Construction of pedestrian paths. Construction of pedestrian and automobile paths and platforms. Construction of garden paths and playgrounds
In places such as parks, gardens, squares and just areas near their own houses, the installation of paths and platforms is mandatory element both decor and comfort. Modern landscape gardening classification provides for the presence of several classes of park paths depending on their purpose. Moreover, each class has its own device characteristics.
Today, there is a universal technology that allows for the general improvement of paths and playgrounds of any class.
Preparation for installation
First you need to decide on the size of the path or area. This will help determine exactly how much laying material will be needed. Then we level the area where the platform or path will directly be located. This can be done using an ordinary roller, but if the soil is very bad, use a bulldozer. Then we decide on the material: the cheapest and quick option there will be a choice paving slabs. And since tiles can also be different, give preference to tiles made from natural stone. Its service life for park areas is the longest, especially since such tiles are non-slip in rainy weather and on frosty days. Now prepare the base for the masonry.
The best option is sand and fine crushed stone. Nothing else is needed for the base if the soil where the site will be is normal. However, if the soil is subsiding or too clayey, it is best to fill the surface with a concrete screed over the base. This will make it possible for the tiles to hold more securely in the future and not move.
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Territory marking
Proceed to the markup. To begin, draw a plan of the site on whatman paper with an accurate indication of all dimensions and a clear location of park paths and areas relative to other objects. After completion, make notes on the site according to the plan. Here a construction tape measure, rope and small pegs will come to your aid. It is advisable to stick the pegs into the ground as firmly as possible, since you will not finish the work in 1 day, and the weather may change over time and destroy all the marks. After finishing the marking, walk along the path or site several times to finally make sure that it is comfortable. If everything suits you, then proceed to the next stage - preparing the foundation. And if you are not entirely comfortable, then review the plan again and, if possible, adjust it.
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Working with a profile
Now you need to make a profile for the platform. The most important point here is the correct calculation of depth. The ideal profile depth should be 28 cm plus the height of the tiles. At this depth, sand, crushed stone and screed are already taken into account. This calculation will be quite sufficient if the site or path is already being built in a developed park or garden with ready-made lawns. When the lawn and flower beds are just going to be developed, the profile depth will be: 28 cm plus the height of the tiles and minus the thickness of the lawn turf.
Typically the turf thickness is approximately 15cm, so the depth of the profile will be 13cm + the height of the laying tiles. Keep in mind that when constructing a profile during the digging process there will be quite a lot of soil, which most people prefer to transport outside the site. It would be much more rational to use it for your own purposes: fill in holes, make a flowerbed or alpine slide, or use it as soil for indoor plants if the dug soil is fertile enough. In addition, this will allow you to save on tractor services.
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Base structure
Types of laying garden paths. Different garden paths may have different bases.
When constructing the base of park paths, you must clearly decide for yourself: limit yourself to sand and gravel or make an additional concrete screed. To do this, it is better to spend a little more and hire an experienced surveyor to advise you on the best course of action. But if you have enough money and time in stock, then it is better to make an additional screed: this will ensure the longevity of the object and protect the path from possible subsidence of the soil. Laying the base layer So, let's start working with the base. The technology for working on the base is that fine-grained crushed stone is laid in an even layer on flat and dry (or slightly damp) ground. The height of the crushed stone base should be approximately 15 cm.
A layer of dry sand (10 cm) is poured on top of the crushed stone. It is very important that the sand is dry, since when wet it changes its texture somewhat and does not lie perfectly evenly on the crushed stone. More the best option when you lay a special textile fiber between the crushed stone and sand. Preparing the screed The next day, when these 2 layers have settled slightly and compacted to each other, cover the surface with a thin layer of dry screed. Or how best option, knead a cement screed in the form of an ordinary mortar and apply it about 3 cm high on the sand. This must be done very carefully, using a level and a stretched thread, since the resulting distortions will be very difficult to correct when the screed dries. Wait at least 2 days for the screed to dry.
The purpose of alleys, roads in parks, gardens, public gardens is to provide convenient pedestrian connections of entrances with all functional areas, structures, devices and individual areas, to reveal the aesthetic advantages of green spaces and the natural landscape when moving.
Straight-line alleys add solemnity to the site, winding paths are appropriate when organizing walking routes with viewpoints, alleys laid along the shortest path connect objects. Paths are often laid along existing trails.
In the overall balance of the park's territory, 8-15% is allocated for roads and alleys, sites - 5-10%, outside the city - 2-4% and 1-2%, respectively. Their relative length is assumed to be 300-400 m/ha in the city, 50-100 m/ha outside the city. In sports parks these standards are increasing.
The main pedestrian alleys and roads connect the main entrances to the most visited objects and connect functional areas with each other. The designed width is 5-50 m with a longitudinal slope of up to 40% and provision of traffic capacity up to 600 people/hour. Provision is made for the passage of intra-park transport.
Secondary pedestrian alleys and roads serve as intra-zonal connections, connect secondary entrances with objects of attraction, and distribute visitors throughout the territory. The designed width is 3-12 m with a longitudinal slope of up to 60% and pedestrian traffic with an intensity of up to 300 people/hour. Transport is possible.
