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Safe transportation of flammable and explosive substances, liquids and gases. Transportation of dangerous goods: how and how much to transport gasoline and other dangerous goods in a car? Transportation of flammable substances

According to international statistics, the share of dangerous goods (DG) moving on public roads is half of the total freight turnover.

Proper organization of transportation of this nature is the key to safe traffic.

Senders and recipients of dangerous goods, as a rule, are enterprises operating in the chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical and mining industries.

Their activities should not prevent ordinary motorists from moving freely on public roads, much less threaten their lives and health. That is why special rules and requirements have been developed for vehicles transporting exhaust gas.

The hazardous category includes substances, materials and products that, during transportation, can cause harm to humans and animals, the environment, or provoke a dangerous situation.

That is why the transportation of such cargo is regulated by a single European document - the agreement on the international carriage of dangerous goods by road (ADR).

In Europe, this set of rules is abbreviated as ADR. This document consists of 3 parts: the agreement itself and 2 annexes.

The ADR Agreement has been approved and signed by many countries. The goal in this case is clear and logical - to maximize the level of safety during the transportation of dangerous goods.

In addition, the unified ADR format makes it easier for enterprises to prepare documentation for such transportation.

Appendix No. 1 contains the classification of dangerous goods, which includes a list of substances, products, materials that may pose risks to others.

• 1 class;
• 2 - subclass;
• 3 - hazard category;
• 4 - degree of danger.

Dangerous goods are classified as follows:

In the Russian Federation, for the transportation of the above goods, in addition to the international agreement, there are a number of other regulatory documents: permits, approvals, licenses.

In order for the transportation of hazardous substances and materials to be as safe as possible, the driver must exercise extreme caution and also comply with all the requirements contained in the “Rules for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road”, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 12, 2011.

This regulatory document must be strictly observed by both drivers and organizations involved in transportation.

These rules were developed as part of the implementation of the international agreement ADR, to which the Russian Federation is a party. Many Russian companies transport dangerous goods outside their homeland.

In order for vehicles with dangerous goods to freely cross the border of the European Union, they must meet the requirements specified in the agreement, and their drivers must have a document confirming special training.

Video: Transportation of dangerous goods in accordance with the requirements of ADR / POGAT - explanations and comments from specialists

Mandatory documents

Requirements for all participants in dangerous transportation imply that the driver has the following documents:

• license for permission to transport cargo classified as dangerous;
• document confirming passing the technical inspection;
• permission from the Ministry of Transport or the Department of Internal Affairs (in case of transportation of especially dangerous goods);
• route sheet;
• a document confirming that the driver has completed special training.

Transportation of dangerous goods is possible only in special vehicles.

Requirements for vehicles:

• the muffler pipe must be moved forward, in front of the radiator;
• the gas tank is separated from the battery, body, electrics and engine by an impenetrable partition;
• electrical wiring is insulated with special material;
• the car must have a grounding connection in the form of a special circuit;
• A shockproof bumper is installed at the rear.

In addition to the specified equipment, the car is equipped with special identification marks adopted in the international agreement of all member countries of ADR.

The special vehicle must be equipped with:

• special inscriptions;
• a certain color;
• orange flashing light;
• information plates SIO front and rear.

What is indicated on the tables of the information system? An emergency measures code (EMC) is recorded here, consisting of a certain set of letters and numbers. Each symbol indicates a specific action that must be performed to eliminate the consequences of a possible emergency.

The emergency code must be indicated:

• on the cargo container;
• on the container
• on the information plate on the car body;
• in emergency and information cards.

The decoding of the KEM is contained in the information and emergency cards, which are available to the driver or forwarder of the vehicle.

All signs on the vehicle must be clearly visible from a long distance. Information plates have standard sizes and must meet all requirements.

Violations associated with incorrect installation of tables may lead to restriction or suspension of the carrier’s license.

In addition, the car must be equipped and equipped with means to eliminate the consequences of possible emergency situations.

Itinerary

Strict requirements are put forward for the route of movement of exhaust gases. In a number of situations, the carrier will require mandatory approval from the traffic police. But there are also general requirements for the route that must not be violated under any circumstances.

So, on the route of the car the following should not be encountered with exhaust gases:

• large populated areas;
• recreation areas;
• industrial facilities;
• protected natural areas;
• educational institutions;
• healthcare facilities;
• territories intended for holding cultural events.

They depend on the specifics of the cargo. For example, chemical substances must be contained in containers made of a material that does not react and is not destroyed when interacting with it.

Such materials include glass, plastic, metal, cardboard.

But the transportation instructions contain several requirements that apply to any packaging:

• compliance with GOST;
• tightness;
• strength and moisture resistance;
• impenetrability;
• reliable fastening;
• markings that comply with GOST and ADR rules.

Driver requirements

Becoming a driver of a vehicle transporting exhaust gas is not easy. To do this you need:

• have at least 3 years of experience driving similar vehicles;
• undergo a medical examination before each flight;
• have a document confirming completion of mandatory instruction or special training (ADR certificate).

The training of drivers involved in the transportation of exhaust gas includes the development of a special program prescribed for the training of drivers planning to engage in such activities.

