Construction of garden paths and platforms. Development of an open lesson on the topic “the use of modern materials in the construction of paths and platforms with different types of coatings.” Cobblestone paths
The entire road and path network with platforms is laid out in accordance with the project and the layout drawing according to generally accepted methods using geodetic tools and instruments (Fig. 31, 32).
1. The routes of the main roads are drawn along their axes with reference to the main baselines according to the alignment drawing.
2. Longitudinal slopes are checked in accordance with the vertical layout project, and the points of intersection of paths, turns and radii of curvature, as well as relief fractures are fixed in nature.
3. A complex of earthworks is carried out to cut out the “trough” and level the track surface in accordance with the required slopes.
4. Checking the longitudinal slopes of the surface.
5. Then the boundaries of the structures are marked out, marked in nature with pegs and stretched twine.
6. An important point is to create a cross-section of roads. The transverse profile of small tracks is created manually using a specially cut template from thick plywood with a given profile. On large roads and alleys, the profile is created using a motor grader or bulldozer with a profile knife on the blade. The transverse gable profile of the structure is given an appropriate slope.
For example, with a surface slope of 2%o, the rise of soil on 1 m of the surface of a road section will be 2 cm.
7. All micro-relief changes on the surface of the canvas are leveled, construction garbage is selected or can be partially used when constructing the base.
8. The surface is compacted with motor rollers, passing from the edge to the middle 5-6 times along one track. Before compaction, the roadbed is irrigated with water to impregnate a layer of 5...6 cm. The soil surface of the roadbed or site is considered ready and well compacted if thin round objects - nails, wire, etc. - are pulled out of the soil without violating its integrity.
After preparing the road surface and sites, work is carried out on the construction of the base and covering.
1 Paths and areas covered with concrete slabs OK
The designs of paths and platforms covered with slabs can be:
Improved;
Simplified.
Improved designs include durable structures, including the following elements:
leveled and compacted base, a layer of crushed stone, 5 cm thick - fractions 2... 3 cm;
leveling layer of stone castings - fractions 0.5... 1 cm;
dry mixture of cement, sand, granite grains - fractions up to 0.5 cm,
up to 2 cm thick or liquid cement mortar - cement screed;
tile spread over the surface of a mixture or mortar.
Simplified structures include coverings made of slabs laid on a layer of sand - a “sand cushion” - 6...10 cm thick.
The layout of the slabs and the coating pattern itself are determined by the designer and are depicted on the working drawings of the project. Layout techniques can be very diverse and depend on the compositional design of the territory. Tiles can be laid with joints that are filled with small concrete blocks. In some cases, the joints are filled with plant soil and sown with lawn grass seeds, resulting in a kind of “lawn-tile” coating. When constructing garden paths and tile platforms, the class and type of structures are taken into account. The base is made of crushed stone or clean sand.
A layer of crushed stone is laid on the prepared canvas of the main alleys, which is laid along the slopes and rolled with rollers. A layer of lean concrete or a cement-sand mixture is laid over the rolled base, and tiles are laid on this layer (Fig. 34). When laying tiles by hand, the underside of the tile is wetted with water and placed on the surface of the concrete, then carefully driven into position using the handle of a hammer. The surface of the laid slabs is checked with a special template. Particular attention is paid to sealing seams. As a rule, they are filled with cement mortar or covered with a cement-sand mixture. Remains of mortar and mixture must be immediately removed from the surface of the tiles. Small tiles are laid by hand, large slabs weighing more than 50 kg are laid using special devices and mechanisms - “grips”.
When constructing secondary paths along the lawn, the tiles are laid on a sand cushion 10...15 cm thick. The tiles are sunk into the sand to 2/3 of its thickness and “deposited” with a wooden mallet. The seams between the tiles are filled with plant soil and sown with lawn grass seeds. The vertical displacement of the tiles should not exceed 1.5 cm; The tiles are settled by compacting them through the applied board. The sandy base must have side supports made of a tightly compacted earthen edge or a garden concrete curb. It is necessary to ensure a tight fit of the tiles when laying them to the edge and to each other. Tiles are usually laid 2 cm above the adjacent surface of the lawn (or flush with it).
2 Paths and areas covered with stone, brick and wood
Laying coverings on a finished base made of machine-sawn stone slabs, bricks, wood - end blocks - is not fundamentally different from laying concrete slabs. Laying is done manually on a leveled base. The base, in turn, is laid on well-compacted soil of the path or platform. The material for the base is, as mentioned above, sand or crushed slag.
In some cases, a cement-sand mixture is applicable. The thickness of the “pillow” must be at least 10 cm. The seams between the tiles are covered with sand or a mixture. Between the tiles it is possible to lay clinker bricks laid on the edge. When installing coatings on large areas, you should carefully adhere to the design slopes and monitor the correct placement of tiles, their fit, settlement, compaction, and surface leveling.
The paving stone covering is made in the same sequence, but according to the drawing - “fan”, “mesh”, etc.
