Where is kerosene used? Specific heat capacity of kerosene at different temperatures. Method for producing kerosene
1. Properties and composition
2. History of kerosene
3. Receipt kerosene
4. Application kerosene
Aviation kerosene
- Rocket fuel
- Technical kerosene
Lighting kerosene
5. Treatment with kerosene
Medicinal properties and contraindications of kerosene
Cleaning household kerosene
First aid for kerosene poisoning
6. Antique kerosene
Kerosene- these are mixtures of hydrocarbons (from C12 to C15), boiling in the temperature range 150-250 ° C, transparent, slightly oily to the touch, flammable liquid obtained by distillation or rectification of black gold.
Property and composition
Density 0.78-0.85 g/cm3 (at 20 °C), viscosity 1.2 - 4.5 mm2/s (at 20 °C), flash point 28-72 °C, calorific value approx. 43 MJ/kg.
Depending on the chemical composition and the method of oil refining from which kerosene is obtained, its composition includes:
limit aliphatic hydrocarbons — 20-60 %
naphthenic 20-50%
bicyclic aromatic 5-25%
Unlimited - up to 2%
impurities of sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen compounds.
Boiling point: 150-300°C
Melting point: -20°C
Relative density (water = 1): 0.8
Solubility in water: insoluble
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.5
Flash point: 37-65°C
Auto-ignition temperature: 220°C
Explosion limits, volume% in air: 0.7-5
History of kerosene
For a long time, people have been looking for a convenient and simple source of light, heat, and later fuel. IN ancient times this source was simple straw and firewood; later people began to extract and use peat. In addition to the material itself, improvised means of lighting, such as candles, a torch, and a lamp, also appeared in human everyday life. Those times are long gone and the progress of mankind has significantly advanced in development from those “dark” times. One of the first scientific and technical breakthroughs in the fuel field was kerosene. Where did the word “kerosene” come from? According to the Russian encyclopedia, which was published in St. Petersburg, the word “kerosene” comes from the name of the trading house “Carry and Son”, which is similar to the word “kerosene”. Completely different intelligence at Bolshaya Soviet encyclopedia . Its authors believe that the word “kerosene” comes from the Greek word keros, which translates as wax. One of the first to argue that under the influence of a certain temperature on A light liquid appears; it was a doctor from St. Petersburg, I. Ya. Lerch. He made his statement while in Baku between 1732 and 1735.
It was only in 1745 that the first signs of kerosene production appeared. Then the head of this grandiose project was F. Pryad, and the action itself took place at the Ukhtinskoye field black gold. Although production existed, it was of little use. Kerosene was not yet popular in the world, and there was no particular use for it.
The next stage in the development of the fuel industry, in particular kerosene, was the oil refinery. This invention belongs to the Russians. They were significantly ahead of other countries in the world in the field of oil refining. In those days in Europe it was used as a material for coating wheels. Scientists did not consider oil as more useful and profitable. And in the North Caucasus, the distillation of black black gold into white liquid, which was more convenient for lighting, had already been established. According to history, this merit belongs to the Dubinin brothers. It was they who supervised the production of kerosene from black gold in the North Caucasus. Archives from the Caucasus Department mention that the peasant Vasily Dubinin and his brothers found a way to purify raw black gold. The same archive contains a drawing and explanations for the invention. In 1823, the brothers built the world's first oil refinery in the city of Mozdok. This was the first production of kerosene in significant volumes. By that time, kerosene had gained the respect of the purchaser and was in great demand. Despite a good start, kerosene production was suspended. The reason for this was the tsarist government, which extinguished many projects and developments of scientific inventors of those times. Kerosene was luckier than other inventions and discoveries. It proved itself well, so in 1830 a new stage in the development and production of kerosene began. For the first time, kerosene was produced in laboratory conditions. Kerosene began to be produced on an industrial scale much later. This was due to the advent of kerosene lamps in everyday life, which were convenient and completely safe to use. IN Russian Federation The first signs of an industrial kerosene production index were noticed only in 1859. A plant was built in Surkhany, led by V. A. Kokorev.
The 19th century was the era of kerosene. Secondary products of black gold distillation, such as, were not in demand and had limited areas of application. Petrol in particular used in medical purposes and as a household solvent. It even came to pass that petrol they poured it into pits or reservoirs, since its reserves significantly exceeded the needs, and there was no point in storing the surplus. Kerosene was the leader among substances used for lighting. Gradually the situation changed, and around 1911, kerosene took over the leading position. And it is still much more popular and necessary than kerosene. The reason for such a sharp change in the leadership of petroleum products was invention and the spread of the internal combustion engine. Kerosene did not become a thing of history, but since 1950 it has again become a popular product. All over the world, the active creation and development of jet and turboprop aircraft began, which used kerosene, also called aviation kerosene. It turned out that kerosene has become the optimal and most relevant fuel for aviation. Nowadays, kerosene is usually used as fuel for various household appliances and jet fuel.
Kerosene of deep hydrogenation (dearomatized) is used as a solvent in the polymerization of the solution in the production of PVC. For use in washing machines, additives are added to kerosene that contain Mg and Cr salts. A mixture of kerosene and additive prevents the accumulation of charges static electricity.
The use of kerosene is very diverse and extensive. In the early years of its existence, kerosene was used only as a material for lighting. Despite enormous progress since those times, kerosene is still used today for lighting purposes in lighting and incandescent lamps. Metal cutting, household heating devices, varnish solvent, leather impregnation - this is all where kerosene is also used.
If kerosene is considered as a fuel, its main qualities are the height of the non-smoking flame (HFL). Kerosene is also characterized by its flash point and cloud point, which is very important for air flights at altitude, where the air temperature is very low, which means that kerosene as a fuel should not turn into crystals. This indicator ensures the safety of using kerosene in difficult temperature conditions. Another important property of kerosene is a small amount of sulfur, which ensures environmental standards when used near humans.
Kerosene today, however, like hundreds of years ago, is widely used both in human life and in industry and technology. Few people know its history, its stages of development and improvement. But kerosene is very important raw materials.
Obtaining kerosene
Kerosene is obtained by distillation or rectification of black gold.
