How a load-bearing wall is indicated in the technical data sheet. How to determine a load-bearing wall What is the difference between a load-bearing wall and a main one?
When planning a large-scale renovation with elements of redevelopment, pay attention to the material of your walls, as well as the general layout of the room - after all, not all of them, especially in panel houses, can be removed. So that the results repair work We were happy, let's talk about how to determine load-bearing walls in a Khrushchev building.
Regardless of what kind of house your home is located in - a Khrushchev panel building or a nine-story brick building - it will definitely have load-bearing walls, and simply interior partitions. The latter can actually be removed without any consequences, while violating the integrity of the former will lead to serious troubles that threaten not only your apartment, but even the entire house. But sometimes the planned project requires that a through opening be made in one specific place, or maybe the wall is completely in the way? In any case, you should not resort to dismantling without familiarizing yourself with the floor plan. If you don’t have one at hand, contact the technical inventory bureau or try to determine the load-bearing walls yourself. 
In panel houses
Having not found technical documentation for the apartment, load-bearing walls in panel house easy to determine by their thickness: the fact is that the main walls supporting the floor panels are always a little thicker. So, minimum thickness load-bearing wall in a standard panel house is 12 cm, not taking into account the layer of plaster, finishing materials, and additional partitions are 2 cm thinner. 
Usually, internal walls do not affect the stability of the entire house, but only serve to divide the single space of the apartment into rooms. It is allowed to begin alteration and demolition work only after all walls have been carefully measured and key structures have been identified.
And one more thing: nine-story panel houses in most cases they consist of main walls - such a structure is very reminiscent of a classic house of cards. When planning an apartment renovation in such a house, it is better to familiarize yourself with the detailed plan before starting work.
In Khrushchevka
There are several ways to understand which walls in a Khrushchev building are load-bearing:
- the first, most correct one is to study the technical documentation;
- the second method suggests paying attention to the purpose of the wall - if you have a Khrushchev building, then here load-bearing walls usually divide the floor into separate apartments, and the secondary ones are already dividing each of them into rooms;
- the same applies to areas separating the premises from flight of stairs or common corridors - they are always the main ones;
- but the wall between the room and the balcony, unlike brick houses, on the contrary, does not carry an important load, but retains heat;
- in a divided bathroom, you can safely demolish the partition - this will not affect the integrity or stability of the building in any way.
There is another way to determine which walls are load-bearing - this is by drilling: the thickness of the main partitions is such that one drill is not enough for a through hole.
Which ones can be demolished?
It is somewhat easier to remove an interfering wall in a Khrushchev-era building than in a panel house. The only partitions that can be safely dismantled in the panel are the wall separating the bathroom and the partition between the room and the kitchen. In Khrushchev's houses, remove (in whole or in parts) those that do not have an important function.
Under no circumstances should the main walls that hold the concrete floors be removed. Dismantling them will certainly weaken the ceiling, significantly reducing the load on the foundation. The only acceptable option is partial dismantling with mandatory strengthening of the opening. And lastly: all work related to changing the layout of the premises requires obtaining special permits from the relevant authorities. Once you have received the document, get to work!
Do not neglect the mandatory stages of work - measuring the thickness of the partitions, studying the apartment plan. And the best thing is not to be lazy, and visit the BTI, and understand for sure what kind of object you are dealing with. Only in this case, after renovation, the room will not only improve, receiving an updated look, but will also remain safe for residents.
Good luck with your projects and safe repairs!
Video “How to dismantle a non-load-bearing wall in a Khrushchev building”
This video shows one of the possible options dismantling a non-major partition in an apartment. The recording work was carried out with minimal noise and a small amount of dust.
Let's say you saw how luxuriously your neighbors, who are about to move into it, have remodeled their apartment, but your new home has not yet reached the renovation stage. So, the first thing you definitely need to do is find out how to determine whether a load-bearing wall is or not.
Some residents believe that in new houses there is no such concept, and this phenomenon - a load-bearing wall - is just a relic of the Soviet way of building residential buildings. Don't believe it! A load-bearing wall is any wall that takes on the weight of some other structure. It doesn’t matter at all what it will be, because the main thing is that it is above the carrier.
In most modern new buildings, all the walls that are located around the perimeter of the apartment are load-bearing, since the ceiling evenly distributes the load on each of them. But don't rush to conclusions. It is more likely that the load-bearing walls were chosen by the chief architect taking into account the peculiarities of communications, or some other reasons shaped the layout of the building.
First, let's look at ways to distinguish a load-bearing wall from an ordinary dividing wall, based on the type of house: brick, monolithic, panel.
Yes, I definitely have a brick house. Where is the load-bearing wall?
If you know for sure that your house was made of brick, and you do not have access to see the direction interfloor slabs, then it will be much easier to determine the load-bearing wall based on its thickness. It will exceed the mark of 38 centimeters. This wall is the most powerful in a residential area.
Do not forget that the carrier can be not only an interior one, but also outer wall. This refers to structures that face the street on one side. Windows can be built into them, and a little later I will explain how this is possible.
Does a monolithic house have a load-bearing wall?
Naturally, even in a monolithic house there are certain parts of it that are subject to a more serious load than the rest.
Because of monolithic houses do not have any standard options and are unique buildings in all their guises, you will encounter a problem that only the author of the building can help solve. In any case, if you are planning a redevelopment, you need permission from certain authorities that will give the go-ahead for the demolition or deformation of any walls in your apartment.
What to do with a panel house?
If you are the happy owner of a residential property in a panel house that has just been built, you have simplified your task in finding load-bearing walls. Yes, some people think that panel houses are not the best thing that the world has come up with, but their versatility and practicality will give odds to any of their fellows.
