Installation of staircases. Standard technological map (TTK) for installation of prefabricated stairs from large-sized reinforced concrete elements. Elements of staircase design
When designing stairs, their manufacture and installation, you should strictly observe the points of GOST standards and adhere to the requirements of SNiP (building codes and regulations). The second type of regulatory documents is recommended for implementation, but is not strictly mandatory. They are designed to prevent gross errors in the design of wooden, interfloor concrete, spiral, flight and fire staircases in residential and public buildings. Based on SNiP standards, they build safe (during descent and ascent) for people, easy to use, non-provoking dangerous situations and facilities that comply with the rules for evacuation of residents.
There are basic design requirements and separate SNiPs for each type of stairs located inside and outside residential and public buildings. At the stage of drawing up a house project, it is the general norms that are applied. They state that:
- In buildings with more than 2 floors, the main staircases must have a common span;
- Transformable species as the main ones for use in multi-storey buildings not allowed. Their purpose is safe access to basements and attics;
- For the main staircase, the width of the flight depends on its bandwidth:
- The passage of one person is strictly 0.8 meters wide;
- Passage for 2 people at the same time - width strictly from 1.0 meters;
- Regardless of bandwidth - flight of stairs must have a width equal to (not less, possibly more) the width of the emergency exit;
- Structures connecting more than 2 floors, and turning stairs designed, according to GOST standards, with a march width of 1.0 m to provide safe passage for several people at once;
- The dimensions of the marches in the presence of lifts for the disabled are equal to 1.5 m;
- The construction of two- and multi-flight stairs must take into account the same width of the flight along the entire height of the object;
- If the marches according to the project will be placed in the opposite direction to each other, then a mandatory gap of 50 mm or more will be provided between them;
- The number of steps should be odd - from 3 to 18. SNiP stipulates that it is more comfortable for people to start and complete a move with one leg;
- The slope of stairs of various types is calculated as follows:
- Objects inside the house and main interfloor ones - rise at an angle of 45 0 (slope 1:1 no more) and 26 0 40’ (slope 1:2 no less);
- The maximum upper value of the slope is a rise at an angle of 50 0 (slope 1: 0.85);
- The maximum lower value of the slope is a rise at an angle of 20 0 (slope 1: 2.75);
- Extension ladders - climbing at a slope exceeding 1:0.85;
- Ramps - slope less than 5 0.
Some requirements of GOST standards and SNiP overlap. When drawing up projects, the purpose of the building matters. In residential and administrative buildings requirements for comfort and safety of people play vital role Therefore, compliance with SNiP is recommended.
General requirements for stair elements
Regulatory documents also describe the parameters of staircase elements - steps, railings, lighting. Based on SNiP, design an object convenient for moving people up and down the flights. Therefore, when drafting internal stairs For multi-storey buildings with high traffic, their compliance is highly desirable. If there are GOST requirements for the construction site regulations are compared. In view of the fact that staircase elements must be comfortable to use and safe, their dimensions are as follows:
- Degrees.
The height within one flight of stairs is no less than 12 cm and no more than 20 cm. However, the difference in the size of the steps should not exceed 5 mm, otherwise an uneven slope will be observed, which is unsafe when descending. The width depends on the purpose of the building under construction. If you are designing stairs for a residential multi-storey building, then the width of the steps should be from 25 cm (we are talking about the main interfloor objects). In public buildings, this parameter is reduced to 20 cm. If the steps are 0.26 meters wide, then its protrusion should be no more than 30 mm (less is possible).
- Wedge-shaped steps.
A tread of 10 cm on the inner border of the useful width of the wedge-shaped (winder) degrees. The size of the tread increases to 26 cm (not less) for marching stairs.
The dimensions of the platforms are calculated based on the useful width of the adjacent flights. They should be no less. The platform should have a length equal to 2 times the average step of an adult. Physical quantity- 1.31-1.42 meters. If the landing is located in front of the main entrance, then its length should be at least a meter. When calculating the area of an element, the type matters front door, the opening side of the leaves and the dimensions of the doorway, especially when using swing doors. The landing towards which the sash opens is made wider and longer, otherwise it will be inconvenient and unsafe for an adult to manipulate it.
- Fencing.
According to the requirements, when designing stairs between floors, it is necessary to provide enclosing structures with a height of 90 cm. The spacing between railing balusters is no more than 15 cm. In apartment buildings residential buildings, where the main structure will be used by small children, the height of the fence should be from 1.2 to 1.5 m, and the step between balusters should not be more than 10 cm. There are also requirements for entrance porch structures. If they are designed for 3 or more steps, then the height of the fence should be at least 800 mm.
