Air handling units with heat recovery. Features of the organization of supply and exhaust ventilation based on a recuperator Supply air recuperator
Modern technologies who have come to our country are pushing the population to also use the latest developments. Solar panels, regulators room temperature and other smart devices can not only reduce payments utilities, but also maintain a comfortable temperature in the room. Of course, a recuperator for a private home cannot be called an innovation, however, the savings Money and heat energy is evident.
This device is a design similar to a house ventilation system. Their difference lies in the fact that conventional ventilation removes stale air from the room and fills it with fresh air. The recuperator performs similar actions, only it brings heated warm or cooled air into the house. The air conditioner performs similar functions, however, it requires electricity and a refrigerant - freon; the heat recovery unit does without it. Heating or cooling of the inflow occurs due to the heat exchange of the primary and secondary coolant through the wall separating the air masses.
The main link air handling unit with the recuperator is a heat exchanger. The device is equipped with a thermal electric heater or fan, check valves to prevent air movement in the opposite direction and much more.
The use of such a system makes it possible to recover part of the thermal energy that is usually lost when passing through ventilation ducts. Warm air masses circulate freely in the heat exchanger, come into contact with the cold flow through the dividing wall and transfer their thermal energy to the latter.
A surface-type recuperator is a heat exchanger with double walls. One channel is occupied by the outgoing primary, the other by the secondary, cooler one. The walls have high thermal conductivity and are installed to prevent mixing of air flows of different temperatures. The outgoing air element passes along the box, the incoming air element crosses. As a result of heat transfer to cold air, heated air masses enter the house.
The temperature of the incoming air depends on the temperature of the outgoing air. The warmer the outgoing stream is, the higher the supply temperature.
Operating principle
The principle of operation of the recuperator is that it accumulates heat from the removed stream and communicates it with high efficiency air inflow masses. This allows you to save money and supply a fresh heated air element into the house.
The operating principle of the system is determined by two principles:
- Waste or stale air masses are removed from the room, pass through the ceramic recovery chamber and heat it. In this case, almost 97% of the thermal energy is released. When the recovery chamber heats up, the heat exchanger automatically switches to the fresh jet inflow mode.
- The air passes through the ceramic recovery chamber, is heated by the heat accumulated in it and is supplied to the house. Cooling of the regenerator serves as a signal to turn on the fan in exhaust mode.
Such a ventilation system with a recuperator allows you to reduce the consumption of gaseous, solid or liquid fuel, which may be necessary for the operation of other devices, and create comfortable living conditions.
Note! Installing a supply and exhaust air recuperator for your home will save up to 80% of the heat in the room.
Advantages of a thermal power device
Thermal power device similar type dials in Lately great popularity. There is no need to ventilate the home in summer and winter period, thereby releasing precious heat outside. On a dusty summer day, the device will supply the room with clean atmospheric air, which will first pass through an air purification filter.
There is also no need to use the mentioned system in manual mode– the automation will do this for you. Cold masses in winter will be heated due to the outgoing warm flow, and hot summer days will cool down when heat is transferred to a cooler flow.
In addition, the system is characterized by the following number of advantages:
- saving money on heating;
- savings on separate exhaust fans;
- removal of unpleasant heavy odors;
- removal of dust particles;
- ease of operation and installation;
- low cost of use;
- process automation;
- long service life of the system.
Even periodic use of a heating installation will allow you to saturate your home with clean atmospheric air masses without losing heat or, conversely, increasing the temperature.
High-quality ventilation
Installing a recuperator will keep the house clean along with the flow of fresh outside air. Tobacco, fireplace or smoke of other origins, carbon dioxide or other unhealthy emissions, harmful or unpleasant odors - a rotary heat exchanger can handle everything. The operation of the system has a beneficial effect on the human body by drying the air from high humidity, which is especially important for hypertensive patients, as well as people with atherosclerosis or cardiovascular diseases. In addition, high humidity threatens other ailments.
Economical heating
By installing a heat exchanger, you will ensure stable savings not only in money, but also in the heat in the house. The outgoing warm flow will warm up the cold supply air to comfortable temperature, which will significantly avoid unnecessary operation of heating equipment. The heating system carefully handles the heat entering its box, practically preventing it from escaping into the atmosphere. There is also no need to monitor the temperature of incoming air masses, the heat exchanger will do this, supplying them with only a small temperature difference compared to the outgoing flow.
Important! According to experts, savings in electricity or any type of fuel for heating devices range from 40 to 50%. Of course, one should not neglect high-quality thermal insulation premises.
No additional ventilation
Gas stoves, fireplaces, water heating columns and crying metal-plastic windows require additional ventilation or periodic ventilation. Frosty and hot periods of the year significantly complicate this process: the first threatens to cool the room, the second threatens with dust and hot dry winds with low humidity. If you decide to buy an air recuperator, you will ensure high-quality ventilation of the entire house, avoiding unnecessary financial expenses and installation of equipment for additional ventilation.
Silent and high-quality air purification
In any case, the atmospheric supply air brings with it dust particles, dirt elements, diluted vehicle exhaust gases, chimneys and industrial enterprises. The air filter installed in the heat-energy device will rid the house of unwanted odors and dust particles. Having undergone high-quality cleaning, the atmospheric stream will fill the room with not only fresh, but also clean air. True, the latter will be determined by the necessary regular care air filter and other elements of the system.
Note! A filter clogged with dust or uncleaned is a breeding ground for pathogenic bacteria. Its regular cleaning and periodic replacement will allow the home owner to avoid infectious diseases respiratory tract.
Recyclers for an apartment or house have high operating efficiency and low noise levels, which range from 25-35 dB. This is equivalent to the sound made by an air conditioner.
Recuperator for a private home: types and characteristics
Supply and exhaust recuperators can have different design features. Pick up suitable option A sales consultant in any specialized store of heating devices will help.
The following types of equipment exist:
- lamellar;
- rotary;
- roof;
- recirculating water.
They are all designed to create favorable climate indoors, be it an apartment, a large mansion or a country house.
Related article:
Types and features of devices, additional functions. Power calculation based on room parameters. Care tips.
Lamellar
It is the most common type due to its good performance, ease of operation and low price. This type of recuperator consists of fixed metal plates with a large specific heat capacity and relatively light weight. The plates are assembled into peculiar cassettes, which slightly resemble Bee hive. Atmospheric air passes through the apparatus box with cassettes and is then heated or cooled, depending on the winter or summer season. The condensate formed during operation is removed through a specially available drainage outlet or channel.
Along with the listed advantages, the system has a certain disadvantage: the formation of ice in the box, which is especially evident in the autumn-winter period.
Rotary
A recuperator of this type carries out the inflow and outflow of the air stream due to the blades. The thermal energy system has from one to two drive rotors, depending on the model. Externally, the installation looks like a cylindrical barrel with a drum. As air is pumped out of the room and the cylindrical box is heated, atmospheric mass is taken in.
Advantages of this device:
- improved efficiency;
- increased efficiency;
- absence of condensate, and, consequently, drainage gutters;
- absence of ice;
- does not dry out the air, which does not require additional humidification;
- adjusting the amount of air supply and intake due to the speed of rotation of the blades.
However, there are also disadvantages:
- increased electricity consumption;
- rotating elements wear out faster than stationary ones;
- the need for additional exhaust to prevent possible mixing of incoming and outgoing air masses.
