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Location of heating pipes in a panel wall. What residents need to know about heating in an apartment building. Design features of a heating scheme for a multi-storey building: elements, components, main units

Most often, having enjoyed such a benefit as a modern centralized heating system for many years, we are absolutely not interested in how it is designed and how it works. More precisely, we are not interested in this as long as her work suits us. But imagine the situation - almost all the residents of your house are not satisfied with the heating system, and everyone is ready to connect separate autonomous systems. In this case, the question arises - how did everything work before, and whether the apartments can be heated independently of each other. Of course, in this case, you will need to calculate heating in an apartment building and draw up a project - all this is done by special services.

In fact, during the construction of any house, regardless of the number of floors, in the last few years (or even decades) the same sufficient simple circuit heating the building. That is, in both a three-story and a twelve-story building, the same schemes for creating a heating system are used. Of course, there may be minor differences that the design of the heating system implies apartment building, but in most cases the identity is complete.

What is a diagram of the heating system of a multi-storey building?

At a certain stage of construction, a special thermal route is installed in the house. A number of thermal valves are mounted on it, from which the process of powering the heating units subsequently occurs. The number of valves (and nodes, respectively) directly depends on the number of floors (risers) and apartments in the house. The next element after the introductory valve is the mud pan. There are often cases when two data elements of the system are installed at once. If the house design provides for a Khrushchev heating scheme open type, this requires installing a valve on the hot water supply after the sump tank, which is necessary for emergency removal of the coolant from the system. These valves are installed by insertion. There are two installation options - on the coolant supply pipe, or on the return pipe.

Some complexity and abundance of elements of the centralized heating system are caused by the fact that it uses highly heated water as a coolant. In fact, only increased pressure in the pipes of the system through which it moves prevents the liquid from turning into steam.

If the supplied water has a very high temperature, it becomes necessary to use DHW from the return. This is due to the fact that in the areas that produce the outflow of waste coolant, the pressure is significantly lower than in the supply areas. After the temperature of the coolant drops to a normal level, the liquid again enters the system from the supply.

It should be noted that most often the heating unit is made in a small enclosed room, which can only be entered by representatives of the utility company servicing this heating system. This is due to safety requirements and is applicable in almost all modern multi-storey buildings.

Of course, the question involuntarily arises - if the temperature of the coolant in the system often reaches a critical point, then why are the batteries in apartments, mostly, a little warm? In fact, everything is quite banal.

Only the system operation scheme provides a certain number of elements that will protect the system in case of elevated temperature coolant.

However, quite often utility companies simply save fuel by heating the coolant to a level that is extremely far from what is actually required. In addition, very often during installation of the system, due to the negligence of workers, gross errors are made, which subsequently cause severe heat loss.

Of course, few people have heard the term “elevator unit” before. It can safely be called an injector, which includes the heating circuit of a nine-story panel house or houses with fewer floors. After all, it is into it that the coolant, heated almost to the limit, enters through a special nozzle. Here, return water is injected, after which the liquid begins to actively circulate in the heating system. As a matter of fact, after the coolant and return flow have entered the system through the elevator unit, they receive the temperature that we feel when touching the battery.

Often, depending on the plan that involves the heating project of an apartment building, valves can be installed on the heating unit various types. In many ways, their type depends on how many rooms need to be heated, whether this unit is involved in heating one riser (entrance) or the entire house. In addition, sometimes, in addition to the valves, an additional manifold is installed, on which, in turn, the locking elements are attached. Often, a separate section of the input system is used to install meters. Most often, one metering device is used for one entrance.

The principle of constructing a heating system

Speaking about the operating principle of the heating circuit multi-storey buildings, a few words should be said about its construction. It's actually quite simple. In the majority modern houses a single-pipe centralized heating scheme is used for five storey building or houses with fewer/more floors. That is, the heating scheme of a 5-story building is a single (for one entrance) riser, in which the coolant can be supplied both from below and from above.

In this case, there are two options for the location of the supply element - in the attic or in the basement. Return pipes are always laid in the basement.

