external climatic influences or reduce the intensity of these influences, as well as to perform decorative functions.

Note - The outer protective and decorative layers of the panel may consist of the following layers: a layer of mortar or concrete, a layer of cladding with tiles or sheet products, a finishing coating (for example, paints), a hydrophobic coating or layers of other materials and products that perform protective and decorative functions .

3.14 ventilated screen: An outer protective and decorative layer in the form of a screen located at a distance of a ventilated gap (air gap) from the outer layer of the panel.

3.15 outer decorative layer: A layer that is not the main one, located on the front side of the panel and intended to perform decorative functions.

Note - The outer decorative layer of the panel consists of a finishing coating (for example, water-based poly-cement, lime-polymer compositions and paints), applied in one or two layers, or cladding that does not perform protective functions.

3.16 internal finishing layer: A layer that is not the main one, located on the inside (facing the room) of the panel and serving as the basis on which subsequent finishing of the wall is carried out.

Note - The internal finishing layer of the panel consists of one or several layers: a layer of mortar (for example, cement or cement-lime on porous or dense sand), finishing coating, etc.

4 Classification

4.1 Panels are classified according to the following main characteristics that determine their types:

Purpose in the building:

wall panels of above-ground floors.

wall panels of the basement or technical underground, attic or parapet wall panels;

Static work diagram: load-bearing.

non-load-bearing.

types of load-bearing panels are floor-bearing and self-supporting;

Constructive solution;

Type of connections:

with flexible connections made of corrosion-resistant steel or other corrosion-resistant material, with rigid reinforced concrete connections (dowels or ribs);

Cutting walls into elements:

single-row (floor-by-floor) cutting (load-bearing, floor-bearing, self-supporting), strip horizontal cutting (non-load-bearing), strip vertical cutting (non-load-bearing).

4.2 The design solutions of the panels are determined by the parameters adopted during the design. reflecting the architectural, technological and design features of the panels, including those specified in 5.2.10.

4.3 When using single-row cutting of walls, panels are divided into row and corner - blind and with openings.

When using horizontal strip cutting of walls, panels are divided into strip and interwindow (wall) - row and corner.

When using vertical strip cutting of walls, the panels are divided into strip - row and corner, as well as window sills.

5 Types of panels, main parameters

5.1 Panel types and symbols

5.1.1 Panels are divided into the following types according to a combination of characteristics that assign them to different classification groups (see 4.1):

For above ground floors:

ZNSNg - three-layer, external wall load-bearing layer with flexible connections (single-row cutting).

ZNSNzh - three-layer, external wall load-bearing panel with rigid connections (single-row cutting),

ZNSg - three-layer external wall non-load-bearing laminate with flexible ties (single-row cutting),

ZNSzh - three-layer external wall non-load-bearing panel with rigid connections (single-row cutting),

ZNGg - three-layer external wall non-load-bearing panel of horizontal strip cut * ki with flexible connections,

ZNGzh is a three-layer external wall non-load-bearing panel of horizontal strip cutting with rigid connections.

ZNVg" is a three-layer external wall non-load-bearing panel of vertical strip cutting with flexible connections.

ZNVzh - three-layer external stack non-load-bearing panel of vertical strip cutting with rigid connections:

For the basement or technical underground:

ZNTsNg - three-layer external plinth load-bearing panel with flexible connections (single-row cutting),

ZNTsNzh - three-layer external plinth load-bearing panel with rigid connections (single-row cutting),

ZNTsg - three-layer external plinth non-load-bearing panel with flexible connections (single-row cutting),

ZNTszh - three-layer external basement non-load-bearing panel with rigid connections (single-row cutting);

For the attic:

ZNCHNg - three-layer external attic load-bearing panel with flexible connections (single-row cutting),

ZNCHNzh - three-layer external attic load-bearing panel with rigid connections (single-row cutting),

ZNChg - three-layer external attic non-load-bearing panel with flexible connections (single-row cutting),

ZNChzh - three-layer external attic non-load-bearing panel with rigid connections (single-row cutting),

ZNCHGg is a three-layer external attic panel of horizontal strip cutting, a panel with flexible connections.

ZNCHGzh is a three-layer external attic panel of horizontal strip cutting, a panel with rigid connections.

ZNCHVg - three-layer external attic panel of vertical strip cut panel with flexible connections,

ZNCHVzh is a three-layer external attic panel of vertical strip cutting, a panel with rigid connections.

5.1.2 Panels should be marked with marks in accordance with GOST 23009. When establishing markings, it is recommended to take into account the following provisions.

The panel mark consists of alphanumeric groups separated by dots.

The first group contains the designation of the panel type and overall dimensions.

Designations of panel types (see 5.1.1) are supplemented, if necessary, with letter indices indicating their intended use in the walls of buildings or other features of specific types.

The length and height of the panel are indicated in decimeters (rounded to the nearest whole number), and the thickness - in centimeters.

In the second group, indicate, if necessary, the type of concrete and designations of the design features of the panel.

An example of a symbol (brand) of a three-layer external wall load-bearing single-row cut panel with flexible connections 3000 mm long. 2800 mm high and 350 mm thick made of heavy concrete:

ZNSNG 30.28.35

Note - It is allowed to accept the designations of panel brands in accordance with the working drawings of standard structures.

5.2 Scope of panels, determining the range of parameters

5.2.1 The scope of application of the panels is determined by:

a) the purpose of buildings and their classes of responsibility;

b) static diagram of the operation of external walls;

c) maximum number of storeys or maximum height of buildings;

d) calculated vertical load on the panel;

e) calculated wind load in the construction area;

f) calculated seismicity of the construction area;

g) the degree of fire resistance of buildings;

i) class of structural fire hazard of buildings;

j) thermal protection indicator - maximum reduced resistance to heat transfer;

k) degree of aggressiveness of the air environment;

m) temperature and humidity conditions of enclosed premises.

5.2.2 Loads and impacts on panels appropriate to their area of application include:

Constant loads (from their own weight and the weight of the building structures resting on them);

Temporary loads on floors and coverings of a building (including snow);

Loads from attachments;

Wind loads;

Temperature and climatic influences;

Seismic impacts;

Random impacts - impacts (external and internal), explosions:

Impacts caused by base deformations, as well as shrinkage and creep of materials;

Vibrations transmitted by the soil or created by technological equipment:

Airborne noise;

Solar radiation;

Exposure to an aggressive environment.

5.2.3 Being elements of external fences, panels must participate in the performance of their functions in terms of ensuring:

Human safety;

Protection of premises from adverse climatic influences;

Required microclimate and acoustic comfort in the premises;

Energy saving;

Durability.

5.2.4 Keeping people safe

5.2.4.1 To ensure the safety of people, panels must have the following features:

Strength, rigidity and crack resistance;

Strength of gel seed connections;

Fire safety;

Safety during operation, including in the event of accidental impacts and emergency situations;

Safety during seismic impacts (if predicted).

5.2.4.2 The strength, rigidity and crack resistance of the panel under operational influences are ensured by the parameters of the concrete layers adopted from the results of static calculations (class of concrete in terms of compressive strength, layer thickness, reinforcement) and are determined by the bearing capacity of the panels under eccentric compression.

The main indicators characterizing the strength, rigidity and crack resistance of panels are:

Estimated vertical load on the top edge of the panel, kN/m;

Design wind or seismic load. kPa.

5.2.4.3 The strength of the connecting bonds between the outer and internal concrete layers of the panels is ensured by the material and cross-sectional dimensions of the tie elements adopted in the working drawings, the parameters and design of their anchoring part, as well as the measures provided in the working drawings to ensure their corrosion resistance.

5.2.4.4 Fire safety is ensured by compliance with the requirements fire safety panels, including the required degree of fire resistance and the class of structural fire hazard of the building in the construction of which they are used. Fire safety requirements for panels include:

Fire resistance limit, min;

Fire hazard class.

5.2.4.5 Safety during operation of the panel is characterized by the following indicators:

Estimated load from attachments on the inner (facing the room) side of the panel at a distance of the center of gravity of the load from the panel surface of 150 mm and with specified fastening methods. kN;

Estimated load from attachments on the outside of the panel at a distance of the center of gravity of the load from the panel surface of 150 mm and with specified fastening methods. kN:

Design impact load on the inside of the panel. kPa;

Design impact load with outside panels, kPa;

Estimated seismicity of the construction area, points on the MSK-64 scale;

Functional fire hazard class of enclosed premises.

5.2.4.6 The reliability of panels is determined by the values of reliability coefficients (or operating conditions coefficients) adopted during design:

By building responsibility class:

Strength characteristics of structural materials (concrete and reinforcement).

5.2.5 Ensuring the protection of premises from adverse climatic influences

5.2.5.1 Panels must have properties that provide, under the most unfavorable design climatic conditions:

Sufficient thermal protection in winter;

Sufficient heat resistance in summer;

Impermeability to rainwater;

Necessary resistance to air and vapor permeation.