For this purpose, the driver undergoes special courses, which are conducted in accordance with the requirements of ADR.

Here, future drivers are instructed about the risks associated with the transportation of exhaust gases; introduce the basic information necessary to minimize risks and take action in the event of a critical situation.

How to obtain a permit to transport dangerous goods?

To obtain a license to transport exhaust gases, the carrier submits an application to the authorities of the State Road Supervision Authority, in which he records:

• nature of the cargo;
• itinerary;
• responsible for transportation.

The application must be accompanied by the following documents:

• emergency card;
• approved transportation route;
• certificates of admission of the vehicle and the driver to transport such cargo.

Failure to comply with the rules for transporting goods classified as dangerous threatens the carrier and driver with punishment in the form of:

• payment of a fine;
• confiscation of property (including vehicles);
• deprivation of driver's license;
• withdrawal of a license and permission to drive a vehicle.

In addition to administrative measures, criminal penalties are also applied. This is possible with illegal deliveries of dangerous goods. The driver will also be prosecuted if he drives while intoxicated.

Please note: If the driver does not have exhaust gases when transporting permits, then penalties await not only him, but also the carrier company, as well as the official who is responsible for sending the cargo.

The amount of fines for transporting cargo marked “dangerous!” without permission:

• for a driver without an ADR certificate - from 2000 to 2500 rubles;
• for a transport organization engaged in transportation - from 400,000 to 500,000 rubles;
• for the person responsible for dispatch and delivery of cargo - from 15,000 to 20,000 rubles.

Transporting dangerous goods is a very serious undertaking, both for the driver and for the carrier company. Persons engaged in such activities must understand the full responsibility they assume.

Endangering others is unacceptable! This should become the main slogan for all transportation participants. And the set of requirements and rules that are given above in the article must be studied and implemented by them without fail.

Delivery of dangerous goods is not only a well-paid job, but also a job that poses a threat to the health and lives of people and the natural environment.

Dear readers! The article talks about standard methods solutions legal issues, but each case is individual. If you want to know how solve exactly your problem- contact a consultant:

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To ensure that the transported cargo does not become a source of harm to others, it is necessary to observe safety measures when transporting and storing such goods.

Substances classified as class 3

The cargo of the third hazard class is flammable liquids (flammable liquids). The property of flammable liquids is ignition from a flash and rapid free combustion. They contain suspensions or solids (in solution) that emit flammable vapors.

Assignment to a certain class of elements depends on the degree to which the substance is dangerous. The characteristics of harmful and dangerous substances are indicated in.

These liquids include, for example:

• ethanol;
• acetone;
• diethyl ether;
• cyclohexane;
• benzene;
• gasoline and others.

flammable liquids are toxic and can oxidize in air to form explosives.

The third hazard class has three subclasses:

• the first includes mixtures that are flammable from a flash at a temperature of less than -18 ° C (in a closed crucible);
• to the second - flammable from a flash within the temperature range from -18°C to 23°C (in a closed crucible);
• the third - mixtures that are flammable from a flash at a temperature of at least 23°C, but not more than 61°C (in a closed crucible).

Below is a detailed classification of dangerous goods:

When storing these substances, the following risks must be avoided:

1. Substances of the first subclass should be stored in sealed containers so that vapors do not escape into the atmosphere, where they can ignite and cause a fire (acetone, gasoline, hexane).
2. The property of substances of the second subclass is that their vapors, when combined with air, ignite when room temperature(benzene, ethyl alcohol, toluene).
3. Substances of the third subclass ignite only next to a fire source (white alcohol, turpentine, xylene).

Transport

Transportation of hazardous liquids is carried out by road, rail, river, sea transport, as well as by plane.

Marking signs

Cargoes classified as hazard class 3 during transportation are marked with special markings.

It is a rhombus:

• on a red background in the upper corner there is an image of a flame (black or white);
• in the lower corner there is the number 3 (black or white);
• along the perimeter of the diamond there is a border in the form of a straight continuous line (black or white).

Rules for transporting cargo of hazard class 3

Due to the danger of flammable liquids, their transportation must meet certain conditions. First of all, transportation must be carried out on special or specially adapted for this purpose. Vehicle ah, meeting certain conditions.

For road transport

Dangerous liquids are prohibited from being transported together with substances that transform into explosive mixtures, with gases such as:

• hydrogen (liquefied and compressed);
• sulfur;
• nitrogen;
• organic acids;
• organic peroxides.

Zheleznodorozhny

Transportation of flammable liquids is also allowed according to railway. In this case, you must follow.

The means of transport for transporting hazardous mixtures are tank cars, covered cars, and containers. They have to:

• be durable and prevent liquid leakage;
• ensure complete safety and security of the cargo in transit.

Transportation by rail is possible only under the following conditions:

1. Wagons and containers are equipped with means of securing containers with dangerous goods to ensure their fixed position during transportation.
2. Cargoes that emit flammable, caustic (corrosive) vapors or gases, cargoes that become explosive when dried, or those that have oxidizing properties must be kept in sealed containers. If hazardous liquids are in glass or polyethylene containers, then this container must be well sealed and placed in wooden boxes.
3. Empty containers (1%) must be placed in containers so that on the road there is somewhere to transfer dangerous cargo from damaged containers.
4. The packages must contain cargo hazard labels.
5. The floor in the car must be covered with sand, the sand layer is 100 mm.