The lighting requirements for the main structures must also be observed. SNiP require high-quality illumination of steps, especially the first and last elements of the flight. In the presence of window openings(according to GOST, if they are located at the height level of an adult), they must be fenced.
The video below describes in more detail the requirements for stair elements. It is explained why exactly these dimensions and values for the railings were obtained.
Design and construction of fire escapes
There are no regulatory documents providing recommendations regarding the placement and size of fire escapes. External structures are described by GOST R 53254-2009. But since they can have both a vertical and a marching type, there are requirements for their operational characteristics. They are as follows:
- Guardrails for flight stairs are required;
- Vertical structures are equipped with a fence if their height exceeds 5 m;
- Fire escapes in residential buildings and non-residential buildings with a height of 6 floors or more can only be of the flight type;
- Production material - metal. The steel grade is selected depending on climatic conditions in which the structure will be used;
- Width vertical design including fencing - from 800 mm;
- Main width - 600 mm;
- Fences for the marching structure must have a height of 1 meter.
The requirements also include the design of roof railings. Their height is 60 cm. Metal elements are tested once every 5 years. In this case, the test loads must exceed the permissible ones by 7-20 times.
Basic regulatory documents for various types of stairs
- II-23-81 – steel objects;
- II-25-80 – wooden objects;
- 35-01 2001 - objects with ramps for the disabled;
- 2.01.07-85 - describes the permissible loads on all stair elements;
- 2.08.01-89 - design of residential buildings;
- 2.08.02-89 - design of public buildings.
Staircases and landings are one of the essential elements many residential buildings. They have many important functions. Firstly, they allow you to go up or down. Secondly, stairs add to the interior design unique view, with their help you can improve any room.
However, the installation of flights of stairs and landings must be carried out without deviations or errors in order for them to fully perform their functions.
A march is a series of steps that connect two landings or two floors. They can be oblique, straight and curved depending on their shape. If the staircase has several flights, then the lowest one is called the starting one, and the top one is called the exit one. If you draw a line in the middle of the flight (rise line), then it should be located no closer than 30 cm to the edge of the flight; accordingly, the minimum width of the stairs should be at least 60 cm. If the flight of stairs is not located next to the wall, then it should be designed for double-sided movement and equipped with railings on both sides.
A landing is a horizontal section located between two flights. They can be quadrangular or polygonal, as well as of any shape. Their sizes are designed based on human steps. Moreover, their length corresponds to the width of the span, and their width is equal to the width of the flight. If the marches are located perpendicular to each other, then the platform usually has a square shape, but if they are parallel, then it is rectangular or semicircular.
The functionality of platforms and marches is preserved only if they are carried out in compliance with all building codes and rules.
In addition, when installing them, safety precautions must be observed. Therefore, it is necessary to pay a lot of attention and follow all the rules for their installation. As a rule, the installation of flights and platforms is carried out using a crane, which gives confidence that installed stairs will be strong and durable, with high performance qualities
and compliance with all modern construction requirements. When installing stairs, it is necessary to take into account the layout of buildings and the designed features of the premises where flights of stairs
will be located.
Work progress on installation of platforms and staircases Wooden structures can be installed without the use of special construction equipment, since They can always be changed in size, and their installation is not particularly difficult. It is much more difficult to install concrete structures. Installation is usually carried out in several stages.
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Minimum dimensional deviations
The first stage in the process of installing platforms and flights of stairs is preparing the site for their future location. As practice shows, both platforms and flights are installed in parallel with the process of erecting the building itself, that is, when the construction of the next floor is completed, all the stairs on this floor must already be installed. Accordingly, before construction begins, it is necessary to determine the size and exact placement of future spans.
The most important thing is to keep the dimensions finished products. The difference between the finished and planned sizes should be minimal. So, the length of the landing should be no more than eight millimeters longer than the design one. At the same time, the downward deviation (smaller than the design dimensions) cannot be more than five millimeters.
The width of the landing, similar to the length, cannot exceed or be less than the design width by more than five millimeters. The same applies to spans; for them, a deviation of five millimeters is allowed in both length and width.
It should be remembered that following the project is not only a guarantee of durability and reliability staircase design, but also the safety of the people who will use this staircase. It is necessary to carefully and carefully approach the actual installation process.