In houses similar type The wall you need can be found quite easily. The load-bearing ones will be those whose thickness exceeds fifteen centimeters, the external walls of the building and their inter-apartment analogues.
Walls that are less than ten centimeters thick can easily be destroyed or partially demolished. Naturally, it all depends on your desires and design decisions.
Universal for all types of houses
In any type of house, be it panel or brick, the load-bearing walls will be those that are located perpendicular to the slab placed on top of them. That's why they get most load on themselves and in no case can be completely destroyed. Is it possible partially? Yes, but it’s too early to talk about this.
You can’t just take half the apartment and demolish it
Now you know how to find out what you need. But, dear reader, if you are planning to redevelop an apartment, this process must be legalized. I'll explain why. You see, any change in the position of the rooms and, accordingly, the partitions between them affects the square footage of the living space, which can further affect the price of your property in the event of sale.
Speaking in simple language, you simply may lose money due to the fact that you did not arrange the redevelopment on time. In addition, no buyer would want to enter into a purchase agreement for a property that does not have a floor plan that is accurate. Moreover, not a single notary will agree to formalize this transaction, since, in principle, your apartment does not exist, and in its place there is something unknown to anyone.
Another reason for the ban on amateur activities in terms of solving this issue is that, out of ignorance, you can cover up not only the walls of your own apartment, but the entire house. There have been numerous cases when the slightest deformation of a load-bearing wall led to the complete destruction of multi-story buildings.
Why did this happen? This, like many problems of humanity, happens from complete ignorance and irresponsibility. Harmless transfer process front door half a meter to the side can deprive people of not only a roof over their heads, but also lead to casualties.
What about doors and windows?
The question may arise in everyone’s head about why, with such a heavy load, it is possible to install doors and windows quite adequately and reliably. This is where everyone’s least favorite university subject, “Strength of Materials,” comes into play. This is exactly the moment when calculations and calculations help a person.
Just like when building a bridge, the weight is distributed evenly across all the supports. When erecting a house, the slabs are laid with the expectation that a large weight will be distributed equally throughout the solid parts of the structure in order to preserve the cavities intended for windows and doors. This is why moving on your own can lead to disaster.
Naturally, there is a solution
You can always find a way out of any situation, and this problem was no exception. The first and only thing you should definitely do is seek help from experienced and, most importantly, qualified specialists. In this matter, it is not enough that the master will say: “We have done this a hundred times.” The hundred and first may not work out.
Under no circumstances should you start making cavities or removing load-bearing walls yourself! This can only be done by a specially trained person. Do not forget that only the decision of certain authorities can allow you to redevelop your apartment, since in this case you will receive new documents corresponding to the new plan.
What can you do with a load-bearing wall?
There are several ways that will lead to excellent design solutions and expansion of living space or its more rational use.
The first thing you can do is install decorated columns. Some consider this thing slightly inconvenient, based on the uselessness of the “post in the middle of the room.” However, the right interior design will help the columns fit into general form apartments. Separate question, if you are making columns not at home, but in an office space, creating something similar to Open Space (open space) for your employees or freelancers distracted from the general work.
If you just want to expand the room, then it is better to do it visually. You can increase the space of the room with the help of mirrors, light wallpaper or paint, and reduce the amount of bulky furniture in the form of grandma's closets and mezzanines, which are lined up in three or even four rows.
Also consider decorative arches, which do not create a closed space, as doors do, and visually expand the volume of the room. An arch is not an ordinary semicircular structure that is designed to simply be walked through. IN in capable hands and with the participation experienced designer even the most hopeless object can be turned into a work of art.
This is what we got
Let's draw a line under what we just discussed. To independence we say: “Basta!”, and accept correct solution. Incorrect placement of a load-bearing wall is not a death sentence, but only a small task for the imagination and flight of fancy. Don't be afraid to experiment and take risks. Only then will you taste the champagne of victory in your new luxurious abode.
When deciding to remodel a room, there are restrictions on the production of some construction work with loaded structures to avoid causing irreparable damage to the structure. A load-bearing or load-bearing element is a structural element of a building that receives and transmits pressure from floors located above or below. The integrity of the load-bearing element is critical to the entire facility. Work is carried out with the permission of the supervisory authorities and subject to the approval of the project.
Reconstruction, as defined by the housing code, is possible only if there is an approved construction project.
What is a load-bearing wall in a room: purpose
Such a wall is understood as a vertical element of a structure that provides protection internal space from climatic conditions, provides thermal insulation, sound insulation, transfers the pressure of the overlying floors to the foundation.
How to determine it yourself
If there is construction documentation, then, if you know how to read it, there are no difficulties; partitions are highlighted in the design documentation. Information is also available to owners of privatized premises technical passport, if you have construction knowledge, this is enough.
In the absence of design documentation, it is still possible to determine whether the wall is loaded, guided by the following tips:
- Usually these are considered external or external structures.
- Separating adjacent apartments should also be considered under pressure.
- Parts of the room on which the ends of the floor slabs lie are considered loaded.
- Common to the apartment and flight of stairs dividing partitions.
It is necessary to highlight points in the presence of which it is easy to understand whether part of the building is under pressure for those with different architectural solutions multi-storey buildings.
Which walls in panel houses are load-bearing?
Standard series panel houses were built according to standard standard designs for the whole country. The technical passport, held by the owner, provides information regarding the series of the house. Knowledge of the building series and the Internet will make it easy to find diagrams on the websites of the customer or developer. The dimensions of all parts of this series of multi-apartment residential properties are indicated here. To understand which partitions (besides their own weight) bear the weight of other components of the structure, this information is enough.