During the primary refining process, crude oil is purified from formation water, impurities of inorganic substances, etc. Then the purified oil is subjected to direct distillation to modern installations. At the first stage, distillation is carried out under conditions atmospheric pressure. When black gold is heated to 250 degrees C, hydrocarbons belonging to the gasoline and naphtha fractions boil away. Within temperatures of 250? At 315 degrees C, kerosene-gas oil fractions are released, and at 300? 350 deg.C? oil (solar) fraction. The remainder is called fuel oil.
Rectification (from Late Latin rectificatio - straightening, correction), one of the methods of separating liquid mixtures, based on the different distribution of mixture components between the liquid and vapor phases. Flows of vapor and liquid in process rectifications, moving in countercurrent, repeatedly contact each other in special devices (distillation columns). Part of the steam (or liquid) leaving the apparatus is returned back after condensation (for steam) or evaporation (for liquid). This countercurrent movement of contacting flows is accompanied by processes heat transfer and mass transfer, which at each stage of contact proceed (in the limit) to a state of equilibrium; in this case, the ascending steam flows are continuously enriched with more volatile components, and the flowing liquid - with less volatile ones. Using the same amount of heat as during distillation, rectification allows one to achieve greater extraction and enrichment of the desired component or group of components.
Devices used for rectification - distillation columns- consist of the column itself, where countercurrent contacting of steam and liquid occurs, and devices in which evaporation of the liquid and condensation of steam occurs - a cube and a reflux condenser. The column is a vertically standing hollow cylinder, inside of which the so-called. plates (contact devices various designs) or a shaped piece of material is placed - a nozzle. The cube and reflux condenser are usually shell-and-tube heat exchangers (tube furnaces and rotary evaporators are also used).
There are continuous and periodic rectification. In the first case, the mixture to be separated is continuously fed into distillation column and two and larger number fractions enriched in some components and depleted in others. The complete column consists of 2 sections - strengthening and exhaustive. The initial mixture (usually at boiling point) is fed into the column, where it is mixed with the so-called. the extracted liquid and flows down the contact devices (plates or nozzle) of the exhaust section in countercurrent to the rising steam flow. Having reached the bottom of the column, the liquid stream, enriched with highly volatile components, is fed into the column cube. Here the liquid is partially evaporated by heating with a suitable coolant, and the steam again enters the exhaust section. The steam coming out of this section (the so-called stripping steam) enters the strengthening section. Having passed through it, the steam, enriched with easily volatile components, enters the reflux condenser, where it is usually completely condensed with a suitable refrigerant. The resulting liquid is divided into 2 streams: and reflux. Distillate is a product flow, and the reflux goes to irrigate the strengthening section, through the contact devices of which it flows. Part of the liquid is removed from the column cube in the form of the so-called. bottoms (also product flow).
With periodic rectification, the initial liquid mixture is simultaneously loaded into the column cube, the capacity of which corresponds to the desired productivity. Vapors from the cube enter the column and rise to the reflux condenser, where they are condensed. In the initial period all condensate returns to the column, which corresponds to the so-called. full irrigation mode. The condensate is then divided into reflux and distillate. As the distillate is selected (either at a constant reflux ratio or with its change), first the highly volatile components are removed from the column, then the moderately volatile ones, etc. The required faction(or fractions) are selected into the appropriate collection. The operation continues until the initially loaded mixture is completely processed.
Application of kerosene
Kerosene is used as jet fuel, a flammable component of liquid rocket fuel, fuel for firing glass and porcelain products, for household heating and lighting fixtures, in cutting machines metals, as a solvent (for example, for applying pesticides), raw material for oil refining industry.
Aviation kerosene
Aviation kerosene, or aviation kerosene, serves not only as fuel in aircraft engines, but also refrigerant and is used to lubricate parts fuel systems. Therefore, it must have good anti-wear (characterized by a reduction in wear of rubbing surfaces in the presence of fuel) and low-temperature properties, high thermal-oxidative stability and great specific heat combustion
Aviation kerosene TS-1 (GOST 10227-86) is produced from the middle distillate fraction of black gold by direct distillation of black gold, or in a mixture with a hydrotreated or demercaptanized component. To bring the fuel to the standard requirements for the composition of total or mercaptan sulfur Either hydrotreating or demercaptanization is used.
Main performance characteristics (TS-1 aviation kerosene): good volatility to ensure complete combustion; high combustion efficiency and heat to determine flight range; good pumpability and low-temperature properties for supply to the combustion chamber; low tendency to form deposits; good compatibility with materials and anti-wear and antistatic properties.
Scope of application: TS-1 aviation kerosene is intended for use in subsonic aircraft.
Technical characteristics (TS-1 aviation kerosene):
Density at 20°C - no less than 780 kg/m3.
The start temperature of distillation is 150°C.
10% is distilled off at a temperature not higher than 165°C.
50% is distilled off at a temperature not higher than 195°C.
90% is distilled off at a temperature not higher than 230°C
98% is distilled off at a temperature not higher than 250°C
Kinematic viscosity: at 20°C, not less than 1.3 (1.3) mm2/s (cSt).
Kinematic viscosity: at -40°C, no more than 8 mm2/s (cSt).
Low calorific value - not less than 43120 kJ/kg.
The height of the non-smoking flame is at least 25 mm.
Acidity, mg KOH per 100 cm3 of fuel, no more than 0.7.
Iodine number, g of iodine per 100 g of fuel, no more than 2.5.
Flash point determined in a closed crucible - not lower than 28°C
The temperature at which crystallization begins is not higher than -50°C
Thermal-oxidative stability in static conditions at 150°C, sediment concentration per 100 cm3 of fuel, no more than 18.
Mass fraction of aromatic hydrocarbons - no more than 22%.
Mass fraction of total sulfur- no more than 0.2%.
Mass fraction of mercaptan sulfur - no more than 0.003%
Test on a copper plate at 100°C, 3 hours. Passes.
Ash content - no more than 0.003%.