The brick covering is created on a sandy base base, which is carefully leveled and planned; a slight slope is made to allow water to drain. Bricks are laid in different patterns. When laying, the bricks are compacted. If necessary, cut the brick for adjustment using a chisel: the brick is cut on all four sides, and the required part is broken off with a blow. The seams between the bricks are filled with slightly damp sand; excess sand is removed from the surface with a broom. At the joints, the sand is compacted to the same level as the surface.
For heavy loads, slabs, blocks, bars are laid on a well-planned base of sand, small crushed stone: fractions of at least 1...2 cm; layer thickness - 10 cm. A layer of cement-sand mixture 3...5 cm thick is laid on the planned surface of the crushed stone layer.
For light loads, the stone covering is laid on a sand “cushion” 12...15 cm thick. The top layer of the cushion is leveled with a cement-sand mixture of 1:10. The coating is made of rounded pebbles, which are distributed over a layer of cement mortar; sand cushion thickness 20 cm, concrete layer 5...6 cm, cement mortar layer 2 cm.
End cuts of logs can also be used as original coating on small areas garden Such sections can be of different diameters. The gaps between the large ends are densely filled with small and medium ends. The ends are usually laid on cement preparation. There are free gaps between the ends. 
Wooden end coverings are made over a compacted and even layer of crushed stone; in some cases used cement screed, spreading a thin layer of cement mortar over the surface. End blocks, pre-impregnated with an antiseptic, are laid along the base. Seams 3...6 mm wide are filled with sand. The sand cushion is placed on a well-planned surface of the roadbed with a thickness of at least 20 cm, a layer of concrete is 5...6 cm at a grade of 300 kg/cm2, a decorative layer of gravel or pebbles is 2...3 cm. 5.4.3.
3Paths and areas covered with monolithic concrete
Technological process The construction of paths and platforms covered with monolithic concrete is in principle no different from conventional road work using monolithic concrete.
The main requirements are:
ensuring clear contours of the paving surface by installing special formwork made of wood or a curb made of concrete;
preparation of the crushed stone base and its leveling, laying the concrete mass, its distribution over the surface of the base;
leveling with a special spatula, trowel or special
board.
After leveling, the surface is treated with a roller with two horizontal drums having a mesh texture. When rolling roughly leveled concrete, large grains of aggregate are pressed down, leaving small particles on the surface. Currently, various motor mechanisms are used to level and compact the concrete surface.
The pattern is applied to the surface after the moisture has evaporated from it and while the concrete retains its plasticity. Various devices are used for drawing. After the concrete has sufficiently set, the surface and seams are treated with a soft brush. The pattern can be applied using various devices and obtain patterns in the form of combinations of circles, squares, waves, etc. In some cases, monolithic concrete is applicable with bare aggregate, which is colored gravel with grains 1...2 cm in diameter. Gravel is applied to the concrete surface, which is first smoothed with a spatula and trowel. As soon as the concrete hardens, the surface is rubbed with a special board made of magnesium or aluminum alloy (or the same trowel). The solution should completely envelop the individual grains of the aggregate without leaving holes on the surface. After this, the solution is removed with a brush or a stream of water from a hose; extensive exposure of gravel grains is not recommended. Then the surface of the coating is ground and polished; expansion and decorative seams are applied along the surface with a saw to a depth of 2...3 cm. expansion joints wooden slats can be laid, which are placed before laying concrete on the base. Laying the slats imitates tile covering. A decorative surface can be created by simply pressing colored pebbles into unhardened concrete, but such a coating is not always strong and stable. Colored pebbles can be alternated with gravel to create varied areas. The simplest platforms of a curved configuration with a coating of monolithic concrete are made by laying out the site (or path) according to the drawing, excavating the soil to a given depth, leveling and compacting the canvas (trough) and filling the resulting “form” with concrete solution. Subsequently, all the above operations are performed.
4 Paths and areas covered with special mixtures
When constructing paths and platforms with bulk (filled) “clothing” structures great importance attached to the arrangement of supporting edges along the boundaries and contours. The supporting edges are arranged strictly along the cord. The edge is arranged along the borders of the path by adding a roller of plant soil. The height of the roller must be at least 15 cm and can be increased depending on the thickness of the clothing by 5 cm or more. The roll of earth is compacted tightly, and a strip of turf is spread over its surface, sloping towards the path or area. Instead of a supporting edge, a curb or garden curb made of stone or concrete is built from the ground. To install the curb, a groove 10 cm deep and 12 cm wide is torn off; the groove bed is planned. Using the cord, the height position of the curb is determined and then the curb itself is installed. The grooves are filled with soil, watered and thoroughly compacted. The seams between the curbs are filled with cement mortar. The reference line from the curb must be straight in horizontal and vertical positions. The curves of roads and sites are smoothly outlined with a curb, while filling the resulting corners with cement mortar. On the main paths and platforms, a permanent installation of curbs - side stones - is carried out. First, a groove is made with a depth of 25 cm. A concrete mixture - a “cushion” - 10 cm thick is placed in the prepared groove, onto which the curb is installed, sunk into the concrete mass and leveled manually with wooden tampers. The seams between the curbs are filled with cement mortar, and concrete mass is added to the base, compacting it. After installing the curb and preparing the canvas (see above), a layer of crushed stone is scattered over the surface. The crushed stone layer is leveled in accordance with the transverse and longitudinal profile of the path. The profiled surface is moistened with water - 10 l/m2 of surface - and rolled with a roller weighing at least 1.0 t 5-7 times, one trace from the edges to the middle, overlapping each trace by 1/3. The first rolling achieves “squeezing” the placer and ensures a stable position of the crushed stone. The second rolling imparts rigidity to the base due to the mutual “jamming” of crushed stone. During the third rolling, a dense crust forms on the surface: small fractions of crushed stone “weed out” and close the holes and pores. The thickness of the compacted layer of crushed stone should not exceed 15 cm. The crushed stone base is considered prepared when there is no mobility of crushed stone particles on the surface, and a piece of crushed stone thrown under the rollers of the roller is crushed. A layer of a special mixture is applied to the prepared base according to the established recipe and leveled according to templates in accordance with the transverse profile and longitudinal slope of the path; the coating is moistened with water - 10 l/m2 of surface - and then, after the moisture has dried, it is rolled with a roller weighing up to 1.5 tons 5-7 times along one track until the coating density, elasticity and elasticity of its surface are achieved. Sand-gravel and soil-cement mixtures are laid on a previously prepared and profiled soil base. The base fabric is first subjected to fine loosening or milling, and the specified mixtures are scattered over it. After these operations, the web is profiled and subsequently rolled. It is recommended to begin operation of the finished paths and platforms after 3-5 days.
