Home > Furniture > Roofs and flat roofs made of monolithic foam concrete. Comments. Pitched roof and how to create it yourself. Monolithic concrete roofing Flat roof in a private house without concrete

Roofs and flat roofs made of monolithic foam concrete. Comments. Pitched roof and how to create it yourself. Monolithic concrete roofing Flat roof in a private house without concrete

Common people often use two completely different words - roofing and roof - with the same meaning. In reality, this cannot be done. And any experienced builder will explain to everyone that a roof in this area means everything that is in the room, that is, above the living space, which is usually called the attic. But the roof refers to the very top part of the building, that is, the roof covering itself, which is irrigated by all kinds of precipitation, covering the inside of the house from piercing winds and hot sun rays.

The roof of the house protects from external natural factors, such as rain, wind, snow, so it is worth thinking about a durable and high-quality roof for your house.

However, you need to remember that before you think about creating a roof, you need to first arrange the roof. That is why, first of all, you need to learn the rules of how to do it yourself in a residential building or non-residential, but no less in need of covering, premises. Although it sounds proud - he made the roof with his own hands, any person capable of abstract thinking will understand that it will not only be difficult but, most likely, impossible to cope with such a difficult task alone.

Main types of roofs

Varieties of roof shapes. The most common are single-pitch and gable roofs.

Experts name only 2 types of roofs, which are considered the main ones in construction. These are flat and sloped. Both from the point of view of the materials used in this matter, and from the point of view of construction technology, they are fundamentally different from each other.

In order to make a roof of any type, you will need the following tools and materials:

nails;
bars;
lathing board;
roofing felt;
hacksaw;
hammer;
chockline;
roofing material.

How is a flat roof made?

Flat roofs, which we see mainly in industrial plants, factories, and, of course, on residential buildings, can be built with your own hands.

The main material from which a flat roof can be made is considered to be concrete slabs, and, whatever one may say, it will not be possible to build such a roof on a high-rise building with your own hands.

Flat roof structure.

Unless, of course, you are Hercules or Titan, who is capable of holding the firmament and can compete in strength with heavy construction equipment. But if you need to make a roof for some kind of adjoining building such as a cellar or garage, then almost any man will be able to independently erect a flat roof. Provided that the roof will be assembled from small elements or will be a monolith of reinforced concrete.

A stacked flat roof is made as follows: we lay beams, which can be made of metal or wood, on the walls of the building to be covered. They will serve as load-bearing structures, which will subsequently bear the main load of the roof. At this stage, you need to pay significant attention to how thick the installed beams will be. After all, they have to support not only the weight of the roofing material, but also the weight of snow, which is absolutely inevitable in the conditions of the Russian winter. Plus, the weight of at least one person who will have to clean this snow. Since it will not melt on its own for a long time, a flat roof does not allow snow to roll away on its own.

Flat roof for unheated rooms

An unheated structure, for example, a barn, garage, gazebo, terrace or canopy, requires a flat roof slope over the entire area of the room. To do this, the load-bearing beams are immediately installed with a slope. Then a wooden board is laid over them, which is obtained by continuously laying boards, on top of which roofing material is laid, which must be laid tightly to each other, thus constructing a kind of carpet. The higher the density of the roof lining with roofing felt, the lower the likelihood of leakage.

It is recommended to fasten roofing felt using slats, which in any case can be replaced with metal strips. They are nailed at a distance of 60-70 cm from each other along the slope, and this will not interfere with the flow of water. Leave the slope at least 3%. This means that for every m of roof length there is at least 3 cm of elevation.

Flat roof for living quarters

Attaching roofing material to a flat roof.

You can also make a flat roof with your own hands for heated buildings. In this case, you need to proceed as follows: the laid load-bearing beams are covered with a flooring of wooden boards and 1 layer of roofing felt or roofing felt is laid on top of it. The overlap of the strips must be at least 15 cm; insulation is poured on top of this layer, usually slag or expanded clay. With the help of insulation, a slope is formed in the direction where rainwater will flow and snow will be dumped. We apply a cement mortar screed over the insulation, the thickness of which should be at least 2 cm. We wait until the screed is completely dry and treat it with a bitumen primer, onto which a rolled roofing felt carpet is glued.

Monolithic flat roof made of concrete

When constructing a roof from monolithic concrete I-beams are used as support beams.

To successfully install a flat roof made of monolithic concrete, it is necessary to use metal structures as load-bearing structures. I-beams. When considering the construction of a roof whose span is 4-5 m, experts recommend using beams whose height is approximately 12-15 cm. In the language of professionals, this sounds like a “fifteenth I-beam”. It is better to buy concrete used to create a monolithic floor ready-made, because Mixing concrete with your own hands without using a concrete mixer will not allow you to achieve a uniform connection of all the components. The concrete will turn out to be heterogeneous, which will negatively affect the quality of the coating. To prepare concrete with your own hands you need:

3 buckets of cement;
4 buckets of sand;
8 buckets of crushed stone.

All this is mixed using 2 buckets of water. Sometimes a little more water is needed, so you can adjust the amount yourself.

Next, boards are laid on the lower flanges of the beams, on top of which 1 layer of roofing material or roofing felt should be laid dry. Then the reinforcement is placed so that with its help it forms a kind of mesh with cells, the approximate size of which should be 2x2 cm. In order to prevent the mesh from moving during concrete laying, the rods at the intersections must either be electrically welded together or tied together wire whose diameter does not exceed 2 mm. It is also necessary to provide small space between the mesh and roofing felt is not less than 4 mm, so that the reinforcement is completely covered with concrete. To achieve this goal, small pieces of crushed stone must be placed under the mesh. The prepared concrete is laid between the beams in a minimum layer of 15 cm.

When laying the monolith on the roof of a building, keep in mind that the stripes between the beams must be filled one at a time. Since this work will most likely take more than one day, and in order to achieve the highest quality screed, you should under no circumstances divide the concreting of one strip into several approaches. During this work, you need to carefully compact the concrete using a vibrator, and if you don’t have one, you can use a manual tamper. In this case, you need to try very hard not to displace or damage the reinforcing mesh laid in the base of the concrete screed.

After the concrete is laid, builders recommend closing it plastic film, in order to avoid too rapid evaporation of moisture from the concrete. It is especially important to do this in hot summer weather. If this is not done, the top layer of the roof will soon crack. The concrete mixture must be kept under the film for at least 3 days, after which the film can be removed.

After the concrete has completely dried, you can begin installing a slope, which is constructed using insulation, installing a cement screed, and, finally, gluing the rolled carpet. These steps are described above.

From the detailed description of how to make a flat roof with your own hands, it is clear that there are no particular technological difficulties here. The situation is much more complicated with a pitched roof, the construction of which requires high precision measurements in the manufacture of load-bearing structures, and then the roof itself. You can hardly cover it yourself, because a pitched roof has a greater angle of inclination than a flat one.

Pitched roof and how to create it yourself

They prefer to build pitched roofs on low-rise buildings - private one-, two- and three-story houses, as well as dachas, small cottages and, of course, five-story Khrushchev buildings. Often pitched roofs complete unique structures.

A pitched roof, which crowns a not very massive structure, for example, a garden house, a bathhouse or a gazebo, can be made with your own hands even if only 1 person will perform this work. And if you decide to build a pitched roof on a fairly large building, then it’s unlikely that you can do it alone; you’ll have to call two or three assistants.

How to make a pitched roof?

The basis of a pitched roof is taken from rafters, with the help of which quite complex structures are formed. In professional construction, this type of structure is called the well-known word “trusses”. As a rule, the rafters rest directly on the walls, but experts recommend installing a Mauerlat. In other words, a beam that is laid on the wall and secured to it with anchors. And the rafters rest against these bars, to which they are attached with metal brackets or other methods that ensure a reliable connection of the load-bearing structures.

The stages of creating a pitched roof involve the following sequence of actions:

install the Mauerlat;
we strengthen the rafters;
we construct and install ridge beams;
we make the sheathing.

Rafter system pitched roof for two spans of 6 meters.

We lay the roof directly along the created sheathing. When building a roof of this type, they try to extend the rafters beyond the edges of the walls, so that the roof overhang created in this way protects the wall of the building from moisture getting on it, for example, during rain or when snow melts. The best option is the lengthening of the rafters themselves, onto which you need to nail a board 2-3 cm thick. In the future, this board can be used as a base to which the overhang of the wind board will be sewn.