5.2.5.2 Indicators of the panel properties specified in 5.2.5.1. are:

Reduced heat transfer resistance. m 2 -*S/W. taking into account joints with the ceiling and adjacent panels:

Estimated amplitude of internal surface temperature fluctuations in summer, °C:

Waterproof;

Resistance to air permeation. m 2 h Pa/kg:

Resistance to vapor permeation, m 2 h Pa/mg.

5.2.6 Providing the required microclimate and acoustic comfort

5.2.6.1 Panels must have properties that ensure:

Absence high humidity indoor air:

Lack of increased air mobility in the premises;

No condensation on the inner surface of the panels;

Reduced noise levels from external sources(including from vehicles).

5.2.6.2 Indicators of the panel properties specified in 5.2.6.1. are:

Initial moisture content of concrete. % by weight;

Structural ensuring the tightness of panels during installation;

Local resistance to heat transfer, m 2 °C/W, in places of thermal inhomogeneities (slopes of openings, ends, etc.);

Insulation from airborne noise of the panel. dBA.

5.2.7 Ensuring energy savings

5.2.7.1 The panels must have properties that contribute to the rational consumption of thermal energy for heating the enclosed premises during the heating period.

5.27.2 An indicator for ensuring compliance with requirement 5.2.7.1 is the compliance of the following panel indicators with the required minimum values according to current regulatory documents in the field of thermal protection of buildings:

Reduced thermal resistance of the panel, m* in C/W;

Resistance to water and air permeation, mg h Pa/kg;

Resistance to vapor permeation. m g h Pa/mg.

5.2.8 Ensuring durability

5.2.8.1 8 panels must be ensured that the properties specified in 5.2.1-5.2.7 are maintained during the service life under the intended operating and maintenance modes.

5.2.8.2 Indicators of the durability of panels are:

Concrete class for compressive strength:

Thermal uniformity coefficient taking into account the joints of the panel with the ceiling and adjacent panels;

Calculated value of the maximum vertical displacement of the outer layer in relation to the inner concrete layer due to temperature deformations, mm;

Concrete grade for frost resistance;

Concrete grade for water resistance;

Biostability of insulation;

The service life of the insulation material reaches limit state on heat-shielding properties under given operating conditions.

5.2.9 The applicability of the indicators established in 5.2.4-5.2.8 for assessing the properties of panels is given in Table 1.

Table 1

Indicator name	Til pyaiepey
Indicator name


Estimated load from attachments on the inner (facing the room) side of the panel at a distance of the center of gravity of the load from the surface of the railing of 150 m and with the specified fastening methods. kN
Same. on the outside of the pvnepi. kK
Estimated impact load on the inside of the panel, kPa
Same. from the outside of the panel, kLa
Estimated seismicity of the construction area. MSK-64 scores
Functional fire hazard class of enclosed premises
Panel fire resistance limit, min
Panel fire hazard class
Initial moisture content of concrete in panels, K by mass
Concrete grade for frost resistance

End of TVBPIYY 1

Indicator name	Panel type
Indicator name
Concrete grade for water resistance*"
Biostability of insulation
Service life of the insulation material (until reaching the limit state for heat-shielding properties under given operating conditions), years
Reduced heat transfer resistance of the panel, m 2 - °C/W
The lowest local resistance to heat transfer of the panel is in places of thermal inhomogeneities. m 2 ‘S/W
The thermal resistance indicator of a panel is the calculated amplitude of temperature fluctuations on the inner surface of the walls in the summer. 'C 2'
Resistance to air permeation. m* - h Pa/kg
Resistance to vapor permeation. m 2 h La/mg
Waterproofness of panels" 1
Sound insulation of the panel from airborne noise. dBA
Calculated value of the maximum vertical displacement of the outer concrete layer in relation to the inner concrete layer, mm
Calculated value of the maximum horizontal displacement of the outer concrete layer in relation to the inner concrete layer, mm

11 For lightweight concrete panels.

21 8 cases provided for by the current standards for concrete and reinforced concrete structures, as well as for the protection of these structures from corrosion.

21 For climatic conditions of Moscow.

Notes

1 When determining the applicability of the panel parameters indicated in Table 1, the accepted designs of the walls and panels themselves and the characteristics of the materials used should be taken into account.

2 In Table 1 in the column “Type of panels” the sign “♦” indicates the need to define an indicator for a given panel style, the sign “-” means the indicator for a given panel style is not determined.

8 working documentation on a panel developed for repeated use under various conditions should establish ranges of calculated values of the indicators indicated in Table 1, which can be ensured with acceptable variations in the characteristics of the materials and components used.

5.2.10 In addition to the indicators given in Table 1, the panels are characterized by:

Types of finishing of external and internal front surfaces:

Range of overall dimensions;

Type of vertical and horizontal joints with adjacent panels;

Type of fastening to adjacent building structures;

Parameters of the main layers;

Type of concrete of the outer and inner layers - heavy, light, etc.;

The material of the thermal insulation layer;

Type of connecting ties (flexible made of corrosion-resistant steel, non-metallic or rigid reinforced concrete, steel in the form of keys or ribs);

Installation of vertical and horizontal fireproof cuts in the thermal insulation

The design of horizontal and vertical joints (with or without a rain ridge, i.e. a flat joint);

Type of joints according to the method of providing water* and air insulation of premises (closed, drained or open);

The presence or absence of a vapor layer.

Single-row cut panels are also characterized by the size and number of window and door openings.

6 General requirements for panel design

6.1 Dimensional requirements

6.1.1 Coordination and structural dimensions of panels in length and height should be assigned in accordance with the design solutions of formwork and installation units. It is recommended to take panel dimensions by thickness* not in millimeters as multiples of 10.20 or 50.

6.1.2 Limit deviations the actual dimensions of the panels (length, height and thickness) should be established in the design documentation for a specific building based on calculations of the accuracy of geometric parameters in accordance with GOST 21780 based on data on the conditions of manufacture and installation of these products and their operation in building structures, technological values tolerances in accordance with GOST 21779.

In working documentation on panels developed for repeated use in various conditions, including in working drawings included in catalogs of standard designs, it is recommended that maximum deviations of actual dimensions from nominal ones be taken no higher than the values indicated in Table 2.

Table 2

type of deviation	Geometric parameter and its memorial value, mm	Maximum deviation, im
Linear deviation*	Panel length and height at maximum size*
	re in a series of standard sizes:

	< 4 000 г 8 000

	Panel thickness

6.2 Requirements for concrete layers of panels

6.2.1 Thickness of concrete layers

6.2.1.1 The nominal thickness of the reinforced outer and inner concrete layers of the panel should be determined by static calculation, taking into account the provision of the required bearing capacity, rigidity and crack resistance of panels, anchoring strength of flexible connections - connecting between concrete layers and in joints, mounting hinges, strength and crack resistance of reinforced concrete keys or ribs connecting between layers, thickness of the protective layer of concrete to the reinforcement, requirements for the interface between panels and other structures buildings, to the fastening points in the panels of window and door blocks.

Taking into account the listed factors, the nominal thickness of concrete layers should be taken at least, mm;

Inner layer:.

Load-bearing panels -120;

Non-load-bearing panels - 80;

Floor-bearing panels:

From heavy concrete - 80;

From light concrete - 100;

Outer layer:

From heavy concrete - 65;

Made of lightweight concrete - 80.

The nominal thicknesses of layers listed above include the nominal thickness of concrete or mortar of protective, decorative and internal finishing layers.

6.2.1.2 The nominal thicknesses of concrete layers specified in paragraph 2.1.1 can be increased around the perimeter of openings or the perimeter of the panel to form profiles for installing window or door frames, for placing sealing, sealing, heat-insulating materials at joints, forming a decompression cavity and grooves for installing waterproof tape in open joints.

In addition, the nominal thicknesses of concrete layers can be increased in order to ensure the required minimum thicknesses of protective layers before reinforcement or anchoring elements of flexible ties.

the deviation values for the thickness of concrete layers are given in 7.3.2 and 7.3.3.

6.2.2 Requirements for concrete of the main layers of panels

6.2.2.1 For concrete of the main (outer and inner) layers of panels, dense heavy or light concrete with a volume of intergranular voids of the compacted mixture of no more than 3% should be used. The concrete panels must be subject to strength requirements, and for the concrete of the outer layers - also strength, frost resistance and water resistance. For all types of concrete, requirements for tempering characteristics and strength must be established, and for lightweight concrete- by humidity.

6.2.2.2 For the main layers of panels, heavy (or fine-grained) concrete in accordance with GOST 26633 of class 615 and higher or lightweight concrete in accordance with GOST 25620 with a dense structure of class B15 and higher should be used.

