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Warm plaster. Theory and practice of application. Technology for applying heat-insulating plaster Composition of the plaster mixture for warm walls

Warm plaster is a group of finishing coatings for exterior and interior work, combining leveling, hydro- and thermal insulation properties.

Composition, brands and GOSTs

The composition of warm plasters may vary due to the heat-insulating filler and binder base. Bulk materials act as fillers materials with low thermal conductivity: expanded perlite, vermiculite, polystyrene foam granules, foam glass. Some sources recommend sawdust, but it provides the worst quality finish and is prone to rot and fire, so it is excluded from this review.

Also distinguished special type warm plaster, used for radiation insulation of medical premises. Baryte plaster contains crystalline barium sulfate, a compound that absorbs x-rays.

Warm plaster for exterior use It is made on the basis of cement grades M-500 or M-300. With a hydrophobic filler (foam glass, EPS, etc.), such a coating is not afraid of precipitation, temperature changes and ultraviolet radiation. Plaster on insulation protects the main layer of thermal insulation from negative weather conditions.

For interior decoration indoors use mixtures based on lime and gypsum, which are not resistant to moisture.

Perlite is presented on the domestic market thermal insulation plaster following trading stamps:

All of them comply with GOST 31251 as materials with the highest degree fire safety.

Release form

Ready-made mixtures are produced in dry form in bags weighing 7-30 kg. Depending on the formulation, they may contain superplasticizers that improve the solubility of cement and increase the plasticity of the solution. At home, such an additive is PVA glue or liquid soap, dissolved in water. The plasticizer consumption is no more than 1% of the mass of cement in the mixture.

The shelf life of the mixed mixture is 30-90 minutes, so it is important to balance the volume of the prepared solution and the speed of work.

Characteristics

Specifications warm plasters may vary depending on the filler.

Unique qualities

The main advantage warm plaster serves its high plasticity and adhesion (adhesion to the surface). She doesn't require perfect smooth walls and performs an additional cosmetic function when decorating the room.

Allows you to isolate slopes, cracks and internal corners, where the installation of sheet and roll thermal insulation difficult. There is no need for fasteners that act as “cold bridges” for other materials. The application speed of professional workers reaches 100 m2 in 1 day.

Warm plaster combines environmental friendliness and durability, does not emit volatile compounds and dust.

Minuses

The main disadvantage warm plaster its raw weight is used. The plastering process takes place in several stages; apply immediately thick layer it is forbidden. The work is carried out in 3-4 passes, maintaining the previous layers until they “set” firmly.

The thermal insulation qualities of the mixtures are average, and the price is higher than the more energy-efficient PPS. It is not used as the main insulation material in Russia; its thermal efficiency in our conditions is too low.

Application area

Insulation interior spaces, soil finishing of walls. The use of such thermal insulation can reduce heat loss by up to 40%. This one is recommended material for additional thermal and sound insulation of walls and ceilings, window slopes, pipelines, sealing cracks.

Warm plaster for facade used as a protective and decorative coating for basic thermal insulation: mineral wool, glass wool, polystyrene foam, PPS or basalt slabs. It protects the insulation from moisture, weathering, ultraviolet radiation and has a beautiful rough texture.

Installation methods

Cooking instructions ready mixture usually indicated on the packaging. To prepare the solution at home, the binder component (cement, lime or gypsum), water and bulk filler are mixed in a ratio of 1:1:4. The mixture is thoroughly kneaded to the consistency of thick sour cream, after which it can be applied to the cleaned surface.

Plastering interior walls carried out along the beacons, the thickness of the applied layer warm plaster should not exceed 1 cm in one pass. If it is necessary to increase the thickness of the coating, then the first layer must dry, otherwise the plaster will fall off under its own weight. It is not advisable to make a layer thicker than 3 cm; the thermal insulation properties decrease as a result, and the load on the base becomes critical.

Plaster on facade insulation applied in a thin layer: 3-4 mm in the first pass, no more than 1.5 cm in total after preliminary application and drying of the reinforcing layer.

Many today are wondering what warm plaster is, for what purposes this material is suitable and how to work with it. Let's start with the fact that in the domestic market of construction and finishing materials This product is not that long ago.