If there are no design documentation, as well as information on the Internet, one can take it as an axiom that walls with a thickness of one hundred and twenty millimeters are loaded. The thickness should be measured without plaster or layers of finishing. If part of the premises of an apartment building is damaged or demolished multi-story building, possible destruction of the structure. Redevelopment in an apartment panel building is not permitted without the permission of the city architect and municipal authorities.
Determine in a brick house
In a brick room, all external walls bear weight upper floors, also partitions between adjacent apartments and dividing an apartment with a flight of stairs.
Walls more than or equal to thirty-eight centimeters thick support the floors in a brick apartment building.
The external walls of a brick house are needed for the installation of floors; they experience the load of the floors of the building located above.
In “Khrushchev” and “Stalin” buildings, the longitudinal walls are intended for mounting floor slabs on them, the transverse walls are partitions.
How to understand where the load-bearing wall is in a monolithic house
The most difficult thing to understand is whether a part of the house is under load in buildings made of monolithic concrete. Various architectural solutions are used here, and even external structures made of monolithic concrete do not always perform loaded functions. In such structures, there may be columns and pylons under load.
To avoid mistakes, in monolithic concrete houses a wall thicker than or equal to two hundred millimeters should be considered under load.
To avoid mistakes, before redevelopment in a monolithic building, you must familiarize yourself with project documentation. Project documentation can be requested from the management company.
IN frame structures having a structure made of metal structures, the weight of the overlying floors is perceived and transmitted by metal structures, and the walls made of blocks can be thicker than two hundred millimeters.
How to distinguish partition walls from load-bearing ones in your apartment: tips
- In brick houses, partitions from three hundred and eighty millimeters thick are considered elements that determine the integrity of the object.
- In buildings made of panels, where the walls are one hundred and forty millimeters or more thick, they are loaded elements.
- In rooms made of monolithic concrete, two hundred or more millimeters of thickness means the structure is recognized as accepting pressure.
- If the ends of the floor slabs lie on the wall, it is classified as a load-bearing structure.
- The partition between adjacent apartments belongs to the loaded part.
- Common to the stairwell and apartment, it also transmits pressure from above.
To begin changing the layout of the apartment, you need to determine which structural parts of the room will undergo deformation or transfer. Then, with the help of specialists, decide whether structures important for the safety of the structure will be affected.
This is most relevant in houses assembled from panels, where the breakdown of one part of the house can lead to irreversible, sometimes tragic, consequences. Prior to the start of reconstruction, preliminary coordination with municipal authorities and architecture departments is required. It should be understood that unauthorized changes in the layout of a multi-storey residential building will lead to consequences in the form of:
- refusal to register changes;
- the impossibility of subsequently making any transaction with an apartment that has undergone redevelopment, even if the elements of a multi-storey building that are critical for the integrity are not affected.
In any case, the redevelopment will have to be registered with the relevant authorities. During the reconstruction process, it may be necessary to transfer communications, so it is better to immediately contact specialists before carrying out construction and installation work. Unauthorized redevelopment with the removal of the structure that transmits the load from top to bottom will be impossible or very difficult.
Useful video
Start from the lowest point in your home. To determine which walls in your house are load-bearing, it is best to start from the place where the main load falls, starting with the foundation. If your home has a basement, start here. If not, try starting from the ground floor, where you can determine the location of the lowest concrete slab’. Pay attention to the walls, the system of beams of which rests directly on the foundation. Any walls that are located directly on the foundation must be considered load-bearing and demolishing them is strictly prohibited.
View the interior walls of the entire structure. Starting with a basement (or, if you don't have one, the first floor), determine the location interior walls. Trace each interior wall through every floor of your home - in other words, pinpoint where the wall is in relation to the floor below, then work your way up to see if the wall extends through subsequent floors. If there is another wall, a floor with perpendicular beams, or other heavy structure above this wall, then it is likely a load-bearing wall.
Search steel beams or pile-beam structures. Sometimes builders use special load-bearing structures, such as steel support beams and pile-and-beam structures, to transfer some of the building's weight to the external walls. In these cases, there is a chance (but not a guarantee) that the nearest internal walls will not be load-bearing. Look for signs of large, sturdy wooden or metal structures that cross the ceiling of a room and extend onto a wall that is known to be load-bearing or external, such as three-dimensional horizontal projections that cross the ceiling.
Look for signs that the house has been remodeled. Many houses, especially old ones, have been changed, expanded and rebuilt several times. If this applies to your home, a former exterior wall may now be an interior wall. If this is the case, then the innocent-looking interior wall may turn out to be load-bearing for the original structure. If you have any reason to believe that your home has been seriously altered, best choice will turn to professionals to be sure that your exterior walls are truly exterior walls.
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We are looking for a load-bearing structure in a panel house
The most common residential buildings are panel type houses.
Depending on the series of the house, the location of the load-bearing structures is different. In any case, there are significantly more of them than partitions. One of the most simple ways definition is the thickness measurement. So, remember that basically its value for partitions in panel houses is 80–100 mm, but load-bearing ones can be 120, 140, 160, 180 and 200. When measuring the thickness, it is worth taking into account the layer of plaster. It must either be removed where the wall was measured, or subtracted from the result obtained.
In 80% of cases, the partitions of panel houses consist of plasterboard, and their thickness is 80 mm. Thus, we attribute everything that is thinner than 120 to partitions, but if the measurements are higher the specified figure, then the walls are load-bearing. Of course, it may happen that the figure turns out to be 120 mm. Then you should use the services of engineers who developed the layout of the house. One way or another, even if you yourself determine that this wall can be dismantled, you will need technical conclusion engineers. Only on its basis are any redevelopments allowed.