Additional pedestrian roads and trails lead to individual park facilities. They are designed with a width of 0.75-3 m with a longitudinal slope of up to 80% and low-intensity pedestrian traffic.
Bicycle paths for walking are designed 1.5-2.5 m wide with a longitudinal slope of no more than 50%, and a transverse slope of 15-25%.
Roads for walking on horseback, in carriages and sleighs are designed with a width of 2.5-6.5 m, a longitudinal slope of up to 60% and an improved ground surface.
Parking lots are designed at the rate of 2-3 parking spaces per 100 one-time park visitors in the first phase and 5-7 for the estimated period. Forest parks have 2-4 and 7-10 parking spaces, respectively. Parking lots are divided into sectors by green spaces.
| Layout of park alleys and roads: a, b - main pedestrian alleys; c - embankment alley; d - intersection of the alley with the bicycle path; d - horse road and trail; 1 - main lane of the main road; 2 - additional lane; 3 - minor road; 4 - additional road or trail; 5 - bicycle path; 6 - road for horse riding; 7 - flower garden; 8 - lawn; 9 - plantings |
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| Examples of track junctions. 1 - trampling zone |
Intra-park passenger transport (vehicles with electric motors, aerial cableways and monorails, funiculars, elevators, moving sidewalks, narrow-gauge railways) is created in parks with an area of over 300 hectares, and with complex terrain - more than 100 hectares. It can be used for sightseeing and serve as an attraction at the same time. For cable cars, the maximum longitudinal slope is 80%, travel speed is up to 14 km/h, transportation in one direction is up to 1200 people/hour. The speed of movement on monorail roads is 10-40 km/h, and the capacity is 20-25 thousand people/hour.
The width of park alleys depends on the number of visitors and is taken as a multiple of 0.75 m - the width of one traffic lane. TsNIIP of Urban Planning recommends adopting throughput a pedestrian lane 1 m wide, not exceeding 400 people/hour, which ensures comfort and continuity of movement for visitors. To accommodate the most public events, the width of the main alley is increased due to side lawn strips that allow for one-time loads. When forming the main alley from three pedestrian lanes, the width of the middle lane should be taken with a coefficient of 0.8 from the sum of the extreme ones.
In large parks, the main alley is designed in the form of an esplanade 25-50 m wide, having a rectilinear or curvilinear outline with a large turning radius. When passing through areas with complex terrain, the esplanade is divided into alleys. An esplanade laid along a reservoir should follow the coastline and have an asymmetrical profile. Landscaping is carried out in such a way that middle lane was illuminated, the outermost areas alternated between illuminated and shaded areas, and the walking path was shaded and protected from the wind.
In health-improving parks, health paths are laid - special pedestrian roads for treatment with dosed walking. According to difficulty, such roads are divided into easy sections 500-600 m long without climbing; medium - 1500-2000 m long with a rise of 50-100%, difficult - 3000-3500 m long with a rise of 100-150% and steeper. Ascents alternate with horizontal sections, rest areas with benches are placed on short routes every 30-50 m, on long routes - every 100-200 m.
The radii of curvatures at intersections and junctions of roads and alleys are no less than half the width of the main road, and for driveways no less than 7 m. When constructing intersections, the corners are smoothed along the line of natural pedestrian movement to prevent trampling. In cases where several tracks are connected in one node, their junction points are expanded.
It must be durable, resistant to atmospheric influences and loads, provide drainage of surface, storm, melt water and be convenient to use. The surface is intended for pedestrians, so it should be smooth, but not slippery. Important role in creating harmonious landscape compositions is given decorative characteristics coatings that are chosen based on the purpose of the site, landscape features and architectural and planning solutions of the territory. Existing classification coatings is based on the application and material. The type of coating must meet the intended purpose, sanitary, hygienic, aesthetic and economic requirements.
Coverings can be solid, panel and tiled. Continuous coatings are divided into soil, crushed stone or gravel and asphalt. Ground coatings are the most imperfect. In the practice of constructing garden and park alleys and roads, improved soil surfaces are used - cement-soil, lime-soil and sand-gravel. Crushed stone is more durable. The crushed stone is covered with a layer of fine sifted chips (brick, granite, tuff) and rolled with rollers. The resulting bright colored coatings combine well with greenery, but in windy, hot weather they become dusty, and in damp weather they get wet and are carried away by streams of water, especially on slopes, and become overgrown with grass.
In coastal cities, river or sea pebbles are used to cover paths. It is advisable to lay 1-2 layers of plastic film, roofing felt, roofing felt under the covering, which will get rid of weeds. Pebbles are an excellent background for ornamental plants: carpet, creeping, coniferous and deciduous shrubs, ivy. Asphalt pavements more durable, but when heated by the sun they soften, radiate warmth even in the evening, and have low artistic decorative qualities. After each opening of the surface, traces remain.