In accordance with the location of the supply element, there are two types of coolant orientation. So, provided that the supply pipes are located in the basement, there is a counter-movement of the coolant. And if the supply element is in the attic, then the direction is in the same direction.

Many people are interested in how to determine the radiator area for a particular room. In fact, everything is quite simple - you just need to take into account the cooling rate of the coolant used (water).

Most of us mistakenly believe that the higher the house, the more complex and confusing the heating scheme is. multi-storey building. But this is a wrong opinion. In fact, the calculation of heating in an apartment building is mainly influenced by the number of apartments that need to be heated.

As is known, the provision of heat to a significant portion of the housing stock is carried out centrally. And, despite the fact that last years More modern heat supply schemes are appearing and being implemented, central heating remains in demand, if not among owners, then among developers of multi-apartment housing. However, it should be noted that many years of foreign and domestic experience in using this heating option have proven its effectiveness and right to exist in the future, subject to trouble-free and quality work all elements.

A distinctive feature of this scheme is the generation of heat outside the heated buildings, the delivery of which from the heat source is carried out through pipelines. In other words, central heating- complex engineering system, distributed over a large area, providing heat to a large number of objects simultaneously.

Structure of a central heating system

Classification of central heating systems

The variety of central heating organization schemes that exist today makes it possible to rank them according to certain classification criteria.

By thermal energy consumption mode

• seasonal, provision of heat is required only during the cold season;
• year-round requiring constant heat supply.

By type of coolant used

• water– this is the most common heating option used to heat an apartment building; such systems are easy to operate, allow you to transport coolant over long distances without deteriorating quality indicators and regulate the temperature at a centralized level, and are also characterized by good sanitary and hygienic qualities.
• air– these systems allow not only heating, but also ventilation of buildings; however, due to the high cost, such a scheme is not widely used;

Figure 2 – Aerial scheme heating and ventilation of buildings

• steam– are considered the most economical, because small-diameter pipes are used to heat the house, and the hydrostatic pressure in the system is low, which makes it easier to operate. But such a heat supply scheme is recommended for those objects that, in addition to heat, also require water vapor (mainly industrial enterprises).

According to the method of connecting the heating system to the heat supply

• independent, in which the coolant (water or steam) circulating through the heating networks heats the coolant (water) supplied to the heating system in the heat exchanger;

Figure 3 – Independent system central heating

• dependent, in which the coolant heated in the heat generator is supplied directly to heat consumers via networks (see Figure 1).

According to the method of connection to the hot water supply system

• open, hot water taken directly from the heating network;

Figure 4 – Open system heating

• closed, in such systems, water is drawn from a common water supply, and its heating is carried out in the central network heat exchanger.

Figure 5 – Closed system central heating

The design of a centralized heating system and the operating principle of its components in an apartment building

It is clear that in order to provide heat to an apartment building, it must be connected to the heating network coming from the boiler house or thermal power plant. For these purposes, they are installed in the pipes leading to the building. inlet valves, from which one or two thermal units are powered.

After the valves, as a rule, they are installed mud scavengers, intended for sedimentation of the formations formed in the pipeline during prolonged contact with hot water metal oxides and salts. By the way, these devices allow you to extend the life of the heating system without repairs.

Further along the house contour there are hot water supply taps: one on the supply, the second on the return. As you know, central heating operates on superheated water (the temperature of the coolant from the thermal power plant is 130-150 0C, and to prevent the liquid from turning into steam, a pressure of 6-10 kgf is created in the system). Therefore, during the cold season, DHW is connected from the return, where the water temperature usually does not exceed 70 0C. IN summer period, when the temperature of the coolant in the heating network is relatively low, the hot water supply is connected from the supply.

After the DHW valves there is the most important unit of the system - heating elevator, the main purpose of which is to cool superheated water (coming from the thermal power plant) to the standard values ​​required for supply directly to the heating devices of an apartment building.

This device consists of steel body, in which there is a nozzle from which the water coming from the heating plant comes out with low blood pressure and high speed. As a result, a vacuum is created, causing coolant to leak from the return into the elevator, where water mixing occurs, i.e. change in its temperature.