Note! Before purchasing a rotary recuperator, you need to take it into account increased power, which can lead to increased cross-section of the electrical wiring of the room.
Roof
This recuperator processes large masses of air. The feasibility of its use can be explained by a large mansion, other residential or non-residential premises. The principle of operation is in many ways similar to the plate unit, however, the latter differs from the roof unit in its smaller size. The ease of installation of the device, low cost of maintenance and operation have made it indispensable in ventilation devices of shops, repair shops, and production areas. Installing such a recuperator on the roof generally eliminates the penetration of any sounds or noise into the room.
Glycol recuperator
The glycol (or recirculation) regenerative apparatus combines the qualities of plate and rotary thermal devices. Its main difference from the previous ones is the use of an intermediate coolant. The last is a water-glycol solution consisting of propylene glycol or ethylene diluted with distilled water. The mixture has a high heat capacity, which allows you to utilize a large amount of heat, retains its working qualities when sub-zero temperatures. In severe low-temperature conditions, it is possible to replace the specified coolant with antifreeze. The equipment allows you to work simultaneously with several ventilation ducts, sleeves or hoods.
Recuperator for an apartment: calculation and review of manufacturers
An apartment heat and power device will be the best purchase, especially if the home is located in big city or the center of a metropolis. Automotive and industrial gases, street noise, heat or cold will forever remain outside the room. The device will not only add mass to the apartment clean air, but will also allow you to save on heating, ventilation and cleaning the incoming atmospheric flow. This is achieved by simple heat exchange between the supply and exhaust flows passing through a heat-insulating box with a cleaning filter.
Recuperator calculation
You can calculate the required heat and power device yourself, without resorting to the services of specialized companies. Efficiency calculation and the efficiency of the device is determined by knowledge of the energy costs for the supply or exhaust masses. The calculation formula is:
Q = 0.335 x L x (t 1 – t 2),
where L is the flow of air masses, t 1 is the temperature of the inflow, t 2 is the temperature of the outgoing masses, 0.335 is the regional coefficient.
The efficiency is calculated using the following formula:
E = Q x n,
where: Q – energy or electrical costs for heating or cooling the jet, n – device efficiency.
Helpful advice! Before buying a recuperator for a private house or city apartment, you need to familiarize yourself with their types, technical characteristics and the operating principle. It may be necessary to make preparations installation work and draw up a project.
Recuperator PRANA
This manufacturer of thermal power and ventilation equipment has been on the market for more than 15 years. Its equipment has a long service life, high efficiency and reasonable prices.
Operating characteristics of the device:
- type – lamellar;
- electricity consumption – 5-90 V/hour, depending on the model;
- noise level – 25-140 dB;
- unit length – 500 mm;
- incoming jet – 115-650 m³/h;
- outgoing jet – 105-610 m³/h;
- Efficiency – 79-80%, depending on the model.
All the lineup complete with remote control, operates at ambient temperatures from -15 to 45°C. The relatively low price of the air recuperator, significant retention of the set temperature during heating or heating and small dimensions make this device one of the most popular, which is confirmed by numerous positive reviews. The Prana recuperator can be built into the wall of a room or installed outdoors. Installation of the device is quite easy and is carried out within 2-3 hours.
You can notice such a decentralized system only by the presence ventilation grille on the wall. Not the last positive quality are heat exchangers made of copper, which has an antimicrobial effect. average price an air recuperator for a home of this brand is about 25,000 rubles. The cost of devices with increased productivity ranges from 50 to 110 thousand rubles.
Recuperators MARLEY
The compact German heat exchanger is equipped with a ceramic heat exchange element, which allows the device to be operated even at a temperature of -30ºC. Washing and cleaning air filters is a simple operation, which can be carried out by an ordinary user. The duration of continuous operation is about 6 months, after this period the indicator light will light up. Operating the device near highways or in the central part of the city will force more frequent cleaning. This operation does not take much time and lasts 15-20 minutes.
You can buy an air recuperator for your home, the price of which is 24,000 rubles, in a specialized store. At a fairly moderate cost, the device has the following performance characteristics:
- three power phases – 15, 25 and 40 m³/h;
- electrical power consumption – from 3.5 to 8 W;
- The electric motor rotor is brushless;
- noise level – 22, 29 and 35 dB;
- heat recovery – 80-85%;
- service area – from 60 m²;
- external dimensions – 285-500 mm. The small dimensions of the unit allow it to be installed in the wall.
A new line from the manufacturer Marley is the menv 180 recuperator, which differs from previous analogues in its low power consumption - only 3 W. Nice functional additions are:
- temperature controllers, carbon dioxide and humidity;
- improved aerodynamics;
- low noise level;
- waterproofing coating for work in damp residential or non-residential premises;
- high category of supply jet cleaning.
By installing such a recuperator, the price of which is around 27,500 rubles, you will forget about street soot and exhaust gases, dust, fog and emissions from industrial enterprises.
DIY recuperator
Any craftsman can make an air recuperator for the home with his own hands. For this you will need:
- two sheets of galvanized steel;
- wood-laminated box for the shell of the apparatus;
- cork gaskets;
- silicone neutral sealant;
- pressure controller;
- metal corners;
- thermal insulation mineral wool.
Also useful for work electric jigsaw, metal fasteners and connecting flanges.
Steel sheets must be cut into rectangular plates measuring 200x300 mm. To do this you will need about 3–4 m² of steel. Cutting must be done very carefully so that the sections do not have burrs or nicks. For this purpose it is recommended to use special tool– a grinder or a hacksaw for metal.
Then the plates are stacked on top of each other with a gap of at least 4 mm. This distance is ensured by gluing along the perimeter of each element thermal insulation material(cork, wood or textolite). After laying the plates, the joints are treated with a special neutral sealant.
The housing is then fabricated and sized to fit inside its plate structure. Holes are cut in the walls of the housing into which pre-prepared plastic flanges are inserted, which must correspond to the diameter of the air ducts. All joints are also carefully sealed.
When the sealant has dried, the plate structure is placed inside the housing. External walls must be lined thermal insulation material, for example, polystyrene foam or glass wool. Ready design, in order to enhance the aesthetic component, can be placed in a wooden box.
Note! Visually noticeable crevices and slits in the box of a self-assembled recuperator for a private home must be filled with silicone neutral hermetic mass.
Previously, recuperators and ventilation systems were installed only on industrial production, coal and mining mines. Today, heating devices for exhaust gas recovery are increasingly located in houses and apartments.
An industrial device or a self-assembled air recuperator becomes ours an indispensable assistant. It supplies clean cooled or heated atmospheric air, cleans the house of dust and unpleasant odors and saves some money on heating the room.
Recuperator (lat. receiving back, returning) is a special supply and exhaust device that removes exhaust air from the room and supplies fresh air from the street. One of the key structural elements is a heat exchanger. His functional purpose– selection of heat, and in some systems, moisture, from the exhaust air and its transfer to the incoming air fresh air. All recuperators are characterized by low power consumption.
What material are heat exchangers in recuperators made of?
The heat exchanger material is one of important factors, which must be taken into account when choosing a ventilation system. Here, the individual characteristics of the place where the system is used are taken into account so that the unit lasts as long as possible. On this moment in the manufacture of the heat exchanger the following is used: aluminum, copper, ceramics, plastic, stainless steel and paper.