So, warm plaster is a mixture made on the basis of the simplest cement. But, unlike usual cement mortar, no sand is added to the composition. Instead of him other ingredients are used:

• Expanded clay chips;
• Perlite sand;
• Expanded polystyrene granules;
• Powder made from pumice, etc.

What types of warm plaster are there?

If you are interested in what warm plaster is, you should keep in mind that it can be different. There are many types, now we will talk about most popular of them.

• Among all the varieties of warm plaster, one can note the composition, which contains expanded vermiculite. Expanded vermiculite is a mineral lightweight aggregate that is obtained through heat treatment to which vermiculite rock is subjected. If you need warm plaster for exterior work, it’s time to pay attention to just such products. And if you don’t want to look for other worthy options, other uses of the material are also possible. For example, this warm plaster is also suitable for interior work. Quite decent, versatile construction material. Among the advantages of vermiculite are excellent antiseptic properties.
• If we consider popular types of warm plaster, we cannot ignore the “sawdust mixture”. This substance contains sawdust, as well as particles of clay, cement, and even paper. That is why it is not recommended to use warm sawdust plaster for exterior work. On the contrary, the mixture is most often purchased specifically as a warm plaster for interior work - any specialist will confirm this.

Sawdust plaster is an ideal product for covering brick (concrete) and wooden surfaces. It is recommended that the room be regularly ventilated while the sawdust plaster is drying. It takes approximately two weeks for the composition to dry. If the doors and windows are closed in the room, mold and mildew may appear on the surface - be sure to take this into account.

• People who want to buy warm plaster always pay attention to a type of material that contains expanded polystyrene foam granules. This plaster contains not only polystyrene foam - here you will also find cement, various fillers and additives, and lime. You need warm plaster for the facade - this option is well suited, however, it is also often used for indoor work.

Since it is the last version of plaster (with polystyrene foam granules in the composition) that is the most common (which cannot be said about other types), we will consider it in detail within the framework of this material. All comparisons with other materials will also be made specifically for this type.

Warm plaster and its areas of application

Let's look at the industries where this material is used today. Anyway, manufacturers recommend following:

• Finishing of facades and their thermal insulation;
• Soundproofing of internal and external walls on existing buildings, as well as additional insulation;
• Insulation of walls if well masonry is used;
• Insulation of slopes of door and window blocks in those places where they are adjacent to the walls;
• Insulation of cold and hot water supply risers, sewer risers;
• For internal finishing works(as a sound insulator and insulation);
• It is recommended to use warm plaster for insulation ceilings and floors.

External finishing of the facade with warm plaster

Let's talk in more detail about How effective is the material? by doing exterior finishing house facades.

1. Warm plaster for the facade will be heavier than all others possible types– up to ten times or more. Consequently, such a wall most likely requires a more solid foundation;
2. If it is assumed that the façade insulation design will have plaster layer insulation, the thickness of the insulation usually varies from 50 to 100 mm (depending on the thickness load-bearing wall, desired indoor temperature and climate zone). If you pay attention to what the thermal conductivity coefficient is, then everything is clear - in order to achieve similar indicators, the layer of warm plaster should be one and a half to two times thicker.

In other words, a layer of warm plaster will have to be made 100-200 mm thick, but the maximum allowed application is only 50 mm - otherwise there will be dumps. Therefore, warm plaster for the facade should be applied on both sides of the wall at once.

Now, based on all of the above, let's consider everything advantages and disadvantages of the material:

pros

• It is applied very quickly (even one plasterer can apply 110-170 sq.m. in a day);
• Can be applied without using reinforcing mesh(in places where there are no cracks and corners);
• There is no need to level the walls if you are going to apply warm plaster;
• The material has excellent stickiness (adhesion) to all other wall materials;
• When installing this insulation, there are no metal connections, so you don’t have to worry about cold bridges;
• Rodents will never settle in a wall that is insulated with warm plaster;

For more information about the advantages of warm plaster (including for insulating facades), watch the video material. Perhaps you will get answers to all your questions after watching.