Figure 6 – Heating elevator design

It should be noted that the regulation of the heating system, i.e. determination of the actual temperature difference in it, as well as the level of heating of the working water mixture and, accordingly, heating devices, is carried out by changing the diameter of the elevator nozzle.

Behind the elevator are usually located valves for heating entrances or apartment building as a whole.

House valves allow you to connect and disconnect the heating circuit of the building from the heating plant: in winter they are open, in summer they are closed.

Further, central heating involves the installation of so-called discharges, which are valves for bypassing or draining the system. Sometimes they are connected to a cold water supply pipeline in order to fill radiators with water in the summer.

In recent years, in accordance with the requirements for the mandatory installation of metering devices, heat meters.

Figure 7 – Diagram of the thermal unit central system heating

Risers and outlets of a centralized heating system

The scheme for organizing water circulation in the system of an apartment building is, as a rule, a single-pipe option for supplying coolant with top or bottom filling. In this case, the supply and return pipes can be separated either both in the basement, or the supply in the attic or technical floor, and the return in the basement.

Risers, in turn, come with:

• associated movement of the coolant;
• movement of water from top to bottom;
• counter movement from bottom to top.

Using bottom filling schemes each pair of risers is connected by means of jumpers, which can be located either in apartments on top floor, or in the attic. In this case, an air vent (air vent) must be mounted at the top point of the jumper.

The Mayevsky crane is the simplest in design, but fail-safe vent.

The main disadvantage of this option is the airing of the system after each water discharge, which requires bleeding air from each jumper.

Figure 8 – Possible schemes central heating system with bottom filling

Heating system with top filling provides for the installation on the technical floor of a multi-storey building of an expansion tank with an air vent valve, as well as separate valves that allow each riser to be cut off.

The correct slope when laying the bottling ensures that when the vents are opened, the water is completely drained from the system in a very short time. But this option has a number of features that must be taken into account when designing.

1. The temperature of the heating devices decreases as the coolant moves downwards. It is clear that on the lower floors it will be significantly lower than on the upper ones, which is usually compensated by an increase in the number of radiator sections or the area of ​​convectors.
2. The process of starting the heating is quite simple. To do this, you need to fill the system, open the existing house valves and briefly turn the air vent on expansion tank. After this, the central heating and the entire system begin to function fully.

Advantages and disadvantages of a central heating system

The central heating system has the following dignity:

• possibility of using inexpensive fuels;
• reliability ensured by regular monitoring of performance and technical condition from special services;
• use of environmentally friendly equipment;
• ease of operation.

Among shortcomings Such a heating scheme for an apartment building should be noted:

• the system operates according to a strict seasonal schedule;
• the impossibility of individual temperature control of heating devices;
• frequent pressure drops in the system;
• significant heat loss during transportation and heating in an apartment building;
• high cost of equipment and its installation.

In panel houses, heating pipes are often built into the wall. When moving into a building of this type, people are often surprised by this arrangement of heating elements and even doubt their effectiveness. How productive is such a system? Will there be enough heat in the apartment during the cold season? Let's try to answer these questions.

Heating system wiring diagram

When moving heating devices indoors or during repair work, the question of pipe routing often arises. Standard schemes: beech P or inverted beech W. Which of their schemes is implemented in your apartment depends on the panel house.

Two risers are located next to each other. Sometimes they are separated by a wall separating the rooms. In this case, the riser has the shape of the letter T, 2 risers are located on one side and one on the other. They pass through the walls. Output of structural connection zones - ceiling and floor.

Heating pipes installed in walls are usually made of metal. The advantages of this material are durability and reliability. In addition, when doing repair work using a hammer drill, you don’t have to worry that the drill will damage the structure. When you come into contact with metal, you can quickly understand that work needs to stop at this point.

Advantages and disadvantages

Rejoice or prepare for harsh things winter period if you moved to panel house with heating pipes embedded in the wall? Let's consider the pros and cons of this option. Among the main advantages it should be noted:

• Aesthetics. Structures brought inside are often damaged general form apartments. The system inside the partition allows you to maintain the design of the room without this “eyesore”;
• Space saving. This factor is especially relevant for small apartments. Heating elements do not take up free space, which is already small;

• Efficiency. Do not be afraid that all the heat will go into the partition. Heating elements in similar designs designed for high power, which is enough for high-quality heating of the room. In addition, to increase the efficiency of the system, designs with calibrated diameters are used and the most suitable wiring diagram is used.

