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Schemes of standard windows and doors. Standard dimensions of window and door openings: width and height of openings for doors and windows according to GOST. General rules for arranging openings

20168 0 7

What you need to know about window openings – 4 important rules for the beginning builder

In modern housing construction, few people adhere to established standards and restrictions on window openings, so each owner of a home under construction tries to choose their shape and size based on their own taste and personal preferences.

In some cases, this approach leads to the fact that finished window, suddenly turns out to be too small or too large, and sometimes even ends up installed in the wrong place.

In order to avoid such situations, in this article I propose to consider the main issues regarding the right choice type and location of windows, as well as common standard sizes of window openings for residential and utility rooms.

Rule 1. What criteria should a window meet?

For those homeowners who want to install window openings in their future home in accordance with GOST, I recommend that you familiarize yourself with the regulatory and technical document GOST 23166-99 “Window blocks. Are common technical specifications" At the same time, I would like to warn you right away that this document contains a lot of specialized information. technical information, which in most cases may turn out to be incomprehensible and useless for many private developers.

So that the reader does not rack his brains over this issue, I will then try to explain in an accessible language the main provisions of the current State Standard for windows:

1. When choosing technical characteristics for a future window opening, first of all, you need to be guided by the room in which the window will be located and for what purpose it will be used;
2. The total glazing area of ​​one or more window openings must provide free transmission required quantity natural sunlight, which should be sufficient to avoid the use of artificial lighting during daylight hours;
3. All dimensions of window openings according to GOST are, in principle, standardized, however, in accordance with current standards, they can vary within fairly wide limits. Therefore, in the next section I plan to pay more attention to this issue.

1. Sound insulation class, air permeability and water resistance class, light transmission coefficient, heat transfer resistance value, and sound insulation value must be within the established limits of this regulatory and technical document;
2. The estimated service life of wooden and plastic frames must be at least 20 and 40 years, respectively, the service life of fittings and double-glazed windows must be at least 20 years, and the service life of a set of rubber seals must be at least 5 years.
3. The number of opening/closing cycles of swing or sliding sashes, while maintaining normal operation, must be at least 20,000.

During the design and construction of a house, I recommend using standard window opening sizes for plastic windows, since manufacturing double-glazed windows of irregular shape or non-standard sizes can be much more expensive.

Rule 2. Typical sizes of window openings in apartment buildings

Window and door openings in apartments multi-storey buildings are part of the external load-bearing walls of the building, therefore changing their dimensions or making any other changes to the design is strictly prohibited by the current Construction Norms and Rules (SNiP). At the same time, to replace or install new windows, homeowners need to know at least the approximate size of the external glazing in all rooms of the apartment.

In most cases, each type and each series of multi-story buildings have standard windows, and to make it easier for the reader to navigate, below I will give approximate sizes of window openings in typical residential apartments:

1. Houses of the old housing stock, built at the beginning of the last century, are distinguished by elongated rooms, thick walls and high ceilings, so the window openings in such houses most often have a rectangular vertical shape and are quite large in size:

• In such apartments, the width of a single-leaf window can range from 850 to 1150 mm, and the height on average is about 1900 mm, but sometimes can reach 2100 mm;
• The two sashes usually have the same height, but their width can be from 1200 to 1500 mm;
• Triple-hung windows are rare, but they are maximum dimensions can reach 2400x2100 mm.

1. The so-called “Stalinist houses”, which were built from the 30s to the 60s of the last century, in addition to high ceilings, are distinguished by large and spacious rooms with a separate layout, so single-leaf windows in such apartments are almost never found:

• Double-leaf windows have two standard sizes: 1150x1950 mm, and 1500x1900 mm;
• For three-leaf windows at that time there was one standard - 1700x1900 mm.

1. Typical five-story residential buildings, which were built from the early 50s to the mid-80s of the last century, are usually called “Khrushchev buildings”. They have cramped, awkward layouts with small kitchens and small walk-through rooms, and the standard ceiling height is no more than 2500 mm. For the manufacture of windows in such apartments, two standard sizes were used, and they can be easily determined even without a tape measure, by the shape and width of the window sill:

• If the window has a wide, massive window sill, then its dimensions are, for a double-leaf opening - 1450x1500 mm, and for a three-leaf opening - 2040x1500 mm;
• In apartments with a narrow window sill, which practically does not protrude beyond the plane of the wall, the dimensions of double-leaf and three-leaf windows are 1300x1305 mm and 2040x1350 mm, respectively.

1. Newer "Brezhnevka" buildings were built in the 70s - 80s, along with the "Khrushchevka", and their main positive difference is the improved layout and larger area kitchens Typical designs of such houses have several series, and in each series the window sizes are slightly different:

• Of all the “Brezhnevka” windows, the 600th series is distinguished by the largest windows, since in such apartments the double-leaf opening has dimensions of 2380x1420 mm, and the three-leaf opening has dimensions of 2690x1420 mm;
• In the 602 series, the double-leaf window has a size of 1210x1450 mm, and the three-leaf window has a size of 2100x1450 mm;
• The 606th series has the smallest windows: double-leaf - 1450x1410 mm, and three-leaf - 1700x1410 mm.

1. Modern new buildings are considered to be apartment buildings, which were built from the 90s of the last century to the present.

• Typical designs of modern houses are presented in more than 40 different series, so I will give the sizes of window openings for several of the most common standard series:
• 137th series two doors - 1150x1420 mm, three doors - 1700x1420 mm;
• 504th series two doors - 1450x1410 mm, three doors - 1700x1410 mm;
• 504D series two doors - 1420x1100 mm, three doors - 1420x2030 mm;
• 505 series two doors - 1410x1450 mm, three doors - 1410x2030 mm;
• 600.11 series two doors - 1410x1450 mm, three doors - 1410x2050 mm;

I would like to remind you that all sizes shown are approximate and are intended to approximate calculation the cost of making new windows. I strongly do not recommend using the specified values ​​when ordering window frames, since in each specific case, all measurements for a plastic window must be carried out directly at the installation site.