6.2.2.3 The working documentation on the panel must indicate the required structure of concrete, the type of coarse and fine aggregates, and the permissible maximum size of aggregates. As a fine aggregate for lightweight structural concrete according to GOST 2562C compressive strength classes B12.5 and higher, dense sand or a mixture of dense and porous fishing line should be used. It is not allowed to use perlite sand with an average density of less than 250 kg/m 3 as a fine porous aggregate for lightweight structural concrete, as well as ash or ash and slag mixture.

6.2.2.4 The rated tempering compressive strength of heavy and lightweight concrete and mortar of the external protective, decorative and internal finishing layers should be established in the design documentation for a specific building and indicated in the order for the manufacture of panels taking into account the requirements of GOST 13015. The rated tempering strength should be at least 70% of the strength corresponding to the design class in terms of compressive strength.

6.2.2.5 The grades of concrete and mortar of the panels for frost resistance and water resistance should be established in the working documentation on the panels for specific buildings and taken depending on the calculated values of the climatic parameters of the construction area and the parameters of the humidity regime of the enclosed premises, taking into account the presence of aggressive environmental influences in accordance with the requirements of the current standards applicable to concrete and reinforced concrete structures, as well as to the protection of these structures from corrosion.

6.2.2.6 Frost resistance grades of concrete and panel mortar should be assigned at a design negative outside air temperature during the cold period from minus 5 C to minus 40 C not lower than F75 for heavy concrete and not lower than F35 for lightweight concrete. If the estimated negative outside air temperature during the cold period is above minus 5 C, the grade of concrete for frost resistance is not standardized.

6.2.27 The grades of lightweight concrete of the main layers of panels based on average density in a dry state should be assigned taking into account the class of concrete in terms of compressive strength based on the requirements of GOST 25820.

6.2.2.8 The thermal conductivity coefficient of concrete of the main layers of panels, indicated in the working documentation, should be taken depending on the density of concrete in a dry state and operating conditions of the panel in accordance with current regulatory documents and technical documentation in the field of thermal protection of buildings.

6.2.2.9 Requirements for the structural parameters of lightweight concrete panels (the volume of intergranular voids and the volume of entrained air) should be established in accordance with the requirements of GOST 25820.

6.2.3 Requirements for protective, decorative and finishing layers

6.2.3.1 The nominal thickness of the protective and decorative layer of panels should be taken as no less than, mm:

15 - in above-ground panels:

30 - in plinth panels and technical underground panels.

The nominal value of the ventilated gap in panels with a protective and decorative layer - a ventilated screen - should be at least 15 mm.

6.2.3.2 The nominal thickness of the mortar layer in the internal finishing layer of the panels should be no more than, mm:

15 - in wall panels of rooms with dry or normal conditions:

20 - in wall panels of rooms with high humidity.

6.2.3.3 The design class of concrete and grade of mortar in terms of compressive strength for the outer protective and decorative layer should be taken equal to the class of concrete of the main layer or differing from it by no more than one grade.

6.2.3.4 The grade of mortar in terms of compressive strength for the internal finishing layer of panels should be no higher than the grade of concrete on which this layer is applied, and not lower than grade M25.

6.2.3.5 The values of the normalized tempering strength of concrete for the external protective-decorative and internal finishing layers must correspond to the concrete of the main layers of the panel.

The normalized tempering strength of the solution must be at least 70% of the strength at the age of 28 days.

6.3 Requirements for the thermal insulation layer of panels

6.3.1 For the thermal insulation layer of the panels, thermal insulation products in the form of slabs made of polymer and mineral wool materials, as well as lightweight concrete, should be used.

6.3.2 Rigid thermal insulation boards made of the following materials should be used as a thermal insulation layer:

Polystyrene foam grade 25 or 35 according to GOST 15588;

Mineral wool based on basalt fiber on a synthetic binder with a density of 80-160 kg/m 3 and eolostanite fiber on a bitumen-mineral binder;

Mineral wool on a synthetic binder with a density of no more than 175 kg/m 3 according to GOST 9573 and GOST 22950;

Mineral wool made of glass fiber with a synthetic binder with a density of no more than 150 kg/m 3 according to GOST 10499.

Semi-rigid thermal insulation materials can only be used in combination with rigid ones. In this case, semi-rigid thermal insulation slabs should be laid directly on the concrete layer that is the bottom during concreting.

It is allowed to use other heat-insulating products and materials that are manufactured according to the relevant standards and meet the requirements of this standard for their intended purpose and conditions of use, taking into account the following requirements:

The thermal conductivity coefficient of thermal insulation materials X should be no more than 0.08 W/(m 2 *C);

The average nominal density is no more than 200 kg/m3.

Notes

1 The calculated thermal conductivity of the thermal insulation layer is determined taking into account the calculated compaction of thermal insulating materials and products during the manufacturing process of the panels.

2 The nominal average density of the heat-insulating layer is determined as the quotient of its mass in the dry state divided by the volume in the compacted state. For multi-row thermal insulation, the calculation takes the total mass and volume of the layers in a compacted state.

6.3.3 Thermal insulation products and materials used for the manufacture of panels must have hygienic conclusions from sanitary and epidemiological supervision authorities and a fire safety certificate.

6.3.4 When using a five-thermal insulation layer of three-layer panels of new materials, it is necessary to have technical certificates for them, issued in the prescribed manner indicating the following main characteristics:

Average density, kg/m3;

Strength at 10% compression. MPa;

Thermal conductivity coefficient (dry state and calculated value), W/(m? °C);

Weight humidity. % by weight.

The given characteristics must comply with the requirements of this standard and GOST 16381.

6.3.5 The calculated thermal conductivity coefficient of the thermal insulation layer material is established in accordance with the requirements of current regulatory documents and technical documentation* in the field of thermal protection of buildings for the design operating conditions of the building envelope depending on the humidity conditions of the premises and humidity zones or in accordance with test results.

6.3.6 if the heat-insulating boards are a flammable material (in accordance with GOST 30244), it is necessary to install fireproof barriers made of non-combustible material, for example, basalt-based mineral wool slabs, around the perimeter of the window openings and at the joints of the panels.

6.3.7 Thermal insulation boards may be placed in panels in one or several layers. The layout of the thermal insulation boards is indicated in the working documentation on the panel. Technical requirements for laying slabs are given in 7.7.4 and 7.7.5.

6.3.6 Moisture-resistant and non-moisture-resistant heat-insulating materials and products used in necessary cases, determined by the design of three-layer panels, the technology of their molding and heat treatment, must be protected from moisture during the manufacturing process of the panels. Protection methods must be indicated in the working documentation on the panel.

Notes

1 Moisture-intensive include heat-insulating materials and products, the release humidity of which, in the absence of measures to protect against moisture during the manufacturing process, may exceed the permissible limit established in 7.7.2 and 7.7.3.

2 Non-damage-resistant include heat-insulating materials and products specifications which (for example, dimensions, strength, deformability, thermal conductivity, etc.) in the absence of measures to protect them from moisture during the manufacturing process of the panel can irreversibly deteriorate.

6.3.9 When choosing products and materials for the heat-insulating layer, their biostability and durability should be taken into account.

in order to ensure the heat-shielding properties of the panel, the period of preservation of the heat-shielding properties of products and materials of the heat-insulating layer under operating conditions should not be less than the estimated service life of the panel as a whole.

6.4 Connections

6.4.1 The purpose of connecting ties in three-layer panels is to ensure the integrity of the panel during its manufacture, packaging, storage, transportation, installation and operation.

For these purposes the following is used:

Flexible connections in the form of individual rods, strips, reinforcement products of various types made of corrosion-resistant steel or ordinary quality steel (with or without anti-corrosion coating);

Flexible connections in the form of individual rods made of non-metallic alkali-resistant materials:

Discrete reinforced concrete connections - keys or ribs:

Reinforced concrete ribs made of lightweight concrete.

6.4.2 Non-metallic materials should be used only for flexible connections - struts and flexible connections - struts. The use of flexible connections - pendants made of non-metallic materials is not allowed.

6.4.3 The placement of connections along the body of the panel should ensure the joint operation of the outer and inner concrete layers of the panel during the operation of buildings.

6.4.4 Flexible connections must consist of two parts: working (connecting) and anchoring.

Working elements of flexible connections should be made of corrosion-resistant materials.

The anchoring elements of flexible ties are placed in concrete layers; To protect them from corrosion, the following should be provided:

The required thickness of the protective layer of concrete (except for flexible connections made of alkali-resistant materials);

Limiting intergranular voids and crack widths in concrete;

Types of concrete in which the content of components that cause metal corrosion does not exceed the permissible level.

"SP 50.13330.2012 "SNiL 23-02-2003" is in force in the Russian Federation Thermal protection buildings."