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| Coverings: 1 - monolithic concrete coverings; 2 - coverings made of natural stone; 3 - brick coverings (a, b - tied; c - braided; d - mesh; e - herringbone); 4 - wood covering; 5 - coverings made of concrete slabs (a - without rupture; b - with rupture); 6 - laying slabs at corners and turns |
Panel concrete covering can be prefabricated or monolithic, and may have different shape with curvilinear or rectilinear outlines and different sizes. Large slabs (e.g. 1.5x1.5; 1.0x2.0 m) require mechanisms for laying on a pre-prepared base. By introducing aggregates into concrete, a variety of textures, patterns, and colors of the coating are achieved, and its decorative qualities are enhanced. Monolithic concrete pavements are made on site using compacted crushed stone. They can have a pattern due to artificial seams, which are also necessary to absorb temperature changes. Inserts made of pebbles, crushed stone, gravel or carpet plants are used.
Natural stone coatings are durable and beautiful, they retain their decorative properties for decades, they are widely used to create interesting compositions for landscaping around monuments, fountains, etc. For these purposes, slabs of hard rock (granite, gneiss, basalt) or soft, sedimentary (sand, tuff, limestone-shell rock). In the southern regions, mosaic slabs of regular geometric shape are made from fragments of polished marble slabs.
Stone is used taking into account its architectural expressiveness and color. Stone slabs of various sizes and shapes create a picturesque pattern against the background of a green carpet. Mosaic coverings are created from cubic stone blocks measuring 3-7 cm. The checkers are laid on a sandy base 6-8 cm thick. The resulting seams are filled with sand. Such coatings are successfully used on paths with a significant slope. Small stone blocks are also used in the construction of concrete slab coverings to fill uneven areas around the perimeter of the paving, at corners and in seams, near water intake wells, and stairs. In irregularly shaped natural stone paths, the seams are filled with mortar and filled with pebbles, gravel or plant soil.
Clinker brick coverings. The bricks are laid in a cage, herringbone pattern, flat or on edge on a sandy base 5-10 cm thick, which is given a slight slope to drain water from the paving surface. When laying the bricks, they are compacted, and the seams between them are filled with sand.
Wood coverings are picturesque, but short-lived, quickly become dirty and cannot be cleaned. It can be recommended for rarely visited areas of green space or for decorative purposes. Wooden coverings are common in cities located in forested areas, where industrial wood waste is used for these purposes. They use round timber of hardwood that does not rot (usually coniferous), cut into cylinders of equal height 12-16 cm with a diameter of 10-50 cm, from which the mosaic covering is assembled. Geometric pattern can be obtained using square, rectangular, hexagonal checkers. The seams are filled with vegetable soil and sand.
Factory-made concrete tiles are durable and hygienic, and are the most effective coating for landscaping green areas. They are varied in shape (square, rectangular, hexagonal, round, etc.), color and texture. Strength is achieved through high grades of cement, a good mixture of concrete and compaction. The tiles are laid on sand cushion(for sandy loam soils 14-16 cm, on waterproof soils up to 25 cm), and with weak soils- for crushed stone or gravel base with a slope for water drainage.
The most commonly used tile sizes for pedestrian paths, cm: 20x20; 25x25; 30x30; 40x40; 50x50; 75x75; 20x40; 40x60; 25x50; 50x75; hexagonal slabs with side sizes from 20 to 50 cm, round slabs with a diameter of up to 50 cm. The thickness of the tiles is within 4-8 cm, and for the roadway 15-20 cm. Concrete tiles with a rough, corrugated surface, with exposed filling are widely used (pebbles, gravel of various fractions) and from sand or silicate fine-grained concrete. The tiles are laid closely (with seams of 6-10 mm) or at intervals of at least 5 cm, which can be filled with concrete mortar, covered with gravel, pebbles, sand or filled with plant soil.
The monotony and monotony of the paving is broken by the arrangement of green islands, interspersed with slabs that differ in color or texture, as well as from other materials. The use of rectangular slabs with an aspect ratio of 1:2 also contributes to a greater variety of patterns; combinations of slabs of different sizes and masonry without continuous longitudinal and cross-shaped seams are also interesting. Paving begins from the structure with seams parallel or perpendicular to the facade. At the turning junctions of paths, trapezoidal, conical, triangular slabs are used, or “sawtooth” paving along the edge is used.
The tiles are quickly and easily made into rectilinear or curved paths of any pattern, of the required dimensions in one or several rows. If you need to change directions, they can be easily moved to a new location.
In places with heavy pedestrian traffic, the surface of tree holes is covered with pebbles, which facilitates the penetration of air and water into the soil.
Prefabricated concrete-lawn coverings improve the hygienic and decorative properties of the covering. Water does not linger on them, they do not generate dust, and do not overheat in the sun. The grass cover in the spaces between the slabs and in empty cells reduces the air temperature and increases its humidity. By including a lawn in the surface, the path is combined with the surrounding landscape, creating a harmonious natural composition.
In a pass-pied covering, the slabs are laid on the lawn with breaks corresponding to a person’s step. Round slabs laid in two rows in a checkerboard pattern are called the “elephant” path.
Got widespread ceramic tiles(20x20 cm) 1.5 cm thick, from which they create durable decorative coverings. Abroad, coatings made of colored asphalt, plastics, and rubber tiles are used.