Rule 3. Sizes and location of windows in private houses

When designing and building private houses, I advise you to choose the size and shape of window openings taking into account the requirements of the same normative document GOST 23166-99 “Window blocks. General technical conditions". At the same time, I should note that private developers have more room to maneuver, since this document does not set any strict boundaries and restrictions:

1. In order not to disrupt the conceptual style of the residential building project, when developing the size and number of window openings, you need to take into account the height of the ceilings, the total number of floors, the area and width of each room, as well as other architectural features of the building;

1. The optimal height and width of windows should be determined based on the total area of ​​the room and the required level;
2. The glazing area and standard sizes of window openings in private houses are regulated by SNiP P-A862. According to the requirements of this standard, in living and sleeping areas the total area of ​​the light opening must be at least 1/8 of the total area of ​​each room;
3. For glazing of non-residential and utility premises, these dimensions in a private house can be reduced up to 4 times. Thus, in a toilet, bathroom, storage room or boiler room, the window area can be no more than 3% of the total area of ​​the room;

1. In regions with a cold climate and short daylight hours, it is best to orient the windows towards the south or southwest side of the house;
2. In hot climates with a large number of sunny days a year, to reduce the influence of the sun on the internal microclimate, windows should be located on the north or east side of the house;
3. Ease of use and functional qualities of windows in various rooms, largely depend on the height at which the window sill is located relative to the level of the finished floor. From my own experience, I recommend using the following values:

• In the living room, bedroom or children's playroom, the optimal height from the floor level to the window sill is 700-900 mm. This size provides a good panoramic view and the most efficient transmission of natural sunlight;
• For the kitchen, the height of the window sill can be from 800 to 1200 mm. This is due to the fact that the window sill should be located on the same level as the sink and kitchen countertops;

• In a toilet, bathroom or bathhouse, the height of the window sill is usually made at least 1600 mm. This is done in order to provide high-quality natural ventilation, and at the same time make it as difficult as possible for strangers to spy on residents during intimate procedures;
• On insulated balconies, verandas and closed summer terraces, the window sill board should lie on top of the side railing, and its height can range from 700 to 1100 mm.
• In household and utility rooms the light opening is usually made in the form of a low window or a wide horizontal window, which is installed at a level of 1600-1800 mm from the floor.

When choosing a location for installing windows in country house, I advise you to pay attention not only to technical aspects, but also to the aesthetic side of the issue. There are no trifles in this matter, for example, neat beautiful masonry bricks and stylish exterior decoration of window openings have a significant positive influence on the appearance of the facade, and on the aesthetic appearance of the entire house as a whole.

Rule 3. Features of the installation of window openings in a brick house

To install a window in the wall of a brick house, in accordance with the technical design, starting from a given height, several rows of bricks are not laid, as a result of which a window opening is formed in the brickwork.

In order not to go into the technical details of the work of masons, below I will talk about what a quarter is in a window opening, what it is used for, and how to make an opening for a wooden or metal-plastic window in a brick house.

1. I want to say right away that the width of the opening is inside houses should always be made a few centimeters wider than the design dimensions of the window frame. Thus, in the top view, a ledge is formed in the side walls, which is called a quarter;

1. During installation, a wooden or plastic window frame is installed from the inside of the house into the extension of the slope, and rests its front part on the rear edge of the quarter;
2. This ensures high-quality thermal and waterproofing of the window. This is achieved due to the fact that cold wind and slanting rain from the street will not be able to directly penetrate into the gap between the outer slope and the window frame.
3. After the laying of the side walls is completed, it is necessary to lay the top floor of the window on the top row of bricks. It is a horizontal lintel, which must bear the load from all other rows of bricks and ceilings located above the window opening;
4. A thin reinforced concrete beam with a width of 250-300 mm, a metal channel or a thick-walled steel angle with a cross-section of at least 120x120 mm is most often used as a lintel;

1. The main disadvantage of steel lintels is that the metal has high thermal conductivity, so so-called cold bridges are formed above the windows. To minimize the likelihood of low temperatures entering the house, decorative finishing on the outside of the house should be made using thermal insulation materials;
2. The lintel must be of such length that after installation it completely covers the window opening, and extends from above onto the side brick walls by at least 100 mm on each side;
3. After installing the lintel, I advise you to once again check the size of the window opening, and then proceed to further laying the next rows of bricks above the window opening;
4. Installation of window blocks, sealing of remaining cracks and finishing inside is usually done at the very end, after the entire house has been built and the roof has been installed, so I plan to talk about installing windows separately in the next article.

To make it yourself arched window semicircular or oval shape, I recommend using two metal corners or a channel of a suitable cross-section as a ceiling. To do this, you need to make many deep slits at a distance of 50-100 mm from each other in one of the shelves of each corner, or in two narrow shelves of the channel, using a grinder. After this, it will be easy to bend any profiled metal into an arc along the required radius.

Rule 4. Arranging a window opening in a house made of aerated concrete

The manufacture of window openings in an aerated concrete house is generally carried out according to the same principles as in brick houses. The exception is the load-bearing elements and the upper horizontal lintels, since they are cast from monolithic reinforced concrete directly at the installation site.

1. For the manufacture of vertical load-bearing elements of the house, special hollow cores are used. aerated concrete blocks. After they are installed on top of each other, a vertical cavity in the form of a well is formed inside them;

1. Such blocks perform the functions of permanent formwork. Rebar is installed inside the resulting well, and then liquid concrete solution is poured to the very top;
2. After hardening concrete mortar, a monolithic reinforced concrete column is formed inside the aerated concrete blocks, which has a high load-bearing capacity. I recommend initially including such columns in the project, and placing them in the corners of the house, as well as along the edges of wide window and door openings;
3. Upper window coverings have similar internal organization, only U-shaped blocks with an open top, made of heavy grades of aerated concrete, are used as permanent formwork for pouring concrete mortar.

• Inside the finished window opening, you need to install and firmly secure vertical supports from scraps of thick bars or steel pipes;

• Fix a thick, flat board flat on top of them, and then lay out U-shaped blocks so that with their lower plane they form the upper edge of the window opening;
• You need to lay a reinforcement frame in the resulting hollow gutter, weld its ends to the protruding reinforcement bars of the vertical columns, and then fill the entire gutter to the top with liquid concrete mortar;
• After the solution hardens, a rigid lintel of monolithic reinforced concrete is formed above the window opening, closed on all sides with aerated concrete blocks.

1. In aerated concrete houses, the preparation of window openings for the installation of PVC windows can begin only after the final hardening and maturation of the monolithic concrete mixture. Depending on the brand of concrete solution, this period can last from 14 to 28 days.