6.4.5 The cross-sectional dimensions and reinforcement of rigid connecting ties (reinforced concrete ribs and ribs) should be taken such that the formation of cracks and corrosion of the reinforcement in these ties and in the adjacent areas of the panels are excluded. To protect reinforcement from corrosion, it is necessary to apply the measures specified in 6.4.4 to protect the anchoring elements of flexible ties. The nominal thickness of reinforced concrete ribs and the nominal dimensions of reinforced concrete dowels should be at least 60 mm. In this case, it is recommended to comply with the condition according to which the value of the coefficient of thermal uniformity of the panels, determined taking into account current regulatory documents and technical documentation and taken into account in calculations of heat transfer resistance, must be at least 0.6.

6.4.6 The number of connections required to ensure the integrity of the panel during the operation of the building should be determined by calculation using proven methods. The types and location of connections must be indicated in the working documentation for the panel.

6.5 Additional requirements

6.5.1 In panels with openings adjacent to their end faces (for example, with door openings), structural measures must be taken (for example, the formation of a closed reinforcement loop by constructing a reinforced bridge using frames, reinforcing bars or other means) to prevent the occurrence of cracks in the panel in the opening area during loading and unloading operations, transportation, storage and installation.

6.5.2 The nominal thickness of the protective layer of concrete before the reinforcement (including the external protective and decorative or internal finishing layer) should be taken not less than the values given in Table 3. The exception is panels intended for northern climatic subdistricts - 1B. 1G. IA. MB. IG. 1MB and IVE, taking into account current regulatory documents and technical documentation with low average daily air temperatures (degrees Celsius), in which the nominal thickness of the protective layer of lightweight concrete from the outer surface to the reinforcement must be taken to be at least 30 mm. layer of heavy concrete - at least 25 mm.

The nominal thickness of the protective layer of concrete to the reinforcement located in the layer that is the top during concreting should be taken into account the permissible deviations in the thickness of this layer, the thickness of the reinforced layers, but not less than the values indicated in Table 3.

Table 3

The surface from which the thickness of the protective layer of concrete is measured	view of the concrete layer, I am positioning the reinforcement	The minimum nominal thickness of the protective layer of concrete up to the reinforcement is 1", we
			"by design
External (facade), adjacent to the heat-insulating layer

The surface of the inner side of the panel and the edge of the opening

\|; In load-bearing panels, the minimum nominal thickness of the protective layer of concrete before the reinforcement is assigned depending on the standardized fire resistance limits for load-bearing capacity established in fire safety regulations.

7 Technical requirements

7.1 Requirements for factory readiness of panels

7.1.1 Panels should be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to design and technological documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

7.1.2 Factory readiness of the panels must meet the requirements of this standard and additional requirements of design documentation for specific buildings, established taking into account the conditions of transportation and storage of panels, loading and unloading technology and installation of buildings.

In cases stipulated by the design documentation for specific buildings, panels should be supplied with applied waterproof primers, installed window and door blocks, sill slabs and drains, sealed and thermal insulation at the joints between window and door blocks and the edges of openings, overhead products and other structural elements specified in 7.1.3.

Delivery of panels without window and door blocks, window sill slabs and drains, if their installation is provided for in the design documentation, is allowed only by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer and the design organization - the author of the project.

7.1.3 In cases provided for in the design documentation, panels must have:

Protrusions, cutouts, grooves, niches, steel embedded and overhead products and other structural elements intended for supporting panels on the building structure and for aligning and joining adjacent structures:

Cutouts and recesses in the end zones and other places where panels of adjacent structures adjoin the panels, intended for the formation of a keyed connection after the joints have been jointed;

Reinforcement outlets, steel embedded products and other structural elements for connecting panels to each other and to adjacent building structures:

Protrusions, grooves and other structural details in the end zones of the panels, along the perimeter of the openings, designed to form a rain barrier, support sealing gaskets and sealants, install a waterproof element (tape) at the joint, etc.;

Sockets for mounting (lifting) loops and other mounting and connecting parts;

Window blocks with window sills, drains and door blocks;

Embedded and overlay products for fastening attached window sill plates, solar shading devices, curtains, cornices, devices for hanging curtains and other equipment, open heating devices and other engineering equipment.

7.2 Requirements for the actual values of the functional parameters of the panels

7.2.1 The actual values of the functional parameters of the panels, the nomenclature of which is presented in Table 1, must correspond to the limit or nominal values specified in the working documentation for these panels.

7.2.2 The actual values of the functional parameters of the panels should be determined based on the results of periodic tests in accordance with 8.2.1. The actual values of parameters not specified in 8.2.1 and table 5 are determined based on the results of research tests conducted before the panels are put into production.

7.3 Requirements for precision of geometric parameters

7.3.1 Actual deviations of the geometric parameters of the panels from the design (nominal) values should not exceed the limits established by this standard or regulatory documents on the panel. The maximum deviation values for the length, height and thickness of the panels are taken in accordance with 6.1. limit values of deviations of other panel parameters - in accordance with table 4.

Table 4

vmd deviation of geometric parameter		Maximum deviation mm
Linear Deviation	Dimensions of openings, cutouts, protrusions and recesses:




	Dimensions of sockets for soldered boxes, switches and
	plug sockets, cross-section of channels and bo-
	outlet for electrical wiring

End of table 4

type of deviation	Geometric parameter and its nominal value, mm	Maximum deviation.
geometric parameter	Geometric parameter and its nominal value, mm
Linear Deviation	Dimensions that determine the position of openings, cutouts,
	stupas and recesses:




	Dimensions determining the position of steel embedded parts, located in accordance with the working documentation at the same level with the concrete surface and not serving as fasteners during installation: In the plane of the panel with a size of embedded part up to 100 mm
	In the plane of the panel when the size of the embedded part is over 100 mm
	From the panel plane
	Dimensions determining the position of steel embedded parts that serve as fasteners during installation
Deviation from straightness	Straightness of the profile of the front surfaces, supports
newness	nal and end faces: On sections 1 m long Along the entire length of the panel or block length:



Deviation from plane	Flatness of the front surface when measured from
	conditional plane passing through three corner points of the surface of the airframe at largest size(length or height):



Deviation from perpendicular	Perpendicularity of adjacent end faces (for foam-
vascularity	rectangular shape) when measuring on the base:

7.3.2 Deviations from the design thickness of concrete layers, as well as the external protective-decorative and internal finishing layers of panels should not exceed ±5 mm. Deviations from the design thickness of the heat-insulating layer at slab insulation laid in one layer should not exceed ±5 mm. and in two layers - ±10 mm.

7.3.3 Maximum deviations from the design thickness of the protective layer of concrete to the working reinforcement should be assigned in accordance with GOST 13015.

7.4 Requirements for concrete and mortar

7.4.1 Concrete used for the main layers of panels must meet the requirements:

Heavy and fine-grained concrete - GOST 26633;

Lightweight concrete - GOST 25820.

The solution used in the manufacture of panels must comply with the requirements of GOST 28013.

7.4.2 The actual strength of concrete (at the age of 28 days and tempering) must correspond to the required one, assigned according to GOST 18105 depending on the class of concrete established in the working documentation and the indicator of the actual uniformity of concrete strength.

7.4.3 The actual strength of the solution of the external protective-decorative and internal finishing layers of the panels (at the age of 28 days and tempering) must not be lower than the standardized strength.

7.4.4 The actual average density of lightweight concrete must correspond to the required average density, determined according to GOST 27005 depending on the grade of concrete for average density and the required density coefficient, which characterizes the actual uniformity of concrete in density.

7.4.5 The actual thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete of the main layers of panels should not exceed by more than 10% the thermal conductivity values specified in the working documentation on the panel.

7.4.6 Actual values of the volume of intergranular voids and the volume of entrained air in the compacted concrete mixture should not exceed the values accepted according to GOST 25820 and 6.2.2.1.

7.4.7 The frost resistance of concrete and mortar and the water resistance of concrete must correspond to the frost resistance and water resistance grades established in the design documentation for specific buildings and specified in the order for the production of panels.

7.5 Requirements for reinforcement and embedded products

7.5.1 The grades and classes of steel for reinforcement and embedded products must correspond to those indicated in the working drawings of the panels.

7.5.2 Welded reinforcement and embedded products must comply with the requirements of GOST 10922 and GOST 23279.

7.6 Requirements for non-metallic flexible connections

7.6.1 Non-metallic flexible connections must meet the following requirements:

In terms of material - durability;

According to the parameters - manufacturing accuracy.

7.7 Requirements for the thermal insulation layer

7.7.1 The strength of materials and products of the heat-insulating layer at 10% compression for panels, during the manufacture of which the concrete of the outer or inner layer is laid on the heat-insulating layer, must be such that the compressibility of the heat-insulating layer does not exceed 6% at the pressure created by the mass of the layer laid on it is a layer of concrete.