What are the advantages of a household recuperator?
There are many advantages of ventilation with recovery; among the most significant, it is worth noting the ability to provide both supply and exhaust with one device, as well as saving costs on heating/cooling the room up to 50%, normalizing humidity and reducing the level harmful substances in the indoor air. The device is capable of providing favorable microclimate, regardless of the season and weather outside.
How much heat does recovery save?
Any device provides a recovery level of 70-90%. The indicator depends on external conditions and operating mode. When organizing all ventilation in a room using recuperators, it is possible to achieve savings in heating/cooling costs of up to 60%
For example, for the climate zone of Siberia, the use of a recuperator allows you to save on electricity (when using a heater) up to 50-55%.
Is there a risk of drafts when the recuperator is operating?
The performance of recuperators does not allow for a draft in the literal sense of the word, however, when choosing an installation location, it is better to minimize possible future feelings of discomfort on frosty days and not place the devices directly above working and sleeping places.
Is it possible to install a recuperator in a city apartment?
It's possible, but with a few caveats. Recuperators are not recommended to be installed in rooms with a well-functioning communal exhaust hood. But if the window openings are closed with sealed double-glazed windows, and the common building exhaust system works poorly. Exactly supply and exhaust system with recovery is an effective tool for combating stuffiness, high humidity, mold and unpleasant odors.
How noisy are domestic heat exchangers?
Each specific installation has its own indicator - it depends on the power and operating mode. But in general, the noise level at first speeds is so insignificant that most people do not notice it. And at the latest speeds, any device is noisy.
Is it true that recuperators effectively solve the problem of indoor humidity?
If excessive humidity in rooms appears due to low-efficiency ventilation or its complete absence, then installing any recuperator will radically change the situation in better side. The equipment will ensure normal air exchange in the room, which means removing moisture naturally.
What is the level of energy consumption of household recuperators?
Any ventilation system with recovery is considered economical climate control equipment. Operation requires from 2 to 45 Wh of electrical energy. What constitutes in monetary equivalent approximately from 100 to 1500 rubles per year.
What should be the thickness of the wall to install a wall-mounted heat exchanger?
If thickness wall structure 250 mm and more, then there will be no problems with the installation of a household ventilation system with recovery - everything is done according to the standard algorithm. If this parameter is lower than the given indicator, then specialists apply individual solutions. For example, Wakio has a model for thin walls Wakio Lumi, and for Marley MEnV 180 a special wall extension hood. There are also systems that are not demanding on wall thickness, for example Mitsubishi Lossnay Vl-100.
What number of ventilation units will be optimal for one apartment?
Normal air exchange is considered when the air in the room is completely renewed in one hour. With an average room area of 18 meters and a ceiling height of 2.5 m, it turns out that about 45 cubic meters need to be supplied and removed per hour. Almost any household recuperator can handle this task. However, there is another way to calculate the required volume of air - by the number of people in the room. In this case, according to the law of Moscow, it is required to supply and remove 60 cubic meters per hour per person. In this case, household recuperators are installed in pairs and this method is considered the most optimal.
Are there types of buildings where it is impossible to use a domestic recuperator?
There are no direct prohibitions on the installation of household recuperators, however, in state-protected architectural monuments, holes cannot be made in the wall; in all other buildings, the creation of holes with a diameter of up to 200 mm is not prohibited by law. Limitations can also be high floors with strong winds and rooms with very strong communal exhaust; here the installation of recuperators is not recommended.
Is it allowed to install ventilation systems in already used buildings where people live?
Where does the condensate go?
High level Heat recovery creates conditions for the appearance of condensation - this is a natural process. In installations with heat recovery, thanks to part of this moisture, the incoming air flow is humidified, that is, comfortable conditions are created in the room. climatic conditions. And the excess is discharged outside through a special top cover so that it does not settle on the facade. Whatever the weather outside, the system's shifting cycle prevents the appearance of a dew point. This means the equipment does not freeze. It is also worth noting that the amount of condensate produced is not at all large.
What is special about the operation of a ventilation unit in summer?
There are no differences in the operation of equipment in winter and summer. Always respected main principle– the heat remains in the environment where it was originally located. Thus, temperature regime at any time of the year does not change when heat recovery is turned on. And if it is necessary to cool the air, the function is turned off - the “ventilation” mode is set using the installation controllers.
Are there any special features of bathroom ventilation based on household recuperators?
It is impossible to overestimate the relevance of having an installation in the bathroom - excess moisture is removed from the room, and the temperature remains comfortable. In bathrooms, it is recommended to install heat exchangers with a humidity sensor, so the ventilation will work automatically and only when necessary.
Can microbes multiply in household recuperators?
First of all, we note that the problem of microbes is relevant for places where moisture accumulates for a long time. And since the heat exchanger of the device is completely dried in any conditions, no microorganisms can multiply in it. To be completely sure, we recommend carrying out preventive cleaning of the heat exchanger 2 times a year - simply wash it under running water or in dishwasher. The element can also be cleaned with steam.
What is the frequency of cleaning ventilation devices?
There is no clear answer here. A number of factors are taken into account - the intensity of use of the room, its purpose, climatic zone. We recommend visually monitoring the degree of contamination of filters and heat exchangers and cleaning them as necessary.
Will the hole in the wall for the heat exchanger become a source of cold penetration into the room?
As long as the system operates in recovery mode, the risk of a cold bridge occurring is zero. When the system is turned off, the heat in the heat exchanger clogs the hole and does not evaporate. The truth is important correct location heat exchanger - it should be pushed out far enough, and an air shut-off valve should be located on the room side.
Who should I contact about choosing the location of ventilation units?
Choice optimal location placement of ventilation units with recovery is a free service for clients of our company. We are ready to provide it at a time convenient for you with an on-site visit.
Is it possible to install a household recuperator yourself?
Theoretically, in houses made of SIP panels, wood and frame houses, the recuperator can be installed independently, but this will void the installation warranty, and often the warranty on the device itself. IN stone houses It is not possible to install a recuperator yourself, as this requires expensive professional equipment not used in everyday life, as well as a specialist in diamond drilling.
Creating an energy efficient administrative building, which will be as close as possible to the “PASSIVE HOUSE” standard, is impossible without a modern air handling unit (AHU) with heat recovery.
Under recovery means the process of recycling heat from internal exhaust air with temperature t in, emitted during the cold period with high temperature to the street, to heat the supply of outside air. The process of heat recovery occurs in special heat recuperators: plate recuperators, rotating regenerators, as well as in heat exchangers installed separately in air flows with different temperatures(in exhaust and supply units) and connected by an intermediate coolant (glycol, ethylene glycol).
The last option is most relevant in the case when the supply and exhaust are spaced along the height of the building, for example, Supply unit- in the basement, and the exhaust - in attic, however, the recovery efficiency of such systems will be significantly less (from 30 to 50% compared to PES in one building
Plate recuperators They are a cassette in which the supply and exhaust air channels are separated by aluminum sheets. Heat exchange occurs between the supply and exhaust air through aluminum sheets. The internal exhaust air through the heat exchanger plates heats the external supply air. In this case, the air mixing process does not occur.