5 Paths and areas with combined surfaces
Construction of paths and platforms with combined types coatings requires knowledge of the structural and mechanical qualities of the materials from which these coatings are composed. In accordance with their characteristics, the foundations are constructed and the covering elements are laid. It is necessary to strive for such a selection of materials that make up the combined coating that it would be possible to adopt a common base design and the same installation method. For covering stone and concrete slabs with correct selection technical characteristics and sizes, you can make one base and use one laying technique. For each type of coating, it is necessary to follow the appropriate technology or, for a general basis, choose the design that has the most high performance strength; otherwise, the coating will quickly deform and collapse.
6 Sports grounds
Sports grounds include:
football field;
volleyball and basketball courts;
towns;
gymnastics classes.
Selection of coatings for sports grounds depends on their size and purpose. Dry, ventilated and insolated areas are allocated for the sites. All surface slopes should facilitate the unhindered discharge of surface precipitation. To ensure that the top soft cover of sports grounds does not generate dust and is kept in an optimally moist state at all times, it is necessary to lay a water supply system for watering the surface of the playgrounds. To fill the skating rink for the winter, the water supply is laid below the freezing depth of the soil. The placement of sports facilities in gardens and parks must correspond to their purpose, location and contribute to the formation of the architectural appearance of the entire facility, taking into account climatic and local conditions. Venues and fields for sports games, as a rule, are located in accordance with the orientation to the cardinal points. The long axis of the site is located along the meridian or with a deviation of 15...20°. The structures of sports grounds consist of multi-layer “clothing” and special equipment. Clothing consists of a subgrade, a base of several load-bearing layers of materials of different purposes or combinations of them, and a top cover of a special mixture of inert, astringent and neutral materials (Fig. 36). Mandatory for flat sports structures are utility networks that facilitate proper operation and rapid restoration of the top cover in any case. climatic conditions. This is, first of all, drainage with storm sewer elements, irrigation water supply and lighting. Coatings must have a smooth and non-slip surface that does not become wet when over-moistened and does not generate dust during the dry season. In conditions of low permeability underlying soils, ring drainage is laid along the boundaries of sites and fields, consisting of collecting drains and water intake wells. The “body” of collecting drains can be tubular with the ditches filled with inert materials or simply filled with inert materials of various fractions.
Intake wells can be concrete with water transferred to the sewer network or simply filled with materials that absorb and transport water through aquifers.
The technology for constructing the simplest sites in gardens and parks includes the following main issues:
determination of construction site dimensions;
foundation design - a trough with a surface drainage system and circular collecting drainage;
for low-permeability soils - preparation of an underlying layer of draining and filtering medium-grained materials or an elastic-moisture-holding layer capable of not only retaining moisture, but also transporting it along drainage marks;
layer-by-layer arrangement of the middle intermediate layer made of inert materials;
applying an insulating layer of elastic-moisture-absorbing materials;
laying the top cover from a special mixture;
installation of special equipment and horizontal marking of the sports ground.
The construction of sports fields begins with measuring the dimensions of the sites using a layout drawing and a level, marking corners or characteristic points in real life, and driving metal tubes to a depth of 80 cm.
After this, they arrange a foundation - a “trough” and organize surface drainage with mandatory consideration of the composition of the foundation soils. If there are sandy or light loamy soils at the base, which are good conductors of moisture, drainage of the area is not provided. The presence of a water-resistant layer in the base - clay, heavy or medium loam - creates the need for the construction of water-carrying drains and absorption wells. In this case, the underlying soils are first loosened with a milling cutter to make them porous. The lower elastic-moisture-holding layer receives moisture through the underlying layers of clothing and accumulates part of it, and directs part along the slope into water-conducting drains and subsequently into absorption wells. The body of the drainage drain and absorption well consists of inert materials of different sizes. The materials are laid in layers, with a decrease in the fractions of each material from bottom to top. A more complex ring drainage body may consist of pipeline drains and reinforced concrete prefabricated wells: without bottom - absorbent; with a bottom - collective. 