Rocket fuel
Kerosene is used in rocket technology as a hydrocarbon fuel and at the same time the working fluid of hydraulic machines. The use of kerosene in rocket engines was proposed by Tsiolkovsky in 1914. Paired with liquid oxygen, it is used in the lower stages of many launch vehicles: domestic ones - Soyuz, Molniya, Zenit, Energia; American - series "Delta" and "Atlas". In the future, it is planned to replace kerosene with more efficient hydrocarbon fuels - methane, ethane, propane, etc.
Technical kerosene
Technical kerosene is used as a raw material for the pyrolytic production of ethylene, propylene and aromatic hydrocarbons, as a fuel mainly in the firing of glass and porcelain products, and as a solvent when washing mechanisms and parts. Dearomatized by deep hydrogenation, kerosene (contains no more than 7% aromatic hydrocarbons) is a solvent in the production of PVC by polymerization in solution. In kerosene used in washing machines to prevent the accumulation of static charges electricity additives containing magnesium and chromium salts are added. IN Russian Federation standards for technical kerosene are set by GOST 18499-73 “kerosene for technical purposes”
Lighting kerosene
Lighting kerosene is used mainly in kerosene and incandescent lamps and, in addition, as fuel in cutting machines metals and in household heating appliances, as a solvent in the production of films and varnishes, when impregnating leather and washing parts in electrical repair and mechanical workshops. In the case of use for its main purpose, the quality of this kerosene is determined mainly by the height of the non-smoking flame (GFL), as well as the flash and cloud points (the temperature at which solid hydrocarbon crystals fall out of kerosene; characterizes its performance at relatively low ambient temperatures), the minimum S content (kerosene must burn without releasing products harmful to humans) and color.
GNP determines the ability of kerosene to burn in a standard wick lamp (wick diameter 6 mm) with an even white flame without soot and soot; the numerical values of this indicator are included (in mm) in the designation of kerosene grades. The fractional and chemical composition of kerosene has a significant impact on GNP. To prevent charring of the wick and clogging of its pores with resins, naphthenic acids, etc. (as a result of which the flow of kerosene through the wick and the light intensity are reduced), high-quality kerosene should contain the maximum amount of light fractions. Therefore, in the composition of lighting kerosene, a higher content of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and a lower content of aromatic hydrocarbons is preferred, which leads to a decrease in soot and soot and an increase in GNP. Hydrotreating also contributes to increasing the latter and improving other operational properties of kerosene.
Treatment with kerosene
Medicinal properties and contraindications of kerosene
The oil, which was called "earth oil", has long been used to treat many skin diseases. And after the invention of kerosene (in 1823), the products of the distillation of black gold were widely used by the people for both external and internal acidification.
Today kerosene is used to treat:
nervous diseases;
bruises, dislocations and sprains;
ENT diseases (angina, sinusitis, rhinitis);
respiratory diseases;
tuberculosis;
skin diseases (eczema, psoriasis, lichen, warts and others);
blood diseases;
headaches;
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
chronic genitourinary diseases;
diseases of the cardiovascular system;
joint pain;
oncopathology.
Kerosene is contraindicated, first of all, when treating children. In addition, the use of kerosene is not recommended for those for whom it causes irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, as well as allergic reactions.
Cleaning household kerosene
Not all kerosene is suitable for medicinal purposes. To do this, you need to take clarified kerosene, which should be pre-cleaned. What's the best way to do this?
Method one
Pour 1 liter of kerosene and 1 liter of boiling water into a three-liter jar. Bank Cover with a plastic lid and, wearing gloves so as not to burn your hands, shake several times and let stand for a few minutes. Then pump out the water with a hose. Dirt accumulates in the separating layer of the liquid. Tilting jar, pour it, along with part of the kerosene, into a separate container for subsequent cleaning.
Method two
To make kerosene suitable for treatment, you need to take ordinary kerosene, pour it into a half-liter bottle, add 3 tablespoons of “Extra” salt into it, and then strain through cotton wool and a bandage into another bottle so that it is completely filled. The salt will remain at the bottom. Under no circumstances should the salt be mixed.
But that's not all. To prepare kerosene of exceptional purity, you will need to additionally build something like a water bath. To do this, place some kind of stand in a deep pan, and the pan is filled cold water. A glass jar filled with pre-purified kerosene is placed in a saucepan on a stand. After this, the pan is placed on low heat. Do not cover the bottle and pan with a lid.
From the moment the water boils, the kerosene is kept in a water bath for 1.5 hours. Then the glass jar is removed from the water, being careful not to stir up the remaining liquid at the bottom. table salt. The resulting liquid should be poured into a dark glass container.
The unpleasant specific smell of kerosene can be eliminated by additionally filtering it through activated carbon.
By the way, under no circumstances should you replace kerosene with gasoline, since it has a much higher toxicity.
First aid for kerosene poisoning
The methods of using kerosene for medicinal purposes given on our website suggest that its single dose does not exceed one tablespoon. At the same time, it is known that the lethal amount of kerosene is about half a liter. That is, even if kerosene self-medication does not have the expected effect, at least it will not cause any significant harm to health.
However, first of all, I want to warn you that this information is not in any way medical recommendations and the data presented here is nothing more than a collection of “folk” recipes for self-healing with the help of kerosene and its preparations, which I have not personally verified.
Below is the methodology for providing emergency care in case of kerosene poisoning.
If you inhale kerosene vapors, remove the victim from the room saturated with kerosene vapors. Provide fresh air flow.
If you swallow kerosene, perform a gastric lavage through a tube, or give the victim to drink more liquid and induce a gag reflex. Give 200 ml of Vaseline oil or an aqueous suspension of activated carbon to drink.
Take the victim to the nearest medical facility.
Antique kerosene
I’m not sure that any Borisov residents buy kerosene today. Meanwhile, for many decades this oil product, like bread, salt and matches, was a product of essential necessity and everyday demand. In tsarist times, shops under the "Nobel" guise were engaged in the trade of kerosene in the city. Then this one product could be bought at any hardware store, where there was always a barrel with a primitive pump, which pumped kerosene into a wide tank and from there poured a measuring liter into a container buyer(usually it was a 5-liter tin can with a narrow neck).