It is allowed to use heat-insulating boards with compressibility at the specified pressure from 6% to 15% (semi-rigid boards according to GOST 16381) in combination with heat-insulating products whose compressibility does not exceed 4%.

In this case, a layer of more rigid thermal insulation boards should be laid over a layer of less rigid ones.

7.7.2 the humidity of thermal insulation products when laid in panels (initial humidity) should not exceed the maximum permissible humidity ( gravimetric humidity), established in the standards for products of a particular type.

7.7.3 the humidity of the thermal insulation layer when releasing the panels to the consumer (dispensing humidity) should not exceed the maximum permissible humidity (weight humidity) established for the thermal insulation products from which this layer is made by more than 5% by weight.

7.7.4 Thermal insulation boards should be laid tightly together in panels.

When thermal insulation boards are arranged in several layers, the seams between the boards in each layer must be offset in relation to the seams between the boards in adjacent layers by at least the thickness of the layer.

The layout of thermal insulation boards must correspond to that indicated in the working drawings of the panels.

7.7.5 The gaps between the ends of the heat-insulating slabs and the gaps at the places where they adjoin the form must be protected from the flow of the concrete mixture and its mortar component. The location of the gaps and methods of protection against the ingress of concrete mixture must be indicated in the working drawings of each specific panel.

7.8 Requirements for massepanelvy

7.8.1 Deviations of the actual weight of the panels when they are released to the consumer from the nominal weight specified in the working documentation should not exceed ±10%.

7.8.2 The nominal release weight of panels with base layers of lightweight concrete is calculated at the design average density of the concrete of the base layers and the density of the insulation, taking into account their highest permissible release humidity.

The nominal selling weight of panels with base layers of heavy concrete should be taken taking into account the actual average density of concrete at the manufacturing plant. determined by test results.

7.9 Requirements for appearance and quality of panel surfaces

7.9.1 The type and quality of finishing of the external front surfaces of the panels must comply with the requirements of the design documentation and the finishing standard approved in agreement with the customer.

7.9.2 The types of window and balcony blocks installed in panels, their painting, glazing and completion with window sill slabs, drains and embedded products must correspond to the production order.

7.9.3 Quality concrete surfaces panels must comply with the requirements of GOST 13015 for surfaces of the categories specified in the standard or working documentation on the panel or regulatory documents on the panel.

7.9.4 On areas of panel surfaces intended for the formation of sealed zones at joints and the application of glued air and air insulation. must not be:

Shells with a diameter of more than Emmy and a depth of more than 2 mm:

Local alluvial deposits and depressions with a height (depth) of more than 2 mm;

Concrete edges with a depth of more than 2 mm and a length of more than 30 mm per 1 m of ribs.

7.9.5 The surfaces of the panels should be free of grease and rust stains.

7.9.6 There should be no peeling finishing materials on the lined surfaces of the lamellas. The quality of seams between elements of finishing materials must correspond to the finishing standard (see 7.9.1).

7.9.7 There should be no cracks in the concrete and mortar intended for the manufacture of panels, with the exception of local surface cracks no more than 0.2 mm wide.

7.10 Requirements for materials and components

7.10.1 Binders, fillers, additives and water used for preparing concrete must comply with:

For heavy and fine-grained concrete - GOST 26633:

For lightweight concrete - GOST 25620.

The materials used to prepare the solution must comply with the requirements of GOST 28013.

7.10.2 Thermal insulation boards should be used as the material of the thermal insulation layer in the panels in accordance with 6.3.2.

It is allowed to use other thermal insulation materials that meet the requirements of this standard (see 6.3.3) and provide the heat transfer resistance of the panels required in the specific operating conditions of the buildings throughout their entire intended service life.

7.10.3 For the reinforcement of panels, reinforcing steel should be used that meets the requirements:

For rod reinforcement - GOST 5781 or GOST 10884;

For reinforcing wire - GOST 6727.

7.10.4 Steel for the manufacture of embedded products and mounting loops must meet the requirements established in GOST 13015.

7.10.5 Window units and balcony door units installed in panels must comply with the requirements of GOST 11214. GOST 21519. GOST 23166. GOST 24700. GOST 25097. GOST 30674. external door units - GOST 475. assemblies adjacent to panel openings - GOST 30971 .

7.10.6 Paints, varnishes, facing materials and mastics used for finishing panels, as well as for waterproofing, vapor insulation and anti-corrosion coatings must comply with the requirements of the relevant standards and, in cases provided for by regulatory documents, have certificates of conformity.

7.11 Marking

7.11.1 Markings, signs and the name of the manufacturer should be applied to the side edges or other surfaces of the panels in accordance with GOST 13015.

7.11.2 Methods and rules for applying markings on panels are specified in section 7 of GOST 13015.

8 Acceptance rules

8.1 General acceptance rules

8.1.1 Acceptance of panels is carried out in batches in accordance with the requirements of GOST 13015 and this standard. The batch includes products of the same type from concrete of the same class in terms of compressive strength and the same grade in terms of average density, manufactured using the same technology from materials of the same type and quality for no more than one day.

8.1.2 Acceptance of panels is carried out based on the results of incoming and operational control, periodic and acceptance tests.

8.1.3 The characteristics of the panels monitored during incoming and operational control must comply with GOST 13015. Additionally, during operational control the following is checked:

Humidity of the insulation board material before laying in the mold;

Correct position and anchoring of flexible ties and reinforcement of rigid ties.

The actual thickness of the concrete layer of the panels.

Actual thickness of the thermal insulation layer:

Correct laying of insulation slabs and installation of fire-resistant cutouts (liners);

The presence and number of slots in the insulation boards at the locations of the tie elements, the quality of sealing the slots;

Availability and correct installation of wooden plugs for fastening window and door blocks;

Availability and quality of panel primer coatings.

8.2 Indicators monitored based on the results of periodic tests

8.2.1 Periodic tests to determine whether the monitored parameters of the panels meet the required values should be carried out when the panels are put into production, when the production technology or materials and components used are changed, and also periodically within the time limits specified in the working documentation.

8.2.2 Panels intended for testing for resistance to force. must comply with the requirements of this standard and the working documentation on the panel.

8.2.3 Depending on the specific design, the type of finish adopted and the features of the panel production technology, it is allowed to include among the indicators of panels controlled based on the results of periodic tests, in addition to the indicators in Table 5:

Holiday humidity of the thermal insulation layer of three-layer panels;

Porosity indicators of compacted lightweight concrete mixture:

Thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete:

Adhesion strength of facing tiles to concrete or mortar:

Deviations of geometric parameters, the accuracy of which depends on the integral elements of the forms.

8.2.4 The thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete should be monitored in cases where the heat transfer resistance of lightweight concrete panel layers is taken into account when determining the compliance of the calculated reduced heat transfer resistance of panels with the requirements of current regulatory documents and technical documentation for thermal protection of buildings.

8.2.5 The release moisture content of materials should be monitored based on the test results of samples taken from three finished panels, at least:

Lightweight concrete of the outer and inner layers - once a month, as well as when the composition of the concrete changes:

Thermal insulation layer material - twice a month.

The actual release moisture content of materials should be assessed based on the results of checking each controlled product using the average moisture content of samples taken from it.

8.2.6 Monitoring the porosity indicators of the compacted lightweight concrete mixture (the volume of intergranular voids, the volume of entrained air) should be carried out at least once a month.

8.2.7 Monitoring the thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete should be carried out at least once every 6 months.

8.2.8 The adhesion strength of facing tiles to mortar or concrete panels should be monitored at least once every 3 months. Strength assessment is carried out based on the average value of the test results of samples selected from five finished panels included in one accepted batch of panels.

8.2.9 Monitoring of the accuracy of the geometric parameters of the panels is carried out at least once a month, selecting panels from the same batch. The sample size and rules for assessing control results are in accordance with 8.3.5.

8.3 Indicators controlled based on the results of acceptance tests

8.3.1 Acceptance of panels based on the results of acceptance tests is carried out according to the following indicators:

Strength of concrete and mortar:

Average density of lightweight concrete;

Compliance of embedded parts, reinforcement products, quality welded joints and mounting loops to working drawings;

Accuracy of geometric parameters of panels;

Thickness of the protective layer of concrete up to the reinforcement;

Crack opening width:

Quality of concrete surfaces:

Availability of adhesion of facing tiles to concrete or mortar;

Weight of products;

Appearance.

8.3.2 The strength of concrete is controlled in the manner prescribed by GOST 18105. The strength of the mortar (at design age and tempering age) is monitored for each batch of products based on test results of at least one series of samples made from one mortar sample, but at least once per shift .

8.3.3 Control of the average density of lightweight concrete of the main layers of the panel should be carried out in accordance with GOST 27005.