Aerated concrete has an open, finely porous structure, due to which it strongly absorbs moisture, therefore, under the influence of precipitation, it can crack and collapse over time. To prevent this from happening, I advise you not to waste time, and immediately after construction, carry out protective and decorative decoration on the outside of aerated concrete houses, using hydrophobic, moisture-repellent finishing materials.

Conclusion

In this article, I talked about installing windows in brick and aerated concrete houses, and deliberately did not mention wooden log houses here, because installing windows and sealing them in a wooden house is the topic of a completely separate article. The fact is that when building log cabins and frame-panel houses made of wood, you need to take into account a lot of specific points that are not inherent in houses made of mineral building materials.

To visually consolidate the information received, I recommend watching the attached video in this article, and if you have any comments or suggestions, I am ready to discuss them in the comment form.

September 22, 2016

If you want to express gratitude, add a clarification or objection, or ask the author something - add a comment or say thank you!

The choice of size of window openings determines the illumination and comfort of residents. And if residents of standard multi-storey buildings are deprived of the opportunity to choose required windows, then residents of private houses can easily experiment with increased window sizes. But at the same time, many building rules and properties must be taken into account so as not to reduce the thermal efficiency of the building and not create a threat to the safety of residents.

Window blocks in the house

When choosing the final sizes, you should clearly understand their dependence on the entire glazing area: when choosing large windows in a wooden house it will be cold, when choosing small ones it will be dark, and this will lead to constant use additional sources Sveta. Should be found golden mean and focus on building laws and regulations.

The choice of window size in a wooden house will directly depend on their purpose and location.

When choosing the ratio of wall area and glazing, the following principles should be taken into account:

• Shape and area of ​​the room. For long rooms, two or more windows are needed, but for small ones, one window in the center will be enough.
• The location of windows relative to the light sides. Place large windows on the western and southern sides - this will provide a larger maximum. In such rooms, house plants will feel very comfortable.
• Purpose of the premises. Large windows are installed in offices, offices and other rooms where people are regularly present and where a large amount of natural daylight is required.

As a rule, such rooms are located on the south-west side of the building when designing. For the bedroom, high-quality lighting is not particularly required, so it is located on the north or west side, and only one window block will be enough for it.

Finnish style in Scandinavian homes

It is also customary to place the kitchen and other utility storage rooms on the northern sides. Historical fact, large windows used to be installed in Scandinavian houses: because natural daylight improved mood and increased performance, which was important on short winter days. It was pleasant to be in these rooms all the time: bright natural daylight could be additionally enhanced by light and warm and a choice of white furniture.

Of course, it's ideal to copy Finnish style This is not always possible in Russian houses, but some elements can still be borrowed.

Standard parameters and properties of window systems

To manufacture plastic window structures, you will have to contact a construction company, or, if you prefer, directly to the manufacturer, and they will offer you a standard range.

As a rule, the sizes of windows in a frame wooden house are as follows:

Choosing a larger sash size is not entirely safe: glass is a fragile material and requires a special binding. If you are planning on the second floor, then the door dimensions will be standard (height 2100-2200 mm, width 700-900 mm).

All of the listed window sizes are produced by most construction companies, and if you want to make an exclusive order, the window set will be significantly more expensive.

Standard parameters of window structures are designed for the same type of multi-story openings panel houses, and the demand for them is quite high, but orders for custom sizes construction companies perform much less frequently. Therefore the cost is much higher. When designing, take into account the future location of all furniture and its dimensions.

Distance from window to floor

An ordinary standard window should be located at a height of 80 to 90 cm from the floor: This provides a good view for both a sitting and standing person, and a work desk or other piece of furniture can be placed under the window sill. The upper edge of the block is usually located at a height of 220 to 230 cm from the floor.

Special requirements apply to windows in the premises of a wooden bath: a bath room does not require good lighting, but the preservation and retention of heat is very important. Following these requirements, a standard bath window in a steam room is no larger than 600×600 mm, and in a relaxation room the window can be made larger, for example 1000×1200 mm.

Maximum size of plastic window structure

When choosing large individual window designs with increased sash area, you need to know existing requirements, fixed by special construction standards:

• The area of ​​the entire structure should not be more than 6 square meters. meters. Otherwise, it may not withstand the wind load, and in unfavorable weather conditions the glass unit may crack and crumble into fragments.
• You should not ignore safety rules: weather conditions in different regions of Russia are changeable and unpredictable. Large blocks should have partitions, and the area of ​​the doors should not be higher than 2.8 square meters. m. The maximum permissible size of the sashes is 110×240 cm. When designing window openings, keep in mind that a large structure can quickly fail. A metal-plastic profile with a two-chamber (three-chamber) double-glazed window will be very heavy, and due to the large weight, the fittings will soon begin to sag and sag. In this case, the sash will wear out and it will begin to creak; using such a design will be inconvenient and even more unsafe. If you decide to install an arched window, then its radius should not be less than 35 cm. The requirements for large sashes will be the same as for conventional turning systems.

View of windows with panoramic glazing of a house

Failure to comply with these requirements may pose a threat to residents, so you should not ignore them even if. If you want to provide your home with good lighting, you need to order modern panoramic glazing designs made from special tempered glass or so-called triplex. Of course, their cost is much more expensive, but they are much safer and will provide all residents with a good view. When choosing what size window to order for your home, you should take into account the climate and wind load in your region. If winters are cold, then heat will escape faster through double-glazed windows, which means an annual increase in heating costs.

The size of the hole for the window block

Gap for a window in a frame house

The dimensions of wooden windows in a frame house will not coincide with the dimensions of the opening. They will be large; this tolerance is needed for subsequent installation casing and window sill. You need to step back about 5 cm from the planned height of the lower edge of the window: 4 cm is the thickness of the window sill and 1 cm is the layer of polyurethane foam. The width of the hole exceeds the window by 14 cm: 5 cm on each side for installation and installation of the casing and 2 cm on both sides for a layer of polyurethane foam for durable fastening.

The opening at the top is about 10 cm larger: this gap is left because it will fall over time. When making calculations and planning, it is worth taking into account the lower edge of the frame; it should not be located at a height of more than 1 m from the floor level. In this case, it is not very convenient to rest your hands on the windowsill, and the lighting in the room will not be enough.

Requirements for profiles and double-glazed windows

When choosing a window unit, you also need to choose the right profile and double-glazed windows. It will be more difficult to choose if you use metal plastic frames: since the number of offers is construction market is growing, and you need to know exactly which criteria will suit you best.