Find wide application decorative coatings, including several materials: concrete slabs in combination with gravel, pebbles, cobblestones, paving stones, natural stone slabs, wood, brick; monolithic concrete with gravel, brick, natural stone, slabs. In these cases, the track design should be as uniform as possible to facilitate execution.
For withdrawal surface waters A drainage system is organized from the paths. At open system water is drained by trays. Closed system arranged with high level landscaping or in the event that an open drainage system cannot protect the coating from erosion. The more advanced the coating materials, the easier the water flow.
For coatings made of concrete, asphalt, tiles, the transverse slope is taken to be 0.015-0.02, for coatings made of small crushed stone - 0.03-0.06. Paths are arranged with a convex gable or single-pitch profile. The longitudinal slope is taken from 0.5 to 5-6%. IN central regions paths are arranged at the same level with the surrounding territory and open trays are created along their boundaries.
Edge stones are laid at the same level with the pedestrian part or raised above the adjacent areas by 10-12 cm. Coverings made of slabs and natural stones without edge stones enhance the connection with the green area. In the southern regions, the paths are made slightly higher than the surrounding area and without trays. Water is diverted to lawns.
For park roads with heavy traffic, the lower base (10-15 cm) is made of crushed stone, gravel, and broken bricks. On sandy soils For these purposes, coarse sand is used. In damp places, drainage of up to 10 cm is provided (fine gravel, slag, sand). The leveling layer for this type of path is made of sand stabilized with 10% cement. The seams are also filled with sand and filled with cement mortar. On paths and walking paths with light loads, the slabs are laid on a sand layer. The thickness of the slabs is greater than for coatings with a solid base. The seams are sealed with sand. On wet soils, 5-10 cm of fine gravel, slag or crushed stone is poured under the sand layer.
CONSTRUCTION OF BICYCLE TRAILS
Kovshova Ekaterina Yurievna
4th year student, Department of Urban Construction, UrFU, Ekaterinburg
Belyakov Vladimir Alexandrovich
scientific supervisor, candidate of technical sciences, associate professor of UrFU,
Yekaterinburg city
A bicycle path is a separate road lane or part of the road intended for the passage of bicycles and marked with markings and appropriate signs. The bicycle path is structurally separated from other landscaping elements (street elements).
The first country in which bicycle paths appeared in 1885 and became quite popular was Holland. Already at that time, conflicts arose between cyclists and other road users, and therefore it was decided to separate lanes for bicycle traffic. A little over 100 years ago, cycling became popular in the United States and the first toll highway for bicycles was opened. At the beginning of the 20th century, during the period of global motorization, the number of cyclists decreased significantly, but already in the 80s of the last century, cycling became a priority in Holland. Following Holland in England, Germany and Denmark, many other European countries began to create bicycle paths, followed by the USA, Canada and some Asian countries.
Cycling in our country is also Lately has become quite relevant, especially in warm time Every year, many residents go for bicycle rides.
When developing the city's cycling infrastructure, the administration must necessarily involve members of the cycling community. These people have an idea of the possible difficulties and problems in implementing the project.
The construction of bicycle paths in cities will lead to the solution of a certain list of important issues:
- Elimination of most problems with the movement of cyclists, reducing the number of road accidents;
- Gaining greater opportunity for city residents to travel safely by bicycle;
- Opportunities to benefit your health and environment, as opposed to traveling by car;
- Possibility of developing cycling tourism in cities;
- Decline vehicle load on the city’s transport network, reducing the duration of traffic jams;
- Improving the ecological state of the environment;
- Increasing the sales level of various retail outlets located near bicycle paths;
All of the above contributes to the formation of a desire among the population to travel on bicycles, to spend their free time on the street, to engage in physical education and sports in the fresh air, and encourages citizens to healthy image life.
In addition to the advantages of the development of cycling infrastructure, a number of obstacles to the mass use of bicycles also arise: for example, the climate in most of Russia does not allow using a bicycle all year round; quite long distances that need to be covered in Everyday life(path from work to home); mentality and attitude towards equalizing people on the roadway.
The main difficulty in laying bicycle routes is the large number of narrow streets, which were not designed for bicycle paths or streets, with various objects located on lawns or sidewalks.
To develop routes for bicycle networks, a questionnaire should first be conducted to collect citizens’ opinions on the choice of travel routes and problem areas.
Cycling design must be integrated with the development of a general traffic pattern. Detailed documentation for the construction of bicycle infrastructure includes: bicycle routes; bicycle lanes; bike paths; traffic slowdown zones or installation of traffic restriction zones; bicycle racks or bicycle storage platforms or secure parking areas.
When working on a project for the reconstruction and improvement of the city, it is necessary to: carefully study the routes for cyclists, both a tourist option and a sports option, more extended, that meet modern standards, norms and trends; installation of specialized signs and traffic indicators; installation of bicycle rental points, points Maintenance and bicycle repair. To eliminate the problem with storing bicycles, it is necessary to equip public buildings, residential buildings, shopping centers, educational establishments, places of public recreation with bicycle parking with surveillance cameras and marking them with appropriate signs.
There are several types of bike paths, for example one-way, the most compact. After the reconstruction of the street, one-way bicycle paths are easier to design and place, and, of course, the main advantage of one-way paths is psychological peace of mind and the ability for cyclists not to worry about oncoming traffic.