Before starting installation work, the site should be laid out directly at the installation site. The marks made must be transferred to the walls using a flexible level. After the marks, the coincidence of the level of marks of future nests into which installation will be carried out is checked. supporting parts stairs.
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Installation of platforms
Installation of platforms is the second stage of work. To begin with, a significant layer of solution is applied to the lower plane of the socket, which was aligned at the previous stage. This way the socket is prepared for direct installation. After laying the mortar, the landings are supplied using an installation mechanism. They are fixed in wall blocks using support ends, which are inserted into prepared sockets and fixed with a solution. After installing the support ends, the entire site is checked with a level to ensure correct horizontal installation.
After the site is installed and leveled, the location of the installed site relative to the designed locations is checked. If the deviation is greater than the standards, then the site is dismantled and reinstalled. If the location of the site coincides with the design one, then the next site is installed.
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Preparation for installation of staircases
When all the landings are mounted and leveled, the third stage of work begins - installation of staircases. Similar to landings, they must be installed in compliance with all building codes and regulations, as well as safety regulations. At the same time, they must rest precisely on the previously installed platforms and be securely fastened.
Before you begin the installation of flights of stairs, you need to pay attention to the compliance of the configuration of their cutouts with the prepared profiles that will support them. The check is carried out with specialized equipment according to design templates. In addition, a breakdown of the established areas with marks on the wall blocks is carried out.
After graduation preparatory work produced direct installation marches using a mounting mechanism. Future flights of stairs are suspended on hooks using traverses (special load-bearing devices), which have balancing slings for this purpose. The length of the slings can be adjusted, which makes it possible to quickly and efficiently install flights of stairs in prepared places.
First of all, the upper end of the flight is raised to ensure reliable support of the structure at the lower end. If you raise both ends of the flight at the same time, problems may arise associated with the rotation of the raised structure, which can lead to jamming of the flight of stairs between the landings. In addition, the structure cannot be installed if it rests only on the upper end, as this can lead to it being torn from its place and the collapse of the entire structure.
Safety precautions during installation are strictly regulated. When installing the march, workers should be at both the upper and lower ends at the same time in order to simultaneously fix the entire structure, which will help avoid unnecessary problems.
Not only apartment buildings, but private buildings often have more than one floor in height. To move between levels, it is necessary to install flights of stairs and landings. This article gives basic ideas about structural elements stairs, their characteristics and GOST standards.
Elements of staircase design
When choosing a transitional structure between floors, the average person most often gives priority to the beauty and aesthetics of the staircase elements, but we should not forget that the design of the staircase must first of all meet the utilitarian requirements regulated by GOST, among which safety is paramount.
Staircase design elements
Below are definitions of the main stair elements:
- Span marching type(march) – the number of steps between the platforms.
- The turning area is the horizontal zone between the main flights.
- Stringers are special bases for supporting steps.
- Risers are the vertical elements of a step that close the space underneath it.
- Bowstring - solid wood or metal beam, connecting all steps of the march.
- Balusters are the supports on which the railings of the fence are attached.
Materials for stairs
Depending on what materials the staircase is made of, both the price of the product and its characteristics depend.
For marches and flights the following is used:
- wood is the most common material from which it is easy to make your own stringers, steps and fences;
- metal – has the greatest strength;
- stone is durable and reliable in use;
- glass - a modern original solution;
- concrete and reinforced concrete are the “classics” of modern construction.
Main characteristics of marches and platforms
According to GOST, the slope of the march is 1:2 - 1:1.75 ratio of height to length of step, for auxiliary steps - no steeper than 1:1.25. The steps in the march are made identical, comfortable for walking, their number is no less than three and no more than 18. The most common are marches with 10 - 13 steps - this number is considered the most convenient when ascending or descending.
The width of the steps should ensure the placement of a full foot (at least 250 mm), the height should be in the range of 130-200 mm. The fencing of platforms and flights is made with a height of 0.9 m. The width of the flights according to GOST is at least 800-1000 mm, and the width of the platform is not less than the same size chosen for the flight.
Preparation for installation
Depending on the material, the work performed to construct the stairs differs. They can be divided into two stages: preparation of elements and installation.
The installation of staircases and landings by specialists begins with drawing up a project, where they visualize the nuances of operations, the arrangement of structural parts and compliance with GOST.
Based technical documentation elements are purchased or manufactured required sizes: stringers, steps, platforms and fences. The place of their fastening is marked and, if necessary, enlarged assembly is carried out. At this stage, it is important to comply with GOST requirements for the size and configuration of stairs.