By plane

The delivery of hazardous liquids by aircraft is regulated by the Federal Aviation Regulations.

Transportation by air is carried out under the following conditions:

1. Delivery of flammable liquids is strictly prohibited on passenger aircraft.
2. Hazardous liquids are delivered on both domestic and international flights.
3. It is prohibited to transport consolidated cargo on one aircraft consisting of hazardous substances with incompatible properties.
4. The characteristics and properties of flammable liquid containers are the same as for transportation by other modes of transport. This also applies to markings on packages indicating the degree of danger of the cargo.
5. It is unacceptable to exceed the maximum norms of net weight or volume per package established in the List of Dangerous Goods.
6. As a rule, hazardous liquids are transported by air on direct flights. Transshipment at intermediate airfields only with the permission of these air hubs.
7. Dangerous goods must be loaded on board in such a way that during the flight there is free access to them for monitoring it and taking urgent measures in emergency cases.
8. Personnel must be trained and instructed to know what to do in emergency situations and be provided with protective equipment.

Water

If it is necessary to deliver flammable liquids to remote places or to other parts of the world, transportation is carried out by water (sea) transport, sea and river vessels.

This occurs in accordance with the following recommendations:

1. Through water, flammable liquids move to metal containers, which, in turn, are placed in wooden boxes. Such containers are not filled completely; part of the volume remains free.
2. Containers with dangerous goods must be secured and secured for the entire period of transportation.
3. Vessels carrying hazardous liquids must be moored gently (for safety reasons).
4. Not adding enough liquid - main feature delivery of such cargo by water. Under the influence of heat, liquids can expand in volume and underfilling helps prevent leakage.
5. Otherwise, the rules for delivering flammable liquids by water transport do not differ from the rules for delivery by road or rail.

Required documents

Transportation of liquids of hazard class 3 is carried out in the presence of certain documents.

When delivering by road, the following must be issued:

• safety data sheet (MSDS);
• instructions;
• ADR certificate confirming the vehicle’s approval for the delivery of dangerous goods;
• ADR certificate for the driver;
• informative sign of dangerous cargo;
• special permission from the Ministry of Internal Affairs;

When delivering cargo by rail, the following must be issued:

• consignment note (in accordance with the requirements of SMGS, rules for the transportation of dangerous goods, general rules transportation of goods by rail);
• quality certificates for packaging (containers).

When transporting dangerous goods by air, the following must be issued:

• cargo waybill indicating all data on the transported cargo;
• quality certificates for packaging.

When transported by river and by sea vessels are issued:

• cargo inventory;
• waybill for sea cargo;
• dock receipt for delivery of cargo;
• cargo plan (manifest);
• danger signs;
• quality certificates for packaging.

(OG) is always in demand due to many facts. Every year, 450-500 incidents and accidents related to the transit of exhaust gas occur on highways, and with the same frequency, approximately 250-300 emergency situations of varying degrees of severity occur on ships of the world fleet. Changes concerning the evolution of vehicles and the composition of transported goods, as well as processes taking place in various areas of legislative support, require amendments and clarifications.

Objects of transportation that can harm the population of the planet and its ecology due to improper transportation, accidents and natural disasters are considered explosive, flammable, toxic substances, divided into 9 classes (moreover, substances and products of class 1 are divided into 6 more varieties), and sea pollutants are allocated to a special group.

1. Explosives (detonators, ammunition, industrial explosives).
2. Compressed, liquefied or dissolved gaseous substances transported in cylinders.
3. Easily and rapidly flammable liquid substances containing rigid particles.
4. Rigid substances capable of ignition as a result of interaction with moisture, heat, or friction.
5. Oxidizing exhaust gases, compounds containing a peroxide group.
6. Poisons and chemicals with infectious effects.
7. Highly radioactive (specific radioactivity of which is 0.002 MCQI/g) substances and products containing such substances.
8. Caustic cargo, vapors, dust and gas of which cause poisoning.
9. Other OGs that do not fall under the above descriptions.

To date, acts accompanying displacement various types transport are determined by:

• packaging features;
• exhaust gas weight standards;
• rules of warehousing and shipment;
• regulatory notes, texts and labels;
• the ability to combine heterogeneous exhaust gases;
• restrictions on shipping methods;
• features of filling out transit documents.

Let's talk briefly about the most common types of exhaust gas movement and what exactly it should be transportation of dangerous goods taking into account basic rules (with reference to basic documents).

Modern intercontinental trade and the required cargo transportation account for 60% of the transportation of all global cargo turnover. This means that tens of thousands of large-tonnage vessels are periodically located in the vastness of the World's oceans, including one of the world's largest tankers, known as the Seawise Giant, Happy Giant and Jahre Viking. During its existence (since 1976), it changed its name, design and even tonnage several times (the last one - 564,763 tons of oil). Today it is considered a “floating storage unit”, since it cannot moor on its own even in major ports of the world and pass through places such as the English Channel, the Suez Canal and the like. The dangerous cargo is separated from the surrounding marine environment by a steel side, the thickness of which is only 3.5 cm. Japanese specialists who increased the volume of the tanker in 1981 (it was originally launched with much smaller dimensions) prevented this floating unit from becoming the object of an accident. The same cannot be said for the Liberian tanker Rena, which sank after hitting a reef off New Zealand in October 2011. Due to the accident, approximately 300 tons of oil entered the Pacific Ocean.