Here are some basic and important requirements:

• The number of cameras in double-glazed windows. For country-type houses or for premises that will be used only in the summer, you can install a single-chamber double-glazed window. However, in winter, such a package will not be enough. You will have to purchase double-glazed windows with air layers; they will protect your home from freezing, although the cost will be significantly higher than single-layer packages.
• Number of chambers in a plastic profile. The more cameras, the better profile keeps warm because air is the best heat insulator. For a capital project, it is customary to choose a 3- or 4-chamber double-glazed window.
• Selecting a seal. Very little attention is paid to the choice of this material, but thanks to the seal, all cracks and drafts are eliminated. Cheap and rubber material will begin to “tan” and cease to perform its main functions. Some manufacturers offer transparent elastomer seals: their cost is higher, but the protection against cold is much better and of higher quality.
• Accessories. The main rule is that you shouldn’t skimp on it. Cheap locks, clamps, handles will quickly fail, and weakened hinges and a thin frame will certainly lead to distortion and sagging of all sashes. As a result, you will have to spend money on expensive repairs, so the savings do not justify the investment.

Choosing window systems for a frame house is a very complex and responsible task, and it is better to discuss its solution with craftsmen and professionals. The cheapest and affordable option– windows are made of metal-plastic, they can be ordered in any construction company. Plastic window structures have a significant impact on environmental friendliness, so when choosing them, you need to decide in advance about quality, but at the same time they retain heat well and will last you much longer during operation. The rooms will be light, cozy and comfortable, and a well-calculated total glass area will give you a sufficient level of illumination.

While performing purely practical functions, windows and doors are at the same time an essential element of the architectural composition, largely determining its character. Window and door openings are organically included in the overall architectural solution, actively participating in the formation of proportions, scale, rhythmic structure and architectural image of the structure.

Overlapping openings can be rectilinear or curved, depending on the method of overlapping - a beam or an arch. Based on the outline of the curve, arches are distinguished into semicircular, radial, and three-centered *** (Fig. 82).

In a stone or brick wall, a window opening usually widens with slopes inward, forming a window embrasure. The part of the wall between the bottom of the window and the floor is called the window sill. On the side of the room it is covered with a window sill board, forming an internal window sill; usually it is made of wood, less often of stone. Outside, between the ram frame and the edge of the wall, the window sill wall is also covered with an inclined stone slab or hidden with a steel sheet. This is an external window sill, or a window sill board, if the slab protrudes from the plane of the wall in the form of a shelf. The part of the wall between two windows is called a pier****.

The sizes of windows are determined primarily by functional requirements - to illuminate the interior. Secondly, they depend on technical capabilities, the height of the premises, which limits the height of the window, the design of the ceiling of the window opening, which affects its width, and finally, the size and shape of the window openings are taken in accordance with compositional considerations, ideas about good proportions, prevailing during the period of predominance of a particular style.

* This name was proposed by prof. N. Sultanov.

** The surface bounded by the archivolt is also called the tympanum, if its upper part is sealed, as well as curvilinear triangles on both sides of the archivolt, if the arch fits into a rectangular shape (Fig. 81, 85).

*** Not mentioned here are types of arches such as pointed, three-lobed, keeled, etc., characteristic of different architectural styles.

**** The part of the wall between the window and the corner of the building is called a corner pier.

In classical architecture, such ideas were satisfied by openings with a width-to-height ratio of 1:2; the limit was considered to be a ratio of 1:1.5, i.e., one and a half squares. Naturally, architectural requirements must invariably be combined with practical ones: with the classical shape and proportions of windows and the conditionality of their sizes, the illumination of the premises was regulated by placing a larger or smaller number of windows.

The functions of the window are not limited to lighting and insolation of the room; it also serves as an observation and, in part, a ventilation opening. The window provides a visual connection between the interior and the external environment. In modern architecture, the latter function has acquired great importance. The desire characteristic of modern architecture to destroy the sharp line between indoor and outdoor space, and to achieve more uniform illumination of the interior, has led to the transformation of entire wall planes into solid windows, often to the complete destruction outer wall and replacing it with a glazed surface, which is facilitated by the capabilities of modern designs.

Since the 17th century. In the large halls of large buildings, occupying two floors in height, two-light lighting was common, i.e., two rows of windows located one above the other in accordance with the floor arrangement on the facade. Such double-height halls are available in many historical buildings in Moscow and Leningrad - halls in the Winter Palace in Leningrad, the Column Hall of the House of Unions in Moscow and many others.

Constructive techniques of modern construction give greater freedom in relation to the location and choice of size of window openings, allowing for a wide variety of solutions. The use of reinforced concrete lintels with strong reinforcement to cover window openings made it possible to significantly increase the width of the windows and give them a “lying” shape, in which the width of the window is much larger than its height. The appearance of such a window made it possible to more uniformly illuminate the room, and also improved the visual connection of the interior with the outside space, since one wide window can replace two or more vertical ones. The view from such a window is panoramic and is not interrupted by walls.

Modern designs allow the installation of lightweight walls on remote consoles. Thanks to the use of such curtain walls You can completely eliminate the partitions and use continuous strip windows of great length or encircling the entire building, as is practiced in many buildings of modern architecture (see Fig. 73). These designs also make it possible to place windows not along vertical axes - a window above a window, but arbitrarily, for example, in a checkerboard pattern.

Depending on the nature of the architecture and the requirements of the composition, window openings have different plastic treatments, related to the design solution or having a purely decorative value. In its simplest form, a window is an opening in smooth wall devoid of any frame. The combination of such holes with each other and with the wall can create a feeling of harmony thanks to the perfection of proportions and a well-found rhythm. The form, devoid of decorative decoration that could hide its shortcomings, requires particularly precisely found proportional relationships. Similar solutions can be found in works of strict classics, such as the buildings of the architects Palladio, Quarenghi, and Stasov.

Some window treatment techniques arose as a result of design necessity. Following the general pattern of development of many architectural forms, these techniques gradually lose their original meaning, turning into a method of decorative processing that repeats the traditional form.

The most common method of window treatment in classical architecture is to frame the window opening from the outside with a profiled frame called a casing*. The origin of this form is associated with constructive techniques for creating openings. The casing appeared as a result of plastic processing of the lintel beam and the stone jambs supporting it, which were installed to prevent the lintel from directly resting on the wall masonry.

* It should be noted that the platband as a form resulting from the design of the opening exists not only in classical architecture. The design of openings with platbands was common in the architecture of various eras and styles.