8.3.4 Compliance of embedded parts, reinforcing products, quality of welded joints and mounting loops with working drawings is controlled upon their acceptance in the reinforcement shop.

8.3.5 Compliance of the accuracy of geometric parameters, the thickness of the protective layer of concrete to the reinforcement, the width of cracks, the quality of concrete surfaces and the mass of products with the requirements of the working documentation is checked based on the results of selective one-stage control in accordance with GOST 13015.

8.3.6 Compliance with established requirements for the appearance of products (absence of grease and rust stains, concrete deposits on embedded parts and mounting loops, exposed reinforcement, presence and correct application of markings and signs, waterproofing and anti-corrosion coatings, presence, completeness and quality of finishing of filling openings , compliance of the finishing of external surfaces with the approved standard) is checked by continuous inspection of products included in the batch.

8.3.7 Based on the results of acceptance in accordance with GOST 13015, a document is drawn up on the quality of the supplied panels.

Additionally, the quality document must indicate:

Concrete grade for frost resistance of the outer layer of panels:

Density and thermal conductivity coefficient of insulation boards of the heat-insulating layer;

Type of finishing of external front surfaces indicating the type of finishing silt and facing material and links to relevant standards.

If there are layers of mortar in the panels, the quality document should include the following indicators: mortar strength grade, actual tempering strength and frost resistance grade.

6, as indicators of the average density of lightweight concrete of the outer and inner layers of panels, the actual values of the average density in a state dried to constant weight should be indicated.

9 Control and test methods

9.1 Panel quality control

9.1.1 Compliance with the requirements for the parameters of the panels, characterizing their resistance to static force influences (load on the upper edge of the panel, if the panel is load-bearing), wind (load along the panel field) and seismic influences, is determined by test results in accordance with GOST 6829 according to the diagrams given in the working documentation on the panel.

Tests should be carried out on centric compression of the inner concrete or reinforced concrete layer and on the mutual shear of the outer and inner layers.

Based on the test results, the following is determined:

Bearing capacity of panel walls under eccentric compression, characterized by the value (magnitude) of the destructive static load on the upper edge of the panel:

The maximum displacement of the outer concrete or reinforced concrete layer relative to the inner concrete or reinforced concrete layer under twice the design load on the outer layer, including its own weight. should not exceed 2 mm.

9.1.2 Tests to determine the panel’s resistance to overhead and impact loads are carried out according to methods agreed upon between the manufacturer and the customer.

9.1.3 The accuracy of the dimensions and shape of panels, dimensions characterizing the quality of panel surfaces, are determined according to GOST 26433.1.

9.1.4 Compliance with the requirements for the appearance of panels. - absence of grease and rust stains, concrete sagging on embedded products and mounting loops, exposed reinforcement, presence and correct application of markings and signs, presence of waterproofing and anti-corrosion coatings, presence, completeness and quality of finishing of filling openings, compliance of finishing of external surfaces with the approved standard, check visually.

9.2 Strength control of concrete and mortar

9.2.1 The compressive strength of concrete is determined according to GOST 10180. Evaluation of test results is determined according to GOST 18105.

9.2.2 The strength of the solution is controlled according to GOST 5802.

9.2.3 The actual tempering strength of light and heavy concrete is determined according to GOST 17624 when testing panels using the ultrasonic method.

The actual tempering strength of light and heavy concrete can also be determined according to GOST 22690 when testing panels using mechanical non-destructive testing methods.

9.3 Control of average density of concrete

9.3.1 The average density of concrete is determined according to GOST 12730.1. Evaluation of test results - according to GOST 27005.

The average density of concrete can also be determined according to GOST 17623 by the radioisotope method. In this case, at least one panel is tested per shift.

9.4 Control of frost resistance and water resistance of concrete

9.4.1 The frost resistance of heavy and lightweight concrete is determined according to GOST 10060. The frost resistance of the solution is controlled according to GOST 5802.

9.4.2 The water resistance of concrete is determined according to GOST 12730.5.

9.5 Concrete moisture control

9.5.1 The moisture content of lightweight concrete is established according to GOST 12730.2.

9.5.2 At least two samples should be taken from each panel included in the sample (see 8.2.5). Samples are taken by drilling from the inner layer of the panel at low speed or using a bolt. The sampling site must be located at a distance of at least 200 mm from the end face of the panel.

Holes formed after sampling must be sealed with a material that ensures restoration of the required performance properties of the panels in the sampling areas.

9.5.3 It is allowed to determine the moisture content of concrete using the dielcometric method according to GOST 21718.

9.6 Monitoring the thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete and the porosity of the concrete mixture

9.6.1 The thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete in a dried to constant weight state is determined according to GOST 7076. Thermal conductivity testing should be carried out at a panel surface temperature from 10 °C to 40 °C.

9.6.2 Monitoring of porosity indicators of lightweight concrete mixture is carried out in accordance with GOST 10181.

9.7 Inspection of welded reinforcement and embedded products

9.7.1 Inspection and testing of welded reinforcement and embedded products is carried out in accordance with GOST 10922.

9.7.2 It is allowed to determine the quality control of welded joints using the ultrasonic method in accordance with GOST 23858.

9.6 Control of moisture content of the thermal insulation layer material

9.8.1 The moisture content of the thermal insulation layer material should be monitored by testing samples taken from finished panels using the methods established in the material standard. At least two samples of thermal insulation material are taken from each panel included in the sample.

9.8.2 It is allowed not to control the release humidity of the heat-insulating layer made of polystyrene foam boards adopted in accordance with GOST 15588. and from other non-moisture-intensive and moisture resistant materials and products when indicated in the working documentation on the panel.

9.9 Control of compressibility and initial humidity of thermal insulation materials and

9.9.1 The compressibility and initial humidity of thermal insulation materials and products are controlled if these parameters change during storage or transportation, as well as before the start of production of each batch of panels.

9.9.2 The compressibility of thermal insulation products should be checked at the pressure specified in 7.7.1. using testing equipment and according to the methods specified in GOST 17177 and product standards.

9.9.3 The initial moisture content of thermal insulation materials and products is determined by testing samples taken from them using the methods specified in the standards for materials and products.

9.10 Monitoring the presence and strength of adhesion of finishing and facing layers to

concrete and mortar

9.10.1 The presence of adhesion of the protective, decorative and finishing layers to the concrete of the panels is checked by tapping.

9.10.2 The adhesion strength of facing tiles to mortar or concrete is determined according to GOST 28039.

10 Transportation and storage

10.1 Transportation and storage of panels is carried out in accordance with the working documentation for panels of specific types, developed in compliance with the requirements of GOST 13015 and this standard.

10.2 Panels should be stored in cassettes in a vertical or inclined position.

Window and door units installed in panels must be closed and secured during storage and transportation.

10.3 When storing and transporting panels, the supports are placed only under the internal load-bearing concrete layer. so that the outer protective, decorative and heat-insulating layers of the panels at the bottom have an air gap of at least 20 mm. Transfer of forces to these layers is not allowed.

Special gaskets are used as supports - wooden, rubber, etc.

If there are parts and parts protruding downward in the panels, the height of the supports must exceed their height by at least 20 mm.

10.4 When storing panels on open area and during transportation, the horizontal and vertical ends of the panels along the entire length and along the perimeter of the openings where the insulation exits to the outside must be covered with waterproof material.

10.5 Panels are transported in a vertical or inclined position on panel carriers, railway platforms and other vehicles equipped with special fastening and supporting devices that ensure the immobility of the panels and their safety, including the safety of the filling of openings and parts protruding from the plane of the panels.

10.6 Lifting, loading and unloading of panels should be carried out by gripping the mounting loops or using special gripping devices provided for in the working documentation for these panels.

10.7 When storing, transporting and installing panels, fire safety measures should be taken to prevent the possibility of fire of the insulation.

UDC 691.328.1.022.4:006.354 MKS 91.080.10

Key words: panel, three-layer reinforced concrete panel with effective insulation, classification. types, parameters, design load, brand, concrete, class, design, reinforcement, embedded parts, technical requirements, strength, connections, acceptance, control methods, transportation and storage

Editor T.T Martynoea Technical editor S.N. Prusakova Correkhtor R.A. Meitova Copy layout I.A. Naleikina

Delivered as set 2S.03.20ie. Signed on seal 0S.04.2016 Fornat 60*84/1 Ariel typeface.

Uel. oven l. 3.26. Academic *ed. l. 2.75. Tira" 35 eke. Behind*. 053.

Published and printed by FSUE “STANDARTINFORM”, $12399 Moscow. Pomegranate ler.. 4.

In the Russian Federation, SP 50.13330.2012 “SNiP 23-02-2003 Thermal protection of buildings” is in force.