IN rotary recuperators Heat is transferred from the exhaust air to the supply air through a rotating cylindrical rotor consisting of a package of thin metal plates. During operation of a rotary heat exchanger, the exhaust air heats the plates, and then these plates move into the flow of cold outside air and heat it. However, in the flow separation units, due to their leakage, the exhaust air flows into the supply air. The percentage of overflow can be from 5 to 20% depending on the quality of the equipment.
To achieve the set goal - to bring the building of the Federal State Institution "Research Institute CEPP" closer to passive, during long discussions and calculations, it was decided to install supply and exhaust ventilation units with recuperator Russian manufacturer energy saving climate systems– companies TURKOV.
Company TURKOV produces PES for the following regions:
- For the Central region (equipment with two-stage recovery ZENIT series, which works stably down to -25 O C, and is excellent for the climate of the Central region of Russia, efficiency 65-75%);
- For Siberia (equipment with three-stage recovery Zenit HECO series works stably down to -35 O C, and is excellent for the climate of Siberia, but is often used in central region, efficiency 80-85%);
- For the Far North (equipment with four-stage recovery CrioVent series works stably down to -45 O C, excellent for extremely cold climates and used in the harshest regions of Russia, efficiency up to 90%).
However, the TURKOV PVU uses enthalpy plate recuperator, in which, along with the transfer of implicit heat from the exhaust air, moisture is also transferred to the supply air.
The working area of the enthalpy recuperator is made of a polymer membrane, which passes water vapor molecules from the exhaust (humidified) air and transfers them to the supply (dry) air. There is no mixing of the exhaust and supply flows in the recuperator, since moisture is passed through the membrane through diffusion due to the difference in vapor concentration on both sides of the membrane.
The dimensions of the membrane cells are such that only water vapor can pass through it; for dust, pollutants, water droplets, bacteria, viruses and odors, the membrane is an insurmountable barrier (due to the ratio of the sizes of the membrane “cells” and other substances).
Enthalpy recuperator essentially a plate recuperator, where aluminum is used instead polymer membrane. Since the thermal conductivity of the membrane plate is less than that of aluminum, the required area of the enthalpy recuperator is significantly more area similar aluminum recuperator. On the one hand, this increases the dimensions of the equipment, on the other hand, it allows the transfer of a large volume of moisture, and it is thanks to this that it is possible to achieve high frost resistance of the recuperator and stable operation of the equipment at ultra-low temperatures.
IN winter time(outdoor temperature below -5C), if the humidity of the exhaust air exceeds 30% (at an exhaust air temperature of 22...24 o C), in the recuperator, along with the process of transferring moisture to the supply air, the process of moisture accumulation on the recuperator plate occurs. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically turn off the supply fan and dry the hygroscopic layer of the recuperator with exhaust air. The duration, frequency and temperature below which the drying process is required depends on the staging of the recuperator, the temperature and humidity inside the room. The most commonly used recuperator drying settings are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Most commonly used heat exchanger drying settings
| Recuperator stages | Temperature/Humidity | ||||
|
|
<20% | 20%-30% | 30%-35% | 35%-45% | |
| 2 steps | not required | 3/45 min | 3/30 min | 4/30 min | |
| 3 steps | not required | 3/50 min | 3/40 min | 3/30 min | |
| 4 steps | not required | 3/50 min | 3/40 min | ||
Drying the recuperator is required only when installing air humidification systems, or when operating equipment with large, systematic moisture inflows.
- With standard indoor air parameters, the drying mode is not required.
In this article, as an example of an administrative building, we consider a typical five-story building of the Federal State Institution “Research Institute TsEPP” after the planned reconstruction.
For this building, the flow of supply and exhaust air was determined in accordance with air exchange standards in administrative premises for each room of the building.
The total values of supply and exhaust air flow rates by building floors are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Estimated flow rates of supply/exhaust air by building floors
| Floor | Supply air flow, m 3/h | Extract air flow, m 3/h | PVU TURKOV |
| Basement | 1987 | 1987 | Zenit 2400 HECO SW |
| 1st floor | 6517 | 6517 |
Zenit 1600 HECO SW Zenit 2400 HECO SW Zenit 3400 HECO SW |
| 2nd floor | 5010 | 5010 | Zenit 5000 HECO SW |
| 3rd floor | 6208 | 6208 |
Zenit 6000 HECO SW Zenit 350 HECO MW - 2 pcs. |
| 4th floor | 6957 | 6957 | Zenit 6000 HECO SW Zenit 350 HECO MW |
| 5th floor | 4274 | 4274 |
Zenit 6000 HECO SW Zenit 350 HECO MW |
In laboratories, PVUs operate according to a special algorithm with compensation for the exhaust from fume hoods, i.e., when any fume hood is turned on, the AHU hood is automatically reduced by the amount of the cabinet hood. Based on the estimated costs, Turkov air handling units were selected. Each floor will be served by its own Zenit HECO SW and Zenit HECO MW PVU with three-stage recovery up to 85%.
Ventilation of the first floor is carried out by PVU, which are installed in the basement and on the second floor. Ventilation of the remaining floors (except for laboratories on the fourth and third floors) is provided by PVU installed on the technical floor.
The appearance of the Zenit Heco SW installation PES is shown in Figure 6. Table 3 shows the technical data for each installation PES.
Installation Zenit Heco SW includes: - Housing with heat and noise insulation;
- Supply fan;
- Exhaust fan;
- Supply filter;
- Exhaust filter;
- 3-stage recuperator;
- Water heater;
- Mixing unit;
- Automation with a set of sensors;
- Wired remote control.
An important advantage is the possibility of installing equipment both vertically and horizontally under the ceiling, which is used in the building in question. As well as the ability to place equipment in cold areas (attics, garages, technical rooms, etc.) and on the street, which is very important during restoration and reconstruction of buildings.
Zenit HECO MW PVU is a small PVU with heat and moisture recovery with a water heater and a mixing unit in a lightweight and versatile polypropylene foam housing, designed to maintain the climate in small rooms, apartments, and houses.
Company TURKOVhas independently developed and produces Monocontroller automation for ventilation equipment in Russia. This automation is used in the Zenit Heco SW PVU
- The controller controls electronically commutated fans via MODBUS, which allows you to monitor the operation of each fan.
- Controls water heaters and coolers to accurately maintain supply air temperature in both winter and summer.
- For CO control 2 in the conference room and meeting rooms the automation is equipped with special CO sensors 2 . The equipment will monitor the CO concentration 2 and automatically change the air flow, adjusting to the number of people in the room, to maintain the required air quality, thereby reducing the heat consumption of the equipment.
- A complete dispatch system allows you to organize a dispatch center as simply as possible. A remote monitoring system will allow you to monitor equipment from anywhere in the world.
Control panel capabilities:
- Clock, date;
- Three fan speeds;
- Real-time filter status display;
- Weekly timer;
- Setting the supply air temperature;
- Display of faults on the display.
Efficiency mark
To assess the efficiency of the installation of Zenit Heco SW air handling units with recuperation in the building under consideration, we will determine the calculated, average and annual loads on the ventilation system, as well as costs in rubles for the cold period, warm period and for the entire year for three PVU options:
- PVU with recovery Zenit Heco SW (recuperator efficiency 85%);
- Direct-flow PVU (i.e. without a recuperator);
- PVU with heat recovery efficiency of 50%.