Looking for a carrier in a brick house
Now let's talk about old brick buildings. The walls of such houses have different thicknesses depending on the number of bricks in the masonry. The length of a standard brick is 120 mm. Seams between brickwork have an indicator of 10 mm. Thus, if it consists of two rows of bricks, then the value will be calculated as follows: 120 + 120 + 10 = 250 mm. According to further calculations, a brick wall can be: 380 mm (three rows of 120 and two joints of 10), 510 mm (four rows of 120 and three joints of 10), 640 mm (five rows of 120 and four joints of 10) .
Now we explain how to recognize a load-bearing wall in a brick house. And everything is extremely simple: again, by measuring. The walls in such houses separating the apartments are partitions and have a thickness of 250 mm (double masonry). The usual partitions between rooms are either 80 or 120. The remaining walls are load-bearing - they can be 380, 510, 640 and higher.
By the way, there are old houses with wooden floor. Even wooden partitions can be load-bearing. Initially they did not perform such a function, but later became a support for the floors above.
We are looking for a load-bearing structure in a monolithic house
Monolithic houses have a huge variety of layouts. Here you can only be sure that there is a partition in front of you. Therefore, if possible, you will need to find a house project, and also be sure to consult with an engineer from the developer.
Although you can again resort to the method of determining load-bearing walls by measuring the thickness. Magnitude monolithic wall maybe 200, 250, 300 and higher. Having measured it, do not rush to make hasty conclusions. So, if its thickness is less than 200 mm, then this means by 99% that you have measured the partition. But if this figure, for example, is 200 mm, then this does not always confirm the opposite. The fact is that monolithic houses require the use of foam blocks, which are a special type of partition.
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What is a load-bearing wall?
First, find out what a load-bearing wall is and where it is located. Load-bearing walls perform an important task - they maintain the integrity of the entire structure. Columns and beams sometimes act as load-bearing elements, but this does not change their purpose. Since all elements of the roof and ceiling structure rest on the wall, it is important to know during redevelopment how to determine the load-bearing wall in the house.
If you demolish it, it can lead to bad consequences, starting with cracks appearing on the house and ending complete destruction designs. Unlike load-bearing walls, ordinary interior walls support only their own weight and also perform a separating function. To ensure that repair work is carried out safely and correctly, you should contact specialists for help. Only they know how to determine whether a wall is load-bearing or not.
Do not forget about the special permit for redevelopment, which is issued by specialists from the technical inventory bureau. It will indicate which walls can be destroyed and modified, and which are prohibited.
Methods for determining load-bearing walls
There are several ways to determine whether a house has a load-bearing wall or not. Accurate and easy to do is to study the structural plan of a house. This document is under the capital construction department. Also, do not forget about the existence of a technical passport. If the apartment owner knows how to read construction drawings, it will not be difficult for him to determine the load-bearing wall in the house.
Load-bearing walls are often determined by their thickness and location. When measuring the thickness of the wall, you must first remove the wallpaper, clean the surface from old plaster. Only after this can measurements begin. The parameters of load-bearing walls are different for all houses, for example:
- The load-bearing walls in a brick house are thirty-eight centimeters thick. The more bricks laid, the greater the thickness.
- In panel houses the situation is a little different. Here, all walls exceeding fourteen centimeters are load-bearing. In such a house, redevelopment is difficult and almost impossible. After all, most of the walls in a panel house are load-bearing.
- IN monolithic houses walls thicker than twenty centimeters are load-bearing. In houses, it is quite difficult to determine the load-bearing wall thickness. Therefore, it is easier to take a general floor plan from the developer.
All external walls form the basis of the building, serving as support walls.
Openings
Once the load-bearing walls in the apartment are determined, certain restrictions associated with redevelopment will appear. It is impossible to completely demolish a load-bearing wall. It’s better to make an opening or niche in it - this is more safe option. The number of openings in load-bearing walls is limited.
If it is necessary to make an opening in such a design, it is better to seek help from professionals. Carrying out such work on your own is dangerous, and without special permits and papers with the redevelopment done, such an apartment will become a burden.
There are situations when partial demolition of a load-bearing wall is necessary. In this case, you cannot do without an engineer. Even a small window or door opening requires appropriate permits and licenses.
Only true professionals in their field will be able to not only make an opening in a load-bearing wall, but also increase its strength. This will help avoid its destruction. A metal or reinforced concrete lintel is used to support the wall.
Load-bearing walls in a panel house
Most panel houses have a standard code for the project according to which they were built. Therefore, before you begin redevelopment, you need to know how to determine the load-bearing wall in a panel house.
To find load-bearing walls in a panel house, you can use the database of these structures. It makes it possible to see the layout of apartments from each series and choose your home using the code. Another way is to measure the walls. Thickness self-supporting walls in a panel house it ranges from 80 millimeters to 1 meter, while the thickness of the load-bearing walls is from 140 to 200 mm. The higher the indicator, the greater the likelihood that it is a load-bearing wall. It is important to remember that demolishing it in a panel house will lead to the destruction of the building.
How to find out if a load-bearing wall in a house is made of brick?
To find out how to determine a load-bearing wall in a brick house, you need to add the thickness of the vertical mortar joint to the size of the brick. That is, the thickness depends on how many bricks are supplied. Brick walls can be 120, 250, 380 mm thick, and so on, plus finishing layers.
Bearers brick walls have a thickness of three hundred eighty millimeters or more. If self-supporting structures are made of gypsum concrete panels and bricks, then in this case the interior partitions will be 250 mm. Thus, load-bearing walls in brick houses have a thickness of 380 mm. If during measurements the thickness is less than 380 mm, then such a wall is an ordinary partition. Find brick houses series is more difficult than panel ones, since there are much fewer of them.