Panel housing construction can be called an old new trend in housing construction. In our country, it was with this technology that the mass construction of housing began in the 1950s. This was a big step forward in the socio-economic development of the country, as it made it possible to solve the housing problems of many people who lived in communal apartments and dormitories. In addition, this technology was economically beneficial to the state due to the following advantages:

speed of construction due to the in-line production of panels in the factory;
cost-effectiveness and ease of execution due to the mass introduction of production of concrete and reinforced concrete products;
achieving the specified quality of concrete and reinforced concrete products in factory conditions;
flexibility: the ability to organize the production of panels of any configuration, limited only by the possibilities of their transportation and delivery to the construction site;

Moreover, panel housing construction has replaced brick construction due to such advantages of concrete as:

relatively low cost;
high strength characteristics;
high levels of resistance to climate impacts;
confirmed fire safety;
almost complete absence of dependence of installation on weather conditions;
durability.

However, back in Soviet times, panel and block houses were valued less than brick ones due to the disadvantages of concrete:

low noise insulation;
weak heat-shielding properties;
low biostability.

Already in the first years of the mass introduction of panel housing construction, the weak sides the technology itself:

limited opportunities room layouts:
low reliability of joints between reinforced concrete panels.

However, these days, panel housing construction has again become popular, thanks to the development of design technologies, production of materials and construction, which make it possible to successfully combat the mentioned disadvantages.

Today, reinforced concrete products provide ample opportunities both in the design and construction of various buildings and structures. Single-layer panels have been replaced by modern ones made of two or three layers. Such elements include a layer of effective thermal insulation - durable, bioresistant, resistant to moisture. Two- and three-layer monolithic panels can be used as load-bearing, self-supporting, and also hanging structures. They are used in external and internal building elements, as well as in unloaded partitions.

The technology for manufacturing reinforced concrete panels has also made great strides, which allows them to be molded in any way and to use various cladding options: plaster, finishing brick, natural or artificial stone, facade tiles etc. Painting and sandblasting of the outer surface of the panel is possible. Anchors made of metal or reinforced concrete allow you to attach other materials and structures to the surface of the slabs. Thus, today the surface of the facade panel house can have any texture, decor from protruding elements, etc. - the possibilities in this regard are not limited.

But the most important thing is that we are talking about all-season technology “designer with effective layer thermal insulation” that meets all current regulatory requirements, primarily regarding safety and energy efficiency. The high potential for the implementation of modern reinforced concrete panels with integrated moisture-bioresistant insulation is due to the high thermal uniformity of the created building contour and a significant reduction in the weight of one slab. To achieve the required values of thermal resistance of a structure for Moscow in reinforced concrete panels, it is necessary to use cotton wool insulation with a thickness of 150 mm and a density of at least 90 kg/m 3 . This insulation is easily replaced with PENOPLEX ® with a thickness of 120 mm and a density of 25 kg/m 3. Now calculate how much lighter the structure will become!

Since the rapid development of classical panel housing construction (1960-70s), mathematical modeling and the possibility of its implementation using computer technology have made an evolutionary leap in our country. Modern calculation programs allow you to design more various panels, offering many floor layout options. New generation computer programs make it possible to perform high-quality calculations of butt joints of building structures in panel houses. Great opportunities for high-quality design and construction panel houses today provides BIM modeling that accompanies the house at all stages of its life cycle: from the development of the architectural concept to commissioning and subsequent operation.

Advanced technologies make it possible to successfully combat the shortcomings of concrete itself. A qualitative leap in this regard has been the insulation technology of reinforced concrete panels, in other words, the creation of three-layer reinforced concrete wall panels. Since 2017, a modified international standard GOST 31310-2015 “Three-layer reinforced concrete wall panels with effective insulation. General technical conditions". These building construction consist of outer and inner layers of reinforced concrete, between which there is a layer of effective thermal insulation. General requirements for the thermal insulation layer are determined by clause 6.3 of this standard, technical requirements - by clause 7.7.

Currently, many factories of reinforced concrete products have mastered the use of highly effective thermal insulation PENOPLEX ® from extruded polystyrene foam in panel housing construction. The company "PENOPLEX SPb" is improving the technology of using the material, developing technical solutions for the use of its products in three-layer insulated external wall panels.

According to some data, in residential construction the share of panel housing construction is up to 40%, and improving the heat-insulating properties of enclosing structures is a very urgent task.

The elevator shaft is equipped with embedded elements for subsequent assembly of the structure located along the entire height of the building. In some cases, mortgages are not included in the structure, then the blocks are mounted on spacer dowels. The use of tubing makes it possible to use the in-line method of installing elevators in any standard construction.
Since the installation of elevator shaft blocks can be carried out in buildings with different ceiling heights, structures of different standard sizes, as well as additional elements, are produced.
The task of reinforced concrete products is to ensure safe, comfortable movement of people inside the building, therefore special attention is paid to the quality of materials, accuracy of compliance with design requirements and professional installation. In order for elevator cabins to move freely inside the shaft, the following parameters must be observed during the manufacturing process of reinforced concrete products:

Precise geometry;
- absence of visible defects – cracks, cavities;
- absence of reinforcement parts not covered with a layer of concrete of the required thickness.

Features of elevator shafts

The products are designed taking into account the location of the elevator counterweight - behind or to the side of the elevator cabin. The main characteristics of reinforced concrete elevator shafts are:

High strength characteristics;
- wear resistance and durability - the service life of the shaft is several decades and is comparable to the service life of the main load-bearing structures of the building;
- fire resistance. Fire resistance limit - 1 hour or more;
- simple installation and high maintainability;
- resistance to moisture.

The installation of elevator shafts helps strengthen the main structures of the building and increase its stability.

Elevator shaft markings

Like any mass-market reinforced concrete products, the product is subject to mandatory labeling. Alphanumeric designations are printed on inner surface block located behind the elevator car.
The designations ШЛ stand for elevator shafts. The next letter characterizes the type of lift. L – passenger elevator; G-freight elevator.
The numbers after the letters indicate the dimensions of the block. The marking may also indicate the presence of additional structural elements and mortgages.

Delivery of elevator shafts

Delivery of elevator shafts is carried out by our own transport in Moscow, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Kaluga and other regions of Russia! Delivery estimates can be ordered in the Delivery section.

When delivering elevator shafts, precautions must be taken. According to GOST, heavy cargo can be transported only in a horizontal position in special vehicles. When loading/unloading, it is prohibited to move several pieces at a time. Exception: rigging work with special devices, where lifting several products at the same time is allowed.

When storing in open ground, a pad with a thickness of at least 10 cm is placed at the base of the stack; a drain for water is required.

Elevator shafts price in Moscow

Elevator shafts price per piece. The price depends on their size, thickness, presence/absence of strengthening additives, reinforcement. In order not to overpay for the goods, it is advisable to order elevator shafts directly from the manufacturer PSK Perspektiva LLC plant. This way you will receive certified reinforced concrete products with a laboratory report and at the best cost.

Our company can offer you the optimal balance between quality and cost.

You can request our price list and place an order in the section of the site that interests you.

Come check out the prices and make sure that cooperation with us will be beneficial for you.

Our plant LLC PSK "Perspektiva" has been operating since October 2003.

Buy elevator shafts at the concrete products plant

It is profitable to buy elevator shafts without intermediaries at the Perspektiva reinforced concrete products plant. New elevator shafts are always available in our warehouses. We are now increasing production capacity and looking for new reliable partners.

If you are serious about cooperation, contact us at the numbers listed in the “Contacts” tab.

Wall exterior concrete and reinforced concrete panels have found the most wide application in the construction of houses, as well as industrial and public facilities. Their appearance more than 50 years ago was a real breakthrough in construction and made it possible to reduce the construction period of buildings several times.

Types of reinforced concrete panels

Reinforced concrete is a monolith of steel reinforcement and concrete. The interaction of these materials is very effective. concrete stone reliably adheres to the metal, protecting it well from rusting. These components complement each other in terms of resistance to different loads.

The resulting structures have significant strength, and only high-tech tools can help in their processing. Recently, diamond drilling of holes in concrete has become in demand.

Note!
The volume of reinforced concrete products is mainly occupied by cheap raw materials - gravel, crushed stone, sand.
Therefore, their price is relatively low.

What types of them exist?

Based on reinforcement, reinforced concrete products are divided into:

prestressed products;
analogues reinforced using the usual method.

By density (specific gravity) and grade of concrete:

extra heavy ones from 2.5 t/m³;
heavy analogues, with a density of 1.8/2.5 t/m³;
light, their specific gravity is up to 1.8 t/m³;
ultra-light products, their density is 0.7 t/m³.

According to their structure, reinforced concrete wall panels are divided into:

monolithic;
hollow;
made from one type of solution;
made from different types mixtures.

Precast concrete products may be intended for:

for residential and public buildings;
for production facilities;
for engineering and technical structures.