Rafters, as a rule, are assembled directly on the roof, having previously lifted the prepared elements onto them and assembled them according to the approved scheme directly on the roof. There is also the option of completely assembling a finished rafter truss, which consists of 2 rafter legs, racks and, of course, tie rods, right on the ground. After this, the assembled structure, which is quite bulky in size, is lifted vertically exactly to the place where it should stand. You cannot do this procedure yourself, no matter how hard you try, so you will have to use heavy equipment. After installing the truss on top of the house under construction, we attach it to the Mauerlat.

After completing the installation of the existing rafter structures, you can begin to connect them using a ridge beam, and then start lathing.

Creating a roof sheathing for the roof

The construction of the frame of any roof is carried out in two stages: installation truss structure and performing roof sheathing.

The easiest way to make a sheathing is from boards that are nailed “in a run,” that is, after some distance between them, or “solidly,” when the boards are nailed end to end. To ensure that this stage does not turn out to be too costly, you can use edged lumber with a thickness of only 25 mm. Before strengthening the boards on the roof, they must be thoroughly cleaned of any remaining bark. To nail the sheathing to the rafters, use 70 mm nails. The boards, as a rule, are not perfectly level, so if a continuous sheathing is installed, they will need to be adjusted on site using an ax to reduce the gaps between them.

The design of those elements that are used for sheathing and their sizes depend on what roofing materials you plan to use in your work. If your roof will be covered with metal tiles, then unedged boards are not advisable to use. It is better to replace it with timber, which must be nailed “in a running start”, at a distance equal to the wave of the roofing material used.

For those who use ondulin or various kinds of bitumen shingles, the sheathing is done as follows: purlins made of timber, the size of which is 40x50 mm, are nailed to the rafters at a distance of about 50 cm. OSB sheets are reinforced onto the resulting purlins using self-tapping screws. This solution will be successful for those who plan, for example, to create a living room instead of an attic. Similar solution called a mansard roof, thanks to which it is possible to successfully increase the living space of the house.

By itself, a well-insulated roof truss made of wooden blocks cannot create the cozy atmosphere that arises under a monolithic roof. This is explained by the fact that roof elements made of porous concrete or brick not only have thermal insulation properties, they also accumulate heat. Thus, a monolithic roof - good alternative traditional wooden beams.

Preparing for the construction of a monolithic roof

The most expensive part of the construction work for the construction of a monolithic roof occurs in the stage preceding the laying of the slabs. While in support construction farm in the most unfavorable case, linings can be made from wooden beams, and the walls of the pediment will acquire their own final form later, in the case of a monolithic roof, there is hardly any possibility of such a correction. Therefore, when constructing the supports of a monolithic roof, you need to do the work very pedantically. Already in determining the right angles of the horizontal projection, a lot of effort must be expended, but if the building is characterized by chamfered corners and balconies, then it is necessary to repeatedly check the angles of inclination of the roof and the position of the ridge crest with mathematical precision. It is best to pull the cords in the plane of the support of the slabs. Each block is first fitted dry, and the line of curvature of the supports is marked. Cutting blocks is very easy, especially if you build from porous concrete and have a band saw at your disposal.

Construction of a reinforced concrete ring anchor

If a reinforced concrete ring anchor is needed to support the slabs, the work can be difficult, since the connecting reinforcement is removed from the support, which then must fit accurately into the gaps between the slabs. In this case, the participation of a construction expert is recommended. The formwork for the ring anchor is made from thin blocks on the side. Then the reinforcement of the ring anchor is coupled with the connecting reinforcement and poured with concrete. Pre-wet the masonry walls. We recommend that a statics expert calculate whether to build the support with masonry or make it concrete. With a monolithic roof, supports and formwork are unnecessary. Once the monolithic roof slab supports are installed, lay the precast blocks with two helpers and a construction consultant from the monolithic roof supplier.

Monolithic roof installation

Within a few hours the roof is covered. Roof slabs consist of reinforced porous concrete or reinforced brick elements, which have full load-bearing capacity already upon delivery, therefore, with a monolithic roof, supports and formwork are unnecessary. Typically, aerated concrete monolithic roof slabs rest on the gable walls and load-bearing interior walls, so any roof slope and almost any span can be accommodated. However, for production reasons, prefabricated units may have maximum length only 6 m. If large spans must be covered, then reinforced concrete beams and steel I-beam supports, which you are already familiar with from porous concrete floors. While reinforced concrete beams under the roof, like large lintels, cross the room and are visible, steel supports can be built into the plane of the slab and later completely invisible. In this way, monolithic roof structures are manufactured for almost every plan.

Installation of a roof window

Dormer windows can also be built into the plane of a monolithic roof. In any case, this is only done with a custom made steel frame. In most cases, such a building part made of steel rests on the side walls and serves as a reliable support for those roof slabs that were disconnected for the construction of the roof window. The larger the window needs to be, the more expensive the frame will cost. Dormer windows can be made from a steel frame near load-bearing internal walls running parallel to the gable, if the separated roof slabs respectively have at least two supports: on the gable and on interior wall. The roof slabs are then laid as cantilever slabs, similar to balcony slabs, and do not require a steel frame. Of course, it is also possible to provide a maintenance hatch in the monolithic roof.
Remember that retrofitting roof windows into the plane of a monolithic roof is completely excluded! A monolithic roof, just like a floor slab, is a building block whose load-bearing capacity is guaranteed in a unified system for calculating static load parameters.

In the second part of the article “Construction of a monolithic roof,” read about concreting a ring anchor, thermal insulation of the roof, installation of sheathing, guttering and roofing of a monolithic roof.

The invention relates to the field of construction, namely to the arrangement of roofs. The technical result of the invention is to increase operational reliability roofs. In a monolithic roof - a protective coating for operational purposes, made multilayer and consisting of a slope-forming screed 2 laid on the base 1 of the load-bearing floor slab, a primer layer 3, when applied covered with quartz sand 4, which performs the function of a vapor barrier layer, the waterproofing layer 5 is made in the form of a waterproofing membrane pouring from polymer materials of increased elasticity, for example methyl methacrylate, types of matacrylic, polyurethane and other polymers that can withstand stretching (elongation) at break of at least 200%. The load-bearing high-strength layer 6 is made of a polymer binder of similar origin, but with lower deformation characteristics and is filled with quartz sand at least 100% by weight of the binder. In the finishing top layer 7, made of polymer, the thickness, color, chemical resistance, degree of roughness and other characteristics are determined by the operating conditions of a particular roof, while all polymer layers are made in a seamless monolithic design. 5 salary f-ly, 4 ill.

Drawings for RF patent 2441121

The invention relates to the field of construction, namely to the arrangement of roofs or protective coverings of various structures for operational purposes, such as parking lots, sports facilities, residential buildings, leisure centers, shopping and exhibition halls, etc.

The modern choice of thermal insulation, waterproofing and finishing materials makes it possible to operate the roof practically without any serious technical barriers and to include these materials in projects when designing new cottages and estates. Such usable roof solutions save space and are also an attractive architectural design element.

The installation of a serviceable roof is a complex engineering task that requires compliance with a number of requirements for modern high-tech roofing coverings.

A known roof for a building with flat roof, made multilayer, consisting of a waterproofing layer located on the surface of the base of the roof, a heat-insulating layer of densely packed rubber crumbs, a layer of polymer material, a porous layer, which is a hardened binder of polymer material with a filler in the form of rubber crumbs placed in it, all layers, except for the heat-sound-insulating and waterproofing layers, are laid using the method bulk technology with the possibility of ensuring their interconnection through a polymer material and the formation of a monolithic structure of the roof covering (RF patent No. 58577, published on November 27, 2006).

The disadvantages of the analogue are associated with the high degree of deformability of the structure, which uses elastic polymer materials filled crumb rubber. For any heat and sound insulating layer, a necessary condition for ensuring thermophysical characteristics is the invariance of its geometric shapes, since any changes (deformations) change the density of the heat-insulating layer and its porosity, and, consequently, the thermal conductivity characteristics towards deterioration. In addition, the roofing technology used in the analogue creates heterogeneity of the structure in the heat-insulating layer, since after pouring polymer material over this layer, in its upper part the entire porous space is filled with polymer material, and thus it becomes divided into two parts: the lower - porous and top with filled pores of the self-leveling layer material. In this case, the porous (upper finishing) layer is also filled with rubber crumbs and polymer material, only initially mixed with it in the bulk layer. Such a structure, heterogeneous in properties, but connected into a monolith during the period of sharp daily temperature fluctuations in winter period, for example, in St. Petersburg, where normal daily differences are from -10 to +10°C, increases the likelihood of a dew point appearing inside the structure, with all the ensuing negative consequences.