Kerosene shop
IN post-war period in Borisov, several standard brick stores were built for sales kerosene. I remember such a store on Matrosov Lane. There, I had to buy this flammable liquid more than once, sometimes standing in a long line for several hours. There were periods when kerosene turned into such a quantity that it had to be looked for outside the city in rural stores (I myself repeatedly went to Loshnitsa, located 18 km from the city, with a 10-liter canister).
Nowadays, probably, not everyone knows why kerosene was needed in the house. I think that not everyone has seen the legendary brass primus stove, Swedish from the 19th century, powered by kerosene, which became a necessary heating device in almost every urban family.
Working with a primus stove required a certain skill and forethought. In a tank with kerosene, it was necessary to create the necessary pressure using a pump, which pushed the fuel into the burner through a narrow nozzle. The jet often became clogged and had to be cleaned with special needles, which were always available for sale. The flame of the primus could be adjusted using a tap. Food was prepared very quickly on the primus, and the fuel in the tank was enough for up to two hours of work. For prolonged periods work Primus his tank for reasons fire safety It was recommended to cover with a wet cloth.
Other heating devices of that time included a kerosene stove, which, unlike a primus stove, worked silently and on the principles of a kerosene lamp, that is, on wicks, of which there were two or three in each device. Adjusting the flame was aimed at preventing soot. To observe the flame in the kerosene stove, a special window was provided.
Kerogas operated absolutely silently, like a kerosene stove - an innovation adopted from the Germans and widespread in the USSR after the war. This device also had a wick, but thanks to a special gas-forming chamber-burner, its purpose was auxiliary, since the source of combustion was not liquid kerosene, but its gaseous state. Due to its economy, convenience and simplicity, kerosene gases replaced both kerosene stoves and kerosene stoves, but at the same time they often became a source of fires.
Of course, electric stoves were also used, but they were not so economical, since the cost of kerosene was much cheaper than electricity.
Demand the cost of kerosene began to fall in the late 50s of the twentieth century, when liquefied gas began to quickly enter the everyday life of Borisov residents (came to Borisov in 1978).
The era of kerosene today remains only in the memory of the older generation. Before his eyes, the path to microwave ovens and ovens with software. And all these kerosene stoves, kerosene stoves, and kerosene gases turned into unnecessary utensils, suitable only as museum exhibits. Yes, and kerosene as household product fits to be classified as an antique.
Sources
http://ru.wikipedia.org Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
http://www.eurodisel.ru/ EuroDiesel
http://fuel.ctnet.ru/ All about petroleum products
http://www.dalneft.ru DalAvtoGaz
http://www.nmedik.ru/ ethnoscience
Investor Encyclopedia. 2013 .
Illuminating kerosene is a type of flammable mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from oil refining products. Unlike aviation and rocket fuel, this type Kerosene is mainly used in lighting equipment, as a solvent (technical). The composition, properties and requirements are regulated according to TU 38.401-58-10-01. In accordance with GOST 4753-68 (obtained from low-sulfur oil), 4 grades are distinguished depending on the height of the non-smoking flame.
Household use
The use of kerosene in everyday life is not limited only to fuel for kerosene lamps. The liquid is used for:
1. Fighting bedbugs
Unlike specialized insecticides, kerosene destroys adult insects, larvae and eggs almost instantly. They treat not only floors and furniture, but also cracks, hard to reach places, baseboards. The liquid is not used in its pure form - emulsions are prepared with ethyl alcohol, laundry soap or turpentine (1:1, 5:4 and 7, 5:2, respectively) with the addition of naphthalene. You can also prepare a tincture with the addition of tobacco dust(infused for at least 24 hours).
2. Fuel for lighting fixtures.
Of course, today it is almost impossible to find a used kerosene lamp in an apartment or private house, but for remote villages and towns, country houses If there is no electricity supply, the combustible mixture can be used for lamps, kerosene stoves, kerosene stoves, and kerosene gases. Often used for kerosene lamps during documentary or film shooting.
3. Degreasing and dissolving various compounds and liquids
Using kerosene, you can degrease the surface before applying sealant or painting, but keep in mind that after drying, a greasy film may remain - it is better to use white spirit and similar compounds for this purpose. Can dissolve alkyd and oil paints(refers to moderately volatile solvents). When dissolving paint and varnish compositions to the required viscosity, add the liquid in small portions, mixing thoroughly.
4. Treatments of garden trees
The use of kerosene in the country is justified when fighting scale insects and some other pests. Prepare an emulsion from 5 l hot water, 400 g laundry soap and 800 g of kerosene. Next, the emulsion is dissolved in 10 liters of water and sprayed on the trees.
5. Spheres of entertainment (fire shows)
The fire show is popular at weddings, parties, and holidays. Firemakers swallow, blow out fire, and use various props (poi, meteors, staffs, fans, etc.). For fire shows, lighting kerosene and, less often, other flammable substances are used to obtain the desired effect.
6. Cleaning the car body
When driving on newly paved roads road surface the car owner risks getting dirty paintwork body with bitumen stains. To remove them, you can use special automotive products, solvents (white spirit) or kerosene
7. Rabalka
It is used as a small additive to the dough used to catch crucian carp. 1-2 drops per 100 g of dough are enough for baiting and subsequent fishing.
You can also use the flammable mixture to clean tools and as fuel for kerosene cutters - devices for cutting metal. In industry, heavy lighting kerosene (pyronaphtha) is used for lighting flammable objects (mines, boiler rooms), for signal lights, buoys, and lighting fixtures of small ships.
Precautionary measures
Despite the widespread use of combustible mixtures in everyday life, one should not forget about the dangers of using kerosene in accordance with some “folk” recipes. For example, treatment with this drug, incl. and its oral administration is never used in official medicine, but is common in folk medicine.
The use of kerosene as a “medicine” of alternative medicine (as in external treatment, and when taken orally) is unacceptable and is not recognized by official medical institutions. Therefore, you use any compresses, tinctures and other means, if they are used for rubbing, getting rid of lice, or treating various diseases, solely at your own peril and risk. It is still better to refrain from the “therapeutic” use of the combustible mixture.
Do not forget that kerosene is a hot, flammable liquid, so during domestic use and storage it is necessary to comply with fire safety requirements.