Water is drained from collecting wells through pipelines in storm drainage(see figure). Laying the elastic-moisture-absorbing layer begins after all work on drainage installation and foundation preparation has been completed. A lightweight concrete curb or wooden formwork 10x15 cm in height, equal to the thickness of all layers of the structure. The curb is installed on cement mortar. The formwork is made from edged antiseptic boards measuring 20 x 120 cm and 4 cm thick. The boards are laid “on edge” and nailed to pegs, which are first driven into the ground at a distance of at least 1 m from each other. The length of the pins is 30...40 cm, thickness 8...10 cm, the lower part should be pointed. The pegs are driven into the ground along the outside of the site, after which a board is attached to them. Formwork or a curb along the boundaries of the site allows you to maintain clear boundary lines and keep layers of clothing from spreading. An elastic-moisture-absorbing layer 8...10 cm thick (in a tightly rolled state) is laid in two steps on a carefully planned and rolled base. The elastic, moisture-absorbing layer is watered and rolled with a roller weighing up to 2 tons. Rolling is carried out with the roller passing at least 5-6 passes along one track. To prevent the wetted material from sticking to the rollers of the roller during rolling, a layer of 1...2 cm of inert materials (fine crushed stone, 2 mm fraction) of the middle intermediate layer is placed on it. When calculating the need for materials for an elastic-moisture-intensive layer, take into account their significant compaction - up to 50...55%. The middle intermediate layer of inert materials is laid out over an elastic-moisture-absorbing layer. It consists of M-800 grade crushed stone. Layer thickness 10...12 cm, grain fraction 20...35 mm. The layer is carefully leveled, giving it the design slopes. The surface is watered abundantly with water at the rate of 10... 12 l/m and compacted with rollers weighing 3... 5 tons, passing 5~7 times in one place. The layer is considered prepared if, when the roller passes, “waves” do not appear on the surface of the layer and crushed stone of softer rocks placed on it is crushed by the roller. The next layer is insulating. The insulating layer is laid 4 cm thick in a dense body made of elastic and moisture-absorbing materials. Its components are special mixtures for top coverings of sports fields. Recommended designs for tennis court surfaces (experience from St. Petersburg) The base of the court is compacted soil; Top coating, 4 cm thick, from a special mixture: clay-powder -45%; ground clinker - 45%; fluff lime - 10; Elastic layer of lignin, thickness 1 cm; Limestone crushed stone (fraction 10...20 mm), thickness 2 cm; Granite crushed stone(fraction 20...40 cm), thickness 13 cm; The sand is coarse-grained, 5 cm thick. The coating is watered by sprinkling, rolled with a roller weighing 2 tons, passing over one place 2-3 times. To prevent sticking to the roller rollers, the surface is sprinkled with a thin layer of stone chips. Laying the top cover layer (special mixture) is an important part of creating the site. The cover must be of high quality, so materials for it are selected according to one of the recommended recipes, taking into account the granulometric composition of the mixture:
fractions 2... 4 mm-18.., 23%
0.05...2mm-47...52%
0.002...0.05mm-18...23 96%
0.002mm - 6...7%
Currently, artificial types of surfaces made from synthetic * materials have been developed for football fields, replacing sports lawns made from cereal grasses.
First of all, the device garden paths must include a plan with all existing buildings marked on it. They are drawn on the plan to scale. The plan must also contain the location of existing trees on the site. Think it over stylistic direction garden: appearance paths and the materials from which they are made must be in harmony with the overall concept. Decide on the trafficability of the area and, based on this, choose the width of the paths. to the barbecue area, swimming pool or playgrounds for children should be of such a width that two people can easily walk on them. The width of these paths ranges from 100 to 130 cm. The path leading to the gazebo, located in a secluded place in the garden, will be 50-70 cm wide. After determining the parameters of the paths (width, length, configuration), proceed to choosing the material for paving.
The purpose of garden paths depends on the loads that will be applied to the coating.
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Selection of material for paths
Can be made from a wide variety of materials: small pebbles, gravel, artificial or natural stone, clinker tiles, wood. Naturally, tiles made of artificial stone, wood or gravel are much cheaper than those made of natural stone. But you should not approach the choice of material based only on its price.
The purpose of the paths depends on the loads that will be applied to the coating. In the case where garden paths are intended only for pedestrian traffic, any material can be used for their construction - crushed stone or concrete paving slabs. If the surface is affected by the weight of more than one person (for example, car paths), then the best solution There will be installation of such asphalt or paving stones.
When choosing material for paths, you need to pay special attention to the strength and thickness of the material.
When choosing material for paths, you need to pay special attention to the strength and thickness of the material. For example, a concrete road must meet the following requirements:
- pedestrian paths must be made with a layer of concrete at least 50 mm thick;
- the paths along which movement, for example, of hand wheelbarrows will take place, must have a concrete thickness of at least 7.5-8.0 cm.