The low resistance of elastic polymer structures to piercing and cutting loads requires the creation of a protective layer, for example, from gravel or crushed stone, which is unacceptable for a heat insulating layer. In addition, any other loads on the roof (pedestrian traffic, mechanical loads, including transport, snow), due to its deformability, can change the geometric parameters, including the specified slopes, which will lead to the formation of water accumulation places randomly located on the roof ( puddles), which turn into ice in winter. For these reasons, the operation of such a roof is impossible.

A traditional flat exploitable roof is known, consisting of a vapor barrier layer, rigid insulation, a slope-forming layer and screed, a waterproofing layer consisting, for example, of a welded roll material or a polymer roll membrane, connected to each other by welded seams, a protective layer, including a geotextile a layer to protect against spillage of gravel with sharp edges, for example, granite gravel is used as drainage, and a top layer consisting, for example, of paving slabs (SNiP II-26-76. Roofs. Appendix II, type P-9, with .14).

The disadvantages of the prototype are that although such a roof protects the waterproofing layer from the fall of heavy and sharp objects, it improves due to the protective layer of granite gravel and paving slabs fire properties, however this type roofing is not intended for use as an operational roof with corresponding loads and functional purposes, for example, parking lots, traffic and parking of vehicles and cleaning equipment, recreational areas and terraces, ramps and overpasses, galleries, cafes, sports grounds.

An inversion roof is known, consisting of a concrete floor slab with a slope arranged on it, on top of which there is a reinforced screed made of a cement-sand mixture, primed with bitumen primer TECHNONICOL No. 1, a roofing carpet made of two layers of waterproofing material, the bottom one made of Technoelastmost B or Technoelast- Fix, the top of Technoelastmost B or Technoelast-Green, which is covered with a layer of needle-punched geotextile TechnoNikol, a layer of thermal insulation located on top of the waterproofing layers and performing the function of protecting the building from moisture entering it, a drainage layer for removing moisture arranged on the upper surface of the thermal insulation slabs, with laid on it is insulated, on which a drainage layer of granite gravel is applied, on top of which a reinforced screed is laid, before laying which the previous surface is covered with glassine or roofing felt, forming a separating layer on which the top layer is applied - asphalt concrete (Guide to the design and installation of exploited roofs using bitumen -polymer materials of the TechnoNIKOL company, M., 2005, section 3, subsection 3.1. Inverted operable structure used for moving or parking vehicles).

Based on the largest number of similar features and the result achieved when used, this technical solution was chosen as a prototype of the claimed invention.

The disadvantages of the prototype are that the structure is overloaded due to the slope-forming (under the waterproofing layer) and protective (above the heat-insulating layer or in its absence above the waterproofing layer) screeds, as well as the upper operating layer leads to high loads on the load-bearing slab, to remove which it is necessary to carry out additional expensive measures to increase the load-bearing capacity of the base. If the continuity of the waterproofing layer is broken (leaks occur) and if repair work is necessary, for example, dismantling the top layer of an inversion roof, the reuse of which, like the screed above the heat-insulating layer, is impossible, as a result of which a new screed is required, which is an expensive operation. Due to the multi-layer structure of the roof, which involves draining water from several intermediate layers, even with slight deformations of one of them, the risk of leaks increases due to movements in transition zones (joints) and along multi-level drainage funnels, which requires frequent repairs with partial dismantling the roof in drainage areas.

The technical result to be achieved by the claimed invention is to increase the efficiency and expand the types of operation of the roof, optimize and reduce the cost of its design and increase reliability during operation.

To achieve the specified technical result in a monolithic roof - a protective coating for operational purposes, made multilayer and consisting of a slope-forming screed laid on the base of the load-bearing floor slab, a primer layer, when applied filled with quartz sand, performing the function of a vapor barrier layer, the waterproofing layer is made in the form of a poured waterproofing membrane made of polymer materials of increased elasticity, for example methyl methacrylate, types of matacrylic, polyurethane and other polymers that can withstand tension (elongation) at break of at least 200%, the supporting high-strength layer is made of a polymer binder of similar origin, but with lower deformation characteristics and is filled with quartz sand of at least than 100% by weight of the binder, and in the finishing top layer, made of polymer, the thickness, color, chemical resistance, degree of roughness and other characteristics are determined by the operating conditions of a particular roof - a protective coating, while all polymer layers are made on a slope-forming concrete screed in a seamless monolithic design.

In addition, the declared decision has optional features that characterize its special cases, namely:

To protect the slope-forming concrete screed from cracking and ensure the strength of the base under the polymer layers, it is made of concrete with a strength of at least M250 (B20), a thickness in its lower part of at least 40-50 mm, and a thickness of at least 0.75t over the entire area, where t is the thickness of the slope-forming concrete screed, with cards with a pitch L of no more than 6×6 m, expansion temperature-shrinkage joints filled with polymer material of the monolithic roof are cut - protective coating;

The expansion joint of a slope-forming concrete screed is made of a waterproofing key installed at the bottom of the joint, on top of which the entire space is filled with an elastic polymer material, so that the waterproofing membrane and the expansion layer work together without an intermediate primer layer laid only along concrete base slope-forming concrete screed and vertical surfaces of expansion joints and junctions of the screed to the walls (parapets);

At the junctions, the waterproofing membrane is placed on the walls (parapets), while the composition of the polymer material includes thixotropic additives, and the load-bearing highly filled layer of polymer material is made in the form of a plinth with a height h of at least 10-15 cm, the space between the slope-forming concrete screed and the parapet is filled elastic polymer material;

To relieve stress concentrations on the polymer layer, sharp corners slope-forming concrete screed in expansion joints and abutments are cut at an angle of 45°;

When using a monolithic roof - a protective coating in temperate climatic zones or with minor temperature changes that do not cause significant temperature deformations in the screed, a waterproofing membrane can be applied only in places of possible structural movements of the load-bearing elements of the building, abutments to the walls of parapets or expansion joints, and the load-bearing The high-strength roofing layer is applied directly to the primer layer.

The distinctive features of the proposed device from the one mentioned above, which is closest to it, are the implementation of a waterproofing layer in the form of a poured waterproofing membrane from polymer materials of increased elasticity that can withstand tension (elongation) at break of at least 200%, the implementation of a high-strength load-bearing layer from a polymer binder of similar origin, but with lower deformation characteristics, filled with quartz sand at least 100% by weight of the binder, making the finishing top layer polymer and making all polymer layers in a seamless monolithic design.

Due to the presence of these features in the proposed monolithic roofing - a protective coating for operational purposes, the solidity and seamlessness of the coating is preserved, since the use of a material of the same origin, but with different characteristics(brands) allows, with a small roof thickness, to meet the requirements for operating roofs. In this case, the multilayer structure works as a single monolithic structure with different characteristics and functional purposes of the layers, but high adhesive and mechanical interlayer strength, water resistance, for example, vapor barrier - primer layer, waterproofing - elastic layer, load-bearing - high-strength layer, top - protective and finishing top -layer. Making layers from polymer materials makes it possible to regulate (improve, if necessary, existing brands) various characteristics of layers by introducing special additives into the polymer composition, for example, thixotropic additives - for application to vertical surfaces, fire retardant additives - to increase fire resistance classes, etc.

Filling compensation temperature-shrinkage (and expansion joints and junctions with walls (parapets)) with an elastic polymer composition of a waterproofing membrane improves the performance characteristics of a slope-forming concrete screed by creating a protective damping layer that ensures the unloading of this screed from extreme temperature-shrinkage deformations, preventing its destruction, and increases reliability waterproofing membrane while ensuring the continuity of the waterproof layer, since the main volume of deformation loads is “damped” in the seams, creating a “reserve of strength” for the main waterproofing layer of the proposed roof.

All layers of a monolithic roofing - protective coating are completely waterproof, both individually and in a monolith. Accordingly, the collection and drainage of water into drainage funnels is carried out only from the surface of the proposed roof and does not require multi-tiering.

The multi-layer nature of such a roof makes it possible to redistribute loads between layers, creating a kind of “reserve” of strength, which, when one layer is destroyed, does not entail the immediate destruction of the next one. In the proposed invention, due to the created rigid adhesive bonds between the layers of the polymer coating, the possibility of water penetration under the polymer layer is excluded. Possible destruction, for example, disruption of the continuity of the waterproofing membrane, will be limited only to a local area, which is easily identified visually and does not require dismantling the entire roofing carpet.

The use of colored quartz sand in the load-bearing high-strength layer makes this roof decorative. And if necessary, you can create drawings by combining various colors sand. Drawings (areas of different colors) are made using separate cards according to templates and do not violate the continuity (water resistance) of the load-bearing high-strength layer. Another design solution could be to lay a film with photo drawings on the supporting layer and cover it with a transparent finishing layer. In addition, the finishing layer itself can be colored (pigmented).