When working with flammable liquid The following conditions must be provided in the room:
- Fully serviceable supply exhaust ventilation, ventilation of the room after completion of work.
- Rubber gloves are used to protect the skin of the hands, and special glasses are used to protect the eyes.
- The respiratory organs in the case of a large surface to be treated (liquid concentration) or poor ventilation must be protected with a respirator.
- In case of contact with skin, the area should be thoroughly washed with warm soapy water to avoid skin irritation.
- In case of fire, use a fire extinguisher, sand or earth, soda, thick fabrics.
Subject to all precautions and the use of liquid in mixtures in recommended proportions, damage to property or harm is excluded garden trees and domestic animals, causing harm to human health. The main thing is to buy petrochemical solvents from trusted manufacturers who produce products in accordance with current GOST standards and technical specifications.
Tags:
Prem. C 9 -C 16 (boils within 110-320°C). Contain impurities of sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen compounds. Coloring from colorless. to light brown with a blue tint. Depending on the chem. composition and method of processing, from which kerosene is obtained, its composition includes: limiting aliphatic. 20-60%, naphthenic 20-50%, bicyclic aromatic 5-25%, unsaturated up to 2%. The higher the end temperatures of mixtures, the more bicyclic they contain. . Basic physical-chemical properties of kerosene: 1.2-4.5 mm 2 /s (at 20 °C), density. 0.78-0.85 g/cm 3 (at 20 °C), t.v. 28-72 °C, 42.9-43.1 MJ/kg, CPV 1.2-8.0% by volume. Prom. The production of kerosene was first started (1823) by the Dubinin brothers in Russia in the North. Caucasus in the Mozdok region (300 tons/year; former trade name “photogen”). Kerosene is produced (world production in 1986 was more than 100 million tons) Ch. arr. atm. , if necessary, with afterbirth, chemical cleaning. , or . Previously Kerosene was used only for lighting. medical needs. Modern areas of application: (mainly aviation kerosene); liquid component ( - liquid O 2 or HNO 3); industrial and technical (technical kerosene) and household (lighting kerosene). Aviation kerosene, or kerosene, is used in aircraft engines. devices not only, but also used for lubricating parts of fuel systems. Therefore, it must have good anti-wear properties (characterized by a decrease in wear of rubbing surfaces in the presence of...) and low-temperature properties, high thermal oxidation. stability and great shock. . Technical kerosene (Table 1) is used as a raw material for pyrolytic. receiving, and aromatic. , as a main for glass and porcelain products, as a solvent for washing mechanisms and parts. De-aromatized by deep kerosene (contains no more than 7% aromatic) - solvent in production in solution. In kerosene, used in washing machines, to prevent the accumulation of static charges. electricity is added containing Mg and Cr.
Lighting kerosene is mainly used. in ordinary lighting and incandescent lamps and, in addition, as a device for cutting and in household heating. devices, as a solvent in the production of films and for impregnation and washing of parts in electrical repair and fur. workshops. In the case of use for its main purpose, the quality of this kerosene is determined primarily. the height of the non-smoking flame (GNP), as well as the temperature and turbidity (the temperature of the precipitation of solids from kerosene; characterizes its performance at a comparable low ambient temperature), minimum. S content (kerosene must burn without releasing products harmful to humans) and color (see above; characterizes the depth of its purification).
GNP determines the ability of kerosene to burn in a standard wick lamp (wick diameter 6 mm) with an even white flame without soot and soot; the numerical values of this indicator are included (in mm) in the designation of kerosene grades (Table 2). Creatures GNP is influenced by fractional and chemical factors.
composition of kerosene. To prevent charring of the wick and clogging of its pores with resins, naphthenic compounds, etc. (as a result of which the supply of kerosene through the wick and the light intensity are reduced), high-quality kerosene should have a max. number of light fractions. Therefore, it will illuminate in the composition. kerosene is preferable higher. content of limiting aliphatic
Kerosene... Who hasn't heard of kerosene at least once? No, of course, there will be those who have not heard of kerosene, much less used it in life, but there will be very few of them. Most likely, they will be the exception. Because everyone knows kerosene. Some people know kerosene by hearsay. For some, it’s like something they once used in life. Some people still use it today. And someone started using it.
In general, kerosene is a very interesting and unique substance. Kerosene made its composition that way. And the composition of kerosene is as follows. These are also saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, of which the composition can range from 20 to 60%. And naphthenic hydrocarbons, which can be 20-50%. Kerosene will contain less bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Compared to the first two, almost half. This ranges from 5 to 25 percent. And, of course, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. What would it be like without them? There will be very few of them in kerosene, though. Just up to 2%. Well, and all sorts of impurities like sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds. As we understand it, impurities are in one word – impurities. They may be observed in the composition, or they may not. This is the composition of kerosene. And thanks to all these substances included in its composition, the content of which is unchanged in it, the result is that very unique, wonderful, interesting, amazing, and so on, substance, which is called nothing less than kerosene. Applause.
By the way, it should be noted why there is such a difference in the percentage ratio of those substances that make up kerosene. Why from 20-60% or 20-50%? It depends on the chemical composition and method of oil refining. Yes, what does oil have to do with it? And here's what it has to do with it.
Kerosene is a product of petroleum refining. Well, or one of the products of its processing. Like this. Kerosene has a transparent color. Has a specific smell. Kerosene feels like an oily liquid to the touch, albeit slightly. Refers to flammable liquids and is easily flammable. Widely used in everyday life and in various industries. How else! After all, kerosene is a unique product. Therefore, it should and simply must have a wide range of applications.
Kerosene has several varieties:
Kerosene – aviation fuel, or in other words – TS-1 fuel;
Kerosene – technical;
Kerosene – lighting;
Rocket fuel.
We, of course, will not develop in this article the topic relating to all these types of kerosene. Each requires at least one detailed article.
And so, we continue our short story about kerosene. Regarding the wide range of its applications. Kerosene is used:
As jet fuel;
For household heating and lighting devices;
As a solvent;
Used as raw material for the oil refining industry;
In devices for cutting metals;
It is flammable when firing glass and porcelain products;
For washing mechanisms;
To remove rust.