Two-way bike lanes in major cities They are quite rare, they can be seen more likely outside the city. It is important to build such paths on one-way streets for the convenience of cyclists.
According to bicycle paths, they are classified as streets and roads; Their main purpose is to travel by bicycle along routes free from other types of traffic to recreational areas, public centers, and in the largest cities - communication within planning areas. Bicycle paths can be separate or isolated.
Independent, that is, isolated, two-way bicycle paths. Such bicycle paths are not connected to automobile traffic, but in most cases there is a nearby sidewalk; if there is none, pedestrians can use the bicycle path itself.
All bicycle paths, when adjacent to roadways, are separated by a side stone (curb, curb). It serves as a kind of limiter between roadways of different types of transport. To visually distinguish a bicycle path from a car roadway, the materials from which the driveways are made may differ.
When comparing the design standards for bicycle paths in different countries, you will notice that the minimum lane width of a one-way bicycle path in countries such as the USA, England and Russia is the same and equal to 1.5 meters. The values for two-way traffic are noticeably different: the minimum lane width in Russia is 1.5 m, in England - the recommended 3 m, the minimum is 2 m, in the USA the minimum width of a bicycle path is 3.6 m, but in some areas 2.4 m is allowed.
A list of Russian cities with bike paths has been published. If you count the approximate number of cities in Russia in 2015 with a population of more than 100 thousand people, you get a little more than 150 cities; if you take cities with a population of more than 500 thousand, then approximately 40 cities, and in the list given in there are only 28 cities Russia has bike paths. The percentage of cities with bike paths is incomparably small.
The city of Yekaterinburg has enormous potential for the development of cycling; in terms of plan, the city is relatively small in size, it is compact, with fairly dense buildings. In the city on this moment a target program for the development of mass use of bicycle transport has not been developed. They enter the administration various projects and proposals that are submitted for discussion, but so far bicycle paths appear only on individual streets being reconstructed, which is inappropriate, since these paths are not closed, not extended, and do not have a specified beginning and end. In the new residential area “Academichesky” there are bicycle paths on all streets, the surface of which is asphalt. Bicycle paths are marked with appropriate markings; in warm weather they are especially popular. At the Department of Urban Construction in Ural Federal University Scientific research is being conducted on this topic, and for my graduation project I chose the topic: “Designing bicycle routes in the city of Pervouralsk.”
Bibliography:
- Bike Lane. [ electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike_path (access date 01/17/2016)
- Bike Lane. [electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://alex-maisky.livejournal.com/12202.html (date accessed 01/17/2016)
- Living streets. Blog about the urban environment. [electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://www.livestreets.ru/ (access date 01/17/2016)
- The best proposal for the development of mass sports. [electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://pandia.ru/text/77/292/1540.php (access date 01/17/2016)
- On approval of the Concept for the development of cycling in the city of Evpatoria. [electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://pandia.ru/text/77/153/15120.php (access date 01/17/2016)
- SP 42.13330.2011 Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements. Updated version of SNiP 2.07.01-89*
When installing garden paths and sites with various types of coatings, a number of general construction norms and rules are observed. First, the entire road and path network with platforms is laid out in accordance with the project and the layout drawing according to generally accepted methods using geodetic tools and instruments (Fig. 31, 32). The routes of the main roads are laid out along their axes with reference to the main baselines according to the alignment drawing. Then the longitudinal slopes are checked in accordance with the vertical layout project, and the points of intersection of paths, turns and radii of curvature, as well as relief fractures are fixed in nature. Subsequently, a complex earthworks by cutting out the “trough” and planning the path surface in accordance with the required slopes. After preparation road surface and troughs for platforms, it is again necessary to check the longitudinal slopes of the surface. Then the boundaries of the structures are marked out, marked in kind with pegs and stretched twine. An important point is to create a cross-section of roads. The transverse profile of small tracks is created manually using a specially cut template from thick plywood with a given profile. On large roads and alleys, the profile is created using a motor grader or bulldozer with a profile knife on the blade. The transverse gable profile of the structure is given an appropriate slope. For example, with a surface slope of 2%o, the rise of soil on 1 m of the surface of a road section will be 2 cm. All microrelief changes on the surface of the road surface are leveled, construction garbage is selected or can be partially used when constructing the base. The surface of the floor is compacted with motor rollers, passing from the edge to the middle 5-6 times along one track. Before compaction, the roadbed is irrigated with water to impregnate a layer of 5...6 cm. The soil surface of the roadbed or site is considered ready and well compacted if thin round objects - nails, wire, etc. - are pulled out of the soil without violating its integrity.
After preparing the road surface and sites, work is carried out on the construction of the base and covering.
Paths and areas covered with concrete slabs
The designs of paths and platforms covered with slabs can be:
Improved;
Simplified.
Improved designs include durable structures, including
the following elements:
Leveled and compacted base, layer of crushed stone, thick. in 5 cm - fractions 2...3 cm;
Leveling layer of stone castings - fractions 0.5... 1 cm;
Dry mixture of cement, sand, granite castings - fractions up to 0.5 cm, - up to 2 cm thick or liquid cement mortar- cement strainer;
A tile spread over the surface of a mixture or mortar.