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Selection of track technology
The technology for constructing garden paths is divided into four types:
- soft;
- hard;
- special;
- combined.
Soft paths are paths that are covered with gravel, screenings, crushed stone, and also tree bark.
Soft paths are paths that are covered with gravel, screenings, crushed stone, and also tree bark.
Rigid paths are paths, the construction of which is made of individual elements, for example, paving slabs, monolithic concrete or stone.
Special – paths covered with decorative concrete.
Combined - paths, the construction of which includes paving slabs and bulk materials.
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Advantages and disadvantages of various materials for constructing garden paths
Natural stone (marble, granite, basalt, sandstone, limestone).
Advantages:
- durability of natural stone (more than 250 years);
- a variety of shapes and textures, allowing use in large gardens and small areas.
Flaws:
- cost in comparison with other materials;
- unsafe movement.
Note: for the installation of garden paths of this type, experts advise using electric heating.
Artificial material (paving slabs, asphalt, rubble stone, concrete coverings).
Advantages:
- resistance to aggressive environments and UV rays;
- practicality;
- variety of forms.
Flaws:
- poor manufacturing quality of such materials significantly reduces service life;
- during interseasonal soil movement, cracking of the surface of the coating (asphalt pavement, monolithic concrete) is possible;
- paving slabs may settle, which will make the path inconvenient for movement and require its repair.
Bulk materials (gravel, crushed stone, screenings, pebbles, sand).
Advantages:
- low price;
- low labor intensity during installation;
- no slope required.
Flaws:
- difficulty cleaning;
- necessity .
First of all, you should think carefully about the design of your garden. If the garden is made in Japanese or chinese style, you can’t do without tiles made from natural materials. Such gardens often have such and therefore you will not need a large amount of natural stone material.
If you prefer the style of French apothecary gardens or English style, then paving the paths with paving slabs on an artificial basis will be the most correct solution.
When selecting the material from which garden paths will be made, you should think not only about the price of the material, but also about the costs of the preparatory period and the immediate installation work.
Soil is the basis for the paths and, depending on the characteristics of the soil, all further work on the construction is determined.
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Territory planning
Planning technology includes two stages: marking the site area and excavation work. To mark the site, it is necessary to make benchmarks (marks) that will determine the contours of garden paths, holes for planting trees, platforms and the topography of the territory. Benchmarks are displayed according to the project. All marks must be tied to the boundaries of the site, buildings and trees. Wood pegs or small pieces of reinforcement can be used as benchmarks. Depending on the marks, the terrain of the area is divided. The breakdown of such a plan can be done using a theodolite or level. After marking the entire area, the contours of the platforms and paths should be drawn. To do this, sand is sprinkled along the contours. Once you see the actual shapes of the tracks, they can be easily adjusted. This is followed by excavation work or “dugout”.
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Excavation work
First of all, the groundwater level and soil composition should be identified. Soil is the basis for the paths and, depending on the characteristics of the soil, all further work on the construction is determined.
The most optimal base is considered to be sandy soils, which consist of medium and coarse sand. Soils of this type occur near rivers and in alluvial areas. For the device you only need to remove a small layer of sand, not forgetting to take into account that the path should be located 2-3 centimeters above ground level.
All other soils require a so-called “trough” to create a good foundation. Excavation of soil should be carried out to a depth of 150 - 300 mm, followed by laying inert materials into it in the following order: gravel, crushed stone, sand.
Each layer must be compacted and carefully leveled.
To reduce the thickness and increase the quality of the underlying layer, geogrids and geotextiles are used today.
The topmost layer in the “trough” is made of sand and serves as a base for covering the path. The depth of the excavation is directly proportional to the groundwater level and the degree of moisture permeability. The greatest excavation depth is in wetlands and peat areas. If you do not use a thick base layer on such soils, then in a few years the path will sag.
To reduce the thickness and increase the quality of the underlying layer, geogrids and geotextiles are used today. Geogrid is a structure made of inert polyester fiber. Geogrid helps form a strong cellular frame. All grate cavities are filled with crushed stone, gravel and sand. Geotextiles can be placed between the sand and gravel layer. It prevents plants from growing between the joints of the path slabs and washing away the masonry material. Geotextiles are also installed at the bottom of the trough. In such cases, it acts as reinforcement.
Laying coverings made of artificial and natural stone ( piece materials) can be produced on a dry mortar of cement and gravel, on a layer of cement mortar or spilled sand. In the first case, stone tiles are laid directly on a layer of gravel without a layer of sand. When laying, the slabs are compacted using a hammer with a rubber or wood head.
Wooden flooring must be laid on beams (joists). This is done in order to avoid contact of the flooring boards with the ground surface.
Curbs give the path not only an aesthetically finished look, but also carry functional loads- prevent the spreading of paving slabs and the washing out of masonry material into the ground.
To allow melt and rain water to drain, the paths must have slopes. A slope on both sides is usually performed on flat areas, and a one-sided slope - on relief areas. The slope is made in the direction of lowering the relief level.