And also without kerosene it is impossible to hold so-called fire shows, or fire shows. Since kerosene is the main fuel for this type of event. And so on and so forth in more detail. The range of uses of kerosene is truly wide. After all, what we wrote is not even a share, but a small component of this share.
I would especially like to highlight the use of kerosene such as aviation kerosene or TS-1 kerosene. This is what is used to treat various ailments using alternative medicine. Only, however, before that it needs to be cleaned. Purified aviation kerosene TS-1 can be purchased from us.
Kerosene is used for diseases such as:
Diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system (including atherosclerosis and consequences of myocardial infarction);
Lung diseases (bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis);
Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and digestion;
Diseases of the thyroid gland (including thyrotoxic goiter);
Diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract;
Oncological diseases of any stage, including the spread of metastases;
Colds (including flu and acute respiratory infections), sore throats;
Headaches, migraines;
Haemorrhoids;
Injuries, poorly healing wounds and skin ulcers;
And this is not the whole list. This is truly amazing, wonderful, very useful and needed kerosene.
We are sure that after reading this article you will definitely want
Story
Until the mid-19th century, all kinds of fats or illuminating gas were burned for lighting. However, fats provided less light, more soot, smelled unpleasant, left a large soot and clogged the lamps with deposits. Industrial production of whale blubber for lighting purposes has led to a catastrophic decline in the whale population. Lamping gas was inconvenient and did not become widespread. The appearance of kerosene was appreciated, and it quickly replaced fats.
Information about the distillation of oil begins in the 10th century AD. e. However wide application no distillation products were found, despite information about the use of oil in oil lamps. In 1733, the Russian military doctor Johann Lerche, having visited the Baku oil fields, recorded observations about oil distillation:
Oil does not begin to burn soon; it is dark brown in color, and when it is distilled, it turns light yellow. White oil is somewhat cloudy, but upon distillation it becomes as clear as alcohol, and it lights up very quickly.
In the 19th century, only kerosene was used from oil distillation products (for lighting and cooking on a kerosene stove or stove), and the resulting gasoline and fuel oil had extremely limited use. For example, gasoline was used for pharmaceutical and veterinary purposes, as well as as a household solvent, and therefore oil industrialists simply burned large reserves of it in pits or poured them into reservoirs. Fuel oil was used to a limited extent as a substitute for coal in steam engines and also for the production of lubricating oils. At the beginning of the 20th century, kerosene lost its leading position to gasoline in the world petroleum products market due to the spread and electric lighting. The importance of kerosene began to increase again only in the 1950s, due to the development of jet and turboprop aviation, for which this particular type of petroleum product (jet fuel) turned out to be an almost ideal fuel.
The origin of the name, according to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia: “Kerosene (English kerosene, from Greek kerós - wax).” In the 19th century, due to the widespread distribution of coal distillation products, the name “photogen” was often used.
Receipt
Application
Kerosene is used as jet fuel, a flammable component of liquid rocket fuel, fuel for firing glass and porcelain products, for household heating and lighting devices, in machines for cutting metals, as a solvent (for example, for applying pesticides), and as a raw material for the oil refining industry. Kerosene can be used as a substitute for winter and arctic diesel fuel for diesel engines, but it is necessary to add anti-wear and cetane-boosting additives; The cetane number of kerosene is about 40, GOST requires at least 45. For multi-fuel engines (based on a diesel engine), short-term use of pure kerosene and even AI-80 gasoline is possible. In winter, it is allowed to add up to 20% kerosene in summer diesel fuel to reduce the pour point without compromising performance characteristics. Also, kerosene is the main fuel for fire shows (fire performances), due to its good absorption and relatively low combustion temperature. It is also used for washing mechanisms and removing rust.
Aviation kerosene
Aviation kerosene, or jet fuel, serves not only as motor fuel in turboprop and turbojet engines of aircraft, but also as a coolant in various heat exchangers (TVR fuel-air radiators) and is used to lubricate numerous moving parts of fuel and propulsion systems. Therefore, it must have good anti-wear (characterized by a decrease in wear of rubbing surfaces in the presence of fuel) and low-temperature properties, high thermal-oxidative stability and high specific heat of combustion. In the engines of supersonic aircraft, motor fuel (kerosene) also serves working fluid in the hydraulic cylinders of the system for regulating the flow area of the jet nozzle (moving flaps), and controlling the rotary nozzle in engines with thrust vector control (TCV).
Rocket fuel
Kerosene is used in rocketry as an environmentally friendly hydrocarbon fuel and, at the same time, as a working fluid for hydraulic machines. The use of kerosene in rocket engines was proposed by Tsiolkovsky in 1914. Paired with liquid oxygen, it is used in the lower stages of many launch vehicles: Soviet/Russian - “Soyuz”, “Molniya”, “Zenit”, “Energia”, “Angara” (Aviation kerosene “T-1”); American - series "Delta" and "Atlas-5" (under the brand name "RG-1" in English " RP-1"). To increase the density, and thus the efficiency of the rocket system, the fuel is often supercooled. In the USSR, in a number of cases, a synthetic substitute for kerosene, syntin, was used, which made it possible to increase the efficiency of an engine designed for kerosene without significant changes in design.
Technical kerosene
Technical kerosene is used as a raw material for the pyrolytic production of ethylene, propylene and aromatic hydrocarbons, as a fuel mainly for firing glass and porcelain products, and as a solvent for washing mechanisms and parts. Dearomatized by deep hydrogenation, kerosene (contains no more than 7% aromatic hydrocarbons) is a solvent in the production of PVC by polymerization in solution. Additives containing magnesium and chromium salts are added to kerosene used in washing machines to prevent the accumulation of static electricity charges.
Use in everyday life
In everyday life, kerosene is mainly used in kerosene lamps as fuel for different types kitchen stoves(kerogas, kerosene, primus), in heating, as a solvent. The quality of kerosene in lamps is determined mainly by the height of the non-smoking flame. Hydrotreating can help improve the quality of kerosene.