However, heating pipes in the wall also have disadvantages:

• In some cases low power. The capacity of the system largely depends on the service provider. Sometimes the heat from the heating elements is not enough;
• Difficulties with carrying out repair work. Whenever emergency situations getting to the structure will not be easy. However, such contingencies arise very rarely;

• Problems when working with the partition. If you want to drill a partition, you need to do this with great care so as not to touch the structure. To do this, you first need to study the wiring diagram in your home;
• Difficulties with carrying out cosmetic repairs in the apartment. Hot structures can cause cracking of the plaster. Wallpaper may also come off.

It is difficult to say for sure how effective and convenient heating pipes in the wall will be. It all depends on a person's personal preferences. Some people want to bring the heating pipes inside the room, while others, on the contrary, want to bury them in the wall. But, in any case, it should be remembered that work with risers must be previously discussed with the relevant services. Unauthorized intervention in the design of structures can entail a considerable fine.

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An apartment in a multi-storey building is an urban alternative to private houses, and a very large number of people live in apartments. The popularity of city apartments is not strange, because they have everything a person needs for comfortable stay: heating, sewerage and hot water supply. And if the last two points do not need special introduction, then the heating scheme of a multi-storey building requires detailed consideration. From the point of view of design features, the centralized one has a number of differences from autonomous structures, which allows it to provide the house with thermal energy during the cold season.

Features of the heating system of apartment buildings

When installing heating in multi-storey buildings, it is imperative to comply with the requirements established regulatory documentation, which includes SNiP and GOST. These documents indicate that the heating structure must ensure a constant temperature in the apartments within 20-22 degrees, and humidity must vary from 30 to 45 percent.

Despite the existence of standards, many houses, especially older ones, do not meet these indicators. If this is the case, then first of all you need to install thermal insulation and change heating devices, and only then contact the heat supply company. The heating of a three-story house, the diagram of which is shown in the photo, can be cited as an example of a good heating scheme.

In order to achieve required parameters, used complex design, requiring high-quality equipment. When creating a project for the heating system of an apartment building, specialists use all their knowledge to achieve uniform heat distribution in all sections of the heating main and create comparable pressure on each tier of the building. One of the integral elements of the operation of such a design is operation on a superheated coolant, which provides for the heating scheme of a three-story building or other high-rise buildings.

How it works? The water comes directly from the thermal power plant and is heated to 130-150 degrees. In addition, the pressure is increased to 6-10 atmospheres, so the formation of steam is impossible - high pressure will drive water through all floors of the house without loss. The temperature of the liquid in the return pipeline in this case can reach 60-70 degrees. Of course, in different time of the year temperature regime may change, since it is directly related to the ambient temperature.

Purpose and principle of operation of the elevator unit

It was said above that water in heating system multi-story building heats up to 130 degrees. But consumers do not need such a temperature, and heating the batteries to such a value is absolutely pointless, regardless of the number of floors: the heating system of a nine-story building in this case will not be different from any other. Everything is explained quite simply: the heating supply in multi-storey buildings is completed by a device that turns into a return circuit, which is called an elevator unit. What is the meaning of this node, and what functions are assigned to it?

The coolant heated to a high temperature enters the pump, which, according to its principle of operation, is similar to a metering injector. It is after this process that the liquid carries out heat exchange. Coming out through the elevator nozzle, the coolant under high pressure exits through the return line.

In addition, through the same channel, the liquid is recirculated into the heating system. All these processes together make it possible to mix the coolant, bringing it to optimal temperature, which is enough to heat all apartments. The use of an elevator unit in the scheme makes it possible to ensure the most high-quality heating in high-rise buildings, regardless of number of floors.

Design features of the heating circuit

In the heating circuit behind the elevator unit there are various valves. Their role cannot be underestimated, since they make it possible to regulate heating in individual entrances or in the whole house. Most often, the valves are adjusted manually by employees of the heat supply company, if such a need arises.