Curbs give the finished look to the path. They give the path not only an aesthetically finished look, but also carry functional loads - they prevent the paving slabs from spreading and the masonry material being washed out into the ground. The most popular are plastic curbs installed after laying the slabs. Installation of plastic curbs does not require excavation. They are installed using special fastenings anchor type.
It is best to combine excavation work with the laying of drainage grooves, stormwater systems, lighting and irrigation systems. This approach to business will save your time and money. Correct placement drainage grates and storm water inlets will help to calculate the slopes of the paths so that water from their surface immediately enters the drainage system, and does not stagnate on paved areas or lawns. In the “trough” for future paths, you can lay electrical cables and a pipeline for an irrigation system. Cables must be laid in special corrugated hoses (plastic or metal). Paths on unpaved slopes running along the edge of a terrace with a clearly visible relief must be further strengthened. Geogrids, which were already mentioned above, are perfect for such purposes.
The road and path network serves as the direction of the path, while connecting the zones of the site, and also serves as additional drainage for the entire site.
When creating paths and platforms, the following points must be considered:
Paths and playgrounds must be safe at all times of the year, in all weather conditions;
- the width must be at least 60 cm;
- the type of paving depends on their purpose;
- drainage must be organized from the road surface;
- the back side of the paving must have a side stop;
- the construction of the road and path network must be carried out in accordance with the developed project and in compliance with general construction norms and rules.
Paths and playgrounds may have non-hard or hard surfaces.
Paths and platforms have a non-rigid coating, where the finishing coating is made of bulk materials. Such materials include: crushed stone fr. 5-20 mm, screenings, stone and granite chips, pebbles, decorative chips. Paths and areas with non-hard surfaces require constant repair and maintenance. They are made mainly in forest areas, parks, squares, children's playgrounds, and in ornamental vegetable garden areas.
Hard surfaces have paths and platforms made from natural or artificial stone, concrete, asphalt concrete, crumb rubber, paving slabs, wooden flooring. Such paths are more practical to use, require less maintenance, are more durable, but at the same time, care and maintenance have their own characteristics.
All paths and platforms must have a longitudinal and transverse profile. It serves for natural water drainage. The profile of the path should be convex in relation to the soil surface. Paths and platforms can be double-profile (having a raised middle and slopes to the right and left) or single-profile (with a slope in one direction, when one edge is higher than the other). The longitudinal and transverse slope should be 1 cm per 1 m; minimum slopes of 0.5 cm per 1 m are allowed.
Work on the installation of paths and platforms can be divided into 2 stages: preparation of the base and installation of the finishing coating. Preparation of the base includes sampling the soil to a solid base; if the sampling needs to be done more than the height of the designed pie, then in this case it is necessary to increase the layer of backfill over the sand. Geotextiles are laid at the bottom of the trough, then a sand-crushed stone cushion is made, with layer-by-layer compaction using a vibrating plate. The height of the sand-crushed stone cushion depends on the type of soil on the site and the purpose of the path or site. In this case, the width of the trough and sand-crushed stone cushion should be 10 cm larger on each side than the finishing coating.
The finishing coating device includes backfilling of bulk material on paths with a non-hard surface and laying stone, tiles, concrete and other materials intended for hard surfaces.
All paths and playgrounds are divided according to their functional purpose into: pedestrian, automobile, sports and children's. They differ from each other mainly in purpose, degree of load, thickness of the cake, and also the finishing coating. The technologies for constructing pedestrian, sports and children's playgrounds are the same.
Construction of pedestrian paths and platforms
Construction technology pedestrian paths and platforms made of bulk materials:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
11. Compaction with vibrating plate m=220 kg or manual rammer
12. Arranging a finishing layer of bulk material - 5-10 cm.
13. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a tamper.
Technology for the construction of pedestrian paths and platforms from paving slabs or paving stones:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Excavation to a solid base.
4. Compacting the base with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a manual tamper.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 120 g/m2.
6. Construction of a sand base (coarse alluvial sand) - 20 cm.
7. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a manual tamper.
8. Construction of a crushed stone base (crushed granite stone fr. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
9. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or with a manual rammer.
10. Splitting of the crushed stone layer (screenings or crushed granite stone fr. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the pie is not taken into account).
13. Construction of a cement-sand layer - 3-7 cm.
14. Laying paving slabs or paving stones (tiles or paving stones 4-8 cm thick).
Technology for the construction of pedestrian paths and platforms made of granite paving stones or clinker bricks:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Excavation to a solid base.
4. Compacting the base with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a manual tamper.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 120 g/m2.
6. Construction of a sand base (coarse-grained alluvial sand) - 20 cm.
7. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a manual tamper.
8. Construction of a crushed stone base (crushed granite stone fr. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
9. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or with a manual rammer.
10. Splitting of the crushed stone layer (screenings or crushed granite stone fr. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the pie is not taken into account).
11. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or with a manual tamper.
13. Laying clinker bricks or granite paving stones (clinker bricks or granite paving stones - thickness 4-8 cm).
15. Sweeping seams with sand (coarse alluvial sand).
Technology for the construction of pedestrian paths and platforms made of natural or artificial stone using mortar:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Excavation to a solid base.