Characteristics of lighting kerosene
The standards for the characteristics of lighting kerosene in Russia are set by the standards GOST 11128-65 “Lighting kerosene from sulfur oils” and GOST 4753-68 “Lighting kerosene”, according to the latter standard the indicators are as follows:
Automotive kerosene
At the dawn of the development of internal combustion engines, kerosene was widely used as a fuel for diesel and carburetor internal combustion engines. However, the octane number of kerosene is low (below 50), so the engines had a low compression ratio (4.0-4.5, no more). Since the volatility of kerosene is worse than that of gasoline, starting a cold engine was more difficult. Therefore, tractors of the first half of the 20th century that ran on kerosene had an additional (small) gasoline fuel tank. A cold engine was started on gasoline, after it was warmed up to operating temperature the tractor driver switched the carburetor to kerosene.
Pest control
- Kerosene was a folk remedy for getting rid of lice.
- They wiped furniture with kerosene in an attempt to get rid of bed bugs.
In folk medicine
see also
- Sintin is a synthetic rocket fuel.
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Notes
Literature
- Mendeleev D. I., Sokolov A. M.// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Links
- Matveychuk A.
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Excerpt characterizing Kerosene
“Yes, there you were,” said Prince Bagration, turning to Prince Andrei.“Well, we didn’t move in together for a bit,” said the officer on duty, smiling pleasantly at Bolkonsky.
“I did not have the pleasure of seeing you,” said Prince Andrei coldly and abruptly.
Everyone was silent. Tushin appeared on the threshold, timidly making his way from behind the generals. Walking around the generals in a cramped hut, embarrassed, as always, at the sight of his superiors, Tushin did not notice the flagpole and stumbled over it. Several voices laughed.
– How was the weapon abandoned? – Bagration asked, frowning not so much at the captain as at those laughing, among whom Zherkov’s voice was heard loudest.
Tushin now only, at the sight of the formidable authorities, imagined in all horror his guilt and shame in the fact that he, having remained alive, had lost two guns. He was so excited that until that moment he did not have time to think about it. The officers' laughter confused him even more. He stood in front of Bagration with a trembling lower jaw and barely said:
– I don’t know... Your Excellency... there were no people, Your Excellency.
– You could have taken it from cover!
Tushin did not say that there was no cover, although this was the absolute truth. He was afraid to let down another boss and silently, with fixed eyes, looked straight into Bagration’s face, like a confused student looks into the eyes of an examiner.
The silence was quite long. Prince Bagration, apparently not wanting to be strict, had nothing to say; the rest did not dare to intervene in the conversation. Prince Andrey looked at Tushin from under his brows, and his fingers moved nervously.
“Your Excellency,” Prince Andrei interrupted the silence with his sharp voice, “you deigned to send me to Captain Tushin’s battery.” I was there and found two thirds of the men and horses killed, two guns mangled, and no cover.
Prince Bagration and Tushin now looked equally stubbornly at Bolkonsky, who was speaking restrainedly and excitedly.
“And if, Your Excellency, allow me to express my opinion,” he continued, “then we owe the success of the day most of all to the action of this battery and the heroic fortitude of Captain Tushin and his company,” said Prince Andrei and, without waiting for an answer, he immediately stood up and walked away from the table.
Prince Bagration looked at Tushin and, apparently not wanting to show distrust of Bolkonsky’s harsh judgment and, at the same time, feeling unable to fully believe him, bowed his head and told Tushin that he could go. Prince Andrei followed him out.
“Thank you, I helped you out, my dear,” Tushin told him.
Prince Andrei looked at Tushin and, without saying anything, walked away from him. Prince Andrei was sad and hard. It was all so strange, so unlike what he had hoped for.
"Who are they? Why are they? What do they need? And when will all this end? thought Rostov, looking at the changing shadows in front of him. The pain in my arm became more and more excruciating. Sleep was falling irresistibly, red circles were jumping in my eyes, and the impression of these voices and these faces and the feeling of loneliness merged with a feeling of pain. It was they, these soldiers, wounded and unwounded, - it was they who pressed, and weighed down, and turned out the veins, and burned the meat in his broken arm and shoulder. To get rid of them, he closed his eyes.
He forgot himself for one minute, but during this short period of oblivion he saw countless objects in his dreams: he saw his mother and her big white hand, saw Sonya’s thin shoulders, Natasha’s eyes and laughter, and Denisov with his voice and mustache, and Telyanin, and his whole story with Telyanin and Bogdanich. This whole story was one and the same thing: this soldier with a sharp voice, and this whole story and this soldier so painfully, relentlessly held, pressed and all pulled his hand in one direction. He tried to move away from them, but they did not let go of his shoulder, not even a hair, not even for a second. It wouldn’t hurt, it would be healthy if they didn’t pull on it; but it was impossible to get rid of them.
He opened his eyes and looked up. The black canopy of night hung an arshin above the light of the coals. Powders of falling snow flew in this light. Tushin did not return, the doctor did not come. He was alone, only some soldier was now sitting naked on the other side of the fire and warming his thin yellow body.
“Nobody needs me! - thought Rostov. - There is no one to help or feel sorry for. But I was once at home, strong, cheerful, loved.” “He sighed and involuntarily groaned with a sigh.
- Oh, what hurts? - asked the soldier, shaking his shirt over the fire, and, without waiting for an answer, he grunted and added: - You never know how many people have been spoiled in a day - passion!
Rostov did not listen to the soldier. He looked at the snowflakes fluttering over the fire and remembered the Russian winter with a warm, bright house, a fluffy fur coat, fast sleighs, a healthy body and with all the love and care of his family. “And why did I come here!” he thought.
The next day, the French did not resume the attack, and the rest of Bagration’s detachment joined Kutuzov’s army.
Prince Vasily did not think about his plans. He even less thought of doing evil to people in order to gain benefit. He was only a secular man who had succeeded in the world and made a habit out of this success. He constantly, depending on the circumstances, depending on his rapprochement with people, drew up various plans and considerations, of which he himself was not well aware, but which constituted the entire interest of his life. Not one or two such plans and considerations were in his mind, but dozens, of which some were just beginning to appear to him, others were achieved, and others were destroyed. He did not say to himself, for example: “This man is now in power, I must gain his trust and friendship and through him arrange for the issuance of a one-time allowance,” or he did not say to himself: “Pierre is rich, I must lure him to marry his daughter and borrow the 40 thousand I need”; but a man in strength met him, and at that very moment instinct told him that this man could be useful, and Prince Vasily became close to him and at the first opportunity, without preparation, by instinct, flattered, became familiar, talked about what what was needed.