Simplified structures include coatings made of slabs laid on a layer of sand - a “sand cushion” - 6...10 cm thick. The layout of the slabs and the coating pattern itself are determined by the designer and depicted on the working drawings of the project. Layout techniques can be very diverse and depend on the compositional design of the territory. Tiles can be laid with joints that are filled with small concrete blocks In some cases, the seams are filled with plant soil and sown with lawn grass seeds, resulting in a kind of “lawn-tile” covering. When constructing garden paths and tile platforms, the class and type of structures are taken into account. The base is made of crushed stone or clean sand (see above). A layer of crushed stone is laid on the prepared canvas of the main alleys, which is laid along the slopes and rolled with rollers. A layer of lean concrete or a cement-sand mixture is laid over the rolled base, and tiles are laid on this layer (Fig. 34). When laying tiles by hand, the underside of the tile is wetted with water and placed on the surface of the concrete, then carefully driven into position using the handle of a hammer. The surface of the laid slabs is checked with a special template. Particular attention is paid to sealing seams. As a rule, they are filled with cement mortar or covered with a cement-sand mixture. Remains of mortar and mixture must be immediately removed from the surface of the tiles. Tiles small sizes are laid manually, large slabs weighing more than 50 kg are laid using special devices and mechanisms - “grips”. When constructing secondary paths along the lawn, the tiles are laid on a sand cushion 10...15 cm thick. The tiles are sunk into the sand to 2/3 of its thickness and “deposited” with a wooden mallet. The seams between the tiles are filled with plant soil and sown with lawn grass seeds. The vertical displacement of the tiles should not exceed 1.5 cm; The tiles are settled by compacting them through the applied board. The sandy base must have side supports made of a tightly compacted earthen edge or a garden concrete curb. It is necessary to ensure a tight fit of the tiles when laying them to the edge and to each other. Tiles are usually laid 2 cm above the adjacent surface of the lawn (or flush with it).
Asphalt concrete is most often used to cover sidewalks and garden paths in cities. Asphalt concrete coverings on sidewalks and pedestrian paths are installed on various bases: brick and crushed limestone; metallurgical slag; soil treated with cement; from ordinary cement concrete and lean concrete.
In table 80 given Various types bases for sidewalks covered with sandy (3-5 cm thick) and cast (2.5-3 cm thick) asphalt concrete and their thickness.
The thickness of the sandy underlying layer for sidewalks with asphalt concrete pavement is taken depending on the group of underlying soils in accordance with Table. 81.
The technological process of constructing sidewalks and pedestrian paths includes the following operations: leveling and rolling the subgrade; delivery of sand for the construction of the underlying layer; distribution and compaction of sand; delivery of materials for foundation construction; distribution of base materials; base compaction; delivery and laying of asphalt concrete mixture in the top layer of the coating.
The leveling of the subgrade on sidewalks is usually done using motor graders using shuttle passes. Roll away roadbed motor rollers with smooth drums weighing 6 tons.
During the process of leveling and rolling, check the evenness of the subgrade using wooden slats, and the necessary slopes - using geodetic tools.
Sand and other materials are delivered to the finished subgrade by dump trucks. Sand and other bulk materials are usually distributed by motor graders, and in cramped conditions, sometimes by hand. The sandy underlying layer and bases of crushed stone, slag and other bulk materials are compacted with light motor rollers with smooth rollers.
Cement-concrete bases on sidewalks and paths are installed using small equipment. The concrete mixture is leveled using special equipment mounted on the boom of the Belarus tractor. The concrete base is compacted with special vibratory screeds or platform vibrators. Concrete maintenance is carried out according to the general rules for conducting concrete work.
Asphalt concrete pavement is laid on wide sidewalks using a DS-1 (D-150B) asphalt paver or a lightweight D-464 paver, and compaction is performed with rollers weighing 1.5-6 tons. On narrow sidewalks and paths, as well as in cramped conditions, asphalt concrete the coating (mainly from cast mixtures) is arranged by laying out the mixture manually and rolling it with hand rollers.
For covering sidewalks and pedestrian paths, colored plastic concrete is also used, which is prepared in mixing plants at asphalt concrete plants. It consists of crushed stone, sand, mineral powder, pigment and binder. The quality requirements for sand, crushed stone and mineral powder are the same as for asphalt concrete mixtures. Iron oxide pigments are used, which have sufficient light, weather and heat resistance. Coumarone-indene resins with a softening point of 80-90° C are used as a binder. Table. 82 shows the approximate composition of colored plastic concrete.
A coating of colored plastic concrete 3 cm thick is laid on various bases using a DS-1 asphalt paver. The length of the laying strip when installing a covering made of cold plastic concrete is not limited. The mixture is compacted with two motor rollers weighing up to 6 tons each. If there are longitudinal mating strips, rolling begins along the mating line in such a way that the freshly laid strip is also rolled to a width of 15-20 cm. To compact the layer of plastic concrete, the number of passes of the roller along one track should be 20-25. The evenness of the coating is checked with a three-layer strip, the clearance under which should not exceed 3 mm. In Moscow, sidewalks made of blue colored plastic concrete were built near the choreographic school on 2nd Frunzenskaya Street, red sidewalks were built near the monument to Karl Marx, in parks on Sverdlov Square, etc.