• specification (not commercial) name of the cargo.
• information about danger signs.
• durable marking materials must be used that can withstand a three-month stay in sea water;
• Each individual package is marked.

And the last point that is worth dwelling on for a more detailed consideration is the requirements for accompanying documents and their copies (copies are provided to special port inspections). First of all, these are a bill of lading, a sea waybill, a dock receipt and a delivery order.

Attached are:

• inventory of OG;
• cargo plan, which is a graphic representation on the ship’s drawing of all types of cargo for their optimal placement under the conditions of the upcoming voyage;
• a certificate guaranteeing compliance with the rules of packaging and labeling of cargo (responsibility rests with an individual specialist).

If any of the documents are missing, loading may be delayed or cancelled. The same will happen if the packaging is damaged.

Transportation of dangerous goods by rail

The fact, for example, that cars with some types of exhaust gas must be moved uphill and downhill with gentle pushes, and not allowed to move “spontaneously,” requires a much better quality of roads than our highways. Therefore, the second place in the transportation ranking is deservedly occupied by the railway.

Transit of goods by rail is carried out in accordance with the “Rules for the transportation of dangerous goods by rail” (protocol No. 15 dated 04/05/96, as amended on 05/19/2016). The latest changes and additions to date, implying a more strict attitude towards the transportation of exhaust gases, were introduced on 01/01/2017. The additions affected the requirements for the transportation of liquid cargo in tanks and bunker cars and for filling out the characteristics of transported substances and products (emergency cards). General requirements apply to all participants in the process: shippers, railway employees, freight forwarders, and so on.

The Rules apply to the territories of the countries participating in the Agreement on International Freight Railway Transport (SMGS). For countries that are not parties to the Agreement, the Requirements set out in Appendix 2 of the SMGS apply.

The classification of exhaust gases determines the conditions for their cargo transportation and storage.

In relation to shippers, the rules for transporting dangerous goods by rail provide for:

• availability of official acts confirming that the exhaust gas belongs to a certain classification number + a comprehensive information and organizational and methodological document (emergency card - AK), decoding of codes. AK numbers must be indicated in the attached inventory;
• To perform loading, transportation, and unloading of exhaust gases, employees of a licensed company with special knowledge and skills can be hired;
• a train that is under the operational management of Russian Railways OJSC and has official permission from the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation to carry out this type of activity can be involved in transportation;
• The shipper must have permission from the Ministry of Internal Affairs + permission from the station administration, and a special mark (with all dates) about receipt of this document is placed in the consignment note;
• the current invoice contains a red imprint at the top right;
• For the transportation of explosives, a consignment note in the GU-27E format is issued and militarized trains are involved, accompanied by security personnel of either the sender or the recipient.

SMGS and the Rules provide for the transportation of dangerous goods by rail in the required containers and with specific requirements for the equipment of wagons:

• the presence of a certificate confirming the serviceability of the transport is provided by the owners of the wagons (before loading);
• strictly standardized filling of wagons, containers and tanks;
• after inspection by railway station workers, liquid exhaust gases are poured into tanks with the condition that they must be secured with brake shoes;
• availability of spare containers;
• the coupling speed of the cars, which affects the impact force, should be no higher than 3-5 km/h;
• Locomotives are subject to operational standards and GOST standards.

Rules for the transportation of dangerous goods by road

The regulatory documentation base for the transportation of exhaust gases by automobile equipment is regulated by Government Decree No. 272 ​​of 04/14/2011, developed in accordance with the requirements of the European Agreement on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), date of first publication – 01/29/1968. After active changes recent years– 2011, 2013 and 2015 – the 2017 ROADS are in effect today.

Some features of transportation of exhaust gases are determined by Federal Law No. 195 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Violations, and federal laws“On narcotic and psychotropic substances”, “”, “”, “”, some Decisions of the Customs Union (and No.) and Orders of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation of various years of issue in the latest editions. The last of the new Orders on this topic is. The list of OGs is regulated by GOSTs 19433-88 and 26319-84.

Among general conditions and rules, road transportation of dangerous goods in the Russian Federation requires compliance with approximately the same measures as during transportation by rail: emergency cards, inventory, markings, special information plates and maps. The equipment of special vehicles must meet the requirements:

• the presence of wheel chocks (at least one);
• two illuminated warning signs (on separate supports);
• special uniform for the crew.

ADR establishes transportation rules regarding the equipment of equipment

1. The car must be equipped with a wear-resistant brake system with an analogue in case of an accident.
2. If the vehicle weight exceeds 16 tons, an anti-lock braking system is required.
3. A circuit limiter system must be provided, including the ability to disconnect the battery from the driver's compartment.
4. The presence of no more than one trailer, provided that it is equipped with a special bumper, the distance to the mounting of which from the tank is 1 decimeter.