Load-bearing walls in Khrushchev
All Khrushchev buildings were built according to the same type. They have three load-bearing walls and additional transverse ones, which serve as support for the load-bearing ones and prevent them from tipping over. This list also includes the transverse walls of the staircase. They support not only load-bearing structures, but also flights of stairs, thus also becoming load-bearing.
How to determine a load-bearing wall in brick apartment? Can it be dismantled or not? The slabs that are located between floors are supported by load-bearing or transverse reinforced concrete walls and beams.
If we talk about modern buildings, studio apartments are very popular. In such rooms, many manage without redevelopment, simply dividing the space with furniture. To from ordinary apartment to make smart housing, you need to completely or partially dismantle the walls, leaving only the box. However, such global changes will negatively affect the integrity of the building, especially if it is old.
How to find a load-bearing wall in a monolithic house?
Are you interested in how to determine whether a wall is load-bearing or not in a monolithic house? These buildings have a variety of architectural and design features. They combine conventional load-bearing walls, columns, beams and columns rectangular section. The thickness of load-bearing walls is 200-300 mm, and the thickness of columns in monolithic houses is an order of magnitude higher. All walls having a thickness of less than 200 mm are considered partitions.
When it comes to new buildings, the load-bearing structures are easy to determine simply by inspecting them. They are clearly visible because they are made of reinforced concrete. Holes sealed with mortar can also be seen on the load-bearing walls.
What can you do with a load-bearing wall?
As is already known, the structure is the basis of the building and holds the main load; it must be handled carefully and carefully. Before determining whether a wall is load-bearing or not, it is worth finding out what actions are prohibited in relation to it:
- It cannot be completely demolished, as this will affect the stability of the entire structure.
- It is prohibited to move it to another place.
- It is prohibited to install wiring or conduct communications in it.
Despite these prohibitions, a load-bearing wall is not untouchable; you can make a doorway in it, create an arch or partition between rooms, or drill through it.
How to coordinate redevelopment
Before carrying out redevelopment, it is necessary to obtain permission from the relevant authorities. Since residents do not always correctly determine the type of wall covering or dismantle the load-bearing wall, these approvals are mandatory. Therefore, the question of how to determine a load-bearing wall according to the building plan can play a bad joke with residents.
Do not neglect the rules, otherwise the construction will become illegal and the owner will be fined. It follows from this that it is better to spend time with official authorities and obtain all permissions than to suffer from mistakes made.
If you are deciding whether to redevelop a room or not, you should remember that even a harmless error in calculations when performing this work can provoke serious problems. By doing this, you risk your life and the lives of other household members.
Since it is not always possible to determine the type of load-bearing wall, it is better to use the services of a specialist. Nevertheless, having decided to do the work yourself and knowing how to determine where the load-bearing walls are, be extremely careful and vigilant, because you already know what a possible deviation in calculations or reasoning regarding the type of wall covering and its nature entails.
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How to determine a load-bearing wall in a brick house?
Brick size – 12 cm;
- 250 mm walls: 2 bricks + joint (10 mm);
- 350 mm walls: 3 bricks + 2 seams;
- 510 mm walls: 4 bricks + 3 seams;
- 640 mm walls: 5 bricks + 4 seams;
Interior partitions built from blocks or bricks are only 12-18 mm. The walls between neighboring apartments are not much thicker - 25 mm.
In a monolithic type building, determining the load-bearing wall in a house is somewhat more difficult, since different values are used during construction.
Walls exceeding a thickness of 20 cm are load-bearing. However, it will help to understand more precisely architectural plan project, because the nuances modern construction may include various options deviations from standard sizes.
Owners of city apartments often have a question: how to determine the load-bearing wall in a panel house? Only an experienced architectural engineer can answer the question. In a panel-type house, all walls thicker than 12-14 cm are considered load-bearing. Carrying out redevelopment in a panel-type apartment is often much more difficult. The partitions are usually up to 10 cm.
2.Location relative to others;
All external walls are always load-bearing. In addition, the external walls of the building make up its box and border on the façade side of the building. The external walls of the apartment facing the staircase or neighboring dwellings are also considered the main ones.
3.According to the design of the beam overlap
All load-bearing walls are clearly perpendicular to the main structure of the support slabs. The top slabs rest on the walls with their shortened side.
What do openings in load-bearing walls indicate?
Once load-bearing walls are identified, the owner is solely responsible for damage, deformation or pressure on the elements. Creating openings and arches in a load-bearing wall entails a lot of negative impacts on the frame of the building and negatively affects the entire structure. The occurrence of cracks, shrinkage of the house, and destruction of facade elements begins from the impact on the load-bearing wall. Depending on the duration of the building’s existence, the impact on the load-bearing wall can be completely destructive. This especially applies to multi-storey buildings old type: Khrushchev, Stalin, etc.
It is strictly prohibited for the BTI authorities to carry out complete demolition of the load-bearing space. If the redevelopment is caused by the need to replace the supporting structure, it is necessary to design the space using reliable support columns. The cross-section, dimensions and thickness of the columns are calculated by specialists from authorized bodies. Columns must support and systematically distribute the weight of all rising floors.
Typical designs of panel buildings
Before determining the load-bearing wall in a panel house , We recommend that you read standard projects panel buildings, which vary in code. First, you need to determine the series of the structure, and then familiarize yourself with the detailed version of the drawing and its features. The layout of apartments and a detailed plan of supporting structures in the drawings are highlighted using color.