For the construction of sidewalks and pedestrian paths, monolithic cement concrete can be used, which is indispensable for the construction of curved platforms and free-form paths, which are widely used abroad in landscape architecture recent years. Such coverings are made of concrete no lower than M300. The concrete mixture is prepared at cement-concrete plants. Hydrophobic Portland cement of at least M400 with the addition of granulated blast furnace slag up to 7% is used as a binder. When using non-hydrophobic cement, to improve the basic properties of concrete, surface-active additives are introduced into the mixture: plasticizing additives - concentrates of sulfite-yeast mash and its derivatives, hydrophobizing additives - various technical soaps: abietates (vinsol soaps), soap naft, etc.
Sand is used natural (mountain, river) in its pure form or with additives. Artificial sands, stone fines and seedings are used as additives. The sand fineness modulus must be at least 2. Crushed stone for concrete pavements is used only clean, obtained by crushing durable frost-resistant rocks. The compressive strength in a water-saturated state of igneous rocks must be not lower than 1000 kgf/cm2 (100 MPa), of sedimentary rocks - 800 kgf/cm2 (80 MPa). The loss in mass during abrasion in the shelf drum of igneous rocks is 25%, of sedimentary rocks - 30%. Crushed stone is used in two fractions: 3-10 and 10-20 mm. Approximate composition of the concrete mixture: cement M400 - 430 kg, crushed stone - 1380; sand - 500 kg; water - 160 l. The mixture is delivered to the site by ZIL-555, MAE-503 dump trucks or concrete mixer trucks.
For the construction of sidewalks and walkways, colored concrete is becoming increasingly common. It is obtained by using special colored cement as a binder or by introducing coloring pigments into a dry concrete mixture during the preparation of the concrete mixture. White and colored cements must be hydrophobic and comply with GOST 10178-62. The grade of cement must be at least 400 in terms of compression when tested in compacted solutions, tensile strength - not less than 55 kgf/cm2 (5.5 MPa). The beginning of setting is no earlier than after 2 hours.
Pigments produced by the domestic industry are of two types: mineral, including synthetic and. natural, obtained by fine grinding of paint ores, and organic. Pigments are fine powders, insoluble in water, oil and other solvents, capable of imparting color to materials when mixed with them. The higher the dispersion of pigments, the higher the coloring ability of pigments.
For the production of colored concrete, pigments are suitable that have a specific gravity close to the specific gravity of cement to ensure high homogeneity of the mixture; great coloring power; resistance to alkalis; sunlight and atmospheric influences; the absence of harmful impurities soluble in water, which, when mixing cement with water, negatively affect the setting time, the hardening process and the strength of the cement stone; the absence of easily soluble salts that can form efflorescences; clean, bright color and low cost.
When laying pavements and walkways, colored concrete can be laid to the full thickness or to upper layer coatings with a thickness of 4-6 cm. The installation of a two-layer coating with colored concrete in the upper layer is carried out in two ways: 1) the installation of the lower (of ordinary concrete) and upper (decorative) layers of the coating is carried out without a break in time, which allows compaction of two layers at the same time; 2) the installation of the lower and upper layers is carried out separately and is divided into two stages - laying concrete in the lower layer, compacting and maintaining it; laying colored concrete in the top layer no earlier than 7 days after installing the bottom layer.
To ensure good adhesion of the layers, the surface of the concrete of the lower layer is treated with a 30% solution of hydrochloric acid with immediate rinsing with water, and then apply a 3-5 mm thick layer of activated cement-sand mortar with a composition of 1:1, after which the top layer of concrete is laid. Caring for colored concrete, like regular concrete, is carried out by covering plastic film, glassine, craft paper, etc., followed by backfilling with sand, which is periodically moistened.
Expansion joints are installed using the same type and method as for conventional cement-concrete pavements. When laying concrete in two layers, the seams made in the bottom layer must also be in the top layer.
To the ready concrete pavement When putting it into operation, a number of requirements are presented. The coating must be carried out in accordance with the project and current regulatory and technical documents. Upon acceptance, you should check the thickness of the base according to the acts for hidden work, the grade of laid concrete according to laboratory tests, the evenness of the surface of the coating with a double lath at least 20 m later. Permissible deviations from the design in terms of thickness are no more than ±5 mm, in terms of evenness - clearance under the double lath should be no more than 3 mm, there should be no holes or cracks on the coating; covering width - no more than 5 cm; along the transverse slope - no more than 5%; according to the difference in the level of seams - no more than 3 mm; in terms of concrete strength at 28 days of age when tested in bending - no more than 5%, when tested in compression - no more than 10%.