Disadvantages of warm plaster

• The composition is not a finishing coating - not only a primer, but also a decorative layer of plaster should be applied to the surface of warm plaster;
• The required layer of insulation is thicker than when insulating with polystyrene foam or cotton wool (approximately one and a half to two times).

Based on all of the above, let’s talk about where it’s really worth using “warm” plaster.

• When sealing various joints, cracks in the walls, floors of the house;
• As additional insulation, but this is already for internal work - that is, you will need warm internal plaster (in a situation where work cannot be done outside - when, for example, there is already an expensive cladding that will definitely deteriorate during disassembly);
• Warm plaster is often used to insulate the base;
• When finishing window slopes, the material is also often used.

Applying warm plaster - technology

Before work, the wall surface is prepared in the same way as before applying simple cement-based plaster. That is, all dust is removed, as well as the remains of other solutions. If necessary, the surface is treated with special deep-penetrating impregnations, or simply strengthened with a plaster mesh.

It is important that the surface of the wall, which will be insulated with warm plaster, is thoroughly moistened with water before starting all work.

1. When the composition is prepared for use, the entire package is poured into a container (its volume must be at least 50 liters);
2. Next, add water in the amount indicated on the packaging of warm plaster;
3. Everything is thoroughly mixed using a mixer;
4. The resulting mixture must be used within 120 minutes from the moment of preparation.

How to check whether the required consistency has been obtained or not? It's simple here:

• Scoop up the solution using a trowel and turn it over;
• If the mortar holds well on the trowel and does not fall off, it means that the plaster is completely ready for use;
• Ready-made plaster can be applied either by machine or by hand.

To avoid any difficulties when applying warm plaster, pay attention to the video: applying warm plaster. The lesson will be useful for both specialists and novice renovators.

What they look like subsequent work:

• The plaster mixture is applied using ordinary plastering tools (trowel, spatula, float, etc.) in several layers;
• The thickness of one layer should not be more than 2 cm;
• Each subsequent layer should be applied no earlier than 4 hours after the previous one was applied;
• If on the street high level humidity, and the air temperature is low (especially in autumn season), the drying time of the layer increases;
• It is customary to apply the solution only to the surface that has been leveled and primed;
• Apply warm plaster with a wide spatula, this is done strictly from the bottom up;
• It is impossible to apply a thick layer of plaster at a time - this may simply cause the mortar to slip;
• Check and acceptance plastering works usually carried out about three to four weeks after all the work has been done.

Common mistakes when applying warm plaster

It is not difficult to guess that during such work certain mistakes are often made - especially when the work is performed by novice specialists or simply amateurs. Consider this moment in more detail:

1. If peeling is observed, it means you made some mistake during work;
2. If the applied composition begins to crack;
3. If the geometry of the room changes due to the fact that the layer of warm plaster is too thick.

How to check the “geometric” quality of the plastering work that you have completed? This work requires a plumb line, as well as a two-meter rule, and a bubble level. Everything is checked simply: a two-meter rule is applied to the surface (as a rule, an aluminum strip is used as such a tool). If gaps are detected, it means that there are irregularities in the geometry.

It is important that deviations from the horizontal (or vertical) of the plastered surface are not more than 3 mm per meter.

About material consumption

What can we say about material consumption? Everybody is here quite understandable:

• For each square meter the surface takes from 10 to 14 kg, if the desired layer thickness is 25 mm;
• If the desired layer thickness is 50 mm, then the consumption is 18-25 kg per square meter;
• 1 square meter of wall insulation with warm plaster will cost you $40 (the information will be useful for those who want to buy such plaster) - with a layer thickness of 25 mm;
• If you turn to specialists to do the work, you will have to pay up to $15 or more for each square meter.

• To insulate “airborne noise” using warm plaster (this could be noise from a TV, conversations, the sound of a car engine), the material must have a fibrous structure. In addition, it must be ventilated. The effective thickness here starts from 0.5 cm;
• To insulate “impact noise” - knocks, falling objects, sounds of footsteps, the material must have elasticity (like rubber).

Warm plaster does not meet either the first or the second requirement, so all data on excellent sound insulation performance is most likely slightly overestimated.