Panel house project code:
- 90-05;
- 90-06;
- 90-07;
- 90-022;
- 90-023;
- 90-031;
- 90-045;
The description of each project code includes the presence of designations of the main load-bearing walls and partitions. How to determine a load-bearing wall on a plan? It is necessary to examine the drawing of the apartment in detail and indicate the thickness of the walls. On paper, load-bearing walls are indicated by denser, solid lines.
Opening or niche in a load-bearing wall?
After determining the load-bearing wall in an apartment, many ask the question of creating an opening or an additional niche in the load-bearing wall. Creating a built-in opening in many apartments in panel houses is acceptable. Compliance with the requirements of regulatory authorities is strictly mandatory. It is allowed to perform horizontal and vertical grooves on the walls of the load-bearing structure. Drilling into walls and installing internal dowels is also allowed. Individual design houses or apartments must be entrusted to professionals who bear full responsibility for dismantling and forming load-bearing surfaces.
Ideas for designing openings in a load-bearing wall
It is prohibited to completely dismantle a load-bearing wall. However, when creating openings, there are options for decorative filling of load-bearing structures. One of the stylish proposals of designers is the formation of an aquarium system on part or the entire wall.
Options for placing aquariums between load-bearing columns:
- The aquarium in the space between the column and the additional interior partition looks stylish and decorates the apartment attractively.
- The addition of furniture with an emphasis on the aquarium system fits harmoniously into the design.
- When expanding an apartment due to the space of a balcony or loggia, window sill systems in the form of aquarium stands are often used. The built-in aquarium looks amazing and captivates the eye with a living picture.
- Built-in aqua systems in niches of load-bearing walls look great in bedrooms and living rooms.
Knowing all the rules, it is easy to determine which wall is load-bearing and planning further design will be easier with the involvement of craftsmen. The InnovaStroy company carries out turnkey repair work of any level of complexity in apartments, houses and offices. Planning and redevelopment of buildings does not cause difficulties for craftsmen. In addition, clients are offered innovative developments and improved comfort of living in an apartment. The company’s specialists make the client’s stay comfortable, and the list of repair work does not cause difficulties. If the question arises of how to determine whether a load-bearing wall is or not, it is necessary to determine the type of structure and know its features.
How to determine whether a load-bearing wall is in a Khrushchev building?
- It must be remembered that all the walls of the building box are load-bearing;
- The walls facing the staircases and flight openings are also the main ones;
- The partition between the balcony, loggia and kitchen (room) carries a small supporting load, so it can be easily dismantled. However, before carrying out construction demolition of the wall, it is necessary to ensure high-quality insulation the entire space so that the cold flow does not cause damage to other walls of the room.
- You can easily dismantle the interior opening in the bathroom. The thickness of the wall can be 10-12 cm, but does not serve any main purpose.
- Panel houses are the most unfavorable for the demolition of walls.
- Before starting to dismantle any walls, it is important to understand that a supporting structure is required.
To answer the question of how to determine the load-bearing wall in an apartment and how many main walls can be located in a building, we recommend that you refer to professional consultants InnovaStroy company. How to determine a load-bearing wall in a brick house? Using the above methods it will be easier. Note that the main indicators of a brick structure are easily replaced by support beams, metal or stone. When forming decorated aqua systems, there is a possibility of additional pressure on the structure. It is important to realistically assess the fragility of the structure and, if necessary, carry out additional strengthening separate walls building. Installation must be done with caution in an independent way. An error in determining the load capacity of a wall has negative impact on the condition of neighboring apartments and the entire floor. If you are in doubt about how to determine the load-bearing wall on the plan, we recommend that you seek advice from the InnovaStroy company.
Studio apartment we demolish walls without damage!
In modern designs, small open space apartments called studios are extremely popular. This layout is convenient for a family of 2-3 people. Many people want to remodel large apartments in the studio, sharing interior space furniture. This option requires complete or partial demolition of the walls, leaving only the frame of the apartment.
It is necessary to understand that such redevelopment requires the creation of supporting structures to distribute the main weight of the upper floors. Many professionals offer clients the use frame technologies and the creation of decorative columns and built-in niches. This option harmoniously delimits the space and does not violate the requirements of higher authorities of technical bureaus.
Let us remember that the older the structure, the more significant the fragility of the main walls. In old-type buildings, the main structures are not allowed. Therefore, dismantling is prohibited without additional supports and a detailed calculation of the weight of the floors. Masters recommend seeking help from professional architects who will help resolve the issue of redevelopment without additional costs or violations of requirements.
Renovating old-style apartments is always a difficult task, requiring the involvement of third parties. We do not recommend carrying out large-scale wall demolition activities on your own at one time. Remember that by turning to professionals, you preserve not only your own comfort, but also the comfort of your neighbors.
innstroy.ru
How to find out if a wall is load-bearing
The easiest way is to look at the house design. All the walls are clearly marked there. The plan must be kept in the city administration, in the capital construction department.
In addition, you can also use the apartment plan, which is located in those. passport or house register. However, to do this you need to be able to read blueprints or have experience in construction.
Video: Olga Rozina: how to identify a wall
If for some reason the plan cannot be found, then the purpose can be understood by some characteristic features. So, for example, if behind the wall there is a neighbor’s apartment, an entrance or a street, these are load-bearing.
Another way to find out is by thickness. If you live in a brick house and the thickness of the partition is 38 cm, then it is load-bearing. In a panel, the thickness of the load-bearing walls is 14 cm or more.
In a brick house
In brick houses, the thickness of the exterior starts from 38 cm, between apartments from 25 cm, interior - 8 - 12 cm. The main material in the construction of such houses is silicate and red brick.
For partitions, gypsum slabs can be used. By measuring a wall, for example, in the area of a doorway, you can determine whether it is solid or a partition.