The minimum thickness of the waterproofing membrane, and therefore the loads transferred to the base, create significant reserves for the installation of additional operational structures on it, for example, sports fields, fountains, mini-pools, flower beds, a helipad, without strengthening the existing load-bearing elements of the building structure.

The high degree of resistance to temperature deformations and the small thickness of the roof make it possible to install heating systems on a slope-forming concrete screed, without deteriorating the characteristics of the roof carpet, ensuring the absence of frozen and snow-covered areas during periods of negative temperatures.

The proposed monolithic roofing - protective coating for operational purposes is illustrated by the drawings presented in Figs. 1-5.

Figure 1 shows a section of a monolithic roof - a protective covering.

Figure 2 shows cutting of expansion expansion joints.

Figure 3 is a cross-section of the monolithic connection unit roofing-protective coating with expansion joint.

Figure 4 is a section of the junction of the monolithic roof-protective covering to the walls (parapets).

A monolithic roofing-protective coating for operational purposes consists of a roof base 1, for example, a load-bearing floor slab, a slope-forming concrete screed 2, a vapor barrier layer of a primer polymer 3, quartz sand 4, a waterproofing membrane made of an elastic polymer material 5, a load-bearing high-strength layer 6 of a polymer a binder of similar origin with lower deformation characteristics and filled with quartz sand 4, finishing top layer 7, expansion temperature-shrinkage joints 8 filled with polymer material 9, expansion joints of the screed 10 and base slab 11, abutment 14 of the upper part of the concrete screed 2 to the walls ( parapets) 12, plinths 13, waterproofing dowels 15.

Monolithic roofing - a protective coating for operational purposes works as follows (Fig. 3).

A slope-forming concrete screed 2 with a concrete strength of at least M250 (B20) and a thickness in its lower part at the drainage funnels of at least 40-50 mm is laid on the base of the proposed roof - a protective covering consisting of a load-bearing slab 1 of the floor. Expansion joints 10 of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 are combined with expansion joints of the load-bearing slab 1 of the floor. In places where expansion joints 10 are installed and where 14 of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 is connected to the wall (parapet) 12 (Fig. 4), removable formwork is installed. Next (Fig.2) after laying the concrete in the slope-forming concrete screed Using 2 cards with a step L of no more than 6×6 m, expansion temperature-shrinkage joints 8 are cut over the entire area to a depth of at least 0.75t and filled with polymer material 9. Sharp corners of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 in the upper part of the expansion joints 10 and abutments to the walls (parapets) 12 are cut at an angle of 45° (Fig. 3, 4). After preparing the base of the roof 1, removing the removable formwork, grinding and removing dust from the slope-forming concrete screed 2, a primer layer 3 is applied from a polymer material, for example methyl methacrylate, which has not only the characteristics required for the operation of a monolithic waterproofing roof, but also technological advantages compared to other polymer materials ( rapid, within 1-2 hours, strength gain); to increase the adhesion of the primer with the overlying layers, quartz sand is sprinkled evenly over its surface 4. Along with applying a vapor barrier layer of primer polymer 3, 9 expansion temperature-shrinkage joints 8 are also filled with polymer material. In the lower part of expansion joints 10 and junctions 14 in the slope-forming concrete In screed 2, waterproofing dowels 15 are installed.

On the thus prepared primer layer (polymer) 3, with a thickness of at least 1.5-3.0 mm, a waterproofing layer in the form of a waterproofing membrane made of elastic polymer material 5 with high deformation characteristics, for example acrylic compounds Nanten DC 225, is applied over the screed using the pouring method. or the modified urethane coating Nanten Matacryl, which has high adhesion to acrylics.

Before applying a layer of waterproofing membrane, expansion joints 10 and abutments 14 of the inner part of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 to the walls (parapets) 12 are filled with these compounds, and in places where the upper part of this screed 2 adjoins the walls (parapets) 12, the waterproofing membrane is smoothly filled with a slight increase in thickness by the corner part is placed on the walls (parapets) 12. This allows the expansion joints 10 to withstand various loads during operation (compression, bending and tensile deformations, etc.), i.e. perform the functions inherent in a load-bearing structural element, while simultaneously protecting the slope-forming concrete screed 2 and acting as a stress compensator from the occurrence of extreme stresses that can cause its destruction.

Similarly, expansion temperature-shrinkable joints 8, made to relieve stress in concrete and prevent it from operating under extreme (destructive) deformation loads, when filled with a polymer composition, actually glue the sections cut into cards, on the one hand, they create additional strength reserves for the action of extreme loads, and on the other hand, they are created on a slope-forming concrete screed 2 monolithic base, over which the load from external (vertical) loads associated with the operation of the proposed roof is evenly distributed. Thus, filling the deformation 10 and expansion temperature-shrinkage 8 joints in this roof with polymer materials provides for the creation of rigid adhesive bonds between the polymer and concrete in the seams, giving a new quality to the slope-forming concrete screed 2, which works as a monolithic slab (structure) of concrete and polymer, which makes it possible to evenly redistribute all emerging loads (stresses) on it, significantly increasing the operational reliability of this roof base.

Next, a load-bearing high-strength layer 6 is applied to the waterproofing membrane with a thickness of at least 2-6 mm, made of a polymer binder, for example Nanten DC 205 acrylic varnish, which has less tensile strength (elongation) but greater compressive strength, filled with quartz sand 4 with a mass of not less than 100% by weight of the binder. At the junction 14 of the slope-forming concrete screed 2 to the walls (parapets) 12, the load-bearing high-strength layer 6 is made in the form of a plinth 13 with a height h of 10-15 cm.

In climatic zones where temperature fluctuations during the day are large, for example in St. Petersburg, it is advisable to mix Nanten 225 and Nanten 205 in a ratio of 50:50, which will significantly increase the deformation characteristics of the load-bearing high-strength layer 6 without changing its compressive strength. And the size of the quartz sand fraction 4 is selected depending on the thickness of the load-bearing high-strength layer 6 and is no more than 1/3 of its thickness. The use of colored quartz sand expands the decorative possibilities of the proposed monolithic roofing - protective coating, without compromising its characteristics and is selected based on the selected architectural solutions on this roof - a protective coating.

On top of the supporting high-strength layer 6 by painting or pouring, depending on the thickness of the layer, a finishing top layer 7 of acrylic coating, for example Nanten 305 varnish, which must be highly durable and UV resistant. The thickness of the coating, color, and when filling the high-strength load-bearing layer with colored quartz sand, its colorlessness, degree of roughness and other decorative and geometric parameters of the finishing top layer 7 are selected based on the actual operating conditions of the proposed roofing-protective coating.

Rigid adhesive bonds between the layers completely prevent the penetration of water into the interlayer space. In the event of a violation of the continuity of the waterproofing membrane 5 in the proposed roofing - protective coating, the destruction can be local and easily detected, and repairs are carried out within several hours without dismantling most layers.

Therefore, the creation of a single monolithic, rigidly bonded, multilayer homogeneous polymer construction, on the one hand, allows you to redistribute the loads transferred to it, and on the other hand, due to the individual properties of each layer, together with other elements of the roof (deformation 10 and compensation temperature-shrinkage 8 seams, abutments 14) assume the maximum for this particular area loads: in the lower layer - tensile deformations, in the upper part - compressive stresses. In the event of failure or destruction of one layer, this does not entail the immediate destruction of others, since stress relief occurs only in the destroyed layer, and the rest remain completely waterproof. Those. The multi-layer roofing actually creates several levels of protection for the structure and localizes possible violations of the continuity of the waterproofing. And the presence of a waterproofing key 15 prevents the flow of water from the roof into the underlying premises of the building in the event of destruction of the entire multilayer structure.

The absence of technological operations associated with the use of fire (for example, the mandatory use of a burner for fusing rolled materials on traditional roofs) significantly increases the fire safety of the proposed roof - a protective coating both during its construction and during repairs.

Thus, the proposed roofing - protective coating for operational purposes makes it possible to increase the reliability of the roofing - covering during its operation and its efficiency due to the multi-layer coating, giving a new quality to the slope-forming concrete screed, as the main load-bearing element of the roof, located in a rigid adhesive bond with polymer coating, eliminate water resistance, localize violations of the continuity of waterproofing as a whole, create additional reserves for the strength of the load-bearing base of the roof.