The 2017 changes affect many of the aspects of “Appendices” A and B, namely:

• increasing the number of participating countries;
• conditions for transporting fuel in gas tanks and cylinders of cars and fixed special containers, and, finally, capacity standards are clearly defined;
• the nomenclature of exhaust gases increased to 3534 (UN numbers), the association “polymerizing substances” was included in the classification under paragraph 4.1;
• the use of soft containers is now permitted (with special reservations);
• changes affected the format of documents necessary for transportation (for example, the use of ADR directives 2013 and 2015 is not valid from 07/01/2017;
• new “Danger” symbols have also been introduced for marking containers with lithium batteries;
• movement through tunnels of all complexity categories is allowed;
• changes have been introduced to the examination process;
• tanks for hydrogen peroxide and its solutions with water are excluded from use;;
• Chapter IX, Part 2 has been completely changed;
• requirements for the transportation of lithium batteries have changed;
• drivers with cars with engines internal combustion or their equipment on lithium batteries, it is worth reading the innovations carefully.

Failure to comply with the rules for transporting exhaust gases by motor vehicles may result in administrative sanctions. Fine for individual– from 2 to 5 thousand rubles + deprivation of rights (4-6 months). Fine for officials– 15-20 thousand rubles. Largest amount fine legal entities, which will suffer 400-500 thousand rubles.

Those responsible for violating the rules during transportation by rail or by sea are punished in accordance with the requirements of their documentary base.

The rules for transporting dangerous goods by road are mandatory for all people, no matter whether they work in large industrial companies or conduct their business as individual entrepreneurs. The rules equally apply to transportation by transport of the Republic of Kazakhstan both on state roads and on those owned by private owners, both in urban areas and streets, and on rural land. Dangerous cargo poses a threat no matter what vehicle it is carrying, so the rules apply to all vehicles.

Transportation of dangerous goods is strictly regulated by law

There are exceptions to any rules: they do not apply to vehicles transporting hazardous substances across the territory of their manufacturers and consumers, as well as to vehicles owned by the military and internal affairs agencies. However, knowledge of the rules for moving substances that are ready to explode or catch fire at the slightest violation of the rules will be useful even for those who fall under exceptions.

What are dangerous goods

Dangerous goods are all goods, whether substances, gases or hard materials, which pose a potential danger during transportation for people, their property and for environment. The list of substances is grouped by hazard classes, of which there are nine. Safety requirements include marking cargo with special identification marks, thanks to which motorists can find out from afar how dangerous substances the car is carrying.

Explosives

The first hazard class combines materials and substances that can ignite or explode, as well as various devices causing explosions. Examples of such materials are TNT and nitroglycerin. The class has six subclasses: the most dangerous for people and the environment, subclasses from 1.1 to 1.3. Substances classified as subclasses 1.4 to 1.6 are less likely to explode out of the blue, but are still dangerous - the procedure for handling explosive materials should not be violated during a trip, no matter what subclass the product belongs to. All materials of the first class require special care when handling: an explosion or fire can cause sparks, increased temperature or careless transportation.

1. Substances of this subclass are capable of mass explosion.
2. The materials are hazardous due to projection, but do not explode in mass.
3. The products are a fire hazard, may explode and have a throwing hazard. There is no need to fear a mass explosion;
4. The substances pose a slight risk of explosion, and most often the effects appear only inside the package.
5. Subclass materials can explode in mass, but due to their low sensitivity the risk of such an outcome is extremely low.
6. The products are insensitive and do not explode in mass; they are among the “safest” for the transportation of first-class cargo.

Cargo hazard class 1.4-1.6 does not explode without cause

Gases

The second class of dangerous goods groups gases - in other words, substances that are gaseous in in good condition. This class includes gases that are compressed, liquefied or stored under pressure, as well as pure or mixed with other gases. Road transport in the Republic of Kazakhstan transports gases with varying effects from asphyxiating to toxic, from flammable to caustic. Depending on the additional properties, gaseous cargo is classified into one of nine groups.

Flammable substances

This name refers to various liquids and their mixtures that have the property of igniting from the slightest spark. This includes gasoline. The liquid is classified into one of the groups, depending on the danger it poses. Some cargoes are poisonous or may become gases or have corrosive effects.

Flammable solids

Their peculiarity is that they ignite easily - all it takes is a spark, friction, moisture or an increase in temperature. Flammable solids include matches, white phosphorus, and zinc. It is important to comply with the requirements when handling each of the three subgroups of the class:

1. Highly flammable materials, self-reactive substances or products soaked in liquid. Solids are usually found in powder or granular or paste form. In addition to flammability, additional danger comes from combustion products. Fired metal powders are especially dangerous, since they are more difficult to extinguish - ordinary measures like water do not give the desired effect, but only aggravate the situation.
2. The second subclass of flammable solids includes pyrophoric substances and solutions that ignite when exposed to air in a matter of minutes. Pyrophoric substances ignite more easily than other materials of the fourth class of cargo, and therefore the safety requirements for them must be observed especially strictly. To subclass 4.2. classify substances as self-heating. Unlike pyrophoric materials, which ignite even in small fractions, self-heating products ignite only in large volumes and not in minutes, but in hours or days. Substances self-heat from contact with oxygen.
3. This subclass includes substances that produce flammable gases when colliding with liquids. The resulting mixtures explode upon contact with sparks, generating a blast wave and fire.