This constructive technique has been known since ancient times.

The frame is made of stone blocks processed with profiles and forms the platband. In the case where the ends of the lintel protruded beyond the jambs, the internal profiles followed the outline of the span, and the outer profiles followed the outer contour of the lintel and jambs. This created the shape of the casing with ears.

In classical architecture, the profile of the platbands acquired a fairly stable shape, close to the shape of archivolts, with a small overall offset. The inner part of the casing, facing the opening, consisted of one or several smooth shelves, slightly protruding one above the other - fascia *; the outer edges usually ended in the profile of a cymatium or fillet with a shelf.

Often a cornice was placed over the openings to protect against rainwater running down the wall. The simplest form such a device is a remote shelf above the lintel. This cornice is called sandrik. It was also made in the form of a small pediment. Regular - the sandrik profile corresponds to the simplest classical cornice and preserves its main elements - the extension slab supporting the part in the form of a single profile, and the crowning cornice. Sandriks were placed above the openings and used with and without platbands. In the case of an opening with a platband, the sandriks were located directly on it or at some distance from it, forming friezes. Sandriks were often supported by brackets, which sometimes corresponded to vertical shelves running along the edges of the casing - the so-called counter-platbands (Fig. 83).

The frames of openings are decorative in nature using an order in the form of pilasters or three-quarter columns placed along the edges of the opening and covered with an entablature with or without a pediment. This technique was especially common in the architecture of the Italian Renaissance, but was already used in ancient times (see Fig. 19).

Openings with curved ceilings in classical architecture were treated like arches: with archivolts with imposts or by revealing the wedge structure of the arch with jointing, highlighting the keystone. The seams of the arch were usually linked to the seams of the wall (see Fig. 82).

The arched span was also framed by a casing with sandstone, order columns or pilasters with an entablature. A unique type of such framing of an arched opening is the “Bramante window,” named after the famous Italian architect who used it in the building of the Palazzo Cancelleria in Rome. This technique arose from the method of wall cladding. Around the arched window opening, a rectangular depression was left in the cladding, into which, after the settlement had died down, a stone frame was inserted to frame it (Fig. 84).

Another type of frame of the opening is of a more decorative nature - the “Sansovino window”, which is an arched span treated with an archivolt and imposts resting on small columns placed against the lintels of the opening (Fig. 85).

The need to increase the light span without changing its height and maintaining the norms of classical proportions led to the creation complex windows, which are a combination of several

* In plastering they are called plates.

openings. These are double and triple windows, which are a wide opening divided by posts supporting a lintel (Fig. 86). Of particular note is the type of triple window, called the “Palladio window” - named after the Italian architect of the 16th century. Andrea Palladio. This is a wide opening divided by columns into three parts: the middle one is covered with a semicircular arch resting on imposts, which serve as lintels for the side openings and at the same time are entablatures of columns dividing the window opening (Fig. 32, 87).

In some cases, depending on the nature of the compositional solution and practical requirements, round, oval, elliptical, square recumbent, semicircular, and multifaceted window openings were used. All these types of windows were usually used as auxiliary ones - for lighting mezzanines, intermediate service, ground and attic floors, as a “second light” in two-light halls.

The processing of doorways in classical architecture was carried out using the same techniques as the design of window openings. The difference was that the platband or other type of framing does not reach the bottom of the opening, but ends with the cabinet, i.e. stone insert against which it rests. A large door frame allows for more complex plastic processing. Doors of significant size with developed plastic decorative processing are called portals. An example of majestic and richly crafted portals are the doors of St. Isaac's and Kazan Cathedrals in Leningrad.

COLORS

Floors belong to the main structural parts of a building. Being one of the elements protecting inner space, ceilings, depending on their nature, can have a significant impact on the architectural design of the interior. In accordance with

The design of the floors can be divided into two main groups - flat (otherwise beam, or architrave) and vaulted. Next, we will consider the main types of architectural forms of floors and some techniques for their processing related to their tectonic basis.

In the case where sometimes the lower surface of the ceiling forms a smooth horizontal* plane of the ceiling, its processing is not related to the structural structure and can be done by any decorative means - modeling, ornamental painting, picturesque lampshades**, wood paneling, etc., including imitation of the structural structure. In the simplest case, the ceiling is a smooth plane without any processing, which is typical for the vast majority of mass-produced buildings. When the floor structure is exposed, the architectural form of the ceiling is inevitably related to its structural structure. The most common type of floor is flat, which in most cases is based on a beam structure. Among the monuments of ancient Greek architecture, a few examples of architectural design have been preserved

* In modern architecture there are not only horizontal flat floors. In some buildings, where these floors are not between floors and do not serve as the floor of the overlying floor, they are sometimes made inclined. In some cases, such sloping floors correspond to the sloping floor of the room above, as in a foyer concert hall in Turku.

** Plafond (French Рlafond - ceiling). This is what they call ceilings with decorative finishing. Ceiling painting was often used or paintings specially made according to the rules of plafond painting, which are also called plafonds, were mounted on it.

beam ceilings, in which the space between the colonnade and the cella was covered with stone beams. Stone slabs - strothers - were laid along these beams. To facilitate the latter, square recesses were chosen in them - caissons, or cassettes. The beam itself was often treated like an architrave with fascias and a light profile at the top. Thus, the ceiling structure was at the same time a harmonious architectural form (see Fig. 48).

However, a stone beam can cover a very small span, so the construction of flat floors of a relatively large span before the advent of metal and reinforced concrete structures carried out using wooden beams or by hanging wooden ceilings to the rafters.

Open wooden beams in the form of rectangular bars, they were usually processed with decorative painting and carving. The ends of the beams often rested on consoles protruding from the walls. The ceiling panels between the beams were also decorated decoratively.

The use of a system of auxiliary beams intersecting the main ones in a perpendicular direction naturally created a system of rectangular caissons that filled the entire plane of the ceiling (Fig. 88). Due to the fact that structural beams limited the compositional possibilities of the decorative solution of the ceiling, they began to be replaced with suspended ceilings, on the surface of which decorative beams and caissons of a light box-shaped structure were placed, imitating the shape of structural beams, and their position on the ceiling plane was subject exclusively to decorative purposes and was not determined by the design . Such decorative caissons of the most varied shapes were finished with light profiles, modeling or carving, gilding and ornamental paintings. Italian architecture The Renaissance period contains many examples of this kind of solutions, distinguished by their exceptional decorative richness and richness.