FORMULA OF THE INVENTION

1. Monolithic roofing is a protective coating for operational purposes, made multilayer and consisting of a slope-forming screed laid on the base of the load-bearing floor slab, a primer layer, when applied covered with quartz sand, performing the function of a vapor barrier layer, characterized in that the waterproofing layer is made in the form of a waterproofing membrane poured from polymer materials of increased elasticity, for example methyl methacrylate, types of matacrylic, polyurethane and other polymers that can withstand tension (elongation) at break of at least 200%, the supporting high-strength layer is made of a polymer binder of similar origin, but with lower deformation characteristics and is filled with quartz sand not less than 100% by weight of the binder, and in the finishing top layer, made of polymer, the thickness, color, chemical resistance, degree of roughness and other characteristics are determined by the operating conditions of a particular roof - a protective coating, while all polymer layers are made on a slope-forming concrete screed in a seamless monolithic design.

2. Monolithic roofing - a protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that to protect the slope-forming concrete screed from cracking and ensure the strength of the base under the polymer layers, it is made of concrete with a strength of at least M250 (B20), with a thickness in the lower part of at least 40 -50 mm, and over the entire area with a thickness of at least 0.75t, where t is the thickness of the slope-forming concrete screed, while compensation temperature-shrinkage joints filled with polymer material of the monolithic roof - protective coating are cut with cards with a step L of no more than 6 × 6 m .

3. Monolithic roofing - a protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that the expansion joint of the slope-forming concrete screed is made of a waterproofing key installed in the lower part of the seam, on top of which the entire space is filled with an elastic polymer material, so that the waterproofing membrane and the expansion layer worked together without an intermediate primer layer, laid only on the concrete base of the slope-forming concrete screed and the vertical surfaces of expansion joints and junctions of the screed to the walls (parapets).

4. Monolithic roofing - a protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that at the junctions the waterproofing membrane is placed on the walls (parapets), while the composition of the polymer material includes thixotropic additives, and the load-bearing high-strength layer of polymer material is made in the form of a plinth with a height h not less than 10-15 cm, the space between the slope-forming concrete screed and the parapet is filled with elastic polymer material.

5. Monolithic roofing - a protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that to relieve stress concentrations on the polymer layer, the sharp corners of the slope-forming concrete screed in expansion joints and junctions are cut at an angle of 45°.

6. Monolithic roofing - protective coating according to claim 1, characterized in that when using a monolithic roofing - protective coating in temperate climatic zones or with minor temperature changes that do not cause significant temperature deformations in the screed, the waterproofing membrane can be applied only in places where possible structural movements of the load-bearing elements of the building, abutments to the walls of parapets or expansion joints, and the load-bearing high-strength layer of the monolithic roof - the protective coating is applied directly to the primer layer.

Before we understand whether it is possible to equip a roof with our own hands, we will try to understand what a roof is and how it differs from a roof, because people often confuse these two concepts. Secondly, even a professional cannot cope with the installation of a roof, much less a roof, alone, so find one or two assistants. Otherwise, the result will not please you.

DIY roof: differences between a roof and a roof

Often people who have nothing to do with construction confuse roofing and roofing, even though these are two radically different categories. The roof is exactly what is above the living space, and the roofing is installed on top of the roof, that is, the roof is the material that covers the house, for example, tiles, roofing felt, and much more. The roof can be flat or pitched, but it is worth noting that you can forget about a pitched version made by yourself, since this is a complex process that requires serious professional miscalculations. To work with concrete, you will need special equipment; by the way, today renting a concrete mixer is a very reasonable solution, because purchasing it for private construction is not justified.

Therefore, only specialists will be able to do this process. Moreover, even a master cannot cope with this process alone, only with the help of additional team members; at least three people must be present to achieve a high-quality result. A flat roof most often involves the installation of a monolithic slab, which requires heavy equipment, which is also not conducive to doing it yourself. But a self-leveling flat roof made of monolithic concrete will become available.

Do-it-yourself flat roof made of monolithic concrete

Installing a monolithic concrete roof requires only physical strength and at least a slight understanding of the construction process. To begin, install I-beams, preferably 12 or 15 millimeters. Then lay the boards tightly and lay the roofing felt on a dry surface, then lay the reinforcement lengthwise and crosswise, you should get a mesh with cells 20*20 centimeters, weld the intersections using electric welding. Now pour the concrete. To create it, it is better to use a concrete mixer; manually it will not reach the required consistency. Smooth it out and leave it to dry. That's it.

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The construction of a gable or hip roof is not always rational and advisable when it comes to outbuildings, industrial and commercial facilities, and sometimes private homes in a modern style. The high consumption of material and the complex rafter system make the construction of these structures an economically unprofitable and protracted undertaking. While flat roofing projects significantly reduce construction costs, are quick to build and suitable for almost any structure.

A house with a flat roof is reliably protected from increased wind loads. However, without slopes, it cannot quickly drain rain and melt water from the roof surface.

The situation is complicated by the fact that the surface of roofing materials has a rough structure, which does not allow moisture and snow to slide off freely. Therefore, the installation of a do-it-yourself flat roof must meet the strict requirements of building codes for waterproofing, slope and construction technology.

The structure of the roofing pie

The need for a high level of protection from moisture forces the roofing materials of a flat roof to be placed in layers, one above the other, forming a so-called “pie”. If you look at its cross-sectional structure, you can see the following layers:

Flat base made of concrete slabs or profiled metal sheets. It provides rigidity to the structure, bears the weight of the roofing pie, transferring it to the load-bearing partitions and, ultimately, to the foundation. The base of the roof in use must be as rigid as possible.
Vapor barrier. A layer that is necessary to protect a flat roof from the penetration of vapors from internal heated rooms into the thickness of the insulation. When water settles on the thermal insulation in the form of condensation, it irreversibly reduces its insulation properties by more than half. The simplest vapor barrier is polyethylene film or bitumen-based coatings.
Insulation. For thermal insulation of a flat roof, backfill materials are used, such as expanded clay, perlite, slag, rolled materials, for example, mineral wool, and in the form of slabs, in particular polystyrene foam. By the way, insulation is used not only to regulate the temperature, but also to tilt a house with a flat roof. The main requirements for insulation are low hygroscopicity and thermal conductivity, light weight.
Waterproofing. A flat roof allows the use of roll materials for covering to protect against moisture: bitumen, polymer and bitumen-polymer. In addition to high waterproofing qualities, they must have resistance to temperature changes, elasticity, and a long service life.

Types of roofing and nuances of their installation

The construction of a flat roof is determined by the design and nature of its use. Some types that require a special approach during construction include the following:

Roof installation for unheated buildings

If a flat roof is being built with your own hands for an unheated utility room, for example, a barn, gazebo, shed or outbuilding, the slope is organized using support beams.

They are installed at an angle of 3 degrees, which is 30 mm for each linear meter of beam length. Then a base of unedged boards is laid on the beams, secured with nails or self-tapping screws.

Roofing felt, the most affordable material, is used as a waterproofing agent. It is produced and sold in roll form. The waterproofing is cut by cutting strips so as to lay them in the direction of the slope of the flat roof.

Strips of roofing felt are laid step by step with an overlap of 10-15 cm and fixed wooden slats or steel strips every 60-70 cm in the direction of the drain, so as not to block the path of flowing moisture. A flat roof of an unheated room can be easily installed with your own hands, even by one worker without the help of helpers.

Roof installation for heated structures

If they build private house with a flat roof, which they plan to connect to the heating system, then the work takes place in the following order:

To build a house with a flat roof, the length of which exceeds 6 m, a beam with a cross-section of 150x150 mm or more, or a steel I-beam, is used to make support beams.

Monolithic concrete roofing

Another option for building a flat roof with your own hands is to use monolithic concrete. The process looks like this:

Leaning process

– arrangement of a small angle of the roof surface to organize drainage. Before building a house with a flat roof, it is better to decide in advance which drain you will install, internal or external, and make a drawing.

If provided, water should flow into water collection funnels using a slope, which are located 1 per 25 sq.m or more often. If you make an external drain, then moisture should enter the gutter. The slope is formed using the following methods:

A flat roof without proper slope is an unreliable shield between you and bad weather. Moisture that has no outlet will accumulate on the roof surface, causing roof destruction and leaks.

DIY roof: differences between a roof and a roof

Do-it-yourself flat roof made of monolithic concrete

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For many people, the name “flat roof” is associated primarily with multi-story buildings. A flat roof - the pros and cons of which we will consider in this article - was practically not used in low-rise construction a dozen years ago. However, today the creation of such a roof in country house is not a problem: modern materials and technologies make it possible to create a flat roof with appropriate consumer characteristics and at an affordable price.