The second hazard class of cargo ignites on contact with air

Oxidizing agents

Products support combustion due to the fact that they produce oxygen. May explode together with other substances or materials and under certain conditions.

1. Substances of subclass 5.1, due to their ability to release oxygen, can support the combustion of cargo for a very long time and this is why they are dangerous.
2. A subclass is formed by peroxides, which decompose when the temperature rises, due to friction or as a result of contact with acids. Decomposition causes the release of flammable gases, with some types of peroxides decomposing explosively. The instructions for handling peroxides tell you to take care of your eyes, since contact of substances with the organs of vision harms them and these substances corrode the skin. Peroxides are grouped into seven levels depending on the level of danger to others.

Toxic substances

Toxic or infectious substances, divided into four hazard classes according to the degree of risk. The fourth group is pathogens that cause severe diseases. These pathogens are easily transmitted from one living being, human or animal, to another, quickly infecting the population. Effective ways There is no cure for such diseases. Pathogens of the third group also cause serious illnesses, but these illnesses are not usually considered contagious and effective treatment methods have been developed against them.

The second group includes pathogens that are least dangerous to humans. The diseases caused by them are relatively easy to treat, there are preventive measures against ailments.

The class of toxic materials is divided into two subclasses; the safety requirements for the movement of goods of both groups are very high:

1. Toxic. Depending on the threat, people are divided into three groups: highly toxic, moderate and weak.
2. Infectious - substances containing pathogenic microorganisms that cause diseases in living beings.

Poisonous substances may be toxic or infectious

Radioactive substances

Radioactive radiation is dangerous, and the class is divided into categories according to the danger. Safety requirements for the movement of radioactive substances are especially stringent due to the health damage that radiation can cause.

Corrosive substances

Class 8 also includes corrosive materials. Corrosive substances affect the skin and mucous membranes, causing damage to cargo if the packaging has been damaged. Some substances in this class are converted into corrosive vapors by water or air humidity.

Other substances

The last, ninth class of cargo includes all other dangerous liquids not included in the previous classes. The movement of all these products, substances or materials is dangerous; the procedure for working with them must be strictly followed, as stated in the attached instructions.

Dangerous goods that do not fall under classification are also provided with danger labels and all necessary equipment

Organization of transportation

They transport goods in accordance with the rules of the Russian Federation. It is also important to comply with safety requirements that help avoid injury. dangerous situations. You will first have to obtain a special permit for transportation:

• Substances from the first to the sixth hazard class.
• For materials in tanks and other removable vessels with a capacity of over a thousand liters.
• For international transport.

The shipper receives permission to move goods from the internal affairs bodies, and before issuing a permit, the Ministry of Internal Affairs checks the condition of the vehicle.

The procedure for submitting documents to obtain permission to transport by road transport of the Republic of Kazakhstan:

• Application from the shipper indicating the name of the goods being transported and its quantity; listing of persons accompanying and transporting hazardous materials; The transportation route must be marked.
• The transportation route developed by the organization providing motor transport in the Republic of Kazakhstan and agreed upon with all necessary authorities and the shipper. A record of permission to transport cargo is left at the top of the form;
• A document confirming the admission of the driver of a vehicle in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the vehicle itself to the transportation of dangerous goods.

Permission to transport cargo is given for several similar events or for a batch of substances transported along the same route for 6 months, but no more. The right to transport nuclear products is issued by Gosatomnadzor.

Permission to transport particularly dangerous cargo is given only if it is accompanied by a specially trained person who knows how to handle it and can apply this knowledge in practice. The customer must provide accompanying specialists and security. If both functions fall on the driver of a vehicle in the Republic of Kazakhstan, then the procedure for handling cargo and the safety requirements necessary to comply with it are explained to the driver by the shipper.

The person in charge of the cargo performs the following duties:

• Supervises the loading and unloading of goods into and out of transport in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Accompanies the goods throughout the entire transportation until the end of the journey.
• Ensures that safety requirements for handling it are met and protects it. Ensures that the packaging is in proper condition and not damaged.

An emergency SIO card is required to obtain permission to transport dangerous goods

Establishing a route

The transportation route is selected and worked out by the cargo carrier. The route of transport carrying dangerous cargo is agreed upon with the State Traffic Inspectorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, especially if the route passes along roads with difficult traffic conditions, in poor visibility or through mountainous areas. And also when hazardous substances are transported in a convoy of three or more trucks. Safety requirements insist that the route does not pass through or near:

• Recreation areas and nature reserves, as well as various kinds attractions.
• Does not pass through the territory of industrial facilities.
• Inside large cities, and if travel through a large populated area is unavoidable, the route ran far from schools, hospitals and cultural centers.
• The route must be laid out in such a way that there are parking lots for trucks and rest areas for their drivers, as well as gas stations along the way.