IN modern buildings often used additional elements, such as collectors, thermal and other equipment. In recent years, almost every heating system high-rise buildings is equipped with automation to minimize human intervention in the operation of the structure (read: ""). All the details described allow us to achieve better performance, increase efficiency and make it possible to distribute more evenly thermal energy for all apartments.

Pipeline layout in a multi-storey building

As a rule, multi-storey buildings use a single-pipe wiring diagram with top or bottom filling. The location of the forward and return pipes can vary depending on many factors, including even the region where the building is located. For example, the heating scheme in a five-story building will be structurally different from the heating in three-story buildings.

When designing a heating system, all these factors are taken into account, and the most good scheme, allowing you to bring all parameters to the maximum. The project may involve various options coolant filling: from bottom to top or vice versa. IN separate houses Universal risers are installed, which ensure alternating movement of the coolant.

Types of radiators for heating apartment buildings

In multi-storey buildings there is no single rule that allows the use of a specific type of radiator, so the choice is not particularly limited. The heating scheme of a multi-storey building is quite universal and has a good balance between temperature and pressure.

The main models of radiators used in apartments include the following devices:

1. Cast iron batteries. Often used even in the most modern buildings. They are cheap and very easy to install: as a rule, apartment owners install this type of radiators themselves.
2. Steel heaters. This option is a logical continuation of the development of new heating devices. Being more modern, steel heating panels demonstrate good aesthetic qualities, are quite reliable and practical. They combine very well with the control elements of the heating system. Experts agree that steel batteries can be called optimal for use in apartments.
3. Aluminum and bimetallic batteries . Products made from aluminum are highly valued by owners of private houses and apartments. Aluminum batteries have the best performance when compared with previous options: excellent appearance, light weight and compactness are perfectly combined with high performance characteristics. The only disadvantage of these devices, which often scares off buyers, is the high cost. However, experts do not recommend saving on heating and believe that such an investment will pay off quite quickly.

Conclusion

Fulfill renovation work in the heating system of an apartment building, it is also not recommended to do it yourself, especially if it is heating within the walls of a panel house: practice shows that residents of houses, without the appropriate knowledge, are able to throw away important element system, considering it unnecessary.

Centralized heating systems demonstrate good qualities, but they need to be constantly maintained in working order, and for this you need to monitor many indicators, including thermal insulation, equipment wear and regular replacement of used elements.

An apartment in a multi-storey building is an urban alternative to private houses, and a very large number of people live in apartments. The popularity of city apartments is not strange, because they have everything a person needs for a comfortable stay: heating, sewerage and hot water supply. And if the last two points do not need special introduction, then the heating scheme of a multi-storey building requires detailed consideration. From the point of view of design features, the centralized heating system in an apartment building has a number of differences from autonomous structures, which allows it to provide the house with thermal energy during the cold season.

Features of the heating system of apartment buildings

When installing heating in multi-storey buildings, it is imperative to comply with the requirements established by regulatory documentation, which include SNiP and GOST. These documents indicate that the heating structure must ensure a constant temperature in the apartments within 20-22 degrees, and humidity must vary from 30 to 45 percent.

Despite the existence of standards, many houses, especially older ones, do not meet these indicators. If this is the case, then first of all you need to install thermal insulation and change heating devices, and only then contact the heat supply company. The heating of a three-story house, the diagram of which is shown in the photo, can be cited as an example of a good heating scheme.

To achieve the required parameters, a complex design is used, requiring high-quality equipment. When creating a project for the heating system of an apartment building, specialists use all their knowledge to achieve uniform heat distribution in all sections of the heating main and create comparable pressure on each tier of the building. One of the integral elements of the operation of such a design is operation on a superheated coolant, which provides for the heating scheme of a three-story building or other high-rise buildings.

How it works? The water comes directly from the thermal power plant and is heated to 130-150 degrees. In addition, the pressure is increased to 6-10 atmospheres, so the formation of steam is impossible - high pressure will drive water through all floors of the house without loss. The temperature of the liquid in the return pipeline in this case can reach 60-70 degrees. Of course, at different times of the year the temperature regime may change, since it is directly related to the ambient temperature.