For some work, warm plaster (facade, interior decoration) is indeed often used and this is quite justified. But its use is not always advisable - in many cases you can limit yourself to completely different materials or insulation and get either the same or a more impressive result.

Be sure to take this into account when performing finishing or repairs - in order to protect yourself from unpleasant surprises in the future.

Warm dry compositions for interior finishing are today considered one of the popular products on the building materials market. The reason for this success lies in the fact that similar materials allow you to achieve excellent thermal insulation properties. They are used for cladding and restoration of old buildings, as well as thermal insulation and protection of new construction projects. Special demand Warm plasters are used to cover walls inside the house. The reason for the demand is related to ease of use. You don’t need to drill anything for dowels at all; you don’t need to use complex plastering systems. Everything you need is easy to find experienced specialist for interior finishing.

Characteristic

Before deciding on the choice of dry plaster for interior decoration, it is necessary to consider criteria such as advantages, disadvantages, properties and types of material.

The article describes such a building material as well as other data characterizing this material.

Warm plasters are classified into the following types:

1. Perlite based. This material is characterized by such a disadvantage as moisture accumulation. As a result, the thermal insulation properties of the material are reduced. Over time, cracks will appear on the facade. If additional measures are not taken, it will simply collapse. But there is such a plus as excellent refurbishment of the wall, as a result of which all the moisture is literally sucked out onto the surface of the wall. Provided that measures for hydrophobization and steam ventilation were immediately taken, the coating will serve for sanitation and thermal insulation for a long time.
2. Based on expanded polystyrene. They assure that the result is a warm plaster, but it is completely non-ecological and not fireproof. Another disadvantage is poor vapor permeability.
3. Based on foam glass beads. This comes in the form of granules that are not sorted. They do not accumulate moisture, so they conduct steam well. This filler is characterized by high fire resistance, thermal conductivity, strength and durability. Today, this option of warm plaster is considered the most popular.

As for the advantages of warm plaster, we can highlight the following:

• high tenacity with various types surfaces, while the walls do not need to be leveled;
• there is no need to use metal fasteners, as there are no cold bridges;
• high levels of sound insulation and tightness;
• ease of application and quick installation time;
• resistance to fungi and mold;
• natural vapor permeability;
• additional protection of walls from seasonal temperature changes.

You can find out about the price of the bag by reading the article.

Installation of warm mixtures for interior decoration is no different from applying ordinary plaster. The mixture is used for various purposes: for leveling, thermal insulation, and restoration of buildings. If you purchased a completely different composition, then you should definitely take warm plaster, which you will need to process the internal slopes.

They produce certain brands of heat mixtures that require additional water protection and can be used as a finishing coating.

A good owner, when planning the construction or renovation of his home, is obliged to think through everything to the smallest detail. In a series of issues to be resolved, one of the most important is always insulation - comfortable conditions for people should be created in the house, and decoration - everyone wants to live in an aesthetic environment. Practice shows that very often these problems overlap, and whole line technological operations is aimed at simultaneously solving both sides of the issue.

One of the materials that meets this complex concept of “insulation + finishing” is warm plaster for interior work. By applying it to the walls, the master levels them and, with correct thermal engineering calculations, at the same time gives them the required degree of thermal insulation.

This publication will be structured as follows:

• Anyone who has experience in construction and finishing works can immediately calculate required thickness applying warm plaster to ensure effective thermal insulation, and then the amount of material that will be required for these purposes. To do this, two convenient calculators are located at the beginning of the article.
• Beginners are advised to first familiarize themselves with the theory: the purpose and composition of warm plasters various types, with the principles of carrying out the necessary calculations, with a brief overview popular brands. After this, it will be easy to return to calculators and competently make calculations.

Calculators for calculating warm plaster

Calculator for calculating the required thickness of a warm plaster layer

The meaning of the calculation is that the enclosing structure (including, in fact, the main wall itself and layers of insulation) must have a total heat transfer resistance no lower than that established regulatory documents(SNiP) for of this region in accordance with its climatic characteristics.

warm plaster

• The value of the normalized heat transfer resistance (R) can be taken from the diagram below:

• Options main wall. The material to be finished with warm plaster includes the material of its manufacture and thickness in millimeters.
• Warm plaster is extremely rarely used as the main insulation, and more often becomes an addition to the main layer. It is necessary to enter the parameters of this layer: thickness and type of insulation material.