Installation of main elements
The fastening of the staircase elements also depends on the type of material, which determines what characteristics the stringers and other components should have. One thing remains unchanged - installation must ensure rigid fixation of flights of stairs and landings to load-bearing walls. This is the price of security.
Installation of fences
Fencing of flights and platforms is one of the important components of the stairs. Its primary task is to ensure safety (protect against a possible fall) and ease of movement (serve as a support when ascending or descending).
Essential elements:
- balusters - vertical or horizontal supports of the fence;
- handrails;
- infill – a fencing element that performs a decorative function (thanks to decoration), and protective (limiting the space between the balusters).
Requirements to stair railings are regulated by GOST standards, according to which their height for internal stairs is at least 90 centimeters. There should be no barriers sharp corners and protrusions and have a fire-resistant treatment.
Special requirements apply to stairs in institutions where children are located (schools or kindergartens). Here, the design according to GOST must be such as to protect children: it is mandatory to install additional handrails 50 centimeters high.
The maximum gap between balusters is 10 cm. If there are children in a private house, it is worth complying with these GOST requirements when constructing a staircase railing. Exist various methods
fastening fencing balusters to flights and platforms: welding, concreting, fixing with screws - for each material there is its own, most correct, solution. The main condition: the design of the stairs must be safe.
The collected information outlines the main milestones of “staircase construction”. Those who wish to study “narrow” issues in more detail are invited to find answers on our Internet resource or leave a comment with wishes for the disclosure of a topic of interest. For example, more details about the requirements have already been written in the corresponding article.
Installation of staircases is a complex process, which determines how safe your movement between floors will be. In addition, it is important to take into account the aesthetic component. Let's look at how to do this job correctly.
Design Features- this is the number of steps of a staircase between two floors or landings. If you decide to make a staircase in your house with your own hands, be sure to familiarize yourself with the design of staircases and landings various types. In order for the design to be safe and aesthetically pleasing, a whole list of requirements must be met. Most often, stairs are made of concrete, wood and metal. For reinforced concrete, it is imperative to prepare formwork for staircases.
Double flight staircase design
The peculiarity of complex two-flight products is that the steps of the flight of stairs are supported on the landing. Its presence is mandatory for structures longer than 16 steps, but not less than three. It is important to maintain the center line. The distance from it to the edge of the stairs cannot be less than 30 cm.
Preparation
Before you begin installing flights of stairs with your own hands, you need to prepare the space for the work. First of all, you need to prepare support structures. This applies to the floors of the floors and platforms separating the marches. The design of complex staircase structures requires the presence of such gaps to distribute the load.
If you are planning to make a concrete structure, you will need to prepare formwork for the staircases. In addition to it, you will need a support beam for fixing the elements and clamping parts.
Concrete structures
The most reliable, but most difficult to implement is, perhaps, precisely concrete structure. Its production requires a lot of time and materials.
Concrete stairs are most often poured on site
There are two options: do all the work on site or install an already cast flight of stairs on a prepared platform.
Since a concrete flight of stairs is generally made by hand directly at its final location, it is necessary to prepare a site for its installation. First of all, the frame is erected, best option – moisture resistant plywood, to strengthen the structure, high-quality metal reinforcement is used. Since the pressure is on top part, the load is distributed in such a way that the greatest support falls on the bottom of the steps, so special attention should be paid to this area.
The formwork for a flight of stairs must be well reinforced
When the structure of the “skeleton” of the future product is ready, you can install the formwork for the flight of stairs, thanks to which the solution will not leak outside the frame. Concrete is poured from the bottom up. It should be mixed and vibrated to remove voids in the structure of the mixture. If you are installing an already cast march, the edges of the platforms are prepared for it. The clutch is carried out using cement pad. After the solution has hardened, you need to level the surface and eliminate distortions and defects. After this, painting or other finishing can be done.
When installing ready-made monolithic flights of stairs, you cannot do without special equipment
Tree
More simple and affordable option For most, it is the installation of wooden staircases. In this case it is available more options its installation. First you need to define the final project. Depending on the available space and configuration, you can make a single-flight staircase with winder steps or complex with the installation of platforms. Manufacturing begins with the installation of supporting elements, in most cases these are stringers.
Wooden flight of stairs
How to make a flight of stairs from wood with your own hands:
- Cut stringers from wood according to the dimensions of the project. They can be serrated or straight. In the latter case, use additional elements- fillies.
- Place additional supports if necessary.
- Fasten the prepared parts.
- Place the steps on the jagged stringers. They can be fixed with dowels, screws or glue.
- Install risers. Ideally, the step should hang over them by about 2-3 cm.
Structural elements of a wooden flight of stairs
If desired, you can use several materials in the design, for example, a metal frame or decorative elements. After installing the fences, the product is painted.
Metal
Metal stairs are very strong and durable if you follow the regulations and standards when working with this material. The process of making metal staircases with your own hands takes more time compared to wooden ones, but this material allows you to build a stable structure of almost any configuration. It is from metal that they are most often built spiral staircases in private homes. As for marching ones, their design can differ radically in each specific case; this largely depends on the type of frame: it can be stepped or straight, double or single.
Metal staircases in most cases have a welded structure
Do-it-yourself installation of metal staircases and flights is mainly done using welding machine. To begin with, set up the elements that provide support for the entire structure: support pillars. After this, platforms are attached for installing steps and platforms. In most cases, their manufacture requires that the steps themselves be made of wood. The platform can be made flat or in the form of a frame made of corners. The steps are fastened with screws, and risers do not need to be made at all. After this, the metal must be painted to prevent corrosion. Wooden fragments are also painted.
Decorative processing
After everything installation work will be completed should be taken care of decorative finishing flight of stairs. The following options are possible here:
- coloring;
- sheathing;
- laying tiles;
- plaster.
Interesting decorative design staircases - granite cladding
Parts can be painted before installation if dirty work is not envisaged. This is especially true for modular structures.
The finishing of the walls of staircases is most often done using plaster. Additionally can be used decorative panels. The same goes for reverse side concrete structures. The steps of the latter can be covered with tiles, wood or laminate. Painting is a suitable method for all options. Anyone can do this with their own hands. Wooden and metal products must be treated to protect them from destruction. Finished flights of stairs are painted using enamels, pigment impregnations, alkyd, acrylic, oil paints, varnishes, etc.
If you install the stairs yourself, take care of the safety of the spans and platforms in advance. To do this, you need to secure fences and handrails. If you follow all the rules, you will end up with a reliable and beautiful product.
A flight of stairs can either include landings or consist only of a flight. The latter is possible if the span is short. If the number of steps on the flight exceeds 16, the construction of a horizontal section is mandatory.
Building standards for straight staircases.
March is a sequence of steps located in a straight line, oblique and curvilinear. A straight march is a design in which the steps are erected in a straight line.
- The number of steps on the flight should be from 3 to 16. Otherwise, the staircase should contain a horizontal section.
- The central line in the middle of the span is called the shoot line and should be located at a distance of at least 30 cm from the edge of the tread.
- Hence, the minimum permissible width of the stairs is 60 cm. It should be remembered that this option allows for the movement of only one person.
- The march is fenced with railings on both sides.
The landing is a horizontal section between flights. The dimensions and shape are determined taking into account the average length of a human step.
- The width of the area should be equal to the width of the stairs.
- The length is equal to the width of the span.
- If the marching elements are located parallel to each other, then the shape of the platform will be rectangular or rounded, if perpendicular - square.
Installation of stairs in a residential building: requirements
For multi-storey residential and office buildings, concrete or reinforced concrete structures. Their installation work is carried out using special equipment.
Before installation, the quality of the product is checked: both visual and measuring. If debris, dirt, ice, etc. are found, cleaning work should be carried out.
If the geometric parameters of the design do not match, the product is not accepted and installation is not carried out.
When performing installation work, the design position of each staircase element, the quality of welding or any other finishing works. The photo shows the concrete structure after installation.
According to SNiP, the permissible deviations are as follows:
- horizontal position of steps – 2 mm;
- horizontal position of the pads – 5 mm;
- vertical position of fencing elements – 3 mm;
- discrepancy between the upper edge of the march – 5 mm;
- half the difference between the support depths of horizontal sections is 5 mm.
Deviations in the dimensions of the elements range from 3 mm for thickness to 5 mm for length. In this case, cracks, sagging, rust or grease stains on the surface of metal elements are not allowed.
Do-it-yourself staircase installation
The manufacture and installation of a staircase structure in a private house is often done independently, especially if the owner has experience working with wood, or even metal. This option is feasible when the weight of the product does not reach half a ton. Construction concrete stairs will require different technology. So how to make and install a flight of stairs without construction equipment is impossible, then they use a different method: they make formwork, that is, a wooden model, and then pour concrete into it.