The load on the ventilation system is the load on the air heater, which heats (during the cold period) or cools (during the warm period) the supply air after the recuperator. In a direct-flow PVU, the air in the heater is heated from the initial parameters corresponding to the parameters of the outside air during the cold period, and is cooled during the warm period. The results of calculating the design load on the ventilation system in the cold period by floor of the building are shown in Table 3. The results of calculating the design load on the ventilation system in the warm period for the entire building are shown in Table 4.
Table 3. Estimated load on the ventilation system during the cold period by floor, kW
| Floor | PVU Zenit HECO SW/MW | Direct-flow PVU | PES with recovery 50% |
| Basement | 3,5 | 28,9 | 14,0 |
| 1st floor | 11,5 | 94,8 | 45,8 |
| 2nd floor | 8,8 | 72,9 | 35,2 |
| 3rd floor | 10,9 | 90,4 | 43,6 |
| 4th floor | 12,2 | 101,3 | 48,9 |
| 5th floor | 7,5 | 62,2 | 30,0 |
| 54,4 | 450,6 | 217,5 |
Table 4. Estimated load on the ventilation system during the warm period by floor, kW
| Floor | PVU Zenit HECO SW/MW | Direct-flow PVU | PES with recovery 50% |
| 20,2 | 33,1 | 31,1 |
Since the calculated outdoor air temperatures in the cold and warm periods are not constant during the heating and cooling periods, it is necessary to determine the average ventilation load at the average outdoor temperature:
The results of calculating the annual load on the ventilation system during the warm period and cold period for the entire building are shown in Tables 5 and 6.
Table 5. Annual load on the ventilation system during the cold period by floor, kW
| Floor | PVU Zenit HECO SW/MW | Direct-flow PVU | PES with recovery 50% |
| 66105 | 655733 | 264421 | |
| 66,1 | 655,7 | 264,4 |
Table 6. Annual load on the ventilation system during the warm period by floor, kW
| Floor | PVU Zenit HECO SW/MW | Direct-flow PVU | PES with recovery 50% |
| 12362 | 20287 | 19019 | |
| 12,4 | 20,3 | 19,0 |
Let us determine the costs in rubles per year for additional heating, cooling and fan operation.
The consumption in rubles for reheating is obtained by multiplying the annual values of ventilation loads (in Gcal) during the cold period by the cost of 1 Gcal/hour of thermal energy from the network and by the operating time of the PVU in heating mode. The cost of 1 Gcal/h of thermal energy from the network is taken to be 2169 rubles.
The costs in rubles for operating fans are obtained by multiplying their power, operating time and the cost of 1 kW of electricity. The cost of 1 kWh of electricity is taken to be 5.57 rubles.
The results of calculations of costs in rubles for the operation of the PES in the cold period are shown in Table 7, and in the warm period in Table 8. Table 9 shows a comparison of all options for the PES for the entire building of the Federal State Institution "Research Institute TsEPP".
Table 7. Expenses in rubles per year for the operation of the PES during the cold period
| Floor | PVU Zenit HECO SW/MW | Direct-flow PVU | PES with recovery 50% | |||
| For reheating | For fans | For reheating | For fans | For reheating | For fans | |
| Total costs | 368 206 | 337 568 | 3 652 433 | 337 568 | 1 472 827 | 337 568 |
Table 8. Expenses in rubles per year for the operation of the PES during the warm period
| Floor | PVU Zenit HECO SW/MW | Direct-flow PVU | PES with recovery 50% | |||
| For cooling | For fans | For cooling | For fans | For cooling | For fans | |
| Total costs | 68 858 | 141 968 | 112 998 | 141 968 | 105 936 | 141 968 |
Table 9. Comparison of all PES
| Magnitude | PVU Zenit HECO SW/MW | Direct-flow PVU | PES with recovery 50% |
| , kW | 54,4 | 450,6 | 217,5 |
| 20,2 | 33,1 | 31,1 | |
| 25,7 | 255,3 | 103,0 | |
| 11,4 | 18,8 | 17,6 | |
| 66 105 | 655 733 | 264 421 | |
| 12 362 | 20 287 | 19 019 | |
| 78 468 | 676 020 | 283 440 | |
| Reheating costs, rub | 122 539 | 1 223 178 | 493 240 |
| Cooling costs, rub | 68 858 | 112 998 | 105 936 |
| Costs of fans in winter, rub. | 337 568 | ||
| Costs of fans in summer, rub. | 141 968 | ||
| Total annual costs, rub | 670 933 | 1 815 712 | 1 078 712 |
An analysis of Table 9 allows us to draw an unambiguous conclusion - the air handling units Zenit HECO SW and Zenit HECO MW with heat and moisture recovery from Turkov are very energy efficient.
The total annual ventilation load of the TURKOV PVU is less than the load in the PVU with an efficiency of 50% by 72%, and in comparison with the direct-flow PVU by 88%. The Turkov PVU will allow you to save 1 million 145 thousand rubles - in comparison with a direct-flow PVU or 408 thousand rubles - in comparison with a PVU, the efficiency of which is 50%.
Where else are the savings...
The main reason for failures in the use of systems with recovery is the relatively high initial investment, however, with a more complete look at the costs of development, such systems not only quickly pay for themselves, but also make it possible to reduce the overall investment during development. As an example, let’s take the most widespread “standard” development with use of residential, office buildings and shops.
Average heat loss of finished buildings: 50 W/m2.
- Included: Heat loss through walls, windows, roofing, foundation, etc.
Included:
- Ventilation of apartments based on the purpose of the premises and multiplicity.
- Ventilation of offices based on the number of people and CO2 compensation.
- Ventilation of shops, corridors, warehouses, etc.
- The ratio of areas was chosen based on several existing complexes
Included:
- Compensation for toilets, bathrooms, kitchens, etc. Since it is impossible to organize an intake from these rooms into the recovery system, an influx is organized into this room, and the exhaust goes through separate fans past the recuperator.
The difference between the amount of supply air and the amount of compensation air.
It is this volume of exhaust air that transfers heat to the supply air.
So, it is necessary to develop the area with standard buildings with a total area of 40,000 m2 with the specified heat loss characteristics. Let's see what savings can be achieved by using ventilation systems with recovery.
Operating costs
The main purpose of choosing recuperation systems is to reduce the cost of operating equipment by significantly reducing the required thermal power to heat the supply air.
With the use of supply and exhaust ventilation units without recovery, we will obtain a heat consumption of the ventilation system of one building of 2410 kWh.
- Let's take the cost of operating such a system as 100%. There are no savings at all - 0%.
Using stacked supply and exhaust ventilation units with heat recovery and an average efficiency of 50%, we will obtain a heat consumption of the ventilation system of one building of 1457 kWh.
- Operating cost 60%. Saving with typesetting equipment 40%
Using monoblock highly efficient TURKOV supply and exhaust ventilation units with heat and moisture recovery and an average efficiency of 85%, we will obtain a heat consumption of the ventilation system of one building of 790 kWh.
- Operating cost 33%. Savings with TURKOV equipment 67%
As you can see, ventilation systems with highly efficient equipment have lower heat consumption, which allows us to talk about the payback of the equipment within 3-7 years when using water heaters and 1-2 years when using electric heaters.
Construction costs
If construction is carried out in the city, it is necessary to extract a significant amount of thermal energy from the existing heating network, which always requires significant financial costs. The more heat required, the more expensive the supply cost will be.