In modern architecture, the tectonic form of flat floors is revealed in ribbed structures reinforced concrete floors, in which the slab is reinforced with protruding beams. This design, which in its pure form has a somewhat utilitarian character, in some cases finds a more expressive solution. An example of such a solution in modern buildings, the architecture of which is to a certain extent based on classical traditions, are the interiors of the New Town Hall in Stockholm (Golden Hall, gallery), the Ambassadors' Gallery in the building of the Finnish Diet in Helsinki, the exhibition hall in the House of Architects in Moscow, the railway station hall in the city of Pushkin, etc. (Fig. 89). The system of main and auxiliary beams in ribbed reinforced concrete structures creates a clear coffered floor structure, which can also be an architectural form.

The implementation of new design ideas in the construction of reinforced concrete floors with ribs located along lines of equal moments reveals new, interesting possibilities for the architectural solution of flat floors, as can be seen in the example of floors designed by the engineer Nervi (see Fig. 89).

Due to the saturation of modern buildings with technical devices, suspended ceiling systems that are attached to suspended ceilings have become widespread. If in the architecture of the 16th - 18th centuries. When constructing suspended ceilings, they were guided primarily by aesthetic considerations, then modern conditions the installation of such ceilings serves practical purposes.

The space between the floors and the suspended ceiling is used for laying electrical, radio, television and telephone wiring, as well as for placing sprinkler systems, ventilation devices, lighting equipment, acoustic devices (so-called acoustic ceilings in concert and theater halls).

Naturally, when designing suspended ceilings, aesthetic tasks are also set - to find a harmonious architectural form. This is facilitated by the fact that suspended ceilings, not directly connected to the structural structure, provide great opportunities for their plastic solution. For example, the built-in reflective heating system in the pension fund building in Helsinki and the acoustic and lighting devices The houses of the German radio in Berlin create a unique, unusual structure and plasticity of the ceiling surface (Fig. 90). IN similar decisions a figurative synthesis manifests itself new technology and architectural form.

Vaulted tectonic systems arose in the architecture of the great ancient civilizations (Egypt and Mesopotamia), but were widely developed only (in the architecture Ancient Rome, where, along with the basic forms of wedge, stone and brick vaults, cast concrete vault systems were developed. The main types of these vaults still exist today. On their basis, a classification was established and a terminology developed, which is largely valid even now, when new systems of vaulted structures have appeared - thin-walled, prefabricated and monolithic, reinforced concrete and reinforced cement vaults.

There are the following main types of brick, stone and concrete vaults (Fig. 91).

A barrel vault is a half-cylinder, the two long sides of which rest on walls or other continuous longitudinal supports, such as beams supported by mullions or arcades.

Varieties of the cylindrical vault are semicircular, elliptical, three- and multi-center vaults, the so-called box vaults, differing only in the shape of the Generating curve. The walls on which the vault rests are called supporting, and the walls perpendicular to them at the ends of the vault are called cheek walls*.

Cross vault. If a section of a cylindrical vault is cut by mutually perpendicular vertical planes diagonal to the axis of the vault, then four parts are formed: two of them, located along the vault, are called formworks, the other two, running across the vault, are called trays (Fig. 92).

One can imagine two perpendicularly intersecting cylindrical vaults with heels and shelves located on the same level. The intersection lines of these surfaces fully correspond to the traces of their section by two diagonally located vertical planes, and on the surfaces of two intersecting vaults, four formworks and trays are obtained. If we discard the trays, then four formworks connected diagonally form a cross vault: the protruding corners of the diagonal joints of the formworks - the ribs of the vault form a cross in plan. The cross vault rests on four points at which its heels converge. Thus, the supporting and cheek walls may be absent, and the vault rests on four pillar supports - the so-called canopy. Strippings can also be formed by intersecting any vaulted surface with another vault having the same or smaller radius - semicircular, box, elliptical, etc.

A closed vault is the opposite of a cross vault. It consists of four trays, which, closing diagonally, form incoming corners, in contrast to the cross girder, the ribs of which have projecting corners. The closed vault covered not only square and rectangular rooms, but also polygonal ones in plan, and the vault rested along the entire perimeter. The closed vault is also known as the monastery vault.

A mirror vault can be imagined as a closed vault, the upper part of which is cut off by a horizontal plane, forming a so-called mirror. The curved parts of the arch that frame the mirror are called paddugs**. The mirror was made in the form of a flat or very flat arch. In the first case, the vault had a trough-shaped cross-section; in the second case, it was a vault of a box profile with a middle part outlined by a large

* Essentially, a cylindrical vault may not be closed at the ends, for example, in covered passages or tunnels. The end can also be closed with a semi-dome (conch) or a section of transverse arch (tray). In this case, the vault is called closed.

** At flat floors the transition from the ceiling to the walls is sometimes a curved surface, also called a paddug.

radius. The vault mirror, usually separated from the arch by a relief frame, was often used as a surface for a pictorial ceiling. The mirror vault, which appeared for the first time in Renaissance architecture, made it possible to significantly reduce the excessive height of rooms caused by the use of cylindrical, cross or closed vaults, which was especially important when the number of floors of buildings increased.

A domed vault, or dome, is formed by rotating a curve (semicircle, semi-ellipse, parabola, etc.) around a vertical axis. Thus, in plan or horizontal section the dome gives a circle, and in any other section it gives a curved line*.

A dome can cover not only round rooms, where it rests on the walls along the entire perimeter, but also square and polygonal ones. In this case, the transition from a dome of a round shape to a room of a square or polygonal shape is carried out by means of spherical triangles - sails, or pandatives, or by arranging vaults in the form of a part of a cone - tromps, as well as using a system of arches. Spherical sails carry a support ring in their upper part, on which a dome or wall is erected cylindrical- a drum covered by a dome. The drum was usually used to place window openings to illuminate the space under the dome. Semicircular rooms in plan, such as apoids, were usually covered with a semi-dome, or conch.

The sail vault can be considered as a derivative of the dome vault. The geometric structure of the sail vault is obtained by cutting off the side parts from the dome surface with the planes of a prism, the longitudinal axis of which is aligned with the axis of the dome. A vault of this shape is a case of a dome on sails when both the dome and the sails have a common radius and thus belong to the same spherical surface. The upper part of such a vault above the sails, which is a spherical segment, is called skufia. Most often, such a vault covered a room with a square plan. It received its name due to its resemblance to a wind-inflated sail fixed at the four corners. A sail vault can cover rooms that are polygonal, as well as triangular in plan, for example, a thin-walled sail vault can cover a large span of a room that is triangular in plan - the auditorium of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Like a cross vault or sail dome, a sail vault can rest on individual supports to form a canopy.