Pierre was under his arm in Moscow, and Prince Vasily arranged for him to be appointed a chamber cadet, which was then equivalent to the rank of state councilor, and insisted that the young man go with him to St. Petersburg and stay in his house. As if absent-mindedly and at the same time with an undoubted confidence that this should be so, Prince Vasily did everything that was necessary in order to marry Pierre to his daughter. If Prince Vasily had thought about his plans ahead, he could not have had such naturalness in his manners and such simplicity and familiarity in his relations with all the people placed above and below himself. Something constantly attracted him to people stronger or richer than himself, and he was gifted with the rare art of catching exactly the moment when it was necessary and possible to take advantage of people.
Pierre, having unexpectedly become a rich man and Count Bezukhy, after recent loneliness and carelessness, felt so surrounded and busy that he could only be left alone with himself in bed. He had to sign papers, deal with government offices, the meaning of which he had no clear idea of, ask the chief manager about something, go to an estate near Moscow and receive many people who previously did not want to know about his existence, but now would offended and upset if he didn’t want to see them. All these various persons - businessmen, relatives, acquaintances - were all equally well disposed towards the young heir; all of them, obviously and undoubtedly, were convinced of the high merits of Pierre. He constantly heard the words: “With your extraordinary kindness,” or “with your wonderful heart,” or “you yourself are so pure, Count...” or “if only he were as smart as you,” etc., so he He sincerely began to believe in his extraordinary kindness and his extraordinary mind, especially since it always seemed to him, deep down in his soul, that he was really very kind and very smart. Even people who had previously been angry and obviously hostile became tender and loving towards him. Such an angry eldest of the princesses, with a long waist, with hair smoothed like a doll’s, came to Pierre’s room after the funeral. Lowering her eyes and constantly flushing, she told him that she was very sorry for the misunderstandings that had happened between them and that now she felt she had no right to ask for anything, except permission, after the blow that had befallen her, to stay for a few weeks in the house that she loved so much and where made so many sacrifices. She couldn't help but cry at these words. Touched that this statue-like princess could change so much, Pierre took her hand and asked for an apology, without knowing why. From that day on, the princess began to knit a striped scarf for Pierre and completely changed towards him.
– Do it for her, mon cher; “All the same, she suffered a lot from the dead man,” Prince Vasily told him, letting him sign some kind of paper in favor of the princess.
Prince Vasily decided that this bone, a bill of 30 thousand, had to be thrown to the poor princess so that it would not occur to her to talk about Prince Vasily’s participation in the mosaic portfolio business. Pierre signed the bill, and from then on the princess became even kinder. The younger sisters also became affectionate towards him, especially the youngest, pretty, with a mole, often embarrassed Pierre with her smiles and embarrassment at the sight of him.
It seemed so natural to Pierre that everyone loved him, it would seem so unnatural if someone did not love him, that he could not help but believe in the sincerity of the people around him. Moreover, he did not have time to ask himself about the sincerity or insincerity of these people. He constantly had no time, he constantly felt in a state of meek and cheerful intoxication. He felt like the center of some important general movement; felt that something was constantly expected of him; that if he didn’t do this, he would upset many and deprive them of what they expected, but if he did this and that, everything would be fine - and he did what was required of him, but something good remained ahead.
More than anyone else at this first time, Prince Vasily took possession of both Pierre’s affairs and himself. Since the death of Count Bezukhy, he has not let Pierre out of his hands. Prince Vasily had the appearance of a man weighed down by affairs, tired, exhausted, but out of compassion, unable to finally abandon this helpless young man, the son of his friend, to the mercy of fate and the swindlers, apres tout, [in the end,] and with such a huge fortune. In those few days that he stayed in Moscow after the death of Count Bezukhy, he called Pierre to himself or came to him himself and prescribed to him what needed to be done, in such a tone of fatigue and confidence, as if he was saying every time:
“Vous savez, que je suis accable d"affaires et que ce n"est que par pure charite, que je m"occupe de vous, et puis vous savez bien, que ce que je vous propose est la seule chose faisable." [ You know, I’m overwhelmed with business; but it would be merciless to leave you like this; of course, what I’m telling you is the only possible thing.]
“Well, my friend, tomorrow we’re going, finally,” he told him one day, closing his eyes, moving his fingers on his elbow and in such a tone, as if what he was saying had been decided a long time ago between them and could not be decided otherwise.
“We’re going tomorrow, I’ll give you a place in my stroller.” I am very happy. Everything important is over here. But I should have needed it a long time ago. This is what I received from the chancellor. I asked him about you, and you were enlisted in the diplomatic corps and made a chamber cadet. Now the diplomatic path is open to you.
Despite the strength of the tone of fatigue and the confidence with which these words were spoken, Pierre, who had been thinking about his career for so long, wanted to object. But Prince Vasily interrupted him in that cooing, bassy tone that excluded the possibility of interrupting his speech and which he used when extreme persuasion was necessary.
- Mais, mon cher, [But, my dear,] I did it for myself, for my conscience, and there is nothing to thank me for. No one ever complained that he was too loved; and then, you are free, even if you quit tomorrow. You will see everything for yourself in St. Petersburg. And it’s high time for you to move away from these terrible memories. – Prince Vasily sighed. - Yes, yes, my soul. And let my valet ride in your carriage. Oh yes, I forgot,” Prince Vasily added, “you know, mon cher, that we had scores with the deceased, so I received it from Ryazan and will leave it: you don’t need it.” You and I will settle down.
What Prince Vasily called from “Ryazan” were several thousand quitrents, which Prince Vasily kept for himself.
In St. Petersburg, just like in Moscow, there is an atmosphere of gentle, loving people surrounded Pierre. He could not refuse the place or, rather, the title (because he did nothing) that Prince Vasily brought him, and there were so many acquaintances, calls and social activities that Pierre, even more than in Moscow, experienced a feeling of fog and haste and everything coming, but some good not happening.