However, this method is not suitable for all homes. For example, in the 90s, houses were built according to individual projects, so if there is no plan, then only the author of the project can determine.
In panel
Since the panel house consists almost entirely of load-bearing structures, it will be very difficult to implement the planned redevelopment. Load-bearing walls include inter-apartment, external and adjacent to external walls. In addition, the walls of bathrooms can also be load-bearing.
Interior partitions have a thickness of 8 - 10 mm. There are partitions of 12 cm, but this is a rare exception. To determine the purpose of the walls in this case, it is better to contact specialists who will draw a conclusion only after studying design features buildings and decide whether redevelopment can be done.
In monolithic houses
A monolithic house is a building whose foundation smoothly merges into the wall. In such buildings, any wall whose thickness is more than 20 cm is load-bearing. Such buildings are usually made according to individual project, it is impossible to determine using its size.
It happens that an ordinary interior partition in monolithic buildings has a thickness of more than 20 cm. There are monolithic houses in which load-bearing walls are completely absent. They are replaced by reinforced concrete columns.
And in this case, you cannot do without a drawing and plan. If they are missing, you will have to contact specialized companies.
Work carried out on load-bearing walls
When carrying out work on main walls Remember that there may be electrical wiring hidden in the wall, which can cause injury if damaged. Older houses may have gas pipes in the walls.
You need to work as carefully and with extreme caution as possible; if possible, adhere to the design documentation. Remember that they cannot be completely demolished, as the floors will remain without support.
If partial removal is required, then supports must be installed in the opening, which can then be hidden under the finishing.
Watch the video: Which walls can be demolished in a panel
alina-sharapova.ru
Let's recognize load-bearing walls
Regardless of what kind of house your home is located in - a panel Khrushchev building or a nine-story brick building - it will definitely have load-bearing walls and simply interior partitions. The latter can actually be removed without any consequences, while violating the integrity of the former will lead to serious troubles that threaten not only your apartment, but even the entire house. But sometimes the planned project requires that a through opening be made in one specific place, or maybe the wall is completely in the way?
In any case, you should not resort to dismantling without familiarizing yourself with the floor plan. If you don’t have one at hand, contact the technical inventory bureau or try to determine the load-bearing walls yourself.
In panel houses
Without finding technical documentation for the apartment, load-bearing walls in a panel house can be easily determined by their thickness: the fact is that the main walls supporting the floor panels are always a little thicker. Thus, the minimum thickness of a load-bearing wall in a standard panel house is 12 cm, not taking into account the layer of plaster and finishing materials, and additional partitions are 2 cm thinner.
Typically, internal walls do not affect the stability of the entire house, but only serve to divide the single space of the apartment into rooms. It is allowed to begin alteration and demolition work only after all walls have been carefully measured and key structures have been identified.
And one more thing: nine-story panel houses in most cases consist of main walls - such a structure is very reminiscent of a classic house of cards. When planning an apartment renovation in such a house, it is better to familiarize yourself with the detailed plan before starting work.
In Khrushchevka
There are several ways to understand which walls in a Khrushchev building are load-bearing:
- the first, most correct one is to study the technical documentation;
- the second method suggests paying attention to the purpose of the wall - if you have a Khrushchev building, then load-bearing walls usually divide the floor into separate apartments, and secondary walls already divide each of them into rooms;
- the same applies to the areas separating the room from the flight of stairs or common corridors - they are always the main ones;
- but the wall between the room and the balcony, unlike brick houses, on the contrary, does not carry an important load, but retains heat;
- in a divided bathroom, you can safely demolish the partition - this will not affect the integrity or stability of the building in any way.
There is another way to determine which walls are load-bearing - this is by drilling: the thickness of the main partitions is such that one drill is not enough for a through hole.
Which ones can be demolished?
It is somewhat easier to remove an interfering wall in a Khrushchev-era building than in a panel house. The only partitions that can be safely dismantled in the panel are the wall separating the bathroom and the partition between the room and the kitchen. In Khrushchev's houses, remove (in whole or in parts) those that do not have an important function.
Under no circumstances should the main walls that hold the concrete floors be removed. Dismantling them will certainly weaken the ceiling, significantly reducing the load on the foundation. The only acceptable option is partial dismantling with mandatory strengthening of the opening. And lastly: all work related to changing the layout of the premises requires obtaining special permits from the relevant authorities. Once you have received the document, get to work!
Do not neglect the mandatory stages of work - measuring the thickness of the partitions, studying the apartment plan. And the best thing is not to be lazy, and visit the BTI, and understand for sure what kind of object you are dealing with. Only in this case, after renovation, the room will not only improve, receiving an updated look, but will also remain safe for residents.
Good luck with your projects and safe repairs!
Before the beginning overhaul, which involves making changes to the layout of the apartment, it is necessary to identify load-bearing walls. By law, such building structures are prohibited from being dismantled, as they reduce the reliability and durability of the building. Preliminary determination of the load-bearing structures of the apartment will save the owner from many problems with government bodies monitoring compliance with the existing building codes and rules.
How to determine all load-bearing walls in your apartment?
Khrushchev and panel houses have load-bearing walls and thin interior partitions. Only non-load-bearing structures can be dismantled to combine premises, work with which will not lead to emergency situations dangerous for the users of the building. The need to dismantle and move partitions arises quite often, the reason for this is the inconvenient arrangement of rooms in old apartment buildings and their small size. Simply put, the rooms are too small for comfortable stay people, and their demolition allows you to free up additional usable space.