The term "unbroken" applies to any arches and even flat coverings, having a slight rise along a weak curve towards the middle - flared. Flat ceiling in large rooms Usually they are made somewhat ruffled to eliminate the impression of sagging.

The listed basic forms of vaulted ceilings do not exhaust the variety of these structural systems used in the history of architecture. There were different kinds and combinations of the above vaults, for example, vaults on strippings, barrel vaults, etc. Modern reinforced concrete and reinforced cement vaults are even more diverse.

The methods of plastic development of gadflies are very diverse. Here we can touch only on those that arise from the very structure of the vaulted ceilings and reflect their tectonics. This is the technique of dividing a cylindrical vault with girth arches**, along which the slabs forming the surface of the vault are laid. This purely constructive technique, used in ancient Roman and Romanesque architecture, introduces a rhythmic principle into the architectural design of a smooth barrel vault.

* There are domes that are elliptical or oval in plan, the shape of which can be considered as the result of the rotation of a semi-ellipse or semi-oval around a horizontal axis. Depending on the nature of the generatrix of the curve, domes are obtained - of different shapes - spherical, in the shape of a hemisphere, elliptical (in section), sphero-conical, with a pointed upper part, etc. All domes that have the outline of a circular arc in cross-section are called spherical.

** Arches that support the arch or are intended to strengthen it are called girth arches; in dome systems - arches that serve as a support for the sails and support the support ring of the dome or drum; in cross and sail vaults there are arches located on the four sides of the vault and providing support for it.

A common technique for processing vaults, also related to their tectonics, is caissoning. In a stone vault, either barrel or box, the caissons are made by creating a frame of arches running in a curve across the vault and intersecting horizontal ribs along the vault. The cells obtained in this way are covered with slabs*. However, in its pure form, such a structure is extremely rare; an example is the covering of the portico of the Pazzi Chapel in Florence.

In Roman stone vaults, caissons were hewn out after the construction of the vaults, as was done in the Arch of Titus in Rome, where the caissons already have a purely decorative meaning, which is confirmed by the fact that their layout does not coincide with the seams of the masonry. More organic in nature were the caissons in the concrete vaults of ancient Roman buildings, which were obtained by laying wooden forms in the form of boxes with appropriate profiling on the formwork. During concreting, in places where the forms were installed, depressions and caissons were formed on the surface of the arch. Most typical example serve as the coffered dome of the Pantheon and the remains of the vaults of the Basilica of Maxentius in Rome.

Processing with caissons was used for vaults of all shapes - cross, dome, etc. The practical purpose of caissons is to lighten usually very thick concrete vaults. In the same way, caissons were created in vaults made of brick. Just as in flat ceilings, the caissons of the vaults were processed with profiles with carvings, moldings and other types of ornamental decoration. Often, sculptural rosettes were placed in the center of the caissons, which were sometimes made in metal, as in the caissons of the vault of the Kazan Cathedral in Leningrad.

The advent of reinforced concrete structures has opened up wide opportunities for the implementation of a wide variety of vaulted structures. This especially applies to thin-walled reinforced cement vaults, the so-called shell vaults, which, with a thickness of only a few centimeters, can span huge spans. To give the vaults greater rigidity, wavy shell profiles are used, giving a unique character to the surface of the ceiling. The rational form of these structures is at the same time an expressive architectural form (Fig. 93).

The achievements of modern construction technology bring to life new architectural forms, create the preconditions for the emergence of new, modern style, which is characterized by a synthesis of constructive, technical and aesthetic elements.

*This design is similar to the stone caissons in the pteron ceilings of Greek temples. Viollet-le-Duc gives a diagram of such a structural stone vault, where the horizontal ribs are wedged into the arches.

VERTICAL SUPPORTS

A classic example of an architectural form of support is a column. In ancient Greek architecture, pillar-columns carried a horizontal ceiling - an entablature. In late Roman architecture, a design arose in which columns served as supports for arches, with the arch directly resting on the capital of the column or between the fifth arch, and an intermediate part in the form of an entablature was inserted into the capital. The introduction of arcades on columns made it possible to move them much wider compared to stone architrave structures, limited by the size of the stone beam. Subsequently, the technique of supporting arches and vaults on columns was widely used in medieval buildings and in the architecture of the Renaissance (see Fig. 10).

A common type of support is pillars, round, polygonal, square or rectangular in horizontal section. The pillars can support a beam or vaulted ceiling or an arcade. In classical architecture, along with smooth pillars, you can find pillars with varying degrees of plastic processing - pilasters, blades, panels, etc. They usually have a plinth, a base and an end in the form of a cornice or a simplified capital. The pillars supporting the arches are usually terminated with an impost profile. Powerful pillars supporting arcades or girth arches are called pylons.

In ancient architecture, there are supports in the form of sculptural images of a male or female figure, for example, marble female figures that support one of the porticoes of the Erechtheion in Athens, the so-called caryatids, or kora, or caryatids of the Belvedere Palace in Petrodvorets (Fig. 94). For the same purpose, sculptural images of male figures are called atlantes, or telamons, a remarkable example of which are the granite atlases of the portico of the Hermitage in Leningrad. Naturally, such supports lost their constructive role over time, turning into decorative element, creating the appearance of support (Fig. 95).

Antique herms, i.e. square stone pillars, sometimes widening upward and ending with a sculpted bust, were also used in architectural compositions as a supporting element. An example is the porticoes of the Pink Pavilion in Petrodvorets (Fig. 96). In the Hermitage building, herms were used as a vertical impost in the double windows of the main facade (see Fig. 86).

In modern construction, mainly reinforced concrete or metal racks are used as vertical supports, the shape of which varies widely both in terms of proportions and in relation to the outline of the horizontal section. With appropriate reinforcement, reinforced concrete columns can have a very large height relative to the diameter and a small cross-section under relatively large loads. Their cross section It can be a circle, a square, a rectangle, and the latter can be very elongated, so that the stoic takes on the appearance of a rib. The stand can also be multifaceted, have a complex cross-section with wests, etc., which is achieved by using appropriate formwork. These features help to identify the nature of reinforced concrete rack-mount structures.