Coverings of sidewalks and pedestrian paths are also made from small stone blocks (mosaics), clinker bricks, asphalt concrete, silicate, ceramic, cement-concrete and stone slabs. Coverings of a wide variety of patterns are made from stone blocks - in transverse and diagonal rows, along arcs of a circle, etc. Clinker bricks laid in transverse and diagonal rows, as well as in a longitudinal and transverse tree. Stone slabs are produced mainly in square shapes with sides measuring up to 75 cm or rectangular shapes with dimensions larger side up to 1 m with an aspect ratio of 1:1.5. Such slabs are laid without bandaging or with bandaging of the seams. Asphalt concrete slabs are made in size 20X20X3; 25X25X4; 30X30X4 cm.
One of the promising types of prefabricated pavements and walkways are coatings made of small-sized concrete slabs. The production of slabs using the industrial method makes it possible to make this type of coating cheaper and more widespread. In turn, mass production will contribute to further reduction in cost and progress in the development of prefabricated coverings. With this manufacturing method, concrete slabs are more durable and hygienic and can replace natural stone. The front surface of the slabs, in addition to its coloring, can be treated with various special matrices. Concrete plates extremely varied in shape: square, rectangular, hexagonal, round, and trapezoidal, triangular and all kinds of irregular shapes. Prefabricated pavement and walkway slabs are laid on various bases, the thickness of which (in cm) is given below.
Sand is used as the underlying layer, the layer thickness of which is assumed to be up to 25 cm. The slabs, depending on the accepted width of the sidewalk, garden or park path, are laid with or without bandaging the seams, as well as diagonally.
Laying the slabs should be done using the “pull” method. To maintain the slope and evenness of the surface when laying the slabs, it is recommended to begin work with the installation of a milestone course, laid along the side stone or edge of the lawn or across the sidewalk; laying should be done in one or both directions of the milestone course and towards the slope.
For the installation of coverings from slabs measuring 50X50 cm, a vacuum gripper is used round shape d=400 mm, weighing 7 kg, which can lift loads up to 100 kg. To ensure complete adherence of the slabs to the base, the final landing of the slabs to the design mark is carried out using a special vibrator weighing 44 kg.
The width of the seam between the plates must be at least 5 mm. The width of the seams is controlled using templates. The excess of the edges of adjacent slabs should not be more than 2 mm. The joints between the slabs are filled various materials according to the project. The evenness of the coating is checked with a three-point lath at least every 20 m; The clearance under the rail should not exceed 3 mm.
To mechanize the work of laying small-sized paving slabs, we can recommend a replaceable vacuum gripping device mounted on an E-153 forklift or excavator. The traverse is a frame on which 1-4 vacuum grippers are attached. The distance between the centers of the vacuum grippers on the traverse should vary depending on the size of the plates used. Using this device, up to 400 slabs can be laid per shift.
Laying of paving slabs with a side size of more than 75 cm is carried out using truck cranes using the technology used in the construction of road surfaces from prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs.
NIImosstroy has developed a machine for laying paving slabs. The layer forms the base of a given profile, compacts it and at the same time lays the slabs. This ensures the combination of three operations, which significantly increases labor productivity. In Fig. 114 shows a diagram of a machine for laying paving slabs. The equipment of the machine consists of an inclined guide 6 with calibrating ribs 15 and a support plate 5 and a vibrating plate 3 connected to the guide by rods 4. In the upper part of the guide there is a receiving device 9, which serves to place a container 10 with a package of slabs 11. Feeding slabs from the receiving device the guide is carried out by a device consisting of pushers 12 with a hydraulic cylinder 13, which is controlled automatically using a lever with a roller 8 and a hydraulic distributor 7. Vibrators 1 of the paver working element are installed on the vibrating plate 3. The vibrators are driven from a hydraulic motor through a V-belt drive 2. The equipment is installed on the base machine using a hinged coupling device 16, which ensures the adaptability of the base plate to the surface of the foundation being laid due to the longitudinal and transverse hinges of the coupling device. The guide is installed in the transport position using a hydraulic cylinder 14 and ties connecting the guide to the screed plate.
The vibrating plate is transported in a trailer to the stacker using a trolley. In this case, the working body of the paver is suspended through the walls to a guide, which in turn rests on the vibrating plate. This reduces the cantilever load on the drive wheels of the tractor. The container is a welded structure consisting of a beam with ribs and side panels. Shoes are attached to the ribs, ensuring the inclined position of the slabs in the container. In the center of the beam, eyes are welded for the hook of the lifting mechanism, which feeds the container with slabs into the receiving device.
The equipment works as follows. While moving, the paver uses its working body to form a base from the required material, for example cement-sand mixture. At the same time, slabs are supplied to the base formed by the stacker with a guide in a continuous flow, which move under the influence of gravity and the mass of the overlying slabs. The vibrating plate makes the slabs settle. The plates are fed onto the guide from the receiving device by pushers controlled automatic device. This device is acted upon by plates located on the guide.
The equipment ensures the laying of paving slabs measuring 25X25-50X50 cm, for which the calibrating ribs have the ability to move along a guide with their fixation in a given position. The operating parts of the equipment are driven from the driver’s cabin of the base machine. The proposed machines and devices make it possible to reduce labor costs when installing sidewalk surfaces. However, to further increase labor productivity when constructing prefabricated pavements, work should be carried out to create light, high-speed machines.