But not a single load-bearing wall should be destroyed during repairs. Such partitions perform very important functions in the house - they take on the weight of the building structures located above. If the load-bearing wall cannot withstand the entire load received, it will begin to collapse, which can ultimately lead to the collapse of entire sections of the house and loss of life.
So that the repair does not lead to such negative consequences and you need to find out in advance which walls can be dismantled and which cannot. There are two main ways to identify important structural elements of a building:
- 1. Contact the BTI. The Bureau of Technical Inventory stores the technical passport of each house.
- 2. Independent determination of the functions of the partitions. If you don’t have time to visit the BTI, you can conduct special surveys in the apartment on your own to determine the load-bearing walls.
Search for load-bearing partitions in a panel house
In a panel house, as in any other, it is easiest to determine the purpose of the internal structural elements using the technical passport of the apartment. If for some reason you do not have technical documentation, the load-bearing wall can be identified by a number important signs. The first thing you need to pay attention to when examining the septum is its thickness. In panel houses, load-bearing walls are always much thicker than ordinary interior partitions.
By building regulations the minimum thickness of the load-bearing partition in a panel house must be at least 12 cm. This is the net size, excluding facing materials on the wall, of which there can be quite a lot (plaster, wallpaper, paint, etc.). Interior partitions that do not perform load-bearing functions have a thickness of 8-10 cm (excluding finishing).
That is, to determine the load-bearing walls, everything must be measured, having first cleared them of facing materials. Only after this has been determined can you begin to plan a major overhaul, choosing the appropriate methods, means and solutions for rebuilding a residential property.
When taking measurements, it should be taken into account that all the walls in old nine-story panel buildings consist of panels, and therefore many of them have load-bearing functions, which makes their dismantling impossible. It is prohibited to carry out many works with load-bearing walls, in addition to dismantling - creating door and window openings in them without obtaining the appropriate permits from the responsible authorities, and even ditching them to install communications.
What walls can be dismantled in a Khrushchev building?
In Khrushchev-era buildings, determining the purpose of the walls is quite simple. To do this, you can use the technical passport of the residential property, and if it does not exist, take special measurements. All Khrushchev buildings are characterized by the same layout, and the supporting structures in them are usually only those that separate the apartment from other apartments, landing and streets, and all internal partitions simply separate the rooms and can be safely dismantled.
However, there is no need to start dismantling work right away; it is recommended to first take measurements and find out the thickness of all internal walls. In Khrushchev, the load-bearing wall always has a thickness of more than 12 cm without finishing layers. If the wall that has been cleared of cladding is thicker than 12 cm, you can demolish it without fear of negative consequences.
In a Khrushchev-era building, the wall separating the apartment and the balcony usually does not perform any load-bearing functions. But dismantling it is still prohibited. The balcony is a cold zone and the wall separating it from the apartment is needed to save heat. If it is demolished, the apartment will be poorly protected from external weather conditions, which is why it is currently impossible to obtain permission to combine a room with a balcony from the housing inspectorate, with which redevelopment approvals are carried out.
You can also find out about the ability to move and disassemble a wall by drilling. In Khrushchev buildings, the load-bearing walls are very strong and to create a hole in them, sometimes you have to change the drills one after another. To create a hole in curtain wall There is practically no need to apply any effort, the drill passes through it very easily.
Determining the purpose of a wall according to apartment plans
It is believed that a load-bearing wall in any apartment can easily be found using technical documentation, for example a floor plan apartment building. This is true, but to determine the functions of internal partitions you need to be able to work with design documentation, understand symbols, read diagrams, etc.
Unfortunately, there is no one generally accepted designation of load-bearing walls on plans that would be used by all design enterprises, developers and other organizations, so the owner often has to sit for a long time over the received drawings before he can find out which wall is load-bearing and which is not.
On architectural and construction plans of a detailed design for the construction of an apartment building, load-bearing walls are usually highlighted with special shading. On plans from the BTI, such structures are indicated as thicker than simple interior partitions, but not always. There are often cases when on the plans of old houses a wall is indicated by a thin line, but in reality it is load-bearing.
Owners are strongly advised not to attempt to take wall measurements or data from the data sheet based on the results obtained. It’s better to play it safe, order documentation for the house from the BTI and entrust the task of assessing the possibilities of redevelopment to professional designers.
Rules for dismantling internal partitions
Redevelopment is considered by modern legislation as a major, complex and important repair, which, if performed incorrectly, can cause a lot of harm apartment building and its inhabitants. That is why the Housing Code describes in detail the correct procedure for performing redevelopment, which cannot be deviated from under any circumstances.
The procedure provided for by law involves preliminary design of major repairs and coordination of the developed design documentation with the housing inspection or local administration of the locality. In order for the project to successfully pass approval, it should be ordered from professional designers, whose qualifications are confirmed by SRO approvals and licenses from state regulatory authorities.
For approval, you must submit a package of documents to the MFC, which includes:
- application from the apartment owner for redevelopment;
- redevelopment project;
- technical conclusion from designers on the possibility and safety of major repairs;
- certificate of ownership;
- consent of the people registered in the apartment for major repairs.
These documents will be transferred from the MFC to the responsible authority for approval, after which they will be reviewed within 45 days and the owner will receive a notification about whether he is allowed to carry out the redevelopment. If housing inspectorate employees consider that the planned repairs may have a negative impact on the building, the owner will be prohibited from implementing the design documentation.
You should not ignore the legal requirements regarding the need to approve major repairs. If you carry out redevelopment without the appropriate permits, you can not only violate the integrity of the house and endanger your own and others’ health, but also receive an order from the housing inspection requiring you to pay a fine established by law (up to 2,500 rubles for individuals) and return the home to its original layout, for which you will have to spend an impressive amount of money.