We can distinguish some types of modern supports, characterized by the features of their design. Such supports can include upwardly expanding supports that support mushroom-shaped or funnel-shaped ceilings, Y-shaped supports that support the ceiling at two points, spindle-shaped ones that reflect the distribution of forces in the rack, etc. (Fig. 97).

BALCONIES

Balconies are elements of a building that serve certain practical purposes, improving the functional qualities of the structure. At the same time, they are important compositional elements that participate in shaping the appearance of the building and contribute to achieving greater plastic expressiveness. Balconies promote connection interior spaces with outside space. summer period, especially in areas with a warm climate, they supplement the usable area of ​​​​the premises, which is very important for residential and some other types of buildings.

Installing openings in a frame house is a rather complicated matter, which is due to the complex design and multi-layer walls in such buildings. Installing windows with your own hands in a ready-made opening will not take much time, and installing doors will not be a problem either. But initially you will still need to make openings, the finishing of which takes a lot of time. They will be discussed in the article.

Finishing and arrangement of window openings in a frame house

Despite the fact that the theory of building frame houses seems extremely simple, when it comes to practice, everything becomes significantly more complicated. This is especially true when it is necessary to do doorways and install windows yourself.

The main problem is that the frame walls are multi-layered. External walls prefabricated houses are distinguished by large layers (as standard - 9 layers, including thermal insulation, OSB boards, waterproofing and so on).

With partitions ( internal walls buildings) everything is somewhat simpler, since there are only 4 layers. It is for this reason that it is easier to install doorways with your own hands than to install a window opening. Finishing the openings is an optional, but desirable procedure.

Diagram of a standard window opening in a frame house

Sometimes it happens that the owner of a building, who carries out construction with his own hands, makes the openings uneven, which is why they have to be leveled with cement mortar.

The external walls of prefabricated houses are multi-layered, usually consisting of 9 layers.

It is also worth adding that the installation and finishing of the door and the opening under it, in its technology, is no different from the same work on creating window openings. So, it’s worth considering only the issue of installing windows and openings for them, and only then this practice can be used to install a door.

Frame features

Frame prefabricated house almost always consists of wooden elements (extremely rarely - from a metal profile). For these reasons, it is imperative to calculate the maximum permissible load on such elements, especially on the corner parts of the structure.

In order to ensure a uniform load on the foundation, it is customary to make both the top and bottom trim frame, while the pitch of the racks will be about 1 meter.

An example of arranging openings in a Canadian frame house using a header

This is very important, since this parameter determines, for example, whether it is possible to install a plastic window with a “warm double-glazed window” or not (the main problem of such windows is that they greatly increase the load on the house, especially if the latter is a panel , lightweight, as small country houses often are).

And if a person is going to make a frame house with panoramic windows, then the main thing here is that the frames are level, which is quite difficult to do with your own hands. This applies not only to window recesses, but also to those where the doors will stand.

So, as noted above, the step of the racks should be about 1 meter, but where there will be various openings for windows, this step must necessarily be wider. Important point: if a person wants to install windows whose length exceeds 120 centimeters, he should know that such windows in a frame house will complicate the design too much.

Installation of side supports in the window opening of a frame house

Firstly, this will require significant additional costs, and secondly, do it yourself similar designs you can't install it for sure. Yes, and it will take quite a lot of time.

Finishing of holes can be done in 2 ways:

1. using a device such as a crossbar (we are talking about the Finnish technology for constructing frame houses);
2. using a device such as a header (we are talking about Canadian technology for constructing frame houses).

In Russia using Canadian technology frame houses They practically don’t build, preferring Finnish ones using crossbars.

Crossbar and its structure

As already noted, the Finnish way of organizing openings for windows is based on the use of a crossbar. Crossbars are large supporting beams, and all other structural elements of the house rest on these beams, including windows and doors.

Diagram of a doorway in a frame house

Interestingly, the support beam can be both upper and lower, however, only one is used. Most often, the Finnish method is used if there is a need to install a plastic window that has a relatively large weight.

If we consider a frame house specifically, then the crossbar in it will be a board that stands as if on an edge and is embedded in top part frame racks. The function of this board comes down mainly to the fact that it evenly distributes the load from the floor beams to the window openings, and the same applies to the door. Most often, the crossbar is not solid, but consists of several different parts.

The fact is that boards longer than 6 meters are not used in the construction of frame houses, and the wall of the house, as a rule, is longer than 6 meters. Interestingly, the device is connected exclusively to the window stand, which makes the structure itself much more reliable.

Opening in the wall of a frame house

However, there is one nuance: when building a house with your own hands, you must avoid the situation where the crossbar is connected to the rack in the place where there is already a joint in the top trim.

Otherwise, the structure will simply be unstable, which can lead to the plastic window simply falling. By the way, experts recommend not using plastic frames in frame houses, but giving preference to wooden ones. On the other hand, finishing wooden frame

– the task is also not an easy one, and it will have to be maintained constantly. It’s quite easy to make a crossbar with your own hands, by the way.

Hider and his device

Finishing window openings using the Canadian method involves the use of a header and double racks. The racks themselves consist of one main and a second additional one (for this reason they are called double).

Window racks are also installed both above and below the window opening, their pitch is the same as usual for the frame. In walls where there are no windows or doors, the load from the top frame is evenly transferred through the racks to the foundation. But where there is a hole, the distance between the main and additional posts is quite large. Rigel in frame wall

Finnish home

For this reason, a header is installed in houses built using Canadian technology. Usually it consists of a double (in rare cases, even a triple) beam; its height can range from 100 to 130 centimeters, but no less and no more. Specific sizes from this range will depend on the size of the window itself and(meaning floor joists). The header takes the entire load upon itself and distributes it evenly across the racks and onto the foundation. In general, it performs exactly the same function as the crossbar, so you can do both with your own hands.

True, experts say that installing a header is not so popular, since it requires more labor than installing a crossbar. However, if the finishing of the holes is carried out by specialists, then this does not matter. of great importance. Finishing will cost approximately the same, regardless of whether it is carried out using Canadian or Finnish technology.

Diagram of the pediment of a frame house

The height of the header can vary from 100 to 130 cm.

Tips and recommendations for arranging openings in a frame house

What you should pay attention to when arranging holes:

Video

You can watch a video where experts talk about how to properly arrange window and door openings in frame houses.