Construction “in the field” often does not involve the supply of heat; gas is usually supplied and the construction of your own boiler house or thermal power plant is carried out. The cost of this structure is proportional to the required thermal power: the more, the more expensive.
As an example, assume that a boiler house with a capacity of 50 MW of thermal energy has been built.
In addition to ventilation, heating costs for a typical building with an area of 40,000 m2 and heat loss of 50 W/m2 will be about 2000 kWh.
Using supply and exhaust ventilation units without recovery, it will be possible to build 11 buildings.
With the use of stacked supply and exhaust ventilation units with heat recovery and an average efficiency of 50%, it will be possible to construct 14 buildings.
Using monoblock highly efficient TURKOV supply and exhaust ventilation units with heat and moisture recovery and an average efficiency of 85%, it will be possible to construct 18 buildings.
The final estimate for supplying more thermal energy or building a high-capacity boiler house is significantly more expensive than the cost of more energy-efficient ventilation equipment. With the use of additional means of reducing the heat loss of a building, it is possible to increase the building size without increasing the required thermal output. For example, by reducing heat loss by only 20%, to 40 W/m2, you can build 21 buildings.
Features of equipment operation in northern latitudes
As a rule, equipment with recovery has restrictions on the minimum outdoor air temperature. This is due to the capabilities of the recuperator and the limit is -25...-30 o C. If the temperature drops, the condensate from the exhaust air will freeze on the recuperator, therefore at ultra-low temperatures an electric preheater or a water preheater with non-freezing liquid is used. For example, in Yakutia the estimated street air temperature is -48 o C. Then classical systems with recovery work as follows:
- o With preheater heated to -25 o C (Thermal energy consumed).
- C -25 o C air is heated in the recuperator to -2.5 o C (at 50% efficiency).
- C -2.5 o The air is heated by the main heater to the required temperature (thermal energy is consumed).
When using a special series of equipment for the Far North with 4-stage recovery TURKOV CrioVent, preheating is not required, since 4 stages, a large recovery area and moisture return prevent the recuperator from freezing. The equipment operates in a graying manner:
- Street air with a temperature of -48 o C heats up in the recuperator to 11.5 o C (efficiency 85%).
- From 11.5 o The air is heated by the main heater to the required temperature. (Thermal energy is consumed).
The absence of preheating and high efficiency of the equipment will significantly reduce heat consumption and simplify the design of the equipment.
The use of highly efficient recovery systems in northern latitudes is most relevant, since low outside air temperatures make the use of classical recovery systems difficult, and equipment without recovery requires too much thermal energy. Turkov equipment successfully operates in cities with the most difficult climatic conditions, such as: Ulan-Ude, Irkutsk, Yeniseisk, Yakutsk, Anadyr, Murmansk, as well as in many other cities with a milder climate in comparison with these cities.
Conclusion
- The use of ventilation systems with recovery allows not only to reduce operating costs, but in the case of large-scale reconstruction or capital development, to reduce the initial investment.
- Maximum savings can be achieved in middle and northern latitudes, where equipment operates in difficult conditions with prolonged negative outdoor temperatures.
- Using the example of the building of the Federal State Institution "Research Institute TsEPP", a ventilation system with a highly efficient recuperator will save 3 million 33 thousand rubles per year - in comparison with a direct-flow PVU and 1 million 40 thousand rubles per year - in comparison with a stacked PVU, the efficiency of which is 50%.
Creating a comfortable microclimate in the premises of the house is possible only with appropriate ventilation. Stagnant air can cause mold to appear on the walls, as well as physical illness. An open vent or window cannot always qualitatively renew the air in the premises of a private home. To do this effectively, you need to install a supply and exhaust ventilation system.
The principle of operation and the need for supply and exhaust ventilation in a private house
This type of ventilation is also called “forced”. Unlike the option with natural circulation, it is equipped with electrical devices that pump and promote air flows.
Designs with a forced air exchange system are equipped with fans of various powers, electronics, noise suppressors and heating elements. All these devices are designed to supply housing with environmentally friendly oxygen, creating internal comfort and a feeling of freshness.
The presence of these elements will create effective ventilation in the house
Unlike natural ventilation, the supply and exhaust type of air exchange is effective under the following conditions:
- The minimum temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, when warm air rises, cannot create draft.
- When there is a difference in air pressure between the upper and lower levels of the building.
This type of ventilation should be used for residential premises or buildings with several rooms located at different levels, as well as in areas with a polluted atmosphere. The supply and exhaust ventilation method will not only change the air in the room, but also make it clean, thanks to the special filters provided in the system.
The design can carry out not only conventional filtration through a foam layer, but also carry out this process using a lamp with ultraviolet light.
Efficient forced ventilation system
An important role in the supply and exhaust system is played by:
- engine and fan power;
- filter material class;
- heating element size;
- quality of material and type of air ducts.
Fans
Forced movement of air masses is provided by fans. Simple models are equipped with three levels of blade speed:
- normal;
- low (used for “quiet” operation at night or during the absence of owners);
- high (used to create powerful air currents).
Modern fan models are manufactured with a large number of speeds, which satisfies the needs of any owner. Fans are upgraded with automatic and electronic controllers. This makes it possible to program the device by setting blade rotation speed modes. Electrical equipment allows you to synchronize ventilation with the smart home system.
When choosing, preference should be given to trusted manufacturers
Since the operation of the ventilation system is designed for a continuously long period, the quality of the fans must be at the highest level.
Filters
Supply air masses must be cleaned using filters. Recuperators are equipped with filter layers that are capable of trapping particles less than 0.5 microns. This parameter corresponds to the European standard. A filter with such a throughput does not allow fungal spores, plant pollen, dry soot and dust to enter the room.
The presence of this device is especially important for owners suffering from allergic diseases.
The design of ventilation ducts can be equipped with several filter barriers, installing them in front of heat exchange devices. However, such filters are designed to protect them from carrier dirt from exhaust flows.
Manufactured with multiple layers
Recuperation systems are equipped with electronic sensors, which, having detected the maximum degree of filter contamination, are signaled by a sound or light indicator.
Heating elements
A supply and exhaust ventilation system requires the installation of heating elements, since heat exchangers lose their efficiency if the external air temperature is below -10°C. To do this, an electric system for heating the incoming air is mounted on the supply duct.
Modern heating elements are programmed for a specific operating mode. This makes it possible to control the temperature without outside intervention. Typically, computerized heating elements are installed and synchronized with the smart home system.
The size, power, shape and design of the heating elements are selected in compliance with the parameters of the entire ventilation system and the desire of the owner.
Makes the temperature comfortable
When choosing the power of the heater, you should take into account its operation at low external temperatures and high humidity. Such conditions will contribute to the fact that condensation may appear on the heat exchanger parts, which subsequently turns into ice.
- This problem can be solved in two ways:
- Change the operation order of the supply fan. It must be turned on every 20–30 minutes for 5–10 minutes. The heated air flow passing through the heat exchanger eliminates icing.
Change the direction of cold air flow. To do this, the supply air masses are separated, directing their flows past the heat exchanger.
Air ducts
The most convenient and popular air ducts are flexible options made of aluminum or plastic. Pipes are made with round, square or rectangular cross-section. This material has a reinforcing frame made of steel wire, and can also be covered with a thermal insulation layer based on mineral fibers, for example, mineral wool.