A flat roof is significantly smaller in area than a pitched roof, which allows you to save on materials and construction installation work Oh.
Thanks to the relatively smaller area of the flat roof, it is possible to optimize costs.
The construction of a flat roof is carried out easier and in a shorter time, in comparison with a pitched roof, since necessary materials for installation, they are located directly at the workers’ feet on a flat surface. The same can be said about the repair and maintenance of a flat roof - working on an almost horizontal roof is incomparably more comfortable than on a sloping one.
On a flat roof, installation and subsequent service work with all kinds of equipment (air conditioning systems, solar panels, antennas, etc.).
The use of a flat roof is an opportunity to obtain additional useful territory, which can be used as a place where you can relax on fresh air, play sports, create a garden, flower garden, etc. Today, there are technologies that make it possible to cover the roof even with paving slabs or paving stones. Roof, paved beautiful tiles, in combination with a green lawn, garden furniture, a gazebo and a fireplace, can become a place for a comfortable family holiday.

Houses with flat roofs are very popular now

A flat roof, in addition to its advantages, has a number of disadvantages:

As a result of heavy snowfalls, a lot of snow accumulates on flat roofs, which, when melted, often causes leaks.
Sometimes the use of internal drains is required.
There is a risk of the internal drain becoming clogged or freezing.
There is a need for mechanical cleaning of the roof from too large accumulations of snow.
Regular monitoring of the moisture content of the insulation and the tightness of the roof is necessary.

Types of flat roofs

There are four types of flat roofs:

Flat roof base

According to building codes a flat roof, the pros and cons of which we discussed above, must have a base in the form of reinforced concrete floor slabs or corrugated sheets.

Subtleties of waterproofing

The durability of the roofing structure and its resistance to various negative influences depends on the use of special mixtures and technological processes production of roofing materials. Depending on the roofing materials, they are usually divided into three categories:

Bitumen roofs, as well as polymer-bitumen based on roofing felt. These materials are available due to their low cost. Fused bitumen-polymer compositions are roll waterproofing and roofing sheets based on synthetics, on both sides of which a special bitumen is used that retains elasticity even at extremely low temperatures (down to -50 degrees Celsius). During the installation of waterproofing, carried out using gas burners, the rolls are fused together. Roof waterproofing can also be carried out with self-adhesive materials based on polymers and bitumen. In this case, the mastic is applied to the bottom surface of the roll and, when treated with a solvent, acquires the properties of glue. The disadvantage of bitumen roofing is its fragility.
Membrane roofs with a base made of foil, rubber or polymers. This material has solid strength and is resistant to fire and other negative environmental influences. The membranes are glued to the screed or simply lie on the base, being loaded with ballast, or are attached mechanically or using glue. To connect membrane sheets, special welding machines, holding the material together with hot air.
Roofs based on liquid polymers, which after cooling do not form seams. Such materials are especially often used for structures with complex geometries.

It is very important to do proper waterproofing flat roof

Whatever material is chosen, the joints between the rolls and the junctions with various roof elements must be waterproof. One of the main components of a successful waterproofing device is a high-quality sealant. During the period of operation, the roof is subject to negative influences of the external environment (moisture, hail, stones, strong temperature changes, etc.). Therefore, a high-quality sealant must be resistant to mechanical and temperature influences.

Mastic is usually used as a sealant - putty, which is based on elastic polyurethane resins. After application to the roof, the mastic polymerizes, resulting in the formation of a continuous rubber-like membrane that has waterproofing properties and protects roof covering from mechanical damage.

Mastic is ideal for flat roofing, it is safe, has high adhesion to building surfaces, and is highly resistant to ultraviolet radiation, precipitation and all kinds of microorganisms. It is applied with a brush, roller or airless spray - in two multi-colored layers, which allows you to control the quality, layer thickness and uniformity of distribution of the sealant.

How to arrange water drainage

Regardless of the materials used, a flat roof must have a certain slope to drain water (usually within 3-5%) that appears on the roof as a result of precipitation. The drainage system should be thought out at the building design stage. Gutters determine how effectively moisture will be removed from the roof surface. To prevent gutters from freezing in winter, they are equipped with special thermal cables.

Drains can be organized, when both external and internal water supply is created, and unorganized. When creating an internal water supply system, the roof surface is divided into approximately equal parts of 150-200 square meters each. In places with a slope, drainage funnels are installed, equipped with baskets for catching debris. Typically, funnels are located in the center of the roof, and the pipes are located inside the building.

Rules for insulation and vapor barrier of a flat roof

A flat roof needs insulation. In the absence of a layer of thermal insulation, condensation forms on the roof surface as a result of the contact of warm air masses and the cold surface of the roof. Condensation appears as water stains on the ceilings of the house, and the roof structure gradually collapses.

The roof design involves a base on which a layer of vapor barrier material is laid. The function of a vapor barrier is to protect the insulation from diffuse moisture coming from the premises of the building. The vapor barrier layer includes fiberglass reinforced membrane (based on bitumen and polymers) or vapor barrier film. The layer is laid on top of the screed, and along the edges of the roofing structure it is placed vertically to a height exceeding the height of the insulating material. The seams are sealed.

Insulation is placed above the vapor barrier layer, and a bitumen-based waterproofing carpet is placed on top of it. If expanded clay is used as insulation, then it is necessary to make a cement screed over it, then laying a couple of layers of waterproofing. If the roof is planned to be light (in the case where significant loads are not expected on it), then the waterproofing is simply glued along the entire perimeter of the roof.

For roofs without attics, both external and internal insulation methods are used. The external method is used more often, as its execution is simpler. There are two options for thermal insulation: double-layer and single-layer. The decision about which option to use in practice depends on heat engineering calculations and roof strength requirements. Thermal insulation slabs are placed on the roof structure based on the principle of “staggered seams”. With a two-layer coating of thermal insulation, the joints of the lower and upper slabs are also separated. In the area where the slabs adjoin the parapet, lanterns and walls, thermal insulating edges are created. Thermal insulation materials are attached to the base mechanically (screws, dowels), ballast (pebbles, paving slabs) or glue.

Features of roof ventilation

The roof structure must be equipped ventilation system. As a result of a violation of the tightness of the vapor barrier layer, moisture enters the insulating layer. A thick layer of waterproofing prevents evaporation from occurring, and moisture accumulates in the insulation. As a result, the material loses its insulation characteristics, and moisture appears on the ceilings of the building in the form of stains. In addition, water causes the waterproofing to swell, and at low temperatures, freezing water tears the waterproofing material away from the base. Temperature changes and mechanical damage contribute to the formation of cracks in the roof, which results in roof leaks.

To avoid these problems, the roof must “breathe”. For this, aerators are used - special devices in the form of plastic or metal pipes. They are covered with umbrella caps and are evenly distributed throughout the entire roof area, gravitating towards its highest points. The aeration mechanism works based on the principle of different pressures, which are created by air flows, removing excess moisture vapor from under the roof and preventing water bubbles from forming.

The installation of a roof is a responsible technological operation. Any, even minor, mistake in the design or construction of a roof can cause it to leak in the future. Therefore, when creating a roof you need to pay special attention correct selection hydro- and thermal insulation materials, accurately calculate the upcoming loads on the roof structure, and also select a team of competent builders.

By itself, a well-insulated roof truss made of wooden blocks cannot create the cozy atmosphere that arises under a monolithic roof. Reason: roof elements made of porous concrete or brick have not only thermal insulation properties - they accumulate heat. Thus, a monolithic roof is a good alternative to traditional wooden beams.

The most expensive part of the construction work for the construction of a monolithic roof occurs in the stage preceding the laying of the slabs. While in a timber beam truss support the worst-case scenario can be padded and the gable walls take their final shape later, in a monolithic roof there is hardly any room for correction at a later date. Therefore, when constructing the supports of a monolithic roof, you need to do the work very pedantically. Already determining the right angles of the horizontal projection requires a lot of effort. But if the building is characterized by sloping corners and balconies, then it is necessary to recheck the angles of the roof and the position of the ridge crest repeatedly and with mathematical precision.

It is best to pull the cords in the plane of the support of the slabs. Each block is first fitted dry and the line of curvature of the supports is marked. Cutting blocks is very easy and simple, especially if you build from porous concrete and have a band saw at your disposal.

If a reinforced concrete ring anchor is needed to support the slabs, the work can be difficult, since the connecting reinforcement is removed from the support, which then must fit accurately into the gaps between the slabs. In this case, the cooperation of a construction expert is recommended. The formwork for the ring anchor is made from thin blocks on the side. Then the reinforcement of the ring anchor is coupled with the connecting reinforcement and poured with concrete. Pre-wet the masonry walls. Advice: the static will calculate whether to build the support with masonry or make it concrete.