The route plan must be submitted to the Ministry of Internal Affairs 10 days before the start of the transportation event. Employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs need to provide documents with the transportation route, printed in triplicate, and a certificate of approval of the vehicle for transportation. And also if you plan to move particularly dangerous cargo, in addition to the documents listed above, you need a transportation instruction, which is provided to the carriers by their customers, and permission to transport this cargo.

If a situation arises in which the route has to be changed, this change must also be agreed upon with the Ministry of Internal Affairs - the department where the original travel option was approved. An approved copy of the route is kept by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the cargo carrier's organization and the driver or accompanying person.

Vehicles of the Republic of Kazakhstan must move in accordance with the standards established by the Ministry of Internal Affairs based on the chosen route and traffic rules. The chosen speed of movement must be such as not to endanger containers containing explosives. When a column of RK vehicles moves, they must move so that the distance between vehicles is 50 meters. When transporting particularly dangerous substances, vehicles are accompanied by traffic police for protection.

The movement of vehicles with hazardous substances in the area of ​​nature reserves and recreational areas is extremely undesirable

Signs and other safety measures

Before accepting cargo, cargo carriers receive a safety data sheet for the substance being transported. If it was not transferred by the customer, the deal fell through, the goods were not loaded onto the trucks and were not transported anywhere. According to the same standards, dangerous goods are marked with signs notifying of the threat. Vehicles are also decorated with warning tables, and the tables must be of a certain format and have a reflective surface. The procedure for marking cargo depends on its hazard class:

• Explosives. Orange color sign with a symbolic drawing of an explosion.
• Flammable gases. A red diamond with black or white flames in the background. Non-toxic and non-flammable gases - a picture of a cylinder on a green background.
• Flammable materials of subclass 4.1 - a sign painted in red and white stripes with a stylized image of a flame. Subclass 4.2. – a sign divided into two parts: red at the bottom, white at the top. There is a flame drawn on the white half. Subclass 4.3 – blue background and fire pattern.
• Oxidizing substances. Rhombus yellow color, on which a circle is drawn, engulfed in flames;
• Subclass 6.1 – toxic substances, marked with a white sign with a “pirate” design of a skull and crossbones; Infectious substances from subclass 6.2 are also indicated by a white sign, but with the image of crossed months on it.
• Radioactive substances. Appearance The diamond shape depends on the category, but there must be a design in the form of a black trefoil, and in the lower half of the sign the word “Radioactive” is written in large letters.
• Corrosive substances - their identification mark is made in the shape of a rhombus, the lower part of which is painted black, and on the upper, white half, test tubes are drawn, inclined towards a hand or an ingot of metal.
• Other substances from the ninth class are distinguished by a sign, the upper half of which is painted over with vertical black stripes, and the lower part is left white.

New transport rules (since 2012) state that the transport of dangerous goods by road is only possible in accordance with an international agreement (DOLOG). According to one of the clauses of this agreement, vehicles carrying dangerous goods must be marked with an information table. The orange table should be 40x30 in size, with a reflective surface. The hazard number and UN numbers must be inscribed on the label. The quality of the plates must be such that the numbers painted on them can withstand fire and water. Sometimes freight carriers purchase stickers or tables from cheap materials - this is unacceptable.

In the event of an emergency, drivers must know how and in what sequence to act in order to eliminate the consequences. Drivers should also take all measures for their own protection as outlined in the emergency card. The main tasks in the event of emergency situations: first aid to those in trouble, evacuating people if necessary, finding a damaged container and removing it and the spilled substance, notifying the shipper's organization about what is happening.

Marking mark for corrosive substances

Loading and unloading

A representative of the shipper supervises loading operations. The weight of loads loaded onto the machine must not exceed the load capacity. Loading and unloading work are carried out by people working for the shipper, but if this has been agreed in advance, these activities are undertaken by the RK transport driver.

During loading and unloading operations, strict adherence to established standards must prevail. Safety requirements prohibit pushing or hitting containers with substances during this work, as well as putting pressure on them or causing sparks. During work, the car engine is turned off in advance, and the driver leaves the vehicle and goes to a safe distance.

Unauthorized persons are also prohibited from being present during the unloading or loading of goods. Sometimes machines used in loading operations require the engine to be running.

Storage and transportation of flammable liquids and gases poses a significant fire hazard. Warehouses for storing flammable liquids and flammable liquids are divided into two groups. The first group includes base warehouses and oil depots, which are independent enterprises. The second group includes consumable warehouses of flammable liquids and flammable liquids, intended for supplying production and located on the territory of the enterprise.

Storage of flammable liquids and gases can be in tanks or special containers (barrels, cans, etc.).

Storage facilities can be underground, semi-underground and above ground.

Building codes and regulations (SNiP II-M-1-71) impose fire safety requirements for the construction of warehouses for flammable materials. In order to protect industrial buildings and structures in case of fire, the warehouse of flammable materials is located in compliance with certain fire breaks. These gaps, depending on the storage method and the degree of fire resistance of buildings and structures, are shown in Table. 20.1 for consumable warehouses (second group). Table 20.1.

Minimum permissible distances from open warehouses of flammable liquids and flammable liquids to buildings and structures, m:

Notes

1. Placing identical materials in two or more warehouses is not allowed. 2. Distances from warehouses of flammable liquids and gases to buildings with production categories A and B, as well as to residential and public buildings

should be increased by 25%.