It was necessary to slightly change the composition of the usual one, and completely new material- warm plaster. Manufacturers attribute unique qualities to it and claim that the material can be used as an independent product. So what is this Is it true or just another clever marketing ploy? How to choose the right warm plaster for the facade and interior work, how to apply it, and in what cases can the material really be used as a full-fledged heat insulator?

No. 1. Composition of warm plaster

Warm plaster was named thanks to its low thermal conductivity compared to conventional plaster compositions. Similar results were achieved by replacing conventional ones with special heat-insulating additives.

Warm plaster contains the following components::

Usually the material is supplied in the form of a dry mixture, and before application it is enough to dilute it with water. Craftsmen prepare warm plaster on their own, but the composition “works” in any case according to one principle: heat-insulating additives, together with air bubbles, create a powerful barrier to the cold. Tests show that a layer of warm plaster of 5 cm is equivalent in thermal insulation to a wall of two.

The thermal conductivity coefficient of the material is about 0.063 W/m* 0 C. This indicator is somewhat worse than that of extruded polystyrene foam and even, which introduces some features into its use. In regions with cold winters, warm plaster cannot be used as independent thermal insulation - it is usually applied as an additional layer of insulation and plays vital role in the elimination of “cold bridges” that arise during the installation of tiles and roll insulation. In areas with mild winters warm plaster can even be used as the only thermal insulation material, but a lot depends on the thickness and material of the walls. In the future, we will check all this in calculations.

No. 2. Advantages and disadvantages of warm plaster

Warm plaster has become widespread due to its significant benefits:

Now about shortcomings:

No. 3. Types of warm plaster fillers

The properties and scope of use of warm plaster are greatly influenced by the type of filler. The following materials can be used:

• sawdust. The composition of sawdust warm plaster, except directly sawdust, also includes clay, paper and cement. The use of such “gentle” and sensitive to negative factors external environment components does not allow the use of the composition for insulating the facade, but for interior work such warm plaster is excellent, especially since it can be applied even to wooden base. Internal thermal insulation will improve efficiency;
• crushed perlite are obtained from obsidian, which, when treated at high temperatures, swells with the formation of a mass of air bubbles inside, which increases the thermal insulation properties of the material. The only negative is increased hygroscopicity, so this plaster needs reliable waterproofing;
• expanded vermiculite obtained from mica, the material can withstand a wide range of temperatures, has antiseptic properties, is lightweight, absolutely resistant to fire, can be used for exterior and interior decoration, but just like perlite, it is afraid of moisture, and therefore requires enhanced protection;
  
• balls from foam glass obtained from foamed quartz sand. This is the most preferred material for filling warm plaster, as it is not afraid of moisture, fire, has good thermal insulation qualities, can be used for facade and interior work, and does not shrink;
• In addition to vermiculite, perlite and foam glass, they are also used as mineral fillers expanded clay chips and pumice powder. These materials cannot boast of high moisture resistance and are inferior to their analogues in many other qualities, therefore they are used infrequently;
• expanded polystyrene used in warm plasters together with cement, lime and some other additives. These are relatively inexpensive compounds universal use, but due to the flammability of polystyrene foam, they are not used so often. In addition, the surface of the plaster is too soft and therefore requires mandatory finishing.
  

No. 4. Calculation of the thickness of the layer of warm plaster

To determine whether warm plaster can be used as an independent insulation material, you will have to perform a simple calculation, taking into account the region where the house is located, the thickness and material of the walls:

• calculation begins with determining the value normalized heat transfer resistance of the external walls of the house. This is a tabular value, predetermined by regulatory documents (for Russia - SNiP 02/23/2003). For Moscow, according to the table, this value is 3.28 m 2 * 0 C/W, for Krasnodar – 2.44 m 2 * 0 C/W;
• define heat transfer resistance of house walls, for which we need to divide the wall thickness by the thermal conductivity coefficient of the material. Let's do the calculation for two houses. One is located in Moscow and is built from, the wall thickness is 0.5 m, the thermal conductivity coefficient from the table is 0.58 W/m 0 C, so the heat transfer resistance is 0.86 m 2 * 0 C/W. The second house is located in Krasnodar and is built from D600, wall thickness is 0.4 m, thermal conductivity coefficient from the table is 0.22 W/m 0 C, heat transfer resistance is 1.82 m 2 * 0 C/W;
• calculation additional insulation. For a house in Moscow this is (3.28-0.86) = 2.42 W/m 0 C. For a house in Krasnodar (2.44-1.82) = 0.62 W/m 0 C;
• calculation layer of warm plaster, its thermal conductivity coefficient is 0.063 W/m* 0 C (maybe a little more - depends on the composition and manufacturer). For a house in Moscow 0.063 * 2.42 = 0.15 m, for a house in Krasnodar 0.063 * 0.62 = 0.04 m. Since it is better not to apply warm plaster in a layer thicker than 5 cm, and it has a decent weight, then for a Moscow house it is better to look for another insulation option, and warm plaster can be used in addition. For a house in Krasnodar, warm plaster can be used as an independent insulation material.

A more accurate calculation can be made if we take into account the heat transfer resistance of all finishing materials. wall materials, and also take into account the number and size of windows and a lot of other parameters. It’s easier to do this in special construction calculators, but you can understand whether warm plaster is worth considering as an independent insulation material from the above calculation.

Despite the manufacturer’s assurances and calculations proving the effectiveness of warm plaster, it is not very often used as the main insulation in residential buildings. It is usually used in dachas to eliminate cold bridges, to treat window and doorways. It is better to use insulation on the outside, but if this is not possible, it can also be applied inside so that it complements the external thermal insulation.

No. 5. Manufacturers of warm plaster

You can save money and make warm plaster with your own hands. The most versatile and inexpensive solution is obtained using perlite or vermiculite. It is necessary to mix 4 parts of vermiculite or perlite and 1 part of dry cement. The thoroughly mixed mixture is diluted with a solution of water and a plasticizer. The latter can be purchased at the store, or can be replaced with PVA glue at the rate of 50-60 g of glue per 10 liters of plaster. The mixture is diluted with a water-adhesive composition and constantly stirred for homogeneity. The solution should have a thick consistency. After preparation, it is allowed to sit for 15-20 minutes, and you can begin applying the plaster.

No. 7. Applying warm plaster

The process of applying warm plaster is simple and can be easily done with your own hands:

• getting ready required amount solution;
• the wall is cleaned for better adhesion, but many builders simply moisten the surface with plain water;
• It is better to carry out plastering on beacons, although some neglect this rule. They are used as beacons aluminum profile, which is fixed with putty, the use of prepared plaster is allowed. The evenness of the exposed beacons is checked by the building level;
  
• modern ready-made compositions warm plasters allow you to do without additional mesh reinforcement, but when applying a thick layer of insulation and at corners, the use of mesh is desirable;
• The process of applying warm plaster is not original and is identical. The solution is placed on the trowel with a spatula, after which it is applied to the wall by rubbing movements from bottom to top between the beacons. The surface is leveled by the rule;
  
• within 2 hours after application, the solution remains plastic, so flaws can be easily corrected. During this period, the beacons are removed and the cracks are rubbed with the same solution. If desired, the surface can be treated with a decorative spatula or structural roller to achieve an interesting effect. If a smooth surface is required, then after the plaster has dried, it is necessary to apply a thin leveling layer and smooth it with a plastic trowel;
  
• the thickness of one layer should not be more than 2 cm, otherwise the plaster will begin to fall off. If it is necessary to apply it in several layers, then after installing the first one you must wait at least 4 hours. The surface dries completely after 48 hours, then you can begin to paint it. final finishing. If necessary to process large area walls, it is better to use a machine method of applying plaster.

Warm plaster today is used for exterior and interior applications, for insulating facades and ceilings, as well as for sealing cracks and cracks, and for treating window slopes. At proper preparation, application and calculation, the composition fully meets expectations.