Supply and exhaust ventilation with heat recovery
Such a system implies its operation in the cold months. To prevent incoming air flows from causing cold in the house, the system must be upgraded with a heat exchange device - an air recuperator. The device transfers heat to cold air at the time of recycling the outgoing air.
Humid air concentrated in the kitchen, bathroom or utility room is directed outside using air intakes. Before leaving the air duct channels, it is retained in the heat exchanger, which takes away part of the heat, giving it to the opposite (supply movement of air masses).
A good recovery option with partial moisture return is implemented in Naveka units, Node5 series: https://progress-nw.ru/shop?part=UstanovkiventilyatsionnyieNode5.
How the device works
Systems equipped with recuperators have gained great popularity in Western European countries. Thanks to this equipment, buildings built in these regions lose 5–10 times less heat than those built without these systems. Recycling heated exhaust streams reduced heat generation costs by 65–68%. This made it possible to pay for such a system over a period of 4–5 years. The energy efficiency of houses equipped with this system has made it possible to reduce the heating period.
The dimensions and power of supply and exhaust systems equipped with a recuperator depend on the area and location of the ventilated premises.
Enterprising homeowners install natural and forced (with heat recovery) in their homes. This is necessary in case of malfunction or repair of mechanical air exchange. Natural ventilation is convenient to use during unheated periods.
When using two ventilation systems in your home, you should adhere to the rule - the natural ventilation ducts must be tightly closed during forced air exchange.
If this is neglected, the quality of air renewal using the supply and exhaust system will significantly decrease.
IN ventilation systems The most commonly used types of recuperators are:
- lamellar;
- rotary;
- with intermediate coolant;
- chamber;
- in the form of heat pipes.
Plate recuperators
In this device, warm and cold air flows pass from both sides of the plates. This promotes the formation of condensation on them. In this regard, special outlets for accumulated water are installed on such structures. Chambers for collecting moisture must be equipped with valves that prevent liquid from entering the channel. If water drops enter the system, ice may form. Therefore, for normal operation of the device, a defrosting system is necessary.
The appearance of ice can be avoided by controlling the operation of the bypass valve, which regulates the amount of air flow passing through the device.
The design feature increases its efficiency
Rotary
Heat exchange in this device occurs through the removed and supply channels as a result of the rotation of the rotor disks. The elements of this system are not protected from dirt and odors, so their particles can move from one air stream to another.
The recovery of warm air flows can be controlled by changing the rotation speed of the rotor disks.
This device, unlike the previous one, is less susceptible to freezing, since the working elements are dynamically movable. The efficiency of these devices reaches 75–85%.
Equipped with movable elements
Recuperators with intermediate coolant
The coolant in this recuperator design is water or a water-glycol solution. The peculiarity of this type is that the heat exchangers are in different channels - one in the exhaust channel, the other in the supply channel. The water moves through the tubes between two heat exchangers. The design has a closed system. This prevents contaminants from getting into the supply air from the exhaust air.
Heat exchange is regulated by changing the speed of movement of coolant moisture.
Such devices do not have moving elements, so their efficiency is lower, amounting to 45–60%.
Has no moving elements
Chamber
Heat exchange in such a design occurs as a result of changing the direction of air flow. Chamber recuperators are devices, usually in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped, with a chamber that is divided into two parts by a damper. During operation, it changes the direction of the air masses so that the temperature of the supply flow increases from the heated chamber body. The disadvantage of this recuperator is that dirty particles and odors can mix with the exhaust and supply air.
Flows inside the chamber can mix
Heat pipes
Recuperators of this type have a sealed housing, inside of which there is a system of tubes filled with freon. Under the influence of high temperature (during the removal of air), the substance turns into steam. As the influent masses pass along the tubes, the steam collects in drops, forming a liquid. The design of such recuperators eliminates the transfer of odors and dirt. Since the body of this device does not have moving elements, it has low efficiency (45–65%).
The work is based on temperature changes in freon
Due to their high efficiency, rotor and plate types have become most popular. Recuperator designs can be modernized, for example, by installing two plate-type heat exchangers in series. The efficiency of such ventilation increases.
PES design
When designing a ventilation system, it is necessary to determine the type of this device, since its power and the amount of electricity consumed may not be suitable for every owner. In this regard, if there is no need for forced ventilation, then it is better to install natural ventilation.
Each ventilation system has its own standard parameters for the volume of air passed in 1 hour:
- for the natural option this norm is 1m³/h;
- for forced - in the range from 3 to 5 m³/h.
When designing a ventilation system for large rooms, it is advisable to install forced ventilation.
Design and installation of ventilation systems is a technically complex process that includes several stages:
- The first stage consists of drawing up drawings and collecting data on the layout of the premises. Based on the established information, the type of ventilation system is selected and the power of the equipment is determined.
- At the second stage, the necessary calculations are made for the volume of air exchange for each room in the house. This is a crucial design moment, since incorrect calculations will subsequently cause stagnant air, the appearance of mold and mildew, and a feeling of stuffiness.
- The third stage consists of calculating sections for air ducts. This is also an important point, since incorrect calculations will cause low efficiency of the entire system, despite expensive equipment.
- in natural exhaust air flow speed should correspond to 1 m/s;
- in air ducts equipped with fans, this parameter is 5 m/s;
- in air duct branches the speed of air masses is 3 m/s.
- At the fourth stage, a diagram of the ventilation system is drawn up indicating the separation valves. The purpose of this stage is to correctly distribute barriers to prevent the spread of smoke and fire during a fire.
- The fifth stage is to coordinate the selected system with current regulatory documents and installation and placement rules. The finished design of the ventilation system must be approved by the fire department, sanitary and hygienic and architectural organizations. Obtaining permits from all these services and government bodies gives the right to installation.
Pay attention to the material on the design and installation of ventilation in the cellar of a private house:.
Calculations
When calculating supply and exhaust ventilation systems, it is necessary to take into account the amount of replaced air in the room over a certain time. The unit of measurement is cubic meter per hour (m³/h).
To apply this indicator to calculations, you need to calculate the passage of air flows and add 20% (resistance of filter layers and grids).
Air volume calculation
As an example, the air volume was calculated for a private house with a ceiling height of 2.5 m. The system will also serve 3 bedrooms (11 m² each), a hallway (15 m²), a toilet (7 m²) and a kitchen (9 m²). Let's substitute the values (3∙11+15+7+9) ∙2.5=160 m³.
When making calculations, it is necessary to round the obtained data upward.
The installed heat exchanger must match the power of all fans in the supply and exhaust system. To do this, it is necessary to subtract 25% from the sum of the fan performance (resistance to air flow in the system). The inlet and outlet of the recuperator must be equipped with fans.
It should be noted that in each room of the house where the system is located, 1 supply and 1 exhaust fan must be installed. The required performance of each of them is calculated as follows:
- Bedroom: 11∙2.5=27.5+20%=33 m³/h. Since the house has three bedrooms with the same area, it is necessary to multiply this value by three: 33∙3=99 m³/h.
- Hallway: 15∙2.5=37.5+20%=45 m³/h.
- Toilet: 7∙2.5=17.5+20%=21 m³/h.
- Kitchen: 9∙2.5=22.5+20%=27 m³/h.
Now you need to add these values to get the total fan performance: 99+45+21+27=192 m³/h.
The load on the recuperator will be: 192–25%=144 m³/h.