Production methods

The production of panels is carried out at factories of reinforced concrete products using different methods.

Bench technology is intended for the production of large-sized products. The solution is poured into stationary molds. Special units: concrete layers and vibrators, take turns approaching the stands and performing technological steps.
The cassette method is a modification of the previous method. The panels are produced in fixed cassettes, which consist of several steel compartments. A frame made of reinforcement is placed in the mold, then it is filled with concrete. Heat treatment is carried out by contact, through the walls of the cassettes.

After heating, the walls of the molds are removed, and the panels are removed by an overhead crane. This method is used to produce flat products: wall structures and analogues for floors.

With flow-aggregate technology, molds for products move along a chain from one mechanism to the next. Wet and heat treatment is carried out continuously.
With the vibratory rolling method, the entire production cycle occurs on a single installation of the flow principle of operation (vibratory rolling mill). It is a conveyor consisting of rubber-protected steel.

Its tape moves through the technological posts. They include installation of a frame made of reinforcement, pouring of concrete, its compaction by vibration and heat treatment. The instructions recommend using this method to produce partition and floor panels, as well as external wall slabs made of lightweight concrete.

Technical requirements

State standards impose the most stringent requirements for wall slabs.

Accuracy of standard dimensions, as well as geometric shape.
Optimal design of connections and assemblies.
The exact location of the mortgages.
Compliance of the standard size and weight of concrete products with the capabilities of transport and lifting machines.

Note!
A house made of reinforced concrete panels must be constructed from products whose dimensions are within the limits of deviations and tolerances.
They are determined by GOST No. 130/15.4/84.

The dimensions of the mortgages in them must correspond to standard values, the error should not exceed 0.5 cm.
The permissible axial displacement of the embedded parts is no more than 1 cm.
These elements should be located flush with the plane of the panels or above it - no more than 0.3 cm.

More about wall slabs

Large wall slabs were developed to speed up the pace of construction. For example, a cottage made of reinforced concrete panels can be built in just 2 weeks.

Advantages of reinforced concrete products

The popularity of reinforced concrete panels in mass construction, in addition to the high pace of work, can be explained by their other advantages:

high strength;
good load-bearing capacity;
acceptable level of thermal insulation;
100% fire resistant;
resistance to temperature changes;
durability of use.

Types of panel construction

Panel construction can be framed or frameless.

This depends on what kind of wall slabs are used: enclosing and load-bearing or only enclosing.

In frameless buildings, the load of the floors is carried by the wall panels themselves.
In frame analogues, the load-bearing functions are performed by the frames. Wall slabs are used for zoning, fencing, sound and heat insulation.

Factories produce panels for both external and internal walls.

External slabs are divided into three categories according to their structure: single-layer, made from cellular or lightweight concrete and consisting of two or three layers. The latter are made of heavy types of concrete and thermal insulation.
The outside of the structure is covered with façade ceramic tiles, decorative mortar, weather-resistant paints, etc. The inside of the slabs is trimmed and prepared for finishing.
The height of the reinforced concrete wall panels is equal to the height of one floor. Their width extends to 1/2 of the room (300/720 cm), thickness can be 20/50 cm. The dimensions of reinforced concrete wall panels for partitions correspond to the dimensions of the rooms. Their thickness is 3/16 cm.

Classification of wall slabs

There are different divisions of panels into categories, based on the underlying principle: typical features, purpose, structure, material composition.

Slab design

Produced panels are divided into monolithic and composite analogues.

In turn, layered products can be solid or have layers of air.

Single-layer analogues are made from homogeneous concrete having low thermal conductivity. The thickness of their outer part is 2/4 cm. The inside of the slab is decorated with cladding.
Two-layer slabs have a continuous structure. Their supporting layer is made of reinforced concrete mortar. This is the inner part of the panel, which additionally plays the role of a vapor barrier. The outer heat-protective layer is covered with cement-sand mortar.
Reinforced concrete three-layer panels are made of two slabs connected to each other by a welded frame made of reinforcement. Insulation is laid between them.

According to their load-bearing capacity, wall slabs are divided into:

self-supporting products;
load-bearing analogues.
hanging panels.

Partition panels

These large-sized slabs have a floor height and a length of up to 600 cm. They are intended for the construction of fully prefabricated buildings.

Note!
For the production of partition panels, high-strength ordinary or gypsum concrete should be used.
The material must have good water resistance and frost resistance.

Such slabs are reinforced with iron wire mesh or rods made of thermally and mechanically resistant steel, class A/III, AT/IIIC. All steel parts of the product must be coated with anti-corrosion primer.

Single layer boards

For the production of single-layer wall panels, concrete is used, which has a uniform structure and a high level of thermal insulation. Most often it is a light (cellular) material.
The outer side of the slabs is covered with a layer of cladding, 2/4 cm thick, to protect them from atmospheric influences.
Various plaster, tiles, etc. are used to decorate the interior.

Double-layer panels

The two-layer type of slabs, as a rule, has a solid structure. The first load-bearing layer is made of dense reinforced concrete. The other layer is heat insulating.
It is located on the outside and covered with cement-sand mortar.
The load-bearing layer is located indoors and at the same time serves as a vapor barrier.

Three-layer type of products

Reinforced concrete three-layer wall panels are most in demand now.

The basis of the three-layer slab is the outer load-bearing side, attached to it with reinforcement inner panel. Thanks to the gap between them, heat losses in the structure are reduced.
The thermal insulator in such products can be mineral wool, cement-based fiberboard, foam silicate, or polyurethane.
Three-layer slabs have standard sizes and vary in thickness. It is selected by designers based on the climate conditions of the area and the thermal parameters of the building.
This type of panels is made from a mixture of either heavy types of concrete with a class of at least B-12.5.
Products are reinforced with welded mesh or three-dimensional steel frames. All metal parts of the plates are protected with anti-corrosion primers.
The characteristics of three-layer panels for walls are determined by the standards of State Standard No. 31310/2005 and State Standard No. 13015/2003.
If it is necessary to process the slabs during their installation, reinforced concrete is cut with diamond wheels.

Product sizes

The main criterion for choosing wall slabs with your own hands is their size. They must be indicated in the building design, taking into account its design diagrams and floor plans.
Dimensions and thickness, size and number of openings, technical characteristics of panels are determined based on the project.
Typical dimensions of slabs for residential buildings: height equal to one floor, width equal to one or two rooms. External panels have door and window openings. Partition slabs are solid or have doorways.
Panels for industrial facilities have a length of 6 meters, 9 and 12.

Note!
The thickness of wall slabs should be selected based on the climate conditions in your region.
Also have great importance thermal properties of the building materials used.
Manufacturers produce products with a thickness of 20/50 centimeters

Product labeling

Panels are marked with letters and numbers separated by a dash.

The first group indicates the type of slab and its dimensions: length, height (in decimeters), thickness (in centimeters).
The following fragment determines the class and type of concrete: L - light, T - heavy, I - cellular.
The third part reports on additional product qualities.

For example:

seismic resistance more than 7 points - C;
frost resistance below -40 degrees - M;
permeability: especially low - O, reduced - P, normal - N.

This brand group includes indications of the design properties of products:

their shape;
end configuration;
type and location of openings, if any;
the shape of the grooves (if they are present) at the junctions of adjacent elements;
type and location of releases of reinforcement and embeds;
the presence of a reinforcing structure to reduce loads due to uneven deformations of the foundation.

Let's give an example of marking: PST 598-300-20.

PST – three-layer wall panel;

598 cm – its length;

300 cm – its height;

20 cm is its width.

Conclusion

Reinforced concrete panels for fences, walls and ceilings are an integral part of modern mass construction. The use of new technologies, materials and design solutions in their manufacture makes it possible to optimize the construction of buildings.

If you watch the video in this article, you will get a lot more useful information.

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Installation of three-layer wall panels. Elevator shafts Three-layer reinforced concrete wall panels GOST

Features of panels

Requirements for wall panels

Flaws

How to distinguish high-quality concrete products

Panel marking

INTERSTATE

STANDARD

THREE-LAYER REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL PANELS WITH EFFICIENT

INSULATION

Preface

1 area of ​​use

2 Normative references

3 Terms and definitions

4 Classification

5 Types of panels, main parameters

6 General requirements for panel design

7 Technical requirements

8 Acceptance rules

9 Control and test methods

10 Transportation and storage

Features of elevator shafts

Elevator shaft markings

Delivery of elevator shafts

Elevator shafts price in Moscow

Buy elevator shafts at the concrete products plant

Types of reinforced concrete panels

What types of them exist?

Production methods

Technical requirements

More about wall slabs

Advantages of reinforced concrete products

Types of panel construction

Classification of wall slabs

Slab design

Partition panels

Single layer boards

Double-layer panels

Three-layer type of products

Product sizes

Product labeling

Conclusion

1 area of use