3. When storing flammable liquids and gases together, the reduced capacity is determined based on the following calculation: 1 m 3 of flammable liquids is equal to 5 m 3 of flammable liquids and 1 m 3 of above-ground storage is equal to 2 m 3 of underground storage. For underground storage of flammable liquids or gases, the distances indicated in table. 20.1 may be reduced by 50%.

4. Distances from buildings to flammable liquid and gas storage facilities with a capacity of up to 100 m 3 are not standardized if the wall of the building facing these warehouses is fireproof.

When storing flammable liquids and gases in tanks located underground, “breathing” valves are installed that do not allow an increase in the pressure of the steam-air mixture formed above the surface of the liquid, which are constantly monitored.

The territory of underground and above-ground open warehouses is fenced with a fence made of fireproof materials.

During the process of pouring petroleum products into a tank, electrification of the liquid occurs as a result of splashing. The accumulation of electrical charges creates the danger (during discharge) of sparking and, consequently, the possibility of ignition and explosion of a flammable mixture of gas liquid vapors and air. In order to eliminate the formation of electrical charges by draining them to the ground metal tanks grounded. The condition of grounding devices must be constantly monitored.

Storage of flammable liquids and gas liquids in industrial buildings or buildings for other purposes, constructed from structures of I or II degree of fire resistance, is allowed in quantities not exceeding those indicated in the table. 20.2.

Table 20.2. Maximum permissible volumes of liquids for storage in production and other enterprise buildings.

Storage method	Amount of liquid, m 3
	LVZH	GJ
In a container in a special room, separated from the adjacent room by fireproof walls, ceilings and with direct access to the outside	20	100
In containers without allocating a special room in buildings with production categories G and D	0,1	0,5
In tanks installed in a special above-ground room, separated from the adjacent room by fireproof walls, ceilings and with direct access to the outside	No more than the daily needs of the workshop
In tanks in semi-underground and underground premises	Not allowed	300
In tanks installed on fireproof columns and platforms, in buildings with production categories G and D

When laying barrels with flammable liquids and gases, care must be taken to avoid impacts. The barrels are installed with the filling cap facing up. If the barrels contain flammable liquids with a vapor flash point of 28 °C or lower (for example, gasoline, acetone), then they are placed in only one row.

Smoking and the use of open fire are not allowed on the territory of flammable materials warehouses. Warming of thickened petroleum products, pipelines, shut-off valves is allowed only with hot water.

Warehouse lighting is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the PUE. Lighting must be explosion-proof.

The territory and premises of the warehouse must be kept clean and provided with fire extinguishing equipment.

For workshop storerooms of flammable liquids and flammable liquids, maximum storage standards for the amount of paints and varnishes and solvents are established in accordance with their needs in production.

At the workplaces of painting and impregnation shops and areas, storage of flammable liquids and flammable liquids is allowed in quantities not exceeding the shift requirement. In this case, the containers with the materials must be tightly closed with lids.

In order to avoid ignition of transported flammable liquids and gases from accidental sparks arising during the operation of vehicles (locomotive, car, tractor), in accordance with the Fire Safety Rules for industrial enterprises, it is necessary to maintain certain minimum distances from tanks, storage facilities, pumping stations, etc. to railway tracks and highways.

The gaps (distances) from ground tanks, drain tanks and filling stations to the axis of broad gauge railways and in-plant tracks at draining and loading devices must be at least 20 m when transporting flammable liquids and 12 m-GZh. Gaps from pumping stations and containerized liquid storage facilities to the axes of railway tracks at drainage and loading devices must be at least 10 m when transporting flammable liquids and 8 m when transporting flammable liquids.

Locomotive drivers must perform shunting work with railway tanks carefully, without sudden jolts, at low speeds in order to avoid the appearance of sparks from mechanical shocks.

Above we talked about the static electrification of petroleum products and the danger in this regard of ignition of flammable mixtures. As a measure to prevent electrification during the draining or loading of flammable liquids and gases and when transporting them by road, tank trucks are equipped with a steel chain hanging down to the road surface, which serves as a grounding for discharging charges into the ground.

During a thunderstorm, for fire safety reasons, unloading and loading operations during the transportation of flammable liquids and flammable liquids are not allowed.

A vehicle for transporting flammable liquids and gases must have an exhaust pipe of an internal combustion engine equipped with a spark arrester and located in the front of the vehicle, which prevents sparks from the muffler from reaching the fuel tank.

If the viscosity of petroleum products is high, they must be heated to ensure free drainage from the tanks. Warm up only with steam or hot water.

The use of open fire for heating is strictly prohibited. Loading of barrels with flammable liquids into the body of a vehicle is carried out using inclined wooden beams (rollers). Barrels must be stacked stably with a lining underneath them wooden coasters

Tools used to open and close filling holes of barrels and other vessels must be non-sparking when in contact with steel barrels and tanks, for which brass tools are used.

IN production workshops and laboratories using flammable liquids and flammable liquids, in the absence of centralized delivery and distribution to workplaces, it is necessary to use safe containers for manual transportation, such as cans and canisters with a tight-fitting lid.