4. Compacting the base with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a manual tamper.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 120 g/m2.
6. Construction of a sand base (coarse alluvial sand) - 20 cm.
7. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a manual tamper.
8. Construction of a crushed stone base (crushed granite stone fr. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
9. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or with a manual rammer.
10. Splitting of the crushed stone layer (screenings or crushed granite stone fr. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the pie is not taken into account).
11. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or with a manual tamper.
12. Preparation of the solution (cement M400, coarse alluvial sand, water in a ratio of 1:3:1-1.5 depending on the moisture content of the sand).
13. Laying natural or artificial stone on a mortar (stone thickness 4 cm - 10 cm).
Technology for the construction of step-by-step pedestrian paths and platforms from cobblestone cuts and concrete slabs:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Layout of slabs or cobblestone cuts.
4. Point excavation of soil to a solid base (for each cut or slab separately).
5. Compacting the base with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a manual tamper.
6. Laying geotextiles with a density of 120 g/m2.
7. Construction of a sand base (coarse alluvial sand) - 15 cm.
8. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or with a manual tamper.
9. Construction of a crushed stone base (crushed granite stone fr. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
10. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or with a manual tamper.
11. Splintering of crushed stone with screenings or sand (granite screenings, coarse alluvial sand) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the pie is not taken into account).
12. Laying cobblestone cuts or concrete slabs.
13. Installation of a lawn in the joints between the slabs.
Technology for the construction of step-by-step pedestrian paths and platforms made of Indian sandstone and concrete slabs for mortar:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Excavation to a solid base.
4. Compacting the base with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a manual tamper.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 120 g/m2.
6. Construction of a sand base (coarse alluvial sand) - 15 cm.
7. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a manual tamper.
8. Construction of a crushed stone base (crushed granite stone fr. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
9. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or with a manual rammer.
10. Preparation of the solution (cement M400, coarse alluvial sand, water in a ratio of 1:3:1-1.5 depending on the moisture content of the sand).
11. Laying Indian sandstone or concrete slabs on mortar.
12. Sampling crushed stone from the joints between sandstone and slabs - 10-12 cm.
13. Filling of fertile soil into the seams of the path or platform - 10-12 cm.
14. Compacting fertile soil using a manual tamper.
15. Mixing lawn grass seeds with fertile soil in a 1:1 ratio.
16. Filling the seeds with soil into the seams of the path fabric - 1 cm.
17. Compaction of seeds with soil using a manual tamper.
18. Watering.
Technology for the construction of pedestrian paths and platforms from crumb rubber:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Excavation to a solid base.
4. Compacting the base with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a manual tamper.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 120 g/m2.
6. Construction of a sand base (coarse alluvial sand) - 20 cm.
7. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a manual tamper.
8. Construction of a crushed stone base (crushed granite stone fr. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
9. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or with a manual rammer.
10. Splintering of the crushed stone layer (granite screenings) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the pie is not taken into account).
11. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or with a manual tamper.
12. Applying a finishing layer of rubber crumbs - 3-5 cm.
Construction of automobile paths and platforms.
Technology for the construction of paths and platforms for cars weighing up to 1.5 tons from bulk materials:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Excavation to a solid base.
7. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or a manual tamper.
10. Splitting of the crushed stone layer (screenings or crushed granite stone fr. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the pie is not taken into account).
12. Applying a finishing layer of screenings - 5-10 cm.
13. Compaction with vibrating plate m=320 kg.
Technology for the construction of paths and platforms for cars weighing up to 1.5 tons from paving slabs or paving stones:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Excavation to a solid base.
4. Compacting the base with a vibrating plate m=320 kg.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 160 g/m2.
6. Construction of a sand base (coarse alluvial sand) - 30 cm.
9. Compaction with vibrating plate m=320 kg.
10. Splitting of the crushed stone layer (screenings or crushed granite stone fr. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the pie is not taken into account).
11. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=320 kg or with a manual tamper.
12. Preparation of a cement-sand mixture (coarse alluvial sand, M400 cement, in a ratio of 1:4).
13. Construction of a cement-sand layer or a layer of screenings - 5-7 cm.
14. Laying paving slabs or paving stones (tiles or paving stones 8-10 cm thick).
15. Compaction with vibrating plate m=20 kg.
16. Sealing the joints with sand or CPS (coarse alluvial sand, cement M 400).
Technology for the construction of paths and platforms for cars weighing up to 1.5 tons from granite paving stones or clinker bricks:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Excavation to a solid base.
4. Compacting the base with a vibrating plate m=320 kg.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 160 g/m2.
6. Construction of a sand base (coarse alluvial sand) - 30 cm.
7. Compaction with vibrating plate m=320 kg.
8. Construction of a crushed stone base (crushed granite stone fr. 20-40 mm) - 30 cm.
9. Compaction with vibrating plate m=320 kg.
10. Splitting of the crushed stone layer (screenings or crushed granite stone fr. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the pie is not taken into account).