With a monolithic roof, supports and formwork are unnecessary

Once the monolithic roof slab supports are in place, you lay the precast blocks with two helpers and a construction consultant from the monolithic roof supplier. Within a few hours the roof is covered.

Roof slabs consist of reinforced porous concrete or reinforced brick elements, which have full load-bearing capacity already upon delivery. Therefore, with a monolithic roof, supports and formwork are unnecessary.

Typically, monolithic roof slabs made of porous concrete lie on the gable walls and load-bearing internal walls. Any roof slope and almost any span are feasible. But for production reasons, precast blocks can only have a maximum length of 6 m. If large spans are to be spanned, then reinforced concrete beams and steel I-beams are required, which you are already familiar with from porous concrete slabs (page 57). While reinforced concrete beams under the roof, like large lintels, cross the room and are visible, steel supports can be built into the plane of the slab and later completely invisible. In this way, monolithic roof structures are manufactured for almost every plan.

In a monolithic roof, you can also build windows into the roof plane. In any case, this is only done with a custom made steel frame. Such a steel building part in most cases rests on the side walls and serves as a reliable support for those roof slabs that were disconnected to construct a window in the roof plane. The larger the window needs to be, the more expensive the frame will cost.

Tip: Windows in the roof plane can be made from a steel frame near load-bearing internal walls running parallel to the gable, if the disconnected roof slabs respectively have at least two supports (on the gable and on the internal wall). The roof slabs are then laid as cantilever slabs (similar to balcony slabs, page 60), without the need for a steel frame. A self-build consultant can help you with detailed planning.

The support for the monolithic roof is being prepared: lay the blocks dry and mark the roof slope.

The sawn block is placed, as usual, on a thin layer of mortar.

Now prefabricated monolithic roofing blocks are delivered to the top by truck crane.

The easiest way to cover large purlins is with I-beams.

Custom steel frames allow windows to be built into the roof plane.

After laying the roof slabs, its edge is covered.

Support boxes with curtain shutters can be built into the ring anchor. Discuss the details with the static.

Steel rods should be placed in the gaps between the prefabricated slab blocks.

You can now concrete the ring anchor. Then fill the gaps with mortar.

Now they begin laying the wooden beams. Align the roof overhang with the cord.

Wooden beams are secured with bolts and nails in accordance with the calculation of static load parameters.

It goes without saying that a chimney sweep hatch can also be made into a monolithic roof. In this case, load transfer will help, which is already known from the construction of a pipe passage in a porous concrete floor.

Important: retroactive integration of a window into the plane of a monolithic roof is completely excluded. A monolithic roof (just like a floor slab) is a building block whose load-bearing capacity is guaranteed in a unified system for calculating static load parameters.

A reinforced concrete ring anchor is built around a monolithic roof

Now the roof slabs have been laid and the cladding of its edge begins. This work is familiar to you from the construction of floors from prefabricated blocks. From the inside, heat-insulating slabs are placed on the side blocks, then a ring anchor is assembled and concreted (use spacers and wet the masonry). Before the gaps between the slabs are filled with mortar, steel rods are placed in them. By the way, the ring anchor is also installed under the ridge of the roof.

Now it's about roofing works Oh. If the roof space is later to be used as a living space, additional thermal insulation is required. First placed edgewise on the roof slabs wooden beam. In this case, you need to choose a beam with cross section corresponding to the thickness of the insulating material: the beams must be at least 4 cm higher than the thickness of the insulating material. This space will later be used for ventilation. The thermal insulation thickness of a group with a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.35 is from 5 to 8 cm (approximate values). Hint: ask your consultant how thick the insulation should be.

Let's return to the installation of wooden beams. There should be up to two connecting elements with a monolithic roof per meter of length. In this case, to facilitate the work, it is enough to make every third connection using dowels and screws. Other connecting elements are nailed. When in doubt, ask the static how the connections should be made in your case. Tip: Pre-drill the holes. Not only for bolts, but also for nails. Thermal insulation is laid between the wooden beams. The following steps are comparable to those for the construction of a conventional wooden truss: above wooden structure a film is laid, permeable to the diffusion of water vapor, which is reinforced with counter strips. A transverse sheathing is placed on top. Then a gutter is installed and the roof is made. The minimum distance from the slightly sagging underlying film to the thermal insulation is 2 cm.

Monolithic roof: options

A flat roof is still an unusual decoration for country cottages. It is believed that flat roofs are intended only for urban development or industrial buildings. But that's not true. The roofs of houses in historical neighborhoods are often pitched. And a private house can have a flat roof.

Now we will look at what it is, what are the advantages/cons and how to make a flat roof with your own hands.

Types of flat roof

Structurally, flat roofs are divided into two main types: those on beams and those with a concrete slab at the base.

Flat roofs are never completely flat; there is still a slight angle (within a few degrees). This is necessary for water drainage. Otherwise it will stagnate on the roof.

Most often, internal drains are installed on flat roofs: funnels are mounted in the roof, risers from them pass through interior spaces. Funnels are placed on the lower part of the roof, at the rate of one riser per 150-200 square meters.

The waterproofing around the funnels is reinforced; cable heating is also recommended (so that the water in the riser does not freeze). If the roof is flat without a parapet, and the angle is decent (from 6 degrees), the drainage system can be a standard external one, as for pitched roofs: gutter and pipes.

Roofs are divided according to functionality, roofing structure and type of coating. Here are a few main varieties:

The unused roof is flat. It is erected solely for the sake of originality and economy of material. Does not require structural reinforcement.

Operable flat roof. It can be used for any purpose, from placing an outdoor swimming pool to constructing a parking lot.

The type of floor depends on the intended purpose: it is obvious that for high expected loads, the base should be a concrete slab. But this does not mean that the entire building must be brick or concrete. For example, a flat roof in wooden house can also be exploited. Of course, it cannot be used as a helipad, but setting up a solarium, laying out a garden or putting up a gazebo for tea drinking is fine. Of course, you can’t make a sparse sheathing, only a continuous one.

Traditional roofing. The classic design of the roofing pie: a waterproofing layer on top of the insulation, the base is concrete, for the outflow of water - expanded clay concrete (inclined screed).

Inversion roofing. Here the insulation lies on top of the waterproofing and protects it from damage. The floor can be finished with paving or ceramic tiles, you can also plant a lawn here. A mandatory requirement for an inversion design is an angle of 3-5 degrees.

Roofs can be attic or non-attic. Both types have their advantages: the presence of an attic allows you to place all the necessary communications on it ( ventilation pipes, expansion tank heating, etc.), a roofless roof can be made usable.

One of the options for a roofless design is a flat combined roof: attic floor combined with the roof, the lower side is the ceiling in the living room.

Please note

The design of these roofs differs from simple attics; they cannot be used for use.

When the height of the house is ten meters or higher, as well as on roofs in use, a parapet must be installed. For those in use - no less than 1.2 meters.

If the roof is not in use and the cottage is not high, you can make a flat roof without a parapet or install fencing bars instead, or even do without them.

General structure of a flat roof

It is obvious that roofs used for different purposes will have different structures:

When constructing a swimming pool, pay special attention to waterproofing;

“Green” roofing is also a thorough waterproofing plus soil filling, etc.

The most common covering is a flat roof. It is cheap, simple and fast to install, with excellent waterproofing. The cheapest material that can be used to cover a flat roof is roofing felt.

The disadvantages of rolled materials (and roofing felt in particular) are low durability and low mechanical strength. For “high traffic” roofs, tiles are preferable.

A flat roof made of and a flat roof made of corrugated sheets can only be made in a non-operational version and with the required slope. When choosing a material, you need to read the instructions for the model: some types of corrugated sheets and metal tiles allow installation on roofs with a slope of less than 11 degrees.

Some brands of corrugated sheets can also be used as a base for an unused roof, instead of plywood or a concrete slab.

There are other coating materials for unused roofs:

Polycarbonate;

Pros and cons of flat roofs

Advantages:

Original look. Flat roofs on cottages are rare.
Possibility of operation.
Flat roof – easy installation and savings on materials. But it depends on how you plan to use the roof. Otherwise, construction will cost even more than an expensive pitched roof made of ceramic tiles.
Laying covering, maintenance, and repairs on a flat roof are easier to perform than on a slope.
Flat roofs are wind-resistant, pitched roofs have windage.

A flat roof leaks more often than a pitched roof. Constant monitoring of the condition of the waterproofing layer is necessary.
The need to clear the roof of snow.
Rolled flat roofing requires more frequent repairs and replacement of the covering than metal profiles, tiles and other pitched ones.

So which roof is better, flat or pitched? Purely a matter of taste.