Purpose and principle of operation of the elevator unit

It was said above that the water in the heating system of a multi-story building heats up to 130 degrees. But consumers do not need such a temperature, and heating the batteries to such a value is absolutely pointless, regardless of the number of floors: the heating system of a nine-story building in this case will not be different from any other. Everything is explained quite simply: the heating supply in multi-storey buildings is completed by a device that turns into a return circuit, which is called an elevator unit. What is the meaning of this node, and what functions are assigned to it?

The coolant heated to a high temperature enters the elevator unit, which, in its principle of operation, is similar to a dosing injector. It is after this process that the liquid carries out heat exchange. Coming out through the elevator nozzle, the coolant under high pressure exits through the return line.

In addition, through the same channel, the liquid is recirculated into the heating system. All these processes together make it possible to mix the coolant, bringing it to the optimal temperature, which is sufficient to heat all apartments. The use of an elevator unit in the scheme makes it possible to provide the highest quality heating in high-rise buildings, regardless of the number of floors.

Design features of the heating circuit

In the heating circuit behind the elevator unit there are various valves. Their role cannot be underestimated, since they make it possible to regulate heating in individual entrances or in the whole house. Most often, the valves are adjusted manually by employees of the heat supply company, if such a need arises.

Modern buildings often use additional elements, such as collectors, heat meters for batteries and other equipment. In recent years, almost every heating system in high-rise buildings has been equipped with automation to minimize human intervention in the operation of the structure (read: “Weather-dependent automation of heating systems - about automation and controllers for boilers using examples”). All the described details allow you to achieve better performance, increase efficiency and make it possible to more evenly distribute thermal energy throughout all apartments.

Pipeline layout in a multi-storey building

As a rule, multi-storey buildings use a single-pipe wiring diagram with top or bottom filling. The location of the forward and return pipes can vary depending on many factors, including even the region where the building is located. For example, the heating scheme in a five-story building will be structurally different from the heating in three-story buildings.

When designing a heating system, all these factors are taken into account, and the most successful scheme is created, allowing all parameters to be maximized. The project may involve various options for bottling the coolant: from bottom to top or vice versa. In individual houses, universal risers are installed, which ensure alternating movement of the coolant.

Types of radiators for heating apartment buildings

In multi-storey buildings there is no single rule that allows the use of a specific type of radiator, so the choice is not particularly limited. The heating scheme of a multi-storey building is quite universal and has a good balance between temperature and pressure.

The main models of radiators used in apartments include the following devices:

1. Cast iron batteries. Often used even in the most modern buildings. They are cheap and very easy to install: as a rule, apartment owners install this type of radiators themselves.
2. Steel heaters. This option is a logical continuation of the development of new heating devices. Being more modern, steel heating panels demonstrate good aesthetic qualities, are quite reliable and practical. They combine very well with the control elements of the heating system. Experts agree that steel batteries can be called optimal for use in apartments.
3. Aluminum and bimetallic batteries. Products made from aluminum are highly valued by owners of private houses and apartments. Aluminum batteries have the best performance when compared with previous options: excellent appearance, light weight and compactness are perfectly combined with high performance characteristics. The only disadvantage of these devices, which often scares off buyers, is the high cost. However, experts do not recommend saving on heating and believe that such an investment will pay off quite quickly.

Conclusion

The correct choice of batteries for a centralized heating system depends on the performance indicators that are inherent in the coolant in the given area. Knowing the cooling rate of the coolant and its movement, we can calculate required amount radiator sections, its dimensions and material. We should not forget that when replacing heating devices, it is necessary to ensure that all rules are followed, since their violation can lead to defects in the system, and then the heating in the wall of a panel house will not perform its functions.

It is also not recommended to carry out repair work in the heating system of an apartment building on your own, especially if it is heating within the walls of a panel house: practice shows that residents of houses, without the appropriate knowledge, are able to throw away an important element of the system, considering it unnecessary.

Centralized heating systems demonstrate good qualities, but they need to be constantly maintained in working order, and for this you need to monitor many indicators, including thermal insulation, wear and tear of equipment and regular replacement of worn-out elements.