11. Compaction with vibrating plate m=320 kg.
12. Construction of the underlying layer from screenings 5-8 cm.
13. Laying clinker bricks or granite paving stones (clinker brick or granite paving stones - thickness 6-10 cm).
14. Compaction with vibrating plate m=20 kg.
15. Sanding the seams (coarse alluvial sand).
Technology for the construction of paths and platforms for cars weighing up to 1.5 tons from natural or artificial stone using mortar:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Excavation to a solid base.
4. Compacting the base with a vibrating plate m=320 kg.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 160 g/m2.
6. Construction of a sand base (coarse alluvial sand) - 30 cm.
7. Compaction with vibrating plate m=320 kg.
8. Construction of a crushed stone base (crushed granite stone fr. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
9. Compaction with vibrating plate m=320 kg.
10. Splitting of the crushed stone layer (screenings or crushed granite stone fr. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the pie is not taken into account)
11. Compaction with vibrating plate m=320 kg.
12. Preparation of the solution (cement M400, coarse alluvial sand, water in a ratio of 1:3:1-1.5 depending on the moisture content of the sand)
13. Laying natural or artificial stone on the mortar (stone thickness 8 cm - 10 cm).
14. Grouting or sweeping seams (stone grout or coarse alluvial sand).
Technology for constructing paths and platforms for cars weighing up to 3 tons from paving slabs or paving stones onto concrete:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Excavation to a solid base.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 160 g/m2.
6. Construction of a sand base (coarse alluvial sand) - 30 cm.
8. Construction of a crushed stone base (crushed granite stone fr. 20-40 mm) - 30 cm.
10. Splitting of the crushed stone layer (screenings or crushed granite stone fr. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the pie is not taken into account).
12. Reinforcement (reinforcement d = 12 mm is taken, a volumetric mesh is knitted with cell sizes of 12 * 12 cm).
13. Installation of formwork.
14. Construction of expansion joints.
15. Pouring concrete M300.
16. Dismantling of formwork.
17. Preparation of a cement-sand mixture (coarse alluvial sand, M400 cement, in a ratio of 1:4).
18. Construction of a cement-sand layer or a layer of screenings - 5-7 cm.
19. Laying paving slabs or paving stones (tiles or paving stones 8-10 cm thick).
20. Compaction with vibrating plate m=20 kg.
21. Sealing the joints with sand or CPS (coarse alluvial sand, cement M 400).
Technology for constructing paths and platforms for cars weighing up to 3 tons from asphalt concrete:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Excavation to a solid base.
4. Compacting the base with a vibrating plate m=600 kg.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 160 g/m2.
6. Construction of a sand base (coarse alluvial sand) - 30 cm.
7. Compaction with vibrating plate m=600 kg.
8. Construction of a crushed stone base (crushed granite stone fr. 20-40 mm) - 30 cm.
9. Compaction with vibrating plate m=600 kg.
10. Splitting of the crushed stone layer (screenings or crushed granite stone fr. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the pie is not taken into account).
11. Compaction with vibrating plate m=600 kg.
12. Spraying the crushed stone base with bitumen emulsion.
13. Laying porous asphalt concrete from coarse-grained crushed stone mixture - 7 cm.
14. Compaction with a roller.
15. Laying dense asphalt concrete from a fine-grained crushed stone mixture - 5 cm.
16. Compaction with a roller.
Installation of curb stones
The border stone serves as a boundary line between the lawn and the surface of paths and platforms, and also protects the edge road surface from destruction. It is made from natural stones, granite, concrete and reinforced concrete.
According to its purpose, curbstone is divided into garden border and side stone. Garden borders are used for the construction of pedestrian paths and platforms, and the side stone is intended for the construction of roadways and platforms. automotive coating. They differ from each other in size and degree of load they can withstand.
When installing curb stones, it is necessary to make a sand-crushed stone cushion, taking into account all slopes. The board must follow the design profile of the coating. Recesses at the joints of stones in plan and profile are not allowed. The seams between the stones should be no more than 1 cm. The curb stone itself must be installed on concrete of a grade not lower than M 250. After installing the curb stone, it is necessary to make concrete locks, and on the back side of the curb a side support made of soil. The installation of curb stones goes in parallel with the preparation of the base for the path or platform.
Technology for the installation of curbstones:
1. Breakdown of the territory.
2. Marking vertical marks.
3. Excavation to a solid base.
4. Compaction with a vibrating plate m = 220 kg or with a manual tamper.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 120 g/m2.
6. Construction of a sand base (coarse alluvial sand) - 10 cm.
7. Compaction with a vibrating plate m= 220 kg or with a manual tamper.
8. Construction of a crushed stone base (crushed granite stone fr. 20-40 mm) - 10 cm.
9. Compaction with a vibrating plate m=220 kg or with a manual rammer.
10. Installation of curb stones on concrete (M250 concrete, concrete layer thickness 10 cm).
11. Construction of concrete locks.
12. Grouting joints with mortar.
They can act as restrictive boards in areas with pedestrian traffic. plastic borders, border made of boards and timber. They, in turn, are installed on a compacted sandy base 10 cm thick and fixed with special pins or reinforcement d=6-10 mm.
This material is an excerpt from the forthcoming book by Elena Rusu "Management of landscape work. A foreman's handbook on landscaping and landscaping."
Elena Rusu is the head of the company