Calculation of the diameter of the ventilation duct
To calculate the diameter of the ventilation duct, it is necessary to use the formula for calculating the cross-sectional area, which is as follows: F=L/(S∙3600), where L is the total number of air masses passing in one hour, S is the average air speed equal to 1 m/s. Let's substitute the values: 192/(1 m/s∙3600)=0.0533 m².
To calculate the radius of a pipe with a round cross-section, you need to use the following formula: R=√(F:π), where R is the radius of a round pipe; F - air duct cross-section; π is a mathematical value equal to 3.14. In an example, it looks like this: √(0.0533∙3.14)=0.167 m².
Electricity calculation
Correctly calculated energy consumption will allow rational use of the ventilation system. This is especially important if the duct structure is equipped with heating elements.
To calculate the amount of energy consumed, you should use the formula: M=(T1∙L∙C∙D∙16+T2∙L∙C∙N∙8)∙AD:1000, where M is the total price for the electricity used; T1 and T2 - temperature difference between day and night (the values differ depending on the month of the year); D, N - the cost of electricity in accordance with the time of day; A, D - the total number of calendar days in a month.
Air temperature readings are easy to find out from local weather forecasts, so there is no need to purchase any reference books. Tariff sizes are determined according to the region of residence. Using these sources, you can obtain accurate readings on energy consumption when the ventilation system is operating.
Equipment installation procedure
The installation of equipment elements for the supply and exhaust ventilation system is carried out after finishing the walls, before installing the suspended ceiling panels. The ventilation system equipment is installed in a certain order:
- The intake valve is installed first.
- After it there is a filter for cleaning the incoming air.
- Then an electric heater.
- The heat exchange device is a recuperator.
- Air duct cooling system.
- If necessary, the system is equipped with a humidifier and a fan in the supply duct.
- If the power is high, then a noise isolating device is installed.
Do-it-yourself supply and exhaust ventilation system installation
Installation of a ventilation system consists of several construction stages:
- Using the previously obtained values, calculate the optimal parameters for the holes in the wall.
- Make markings to place the supply channel. To drill a hole in a concrete wall, you must use a rig with a concrete drill bit. This device is fixed to the wall, thanks to which the hole is smooth, in a precisely marked place. The point of contact between the core drill and the concrete wall is isolated with a special cap, to which tubes are connected to supply a jet of water and a powerful vacuum cleaner.
Provides forced movement of air masses
Air duct installation
Installation of air ducts must be preceded by drawing up diagrams and drawings. You should also ensure that you have additional fasteners and clamps. Installation of air ducts is carried out in the following order:
How to operate and maintain the PES
The high-quality operation of the supply and exhaust ventilation system depends not only on professional installation, but also on competent maintenance. Elements of the supply and exhaust device require:
- periodic cleaning of filters;
- their renewal in case of contamination or expiration of service life;
- replacing the lubricant of moving parts and fan parts;
- If the system is equipped with heating elements, ionizers and noise insulators, regular checks of their serviceability are necessary.
Typically, all necessary actions for caring for this system are described in the operating rules and instructions.
Video: apartment ventilation on 2 levels with heat recovery
Having familiarized yourself with all the nuances of installing and equipping a ventilation system, you can create a healthy and comfortable atmosphere in your home, providing yourself and your loved ones with fresh air.
Many buildings that are currently being built, both industrial and residential, have very complex infrastructure and are designed with maximum emphasis on energy conservation. Therefore, it is impossible to do without installing such systems as general air ventilation systems, smoke protection systems and air conditioning systems. To ensure efficient and long service life of ventilation systems, it is necessary to properly design and install a general air ventilation system, a smoke protection system and an air conditioning system. Installation of such equipment of any type must be carried out in compliance with certain rules. And in terms of technical characteristics, it must correspond to the volume and type of premises in which it will be used (residential building, public, industrial).
Proper operation of the systems is of great importance: compliance with the deadlines and rules for carrying out preventive inspections, scheduled maintenance, as well as the correct and high-quality adjustment of ventilation equipment.
For each ventilation system in Moscow put into operation, a passport and operational log are drawn up. The passport is drawn up in two copies, one of which is stored at the enterprise, and the other in the technical supervision service. The passport contains all the technical characteristics of the system, information about the repair work carried out, and copies of the as-built drawings of the ventilation equipment are attached to it. In addition, the passport reflects a list of operating conditions for all components and parts of ventilation systems.
Routine inspections of ventilation systems are carried out according to the established schedule. During routine inspections:
- Defects are identified that are eliminated during routine repairs;
- The technical condition is determined;
- Partial cleaning and lubrication of individual components and parts are carried out.
All data from a routine inspection of ventilation systems must be indicated in the operation log.
Also, during the work shift, the operating team on duty provides for scheduled overhaul maintenance of the ventilation systems. This service includes:
- Start-up, regulation and shutdown of ventilation equipment;
- Supervision of the operation of ventilation systems;
- Monitoring the compliance of air parameters and supply air temperature;
- Elimination of minor defects.
Commissioning of general air ventilation systems, smoke protection systems and air conditioning systems
The commissioning stage is a very important stage, because the quality of ventilation and air conditioning depends on the commissioning work.
During commissioning, the work of the installation team is visible, and the parameters specified in the project are checked and compared with the indicators specified in the project documentation. During the inspection, a complete check of the technical condition of the installed equipment, the distribution and uninterrupted operation of adjustment devices, the installation of control and diagnostic devices, and the identification of errors in the operation of the equipment are carried out. If deviations are detected that are within normal limits, then readjustment does not occur, and the object is prepared for delivery to the customer, with all documents completed.
All of our company’s foremen have specialized education, health and safety certificates, extensive work experience and have all the necessary documents and certificates.
At the commissioning stage, we measure air flow speed in air ducts, noise levels, test the quality of equipment installation, adjust engineering systems in accordance with project parameters, and certify.
Start-up testing and adjustment of ventilation and air conditioning systems must be carried out by a construction and installation or specialized commissioning organization.
Certification of systems
A technical document drawn up on the basis of checking the operating condition of ventilation systems and equipment, carried out using aerodynamic tests, is called ventilation system certification.
SP 73.13330.2012 “Internal sanitary systems of buildings”, updated version of SNIP 3.05.01-85 “Internal sanitary systems” regulate the form and content of the ventilation system passport.
Obtaining a ventilation system passport, in accordance with the requirements of the above document, is mandatory.
Upon completion of the installation work, the customer receives a ventilation system passport.
A passport must be obtained for each ventilation system.
The passport is indispensable for registering purchased equipment, for proper operation of such equipment, in order to achieve the necessary sanitary and hygienic air parameters.
Within the period established by law, this document is provided by the control and supervisory authority. Receipt of this document is indisputable evidence in resolving controversial issues with the relevant authorities.
Obtaining a ventilation system passport can be carried out as a separate type of work, consisting of a set of aerodynamic tests. The conduct of such events is regulated by the following regulations:
- SP 73.13330.2012;
- STO NOSTROY 2.24.2-2011;
- R NOSTROY 2.15.3-2011;
- GOST 12.3.018-79. “Ventilation systems. Methods of aerodynamic tests";
- GOST R 53300-2009;
- SP 4425-87. “Sanitary and hygienic control of production premises”;
- SanPiN 2.1.3.2630-10.