Building a flat roof

Let's consider the option when a corrugated sheet is used as the base of the roof:

1. Sheets are laid on the beams (rafters). The pitch between the rafters depends on the profile. For example, for load-bearing profiles with a corrugation height of 6-7.5 centimeters (H60, H75), the step between the beams is 3-4 meters.

2. Laying a vapor barrier film. The film is laid with an overlap, the joints must be sealed with mounting tape.

3. Thermal insulation. Mineral wool slabs are usually used for this purpose. Please note that the depressions of the corrugation also need to be filled with insulation.

4. Waterproofing. Polymer film is suitable for this purpose. If the insulation is mineral wool, you can also use built-up waterproofing, because cotton wool is a non-flammable material.

5. Finish coating. You can also use a welded one. The roll is slowly rolled out on the roof, heating it with a burner along its entire length. The deposited coating is pressed against the roof and smoothed.

6. On flat roofs, a fused roofing can be laid in several layers.

In other cases, a flat roof on wooden beams is arranged more traditionally: a solid plywood or OSB sheathing is nailed onto the beams, a roofing pie is laid (vapor barrier + basalt wool), direct the waterproofing layer and roll roofing.

If you are interested in a flat roof with a more complex structure, contact us: we will complete roofing of any complexity quickly and at an affordable price.

Kaftanchikovo is a village in the Tomsk district of the Tomsk region, the administrative center of the Zarechny rural settlement. Population 1323 people. The village is located on the left bank of the Tom, 15 km from Tomsk, the M53 highway passes near the village. In the 16th century, several groups of Tatars led by Prince Toyan lived on the Tom River. Prince Toyan submitted a petition to Tsar Boris Godunov, in which, on behalf of the “Tomsk residents,” he asked to build a fortress in the lower reaches of the Tom River and accept the Tomsk Tatars into Russian citizenship. To which Boris Godunov gave his consent and in 1604 a detachment was formed to build a Russian fortress. In the summer of 1604 the fortress was built. Subsequently, the population of Tomsk grew. Russian peasant farmers settled here. In 1626, there were already 531 families living. The residents had to be supplied with bread; in 1605, the first grain crops appeared, and people took up agriculture. The villages of the Zarechny rural settlement are one of the oldest at the mouth of the Tom River, which arose in the period 1627 to 1630. The location for the villages was chosen well: close...

The basic design of thermal insulation for modern flat roofs.


Rice. 2. The appearance of a traditional modern roof. 2 - reinforcing mesh; 3 - cement screed; 5 - thermal insulation layer made of mineral wool or expanded polystyrene.	Rice. 3. Flat roof with monolithic foam concrete. 1 - Waterproofing carpet; 2 - Screed made of structural foam concrete D600; 3 - Thermal insulation layer and slopes to the drainage funnel made of extra-light foam concrete D200.

Table 1. Comparative thesis justification for the choice of flat roof design.

Thermal insulating roofing materials	Mineral wool	Foam plastics	Monolithic foam concrete
Type of material	Mineral fiber with organic binder (phenol-formaldehyde resins)	Organic	Inorganic
Shrinkage during operation	The geometric dimensions of the slabs decrease and the roof fails.
Heating behavior	Thermal degradation of organic binder	Thermal destruction	Operating temperature up to 400 degrees.
Compressive Strength	There is no compressive strength, there is a load at 10% deformation. This indicator does not correspond to real work.		Sufficient strength - from 0.3 MPa (10 times higher than that of mineral wool and foam plastic.)
Water absorption			Higher than polystyrene foam, but significantly lower than cotton wool. Only the outer layer of foam concrete up to 10 mm thick gets wet. Foam concrete “self-dries” over time due to hydration of the cement.
Flammability	The polymer binder of mineral wool is burning	Flammable, burns with the release of toxic gases	Absolutely non-flammable.
Roofing pie design	Heterogeneous		The roof structure is homogeneous: thermal insulation, slopes and screed are made of the same material.
	A labor-intensive process of cutting slabs of material at the junctions with parapets, communications, etc. Cold bridges are possible at the joints of the slabs.		Effortless filling of any reliefs. There are no joints between the slabs.
Roof durability	During operation, the polystyrene foam and phenol-formaldehyde binder of mineral wool are destroyed.		During operation, foam concrete increases its strength.
High, taking into account materials for creating slopes and screeds		Low, so all roof elements are made of lightweight foam concrete
Roofing carpet defects	Excessive pressure is created under the waterproofing carpet, creating air bubbles.		Excess pressure is distributed inside the pore space of foam concrete, without the formation of bubbles.

Shrinkage during use.

Foam plastics and mineral wools decrease in size during operation, especially under load from the overlying layers of the roof. At the same time, the roofing “pie” slides down, tearing the waterproofing away from the parapets.


Rice. 4. Traditional roofing with thermal insulation made of mineral wool or expanded polystyrene for 2 years after installation. 1 - waterproofing carpet; 2 - reinforcing mesh; 3 - cement screed; 4 - expanded clay gravel to create slopes to the drainage funnel; 5 - thermal insulation layer made of mineral wool or expanded polystyrene.	Fig.5. The same roof after 3-5 years of operation. Damage to the waterproofing at the junction with the parapet due to subsidence of the thermal insulation layer is shown. 1 - a layer of mineral wool or expanded polystyrene after shrinkage during operation for 1-3 years.

In addition, due to the unevenness of the snow load, mechanical loads (people walk on roofs along certain paths, and not uniformly throughout the entire roof), due to the heterogeneity of the insulation material itself and the uneven thickness of the mortar screeds in traditional roofs, the formation of depressions in the planes of the roof, the so-called lenses, occurs where water accumulates. The roof becomes “lumpy” over time. In places where “lenses” form, the screed is usually broken, and at the slightest violation of the tightness of the top layer of the roofing carpet, water from the lenses enters the roof.
In roofs made of foam concrete, the formation of “lenses” and depressions is impossible even if people are constantly on the roof, since foam concrete is a rigid and durable material.

Compressive Strength

Mineral wool and foam plastics, including extruded ones, do not have compressive strength. They are characterized by load values during deformation. This indicator gives us a strength value that shows the material being 10% compacted. Those. in an uncompressed state, neither mineral wool nor foam plastics are able to resist the load.

Strength at 10% deformation of mineral wool with a density of 100-150 kg/m 3 and extruded foam does not exceed 300 kPa (0.3 MPa). The strength of foam concrete with a density of 200 kg/m 3 starts from 0.3 MPa (300 kPa). Those. foam concrete can withstand the same load as mineral wool or extruded foam when compressed by 10%. But under such a load, foam concrete does NOT deform.

Water absorption of foam concrete.

Most thermal insulation materials used on roofs have high water absorption. 60% of thermal insulation roofing materials are represented by various types of mineral wool, the actual water absorption of which is up to 70% by volume (1500% by weight). This figure exceeds the water absorption of foam concrete by one or even two orders of magnitude.

State standards do not regulate the water absorption of mineral wool, since it is understood that this material should only work in conditions where there is a complete lack of ability to absorb water. Naturally, in practice, under the conditions of a real construction site, this is impossible - both during the period of work and during operation. Also, practice shows that it is almost impossible to dry soaked mineral wool, especially in the conditions of the lower layer of the roofing cake, which cannot be ventilated.

The situation with water absorption is slightly better for polymer foamed plastics, including the highest quality of extruded polystyrene foam achievable today. Despite the low “paper numbers” for water absorption by foam plastics, we forget that on top of the foam plastic there is material for creating roof slopes. In most cases, this is the cheapest bulk material - expanded clay, on top of which a cement screed is made, or sheet materials are mounted (asbestos-cement sheet, cement-bonded particle board, etc.). By the way, exactly the same roof construction is made using mineral wool slabs. But in this case it is not so important, due to the already enormous water absorption of mineral wool.

The layer of bulk expanded clay has a thickness of 50 to 400 mm and is a cavity under the screed that can absorb from 25 to 200 liters of water per square meter! Moreover, in the event of a leak through the screed, the leak into the building may be located at a distance of tens of meters from it, finding a free path in the expanded clay layer. Detecting damage to roof waterproofing is extremely difficult. (See Fig. 5.)

A roof with monolithic foam concrete behaves completely differently. Particularly lightweight foam concrete is completely protected from water leaks by a layer of structural “screed” foam concrete, which absorbs water to a depth of about 10 mm. If the waterproofing is damaged, the foam concrete mass can stop the movement of moisture deeper into the roof. It should also be noted that the remarkable fact of self-drying of foam concrete is that water trapped inside the foam concrete mass is used by the cement matrix of the material to continue hydration reactions that occur with the chemical binding of free moisture. The hydration reaction compacts