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Fastening metal stair railings to steps. Installation of railings. Connecting balusters and railings with dowels and threaded rods

Required element houses and dachas that have a second floor have a staircase. Environmentally committed pure materials prefer to build wooden structures in their premises. Installation of balusters on wooden stairs DIY requires preparation and careful execution of all stages of the work. This article describes several installation methods additional elements protection for stairs.

Wooden staircase

To ensure the safety of movement on wooden stairs, construction standards require the installation of balusters and handrails. Balusters are rack-mounted fences that rest on steps or come to the same level at the top, where they are connected by railings.

There are several types of racks:

• Flat.
• Round or square without decorative elements.
• Figured, cut on machines according to a template.
• Carved. They are the most complex, since their central part is made of decorative cutting. Often such wooden balusters are produced as handmade products.

Each post has a rectangular base that rests on the stairs. It is often longer than the height of the fence requires, but this allows you to adjust the length of each element. If the balusters rest on, their base is cut at the angle at which the flight of stairs is located.

The central part is often made taking into account decorative design. This is the most beautiful part as it is decorated with simple or sculptured carved patterns.

Top part wooden baluster provides support for the railing. Since the railing is angled, the support is cut at the same angle as the entire staircase structure.

Arrangement of a flight of stairs

Material for making stands

There is a wide variety of materials from which balusters are made:

• Concrete and gypsum. Such racks are used when decorating external stairs, as well as cornices. They are cast in molds using a reinforcement frame, and after removal they can be additionally polished and treated with special compounds.
• Stone. They are the most durable. Manufacturing from artificial stone carried out by casting, natural balusters are carved from stone.
• Metal balusters. They are made by forging, welding or casting. There are straight and volumetric models. Installation of metal balusters will be in harmony with wooden flights of stairs if the color scheme is chosen correctly.
• Polyurethane. Their price is lower than other options. They are lightweight, and their reliability is guaranteed by the presence of a metal rod.
• Wooden balusters. From natural wood structures of both flat and volumetric shapes are manufactured.

Requirements for installing balusters and handrails

To ensure that using the stairs is not fraught with difficulties and those passing along them are not in danger, it is necessary to comply with certain requirements:

• The height of the fence should be about one meter (or 90 cm). This is enough to ensure safe movement around the structure. Thanks to this height, it will be convenient to lean on the railing when going up the steps.
• If the flight of stairs is adjacent to a wall, for ease of movement it is necessary to install railings at a distance of 5-7 cm from the surface of the wall.
• The racks should be located at a distance of 10-20 cm from each other. If there are kids in the house, the optimal value will be 10 cm. If, by placing one baluster per step, it is not possible to achieve the required distance, you need to install two racks.
• The railings must withstand a lateral load of 100-120 kg.
• If not only adults, but also children live in the house, you can install another railing in the middle of the fence, which will be easy for children to lean on.
• The balusters should be fastened in two places: at the bottom to the steps and at the top to the handrails.
• Handrails should be smooth. The possibility of introducing a splinter into a wooden product must be excluded.

Installation of balusters

Balusters in a flight of stairs

A row of balusters is located on one or two edges flight of stairs as protection that ensures safe movement on steps. The racks can rest on steps, or they can rest on.

One or two balusters can be installed on the steps. So the balusters will rest on horizontal surface. The posts will not need to be cut at an angle, so the preparation process for installation will take less time. However, balusters installed on steps reduce the width of the staircase.

Balusters installed on steps

If you install wooden racks on, you can save the useful width of the steps, but in this case, each baluster will need to be trimmed both at the top and bottom. Both angles of inclination will be equal, since they correspond to the inclination of the flight of stairs. This method is used when the thickness is sufficient.

Installation of racks on studs

There is another method of installation using studs using nuts glued into or steps. Such studs are screwed into the rack in the same way as was written earlier. However, before installing the stand on the step, not only is a hole made for the stud, but the upper part is also expanded to the diameter of the nut. Depending on the depth of expansion, one or two nuts are recessed. They are placed flush with the wood and seated with glue. When it is completely dry and the nuts are securely seated in the step, the hole is filled with glue again and the pin is screwed into the baluster.

If the thickness of the step is small, you can drill a through hole in it and screw in a baluster with a pin, and screw a nut with a large washer on the back side.

Sometimes balusters for a flight of stairs are sold with pins already glued in, so the installation process is significantly speeded up.

On the dowels

Since the main load is carried out on the pedestals, dowels can be used to fasten the balusters. This method is the most commonly used for wood structures.

Dowels are small wooden spikes cylindrical. They can be purchased in stores, or you can make them yourself. The price of such products is low, so they are very affordable. To complete all work, it is necessary to prepare dowels and wood glue. The length of the dowels is about 10-12 cm, and the diameter is 0.8-1.2 cm.

Installing racks on steps involves the following sequence of actions:

1. Preparing all balusters. To do this, a hole is drilled from the bottom in the center of each step with a depth equal to half the length of the dowels and a diameter 0.5 mm larger than the fasteners.
2. The holes in the racks are filled with glue and dowels are inserted into them. Excess glue is removed immediately. It takes about 2-3 hours to dry, so during this time you can start marking the steps themselves.
3. When making markings, you should remember that all points for installing balusters must be on the same line. Otherwise, problems will arise when installing the railings. The distance from the edge of the flight of stairs to the place where the rack is attached should be sufficient to fit it on the step. However, it is worth remembering that making a large indentation significantly reduces effective area stairs.
4. In the places where the points are set on the steps, holes are drilled equal to half the length of the dowels and with a diameter 0.5 mm larger.
5. Glue is poured into these holes. It also lubricates the end of the rack. It is then inserted into the hole. To prevent the baluster from tilting while the glue dries, it is fixed and aligned to the building level. It also takes 2-3 hours for the glue to dry.

Installation of balusters on dowels

If the installation of racks is carried out on, the first stage of work should be trimming all balusters at the angle of the flight of stairs. To check the correctness of the cut, you need to place the stand against the bowstring and make sure that it is vertical and strictly level.

When installing the racks, it is possible to place them at a greater or lesser distance than the width of the steps. When drilling holes in the balusters and bowstrings themselves, it is worth remembering that they should not be made perpendicular to the cut, but strictly vertically. You also need to correctly calculate the depth of the holes.

After all the balusters are securely in place in the flight of stairs, you can begin preparing them for the installation of railings.

For self-tapping screws

The most in a simple way fastening is the use of self-tapping screws. This method can be done even by people who have no carpentry skills. In addition, there is no need to wait for the wood glue to dry before proceeding to the next stages of work. To install balusters, long self-tapping screws are used - 8-10 cm. It is advisable that they be made of of stainless steel.

Installation of racks with self-tapping screws

Installation of balusters is carried out in the following way:

1. At the point where the self-tapping screw is screwed in, a slightly smaller hole is drilled in the baluster. This is necessary in order to avoid cracking of the wood at the installation site and thereby avoid weakening the strength of the fasteners.
2. In order for the self-tapping screw, driven into the material at an angle, to be completely recessed in the wood, a small recess of the diameter of the head and a small depth is made in place of the head.
3. Then self-tapping screws are screwed into all balusters at an angle of 45°. At first, they are not driven in completely, but only so that their tip barely protrudes outward at the bottom of the rack.
4. In order for all the balusters to be placed in one row, it is necessary to make markings. To do this, you can take a fishing line or a thin cord and stretch it along the flight of stairs.
5. Then comes the installation of balusters. To do this, each rack is placed in its place and the self-tapping screw is screwed in completely, firmly fixing it to the step. The head of the self-tapping screw is completely recessed into the wood. It is very important at this moment to ensure that all balusters are installed level.
6. Choppers selected by color are inserted into the recesses formed in place of the screwed screws. Then they are sanded flush with the surface of the baluster and varnished along with the entire structure. Another option for filling the hole is to use wood putty or wax.
7. After placing all the balusters on the same line and level, they begin to install the railings.

Connection of balusters and railings

After installing all the racks, the final stage of working with a wooden staircase is the installation of handrails or railings. These items can be installed in the following ways:

• Dowels.
• Threaded rods.
• Self-tapping screws.

Balusters prepared for installation of railings

Dowels

The use of dowels is due to the fact that the main load is not placed on the railing; it falls on support pillars. To do this, a hole for dowels is drilled in each rack. The same work is done on the railings. So that later it can be securely fastened, holes are made according to well-done markings. The dowels are inserted into the holes filled with glue, after which the handrails are put on them. Then the entire structure should be left for several hours until the glue dries completely.

Threaded rods

When attaching the handrail in this way, it is necessary to accurately determine the center of the baluster and the center of the railing. First, holes are made for the studs in the racks. For additional secure fastening, glue is poured into the holes and then the fasteners are screwed into the racks.

After the glue has completely dried, you need to attach the railing to the posts so that the stud attachment points appear on the back of the railing. This way you can clearly identify the places where holes need to be made. Before attaching the railings to the posts, you need to coat all the holes with glue.

Self-tapping screws

Installation of handrails with self-tapping screws

When installing railings with self-tapping screws, it is very important to choose the correct fastening length. If used excessively long screws, when fully twisted, the tips may protrude onto the outer surface of the railing, which is a very bad indicator.

Making markings for cutting the top of the racks

Installation of a wooden balustrade

A balustrade is a fencing for stairs, balconies, terraces, and various elevations. It consists of figured columns, which in their upper part are connected by a handrail or railing. On stairs, such fences are located between floors, at the beginning or at the end of a flight of stairs. If we talk about balconies and terraces, then in such places this structure, starting from the cabinets and ending with all the racks, is located on the same line. This greatly simplifies the installation process, since there is no need to cut the top of the balusters at an angle.

The height of the balustrade, like the railing, should be about 90cm, the distance between the posts 10-20cm.

Balustrade

It is also important to determine the location of all the pedestals (support pillars) in the flight of stairs. They are approximately twice as thick as the posts (balusters). They can be mounted on studs or dowels. The length of the fastening element should be about 10 cm.

If the pillars do not rest on wooden surface, and on concrete, then it is necessary to make embedded parts in it, to which a bolt-screw is subsequently welded. In order to place a cabinet on this bolt-screw, a hole of the appropriate diameter and length is drilled in it and then the pole is simply screwed onto the fastener.

If the floor surface is made of plank material, fastening the pillars is carried out in the same way as installing balusters on the wooden surface of steps. Often in wooden structures the bottom post is placed on the last step and pressed against the riser.

Upon completion of the installation of the cabinets, you need to clearly mark the location of the racks. They should all be on the same line. You also need to correctly determine the cutting line of the railings so that they fit correctly with the cabinets.

One way to fit the handrail onto all the balusters is to make a groove along the entire length of the handrail to a depth of about 8 mm. The width of the sample corresponds to the width of the racks. This can be done using a machine.

To securely install the railings, you can fasten a thin strip on top of all the posts using self-tapping screws. Railings are laid on top of it and also fixed with self-tapping screws. It is worth remembering that their length should not be long so that they do not protrude through the railing. Additionally, the handrails must be secured to the support posts. Using glue it will be possible to further strengthen the entire structure.

Having completed all the work on installing a wooden balustrade, you can secure your stay at height and give a solid appearance to your staircase, terrace or balcony.

Although stair railings are considered a minor design detail because they are not always used, they are important enough to be discussed. The main function is to ensure safety and convenience when moving along a flight of stairs. Quite a lot important role plays the railing design.

Wood, concrete, metal and glass are traditionally used for manufacturing. The latter is usually used to fill the distances between posts.

In this article we will talk about metal fencing for stairs .

Sketches of railings and fences - photos and drawings

Sketches of railings are an integral part of the design and help to present the final picture in more detail. Photos of railings, computer graphics or hand drawings are suitable for these purposes.

Stair railing elements

Railing - these are fences flights of stairs, which protect a person from falling out and ensure convenient operation of the structure. Accessories for railings:

• Balusters . Support posts, with the help of which the fence is attached to the stairs. Perform load-bearing and decorative functions.
• Filling fences . It is necessary in order to close the space between the racks, and thereby ensure the safety of movement along the stairs. Partitions are required if there are children in the house. There are several main types of filling (shown in the photo).
  1. classic. Consist only of vertical or inclined balusters;
  2. solid panels. This type of fencing is a set of wide sheets. As a rule, they are used when combining railings with glass.
  3. filling with crossbars. In this case, the space between the balusters is closed with horizontal metal rods - crossbars or rails, located parallel to the handrails.

Handrails - fencing elements that are installed on balusters on one side of the flight of stairs or on both. Can also be mounted on the wall. Handrail overlays provide a comfortable and pleasant hand grip.

Types of railings for stairs - materials and manufacturing methods

Before explaining how to make a railing for a staircase, you need to choose what metal would be better suited for our purposes.

• aluminum;
• iron;
• cast iron;
• steel railings.

The choice of material depends on many factors, but the most important is the purpose of the product. For example, for exterior railings, stainless steel is best, which produces nickel-plated railings. Or cast iron, products from which can be seen in old entrances or on bridges.

Aluminum railings are great for indoors and can take more complex shapes(screw or rotary). Iron is generally used for mass production. It is difficult to process and is not suitable for homemade products.

According to the manufacturing method, they distinguish the following types railing:

Prefabricated railings for stairs

The railings are assembled from steel or aluminum parts. In the first case, upon completion of the work, the railings are painted, in the second, a special protective coating. Aluminum railings have the following advantages:

• ease of installation (you can do it yourself);
• cheapness;
• low weight of the structure.

The listed advantages are due to the fact that prefabricated fences are manufactured without the use of welding. If necessary, the structure can be easily dismantled.

According to the method of applying the protective coating, railings and handrails are divided into:

• fences with polymer coating;
• anodized aluminum railings.
• steel with chrome plating.

Welded railings for stairs - photo of metal fences

Welded railings for stairs are made of steel or ferrous metal. Their advantage is strength and durability. However, with proper finishing, such products also turn out to be very beautiful. To shape stainless steel railings, the method of “cold” metal bending is used. This type of design is characterized by the presence of geometric patterns.

The disadvantage of welded iron railings is their susceptibility to corrosion and the need for periodic painting. Stainless steel railings do not have this drawback. The service life of such products is about 50 years. They do not require painting or additional care. If necessary, you can repair the railings yourself. The surface of the steel is processed using polishing, grinding or satin finishing.

Welding of railings is divided into two types:

• semi-automatic;
• argon-arc.

The disadvantage of the first method is the large amount of splashes. The second method does not have this drawback and is therefore more common. The seam with argon welding is more accurate and lends itself well to further processing, which includes stripping and polishing. The handrail is fastened using a hardware assembly or by gluing with a special glue.

Wrought iron railings for stairs - photos of stair railings

Forged stair railings are distinguished by their exquisite appearance and complex manufacturing process. They are made using the artistic forging method, often according to individual project. Any finishing options and a mixture of styles are possible - from light, openwork, airy structures to massive ones that create a feeling of reliability.

Forged stair railings will give any product or interior a unique charm of antiquity and good quality.

Wrought iron railings for stairs offer a huge variety of colors: gold, silver, copper, etc. The only drawback of such products is their extremely high price.

Cast fences and railings

To make cast fences and railings, a sample of the future product is first prepared, from which a mold is made. Next, molten metal (bronze, cast iron, brass) is poured into it. After the material hardens, it is further processed. Casting has a number of advantages:

• durability and strength;
• variety of forms.

Combined railings for stairs

Combined fencing involves a combination of different materials. For example, chrome railings with powder coated, steel handrails and glass inserts, or aluminum handrails. Such variety makes combined railings universal solution, suitable for almost every staircase.

Requirements for stair railings - standards for railings and handrails

The requirements for fencing (GOST and SNiP) are determined by their main function - ensuring safety during ascent and descent. In this regard, the design must comply with certain standards:

• the height of stair railings is from 90 cm to a meter.
• the racks are installed from each other at a distance of about 60 cm;
• the space between the balusters is filled using one of the methods described above;
• if the handrail is attached to the wall, then the distance from it to the wall should be 7-10 cm;
• handrail overlays must be smooth and continuous, have a cross-section of 5 cm;
• handrails for stairs protrude 30 cm beyond the step line and have a rounded end;
• the structure must withstand a load of at least 100 kg per meter.

On stairs installed in children's institutions, the handrail should be duplicated at a height of 50 cm. And the distance between the posts is reduced to 10 cm so that the child cannot stick his head through.

Installing handrails with your own hands - installation of stair railings video

It is difficult to overestimate how important reliable installation of stair railings is. First of all, the safety of people depends on this. If you don’t know how to install railings, but want to do it yourself, choose one of two methods:

Attaching the handrail to the wall - installation on stairs

Fastening the handrail to the wall is used if the staircase is located near the wall. In this case, racks are not needed; the handrails are installed using special brackets, the size of which is designed so that the distance from the handrail to the wall is about 7-10 cm.

The handrail bracket can be of two types:

• cast;
• articulated

When using the second type, it is possible to adjust the tilt of the handrail, which is very convenient. The structure is easy to assemble and can be quickly dismantled if necessary.

Attaching balusters to steps - handrails to stairs

Installation of balusters can be done in three ways:

1. single- the simplest and least reliable way, when the stand is fixed only to the anchor (dowel). But, as a rule, it is quite enough;
2. flange mounting– involves fixing the flange using self-tapping screws. For maximum reliability, use three self-tapping screws;
3. anti-vandal fastening of fences- the most reliable. With the help of a drill, holes are drilled in the steps and embedded parts are placed in them, onto which pipes for the railings are attached.

Mounting on a step

1. Installing railings using this method begins with marking out the places on the steps where the posts will be located. They should be located at a distance of 5-10 cm from the edges of the step and at a distance of 30-60 cm from each other.
2. First, the first and last pillars are installed. For single mounting To do this, holes 12 cm deep and 16 mm in diameter are drilled into the steps. Anchors (dowels) are inserted into the holes, onto which balusters are mounted.
   
   
   For flange mounting Three holes are drilled, 8 cm deep and 1.2 cm in diameter, into which dowels are inserted. The flange is secured with self-tapping screws and the stand is attached to it. An example is shown in the photo. During installation, you must ensure that the entrance pillars are vertical, as they will serve as a guide for the rest of the balusters.
   
   
   
3. Pull a cord along the top of the outer posts and install balusters, aligning them with the cord. Then check the verticality of each and attach to the steps.
   

   Stainless steel handrails can be attached either on top of the balusters, with self-tapping screws, or on the side, using flanges.

4. Before installation, cut stainless steel handrails to the required length at a right angle. Determine where holes need to be drilled by placing the handrail against the posts. Place on hinges and secure.
5. If the space between the racks is filled using crossbars, then it is necessary to cut them into pieces of the required size, determine the mounting locations on the racks (usually 2 or 3) and drill holes. Fix the crossbar on the balusters.
   
   
   
   If used as padding glass panels, then it is necessary to install special holders on the rack and secure the panels with their help.
   
   
   

The disadvantage of fastening “on a step” is that the fence reduces the width of the flight. That's why this method undesirable for narrow stairs. In this case, it is preferable to mount the racks at the end.

Attaching balusters to the end of the step

Such fastening of the railing is possible when the distance between the flights is at least 70 cm. The baluster is installed at the end using two anchors. There are four possible ways:

1. Fastening balusters to two expansion anchors through a sleeve. It is used in cases where it is necessary to place the stand at a short distance from the step. At the end of the step, 2 recesses are drilled into which expansion anchors are inserted through holes in the racks and bushings with decorative overlays so that the end of the anchor protrudes slightly. A cap nut is screwed onto this end, expanding it and securing it.
   
   
   
2. Side mount. In this case, the balusters are threaded into special holders and fixed. And expansion anchors secure them to the flight of stairs.
   
   
   
3. On two expansion anchors without the use of a sleeve. In this case, the stand is adjacent to the end of the step. It differs from the first method only in that a bushing is not used.
   
4. Fastening with a chemical anchor. Chemical or liquid nails are an adhesive substance that penetrates deeply into concrete and firmly holds it together. This method is used if it is necessary to secure stair railings into a concrete structure. So, an anchor and a pin are inserted into the hole filled with the mixture.
   
   
   

After the balusters are secured, the remaining installation of the railings is carried out. In the same way as when installing ON a stage (described above). The stainless steel staircase railings are ready.

• racks cannot be installed in places where there is a difference in height and bending of the handrails (fracture);
• during installation, in places of branch and fracture, it is necessary to adjust the joint as accurately as possible;
• If possible, the joints of the crossbars should be made so that they are covered with fasteners or special fittings;
• When installing racks on steps lined with tiles, it is necessary to make a mark on the surface so that the drill with a diamond core does not slip.

If you follow these rules, you can assemble the stair railings with your own hands. This is a very real task if you approach it methodically and slowly.

1. Definition
2. Types of fencing
3. Calculation of fences
4. Height
5. Width
6. Distances

Stair railings ensure safety of movement along the stairs when ascending and descending. Railings and balusters complete the design of the march and emphasize the style. Railings and fences can be ordered at finished form or make them yourself.

Definition

The railing is vertical structures, installed along the edge of the flight of stairs. They ensure the safety of people when ascending and descending. The railing consists of several elements:

• Handrail is the upper part on which a person’s hand rests when moving.
• Balusters are vertical posts that support the handrail. The outermost stand is a cabinet. Handrails are attached to it at the bottom and top of the flight.
• Horizontal slats (string) - fencing under the handrails - are located parallel to the movement of the march. Replace balusters.
• Fastening system – elements for fixing the fence.

Basic functions of railings and balusters

Fences must be installed on flights of stairs longer than 4 steps. There may be no railings on the stairs on the wall side, but there must be railings on the free side.. The elements are fastened securely so that the structure can perform its main functions:

• Support. Stair lifts have different angles of rise. People of varying physical fitness overcome these obstacles. Stair railings should help people of different ages, weights and physical abilities to distribute the load on their legs when ascending and descending.
• Safety. Properly designed ladders not only provide stability for the climber, but also prevent falls in the event of loss of balance.
• Decor. Stair railings decorate the flight and emphasize the style. When choosing the design of wooden and metal handrails, it is important to combine them with the surrounding space.

Types of fencing

Stair railing can be made from different materials and have different shapes, therefore these structures are classified according to several criteria.

Fences can be:

• metal;
• wooden;
• polymer;
• glass;
• concrete;
• combined.

Metal railings and fencing posts are made from aluminum or forged steel. The former are distinguished by impeccable shine and smoothness, the latter have decorative properties, since they are made according to individual sketches.

Wooden railings are most often found in private homes: they are warm to the touch, smooth, fit into any interior, and are affordable.

Polymer fences are made of hard plastics that are installed on special fasteners. Compared to other materials, polymer is the cheapest.

Glass fencing is installed in public buildings: in shopping and office centers. They are made from tempered glass.

Concrete barriers are suitable for entrance buildings and on main staircases. Elements are cast from concrete in a factory, sometimes right on the construction site.

Combined fencing combines several materials. The most common option is to mount it on forged or aluminum balusters. wooden railings.

Handrails also differ in the installation method:

• A separate profile (tube, shaped profile, rectangular) is a product that is attached to the fence structure with special parts.
• Balusters and railings are a classic option for arranging stair railings. They are attached to each other and fixed on the flight of stairs.
• Modular ones consist of ready-made blocks (baluster or fence + handrail + fasteners). They are assembled in accordance with the march plan on the spot.

By location, metal, plastic and wooden railings can be:

• external, they are installed on the street. The main requirement for materials for manufacturing is resistance to weather conditions;
• Internal fences in premises can be made of any materials.

Calculation of fences

To make reliable railings, they must be calculated correctly

Height

The height of the wooden handrail is the main value that must be determined to ensure safety. According to regulatory construction documents, the height of the railings should be:

• 0.9 meters for public buildings and residential buildings;
• in areas where a fall from a height of more than 5 meters is possible, it is necessary to fasten fences with a height of 110 cm;
• stair railings in a house or building with special requirements can be located at a height of 0.7 meters;
• in children's institutions, handrails are installed at a height of 0.5 meters.

For institutions where there is a flow of children (schools, kindergartens), double fences of 0.9 and 0.5 meters are usually installed parallel to each other at a distance of up to 10 cm. This ensures comfortable movement for children and adults.

The height of the railings in a private house may not correspond to the norm; individual determination of this parameter is allowed. To calculate your ideal height, extend your arm forward as you descend a flight of stairs. Then measure the distance from your palm to the step. This is the ideal height for you.

Width

The width of the railing should be such that you can grab the handrail. According to the standard, they are produced in widths from 30 to 70 mm; larger sizes are also used for main staircases.

How to determine the width of the handrails that is comfortable for you: in case of a possible fall, the handrail should be comfortable to grab onto without the risk of injury.

Distances

The reliability and strength of the structure largely depend on the distance between the balusters.

• The number of balusters and their parameters are determined by the size and weight of the handrail. When using flexible or heavy railings, balusters should be installed on the stairs so that the profile does not sag or excessive loading of the supports occurs. If spans of more than 15 cm are formed, it is necessary to install a protective string parallel to the railings.
• In the classic version, balusters are installed on a wooden staircase at each step, sometimes several at once.

• For children's institutions, it is necessary to install supports on each step every 15-20 cm to prevent children from falling.

Manufacturing of wooden fences

For a dacha or private home, you can design and manufacture fencing yourself. This will allow you to get custom railings that match the home owner’s design. The cost of a homemade product is significantly lower than that of a purchased product.

Step-by-step plan for making a structure with your own hands.

Step 1. Drawing up a diagram

If the house already has a finished staircase without a fence, the design should be done based on its plan. If construction is just beginning and interesting idea the railing is already there, then the flight of stairs can be adjusted to these wishes.

A plan is created that takes into account:

• height of the staircase railing;
• type and pitch of balusters;
• railing width

Step 2. Select wood for making components

For the production of balusters and handrail profiles they use different breeds trees:

• The most durable wood is beech, ash and oak. It has a pleasant structure and an expressive cut.
• Wood is common and inexpensive coniferous species– spruce, pine, larch.

Soft hardwoods It is undesirable to use wood to create fences - the products shrink greatly and become deformed when drying, becoming covered with cracks.

The normal moisture content of wood that can be used for making railings and balusters is 12–18%.

Step 3. How to make balusters

The method is determined by their shape.

They can be:

• flat;
• voluminous.

To make flat balusters you will need processed boards. Hand saws and with a carving tool a pattern is made on them. There are many examples, some ideas can be gleaned from the photographs presented.

To make a three-dimensional baluster you will need a lathe. On rotating equipment, the desired pattern is cut out using various chisels and knives. A milling machine will help you achieve a deeper, asymmetrical design that cannot be done on a lathe.

Step 4. Making handrails

To make a handrail, you will need a rectangular or round piece of different lengths:

• corresponding to the span, if its length is small.
• the span length can be divided into 2-3 parts for ease of manufacture and installation of the fence.

For a spiral staircase, the workpiece must be rounded by turning or the length divided into many elements in order to then connect them with glue. Only the end of the handrail can be rounded.

Processing of workpieces:

• We grind square beams, round and smooth the corners. The width of the railing should be convenient for gripping with a brush, the average is 6 cm. A rectangular blank can be given a relief: cut grooves along the beam to make it easier to grip, decorate them with small details, but everything should be smooth, without sharp corners and hangnails.
• To obtain a round handrail, we grind the blank square section with cut edges lathe. You can add a slight relief, but it should be smooth.

There is another way to make handrails - gluing boards, if not suitable material. To do this, take boards of the same length, glue them together and, after the glue has completely dried, process the resulting semi-finished product using the methods listed above.

Step 5. Attaching the balusters to the steps

Installation of balusters on a wooden staircase can be done in two ways:

1. Self-tapping screws and bolts.
2. Glue method.

We will not consider the second option due to its dubious effectiveness; masters use it in special cases. You will definitely need glue if the railing was made from separate fragments that need to be joined.

Before proceeding with installation, markings are made on the steps where the balusters will go. The master tells more about this process in the video:

To attach the balusters to the handrails, you will need screws or self-tapping screws 80 mm long, 10 mm in diameter and washers.

For fastening you need:

1. Drill a hole for the screw in the step according to the markings.
2. Prepare the same hole in the baluster.
3. Place a washer on the screw and drive it from the bottom of the step.
4. Attach and secure the stand.

The upper and lower end posts are attached in the same way with a screw, but welded to the embedded part on the landing.

When the installation of the balusters is completed, the guide is attached to them with clamps at the level of the handrail. Appropriate marks are made on the posts with a pencil along which the cut will be made.

To avoid damaging the secured wood, wooden pads should be installed under the clamps.

Cutting by marks can be made on miter saw, other tools will not give an even cut at the desired angle.

This process can be clearly seen in the video:

After installing the balusters, we prepare the handrail. Using the previously installed guide, we measure the angle of contact between the handrail and the outer post, and cut it off on the prepared product. Then we make a groove under mounting plate. We take its width as the diameter of the ends of the balusters, and its height as 5–10 mm. We attach the plank to the balusters fixed with clamps and a beam using self-tapping screws, recessing the head into the material of the plank.

Using a jigsaw, we cut out a recess in the handrail for the bar. It will have a depth of 5–10 mm and a width equal to the width of the slats attached to the balusters. How to do this, look at the video:

All that remains is to fix the handrail on the rail. To do this, we launch the fastening elements from the bottom of the rail, attracting the prepared product with a little force. The stair railing is ready! We invite you to watch a short video summary.

Each employee of the company is a specialist of the highest category.

Quality production

More than 10 years in the installation services market.

During this time we acquired successful experience in the implementation of the most complex and large-scale projects.

By contacting our company, each customer is guaranteed to receive:

1. A professional team of workers with extensive experience, 2. A full arsenal of high-tech modern equipment, 3. A guarantee of project completion within the specified time frame, 4. The most reasonable prices for all types of services, 5. Service high level and informative consultations.

We have a team of professionals

Our company has existed in the installation services market for more than 10 years. During this time, we have gained successful experience in implementing the most complex and large-scale projects.

Quality production

Using only the best and proven materials, as well as the work of highly qualified workers, is the key to success in implementing your plans.

Speed ​​and quality of installation

Large production volumes enable us to offer customers the lowest prices for railings, without loss of quality and maintaining minimum installation times.

About company

Benefits of working with our company.

• Experience.
• Manufacturing and installation times.
• Quality of work.
• Price.

More than 10 years of work in the industry has allowed us to accumulate a colossal amount of knowledge.

The company's management has specialized engineering and construction education. We can solve engineering problems of any complexity.

We have developed design solutions for design organizations. These solutions comply with all SNIP standards and significantly simplify the work of designers.

The team of welders consists of specialists of the highest category. Tig welding allows you to get the job done jeweler's precision and quality of execution.

Installation of railings, as a rule, takes place at the final stage of finishing work. The speed and quality of installation directly affects the delivery time of the project.

Our specialists carry out installation in the shortest possible time, even on large objects. We leave no dirt or debris behind.

Work culture is one of the main aspects of our work.

Our experience and qualifications of our employees allow us to carry out installation at several large sites simultaneously. Large production volumes enable us to offer customers the lowest prices for railings, without loss of quality and maintaining minimum installation times.

Installation of stair railings
Installation of stair railings Each employee of the company is a specialist of the highest category. High-quality production Using only the best and proven materials, as well as labor

Attaching handrails to stairs: installation instructions

Any multi-story building can't do without stairs. This is often the only way to move from floor to floor. It goes without saying that in large shopping centers and similar enterprises all work is carried out by contractors. But if you are installing a staircase in a private house, then you can make the staircase and railings or handrails yourself, in order to save money.

How to attach the railings?

Wooden railings

Wooden railings consist of handrails and balusters. The handrails perform the coupling function of all balusters, which ensures the reliability and strength of the entire structure. In addition, it provides convenience when moving up and down stairs. To install them you will need a hacksaw, chisel, hammer, square, screwdrivers, level, plumb line, etc.

The installation process itself consists of several stages:

1. First of all, the outer cabinets are installed, at a height of 80-90 cm from the floor. This is the average height at which a person feels comfortable lifting. After installation, you need to tighten the rope and try to go up and down the stairs, if the height suits you, then leave everything as it is, if not, correct it.
2. Then you need to calculate the frequency of the balusters and drill holes in the handrail. The gap between the balusters may vary, but not more than 20 cm, otherwise small children may crawl into them and fall down the stairs.
3. Then you should saw off the upper edges of the balusters at the angle of the tense bowstring. The bottom edges remain straight if they are attached to a step or at a similar angle if they are attached to a straight board.
4. It is best to mount it with self-tapping screws, having previously made notches on the handrails and steps and tenons on the balusters, additionally placing the entire structure on glue.

Aluminum railings

Installing aluminum railings with your own hands is quite simple and does not take much time. It is produced in just a few stages:

1. Before starting installation, you need to make markings on the stairs in the places where you will install the balusters. In these places it will be necessary to make holes 18 mm in diameter and 100 mm deep. Once all the holes have been drilled, you will need to fill them. two-component glue and insert anchors into them.
2. Scroll the anchors, you need them to be well fixed, only then inflate the balusters on them. It is necessary to make 2-3 holes in different places so that it can be conveniently adjusted in the future. But the total height of the holes should not exceed the height of the anchors.
3. Place a flange over the top edge, which will later serve as an additional fastening for the entire structure. Lower it to the floor, and put hinges on the top edge.
4. Now you need to put the handrail on the hinges and adjust it in height, after which the height is fixed with self-tapping screws, screwing them to the anchors. The flange must be glued to the floor using silicone glue.
5. The handrail is fixed to the hinges using self-tapping screws. If the staircase consists of several flights, then all the handrails are connected to each other using rotating elements, which are made in two types: 90 and 135 degrees.

Stainless steel railings

Assembly begins with the installation of racks on the last and first steps. Keep in mind that it is necessary to drill holes for the racks in the middle of the step, 35-50 mm away from the edges, this will prevent chips and cracks. Next, we install intermediate posts, just as in the case of aluminum railings. Depending on the design, you can end the railings with caps or make turns to the next floor.

Wrought iron railings

Installing forged railings with your own hands is not as difficult as it seems at first glance. Can buy ready-made elements, the choice now seems wide. Or you can contact a blacksmith to make it to order, then he will make all the details according to your individual sketches, which will fully meet the aesthetic requirements of your building.

The installation itself requires minimal welding skills. The main thing is to make corners on the steps, and then connect all the parts by welding. Of course, you first need to mark the places where the parts will be welded. When the structure is installed, you need to prime it and paint it in any color you like.

That's all the main types of railing fastenings for stairs. Choose a convenient and acceptable way for you and go ahead to decorate your favorite home or make a personal beauty salon. Remember, everything is in your hands.

Attaching handrails to stairs: installation instructions
Installation of railings and handrails for stairs is quite feasible with your own hands with minimal construction skills.

Staircase installation: reliability is paramount

Installation of the span: with feeling, with sense, with arrangement

Not only apartment buildings, but private buildings often have more than one floor in height. To move between levels, it is necessary to install flights of stairs and landings. This article gives basic ideas about structural elements stairs, their characteristics and GOST standards.

Metal frame of staircase structure

Elements of staircase design

When choosing a transitional structure between floors, the average person most often gives priority to the beauty and aesthetics of the staircase elements, but we should not forget that the design of the staircase must first of all meet the utilitarian requirements regulated by GOST, among which safety is paramount.

Staircase design elements

Below are definitions of the main stair elements:

• Span marching type(march) – the number of steps between the platforms.
• The turning area is the horizontal zone between the main flights.
• Stringers are special bases for supporting steps.
• Risers are vertical elements of a step that close the space underneath it.
• A bowstring is a solid wooden or metal beam that connects all steps of the flight.
• Balusters are the supports on which the railings of the fence are attached.

Materials for stairs

Depending on what materials the staircase is made of, both the price of the product and its characteristics depend.
For marches and flights the following is used:

• wood is the most common material from which it is easy to make your own stringers, steps and fences,
• metal – has the greatest strength,
• stone is durable and reliable in use,
• glass – a modern original solution,
• concrete and reinforced concrete are the “classics” of modern construction.

Old stone staircase

Main characteristics of marches and platforms

According to GOST, the slope of the march is 1:2 - 1:1.75 ratio of the height to the length of the step, for auxiliary steps - no steeper than 1:1.25. The steps in the march are made identical, comfortable for walking, their number is no less than three and no more than 18. The most common are marches with 10 - 13 steps - this number is considered the most convenient when ascending or descending.

The width of the steps should ensure the placement of a full foot (at least 250 mm), the height should be in the range of 130-200 mm. The fencing of platforms and flights is made with a height of 0.9 m. The width of the flights according to GOST is at least 800-1000 mm, and the width of the platform is not less than the same size chosen for the flight.

Preparation for installation

Depending on the material, the work performed to construct the stairs differs. They can be divided into two stages: preparation of elements and installation.

The installation of staircases and landings by specialists begins with drawing up a project, where they visualize the nuances of operations, the arrangement of structural parts and compliance with GOST.

Based technical documentation elements are purchased or manufactured required sizes: stringers, steps, platforms and fences. The place of their fastening is marked and, if necessary, enlarged assembly is carried out. At this stage, it is important to comply with GOST requirements for the size and configuration of stairs.

Installation of main elements

Methods of fastening steps

The fastening of the staircase elements also depends on the type of material, which determines what characteristics the stringers and other components should have. One thing remains unchanged - installation must ensure rigid fixation of flights of stairs and landings to load-bearing walls. This is the price of security.

Installation of fences

Fencing of flights and platforms is one of the important components of the stairs. Its primary task is to ensure safety (protect against a possible fall) and ease of movement (serve as a support when ascending or descending).

1. balusters – vertical or horizontal supports of the fence,
2. handrails,
3. infill – a fencing element that performs a decorative function (thanks to decoration), and protective (limiting the space between the balusters).

The requirements for stair railings are regulated by GOST standards, according to which their height for internal stairs- at least 90 centimeters. Fences must be free of sharp corners and protrusions and have a fire-resistant treatment.

The stairs must be safe for children

Special requirements apply to stairs in institutions where children are located (schools or kindergartens). Here, the design according to GOST must be such as to protect children: it is mandatory to install additional handrails 50 centimeters high.

The maximum gap between balusters is 10 cm. If there are children in a private house, it is worth complying with these GOST requirements when constructing a staircase railing.

There are various methods of attaching fencing balusters to flights and platforms: welding, concreting, fixing with screws - for each material there is its own, most correct solution. The main condition: the design of the stairs must be safe.

The collected information outlines the main milestones of “staircase construction”. Those who wish to study “narrow” issues in more detail are invited to find answers on our Internet resource or leave a comment with wishes for the disclosure of a topic of interest. For example, more details about GOST requirements for flights of stairs have already been written in the corresponding article.
Staircase installation: reliability is paramount

Installation of flights of stairs and landings must be carried out taking into account the requirements of GOST and SNiP. Otherwise, there is a risk of the span being skewed, which is dangerous for people.

When arranging a staircase with your own hands, it is important to know how to properly attach balusters and railings so that the structure is not only reliable and stable, but also looks neat. The technology for performing such work may differ depending on the materials and design used.

Functions and types of products

First, you should understand the structure of the railings and balusters themselves, their functions and varieties, and only then consider the installation itself. Both of these elements form a fence with handrails, the installation of which in most cases is mandatory for arranging a staircase. Balusters perform the following functions:

• create decorative design march,
• serve as a support for handrails,
• gives rigidity to the fence,
• protect against injury or falling from stairs.

The railings should be installed directly on top of the balusters. They provide convenience and safety for moving up the stairs. In addition, they are a kind of final element of fencing and carry a certain aesthetic value.

Can be combined in one design various materials. At the same time, the methods of fastening such balusters and railings may differ radically. In order to better understand this issue, three main categories of materials used for fencing should be distinguished:

Types of stair railings depending on the material of manufacture

You can also find a combination of metal with glass or plastic and other effective combinations.

Hardware

Let's consider the process of installing balusters and railings with your own hands, starting with metal products. Such elements may differ in the type of alloy used, shape and principle of use. First of all, the following categories should be distinguished:

• Painted iron. The simplest option. Balusters are made of metal tubes, plates or cast elements coated with paint to protect them from rust.
• Stainless tubes. Standard option for both residential and office buildings. Goes well with plastic railings. Have nice view and are not susceptible to corrosion.
• Forged elements. Figured and openwork balusters created by cold or hot forging.

Metal stair railings can be made from various alloys

Fastening of such products can be of two types: welded and screw. In the first case, the individual fragments are connected to each other and to the fence frame by welding. The seams should be sanded so as not to spoil the appearance of the structure. In the second case, all parts are fixed with bolts. It is in this way that the railings are attached to metal balusters. Metal supports and wooden handrails are, perhaps, best combination for both interior and exterior use.

The fencing sections themselves are attached to the steps or wall using bolts and support plates. In the presence of metal parts or fittings can be welded.

Methods of fastening metal fences

Wooden fencing

Another popular type of staircase structure is wood railing. Also available here various ways fastenings that allow you to install railings and balusters made of natural wood. First of all, you should distinguish between the types of supports:

• Flat - products made from plywood or flat boards.
• Simple planks are planks of wood with a square or round cross-section sawn into the required lengths.
• Figured - made by processing a piece of wood on milling machine according to the template.
• Carved - decorated with carvings, they are the most complex to perform.

Types of supports for wooden stair railings

In order to mount such a fence, you can use several techniques. In most cases, it is better to install balusters directly to the surface of the steps. Can be fixed on stringers if their size allows. In some cases, it is possible to move them beyond the stringers. Balance bars are also sometimes used, especially on march platforms.

The wooden balusters themselves can be fastened in the following ways:

• on glue using dowels,
• using self-tapping screws,
• on metal pins and screw-in hinges.

Methods of fastening wooden fences

The same principles apply to the railings. In order to ensure a level structure, the height and position of each element are checked by level. The upper part of the baluster is filed if necessary. Handrails are installed on top of the beveled cut.

In order to avoid problems with the angle of inclination of the fasteners, it is best to use mounting on conformats or screw-in hinges. The latter are especially good for joining elements on turning sections of stairs.

Concrete models

Separately, you should consider the process of installing concrete railings and balusters. It is not always possible to do such work with your own hands alone, since the structural elements often have considerable weight. This staircase design option is more suitable for outdoor buildings, but will also be appropriate in spacious buildings with concrete or stone stairs.

Concrete structures are more suitable for street use

Such balusters are most often made by pouring a solution into a mold. To make them easier to move, you can make half pieces and then join them together using fresh solution. For greater strength, concrete is reinforced with metal. In the future, it is the reinforcement that can serve as the basis for connecting fragments of the fence. Such balusters are welded to a predetermined place, where a metal rod is first placed in the concrete.

An alternative installation option is mounting on a base. In this case, you need to provide a hole in the center in the baluster. It is best to use the same reinforcement as a base. Concrete railings are laid using the same principle, additionally strengthened with mortar. In the future, they can be finished with tiles or stone.

Installation diagram of concrete balusters

To ensure that the installation of fencing with your own hands is done efficiently, regardless of the material, be sure to check the strength of the fasteners and the required level.

Installation of balusters and railings with your own hands: methods of fastening and installation
The purpose of railings and balusters, their main types and methods of fastening fencing elements, depending on the type of materials used.

Railings play an important role when arranging a staircase. They allow you to further strengthen the structure. Also, railings and balusters increase the safety of using the stairs. They may have different appearances. The railings must fit into general style design.

Some private property owners install the presented structural elements themselves. How to install railings, advice from experienced builders will help you understand. There are many varieties similar designs. Before installation, it is necessary to consider their main features.

Requirements for railings

The most important stage of work when arranging a staircase is installation of railings. Installation price varies according to the chosen design, material. The average cost of a linear meter of railings is 700-2500 rubles. The high cost of construction forces many owners of private houses to do the work themselves.

To ensure that the railings are aesthetic and functional, you should take the advice of experienced builders. They stipulate a number of requirements that are put forward to the presented designs.

Railings must have an aesthetic appearance. To do this, they are correlated with overall design object. There are many types of materials from which step fencing can be made. Also, the railings should be comfortable and durable. They should strengthen the ladder and increase the safety of its operation.

Selection of materials

It can be done with your own hands quickly and efficiently if this work is done in accordance with building codes. There are many options for the designs presented. Various materials are used for their manufacture.

Railings made of metal, wood, glass and plastic are in great demand. They differ in installation features, strength, and durability. IN wooden house A staircase and railings made of the same material would look appropriate. Classic interior will harmoniously complement metal structure. New design styles can be enhanced with glass and plastic railings.

Metal structures are in high demand. They are practical and beautiful. There are aluminum and chromed metal. The railings look interesting. The choice depends on the installation features, the skills of the craftsman, and the taste preferences of the home owners.

Design elements

Installation of stainless steel railings varieties of steel, wood or glass can be done by hand. To do this, it is necessary to consider the main design elements. These include supporting pedestals, balusters and handrails. They are most often present in all types of stairs.

Support pedestals are installed at the end and beginning of the flight of steps. They will bear the main load during operation. Sometimes the supports are installed on special platforms. This makes the structure durable.

Balusters are vertical posts that support the railing along its entire length. They can be made from different materials. Their configuration may vary significantly.

The handrails correspond to the length of the railing. They can be round, square or other shape. The surface of the handrails should be smooth and well finished.

Tools and materials

Before starting installation, you need to consider how it works step-by-step installation of balusters and railings. First you need to choose the material from which the structure will be made. If the master knows how to work with wood, he can make all the elements of the railing himself. To do this, you will need an appropriate set of tools that allows you to process natural material.

If the master does not know the technique of creating wood products, he can order ready-made structural elements. In this case, metal types of structures are very popular. Most often, stainless steel is used in this case.

To install the railing yourself, you need to prepare a chisel, hacksaw, and chisel. You will also need a screwdriver, screwdriver, hammer drill, jigsaw, building level. Marking is done using a pencil and tape measure. In some cases, a welding machine may be required.

Wood selection

If the master wishes to perform installation of wooden railings, he must pay great attention to the choice of material. In this case, a specific list of breeds is used. One of best options is oak. In this case, the supports will be strong enough and the handrails will not wear out.

If you plan to create complex elements designs, it is better to choose beech. This is also durable, but more flexible material. It will be easier to process.

Ash is similar in structure to oak. However, it is inferior in strength. But the cost of ash will be slightly less than that of oak. This is a durable material that, if properly treated, will last for many years.

Birch, pine, and larch can also be used for the purposes presented. The wood will need to be treated with special compounds. This will avoid rotting. The material should not have cracks or defects.

Installation of wooden railings

Performed using special technology. First you need to install the support pedestals. They must be the same height. They are attached to designated places(on platforms). Swaying of support pillars is unacceptable.

It is necessary to drill holes for balusters at equal distances in the handrail. The upper edge of the racks must be filed at the same angle as the slope of the stairs. The bottom of the balusters remains flat. These elements are installed using studs. They are first installed in the base and tightened with nuts. Next, railings are installed on the balusters.

After installation, the wood is treated with a special primer and antiseptic. Next, the surface is opened with varnish.

Metal railings

Installing railings on stairs may be easier to do. In this case, not wood, but metal is used. Existing varieties have certain advantages.

Aluminum is a lightweight material. It has a relatively low cost. Aluminum railings on sale various designs. Their disadvantage is their low strength.

The more popular material is stainless steel. It's stylish durable design. This material is quite expensive. You can also order railings made of painted steel. They are cheaper than the previous variety.

Nickel-plated railings are rarely used. This material is susceptible to corrosion.

Assembly type

Installation of stainless steel railings, aluminum and other metals can be performed different ways. There are prefabricated and welded structures. Cast and forged railings are also common.

Prefabricated structures are easiest to assemble with your own hands. Everything is included in the package necessary elements. They are assembled like a construction set. This is a simple, reliable installation. However, everything metal elements in this case, it will need to be coated with paint.

If the railings are different complex configuration, they are most often assembled by welding. This work can also be done independently. To do this, you will need to purchase a welding machine and practice using it for some time. In this case, it is better to use the argon technique. In this case, the seams are more neat.

Casting and forging

The most decorative among metal varieties designs differ between cast and forged railings. In the first case, the metal is poured into prepared molds in production. Next, the workpieces are processed in a special way. The result is elegant elements that are assembled into a single system.

Forged railings are made according to individual designs. These are the most original forms. The blacksmith creates each element of the staircase by hand. This variety will give the staircase aristocracy. The cost of forged railings is quite high. This is due to the fact that all elements are created manually.

The finishing of cast and forged structural elements may vary. Today, special paints are used to carry out such work. The surface of the metal can be artificially aged. Some metal curls are coated with gold or silver paint. The choice of finishing options in this case is large.

Preparing for installation of metal railings

The staircase can be made of concrete, metal or wood. Railings are most often installed from metal. In this case, several nuances should be taken into account.

On a metal staircase it is made by welding or bolted connection. IN concrete structures special plates must be installed. With their help, metal railings will be attached to the steps. If there are no plates, you can use special anchors.

TO wooden steps bolts should be attached. With their help, metal railings will be installed in their intended places.

Installation process

To install metal railings to steps made of the same material, you need to make markings at the base. Balusters will be installed here. Next, holes are drilled along the markings. They are cleaned well. Pour glue inside and insert pins. When the composition has hardened, you can continue working.

Balusters are installed on the prepared pins using bolts or welding. They must have a clear vertical orientation. This is controlled using a level.

A handrail must be attached to the supports. Welding in this case is used extremely rarely. In this case, the master must have not only initial skills in working with this tool. This is a complex technology. All seams are cleaned and treated with protective compounds.

Having considered the features of installing railings, you can choose the optimal type of material for assembling the structure and install it on the stairs yourself. If you strictly follow the recommendations of professionals, you can create a strong, durable support. This will make the ladder safe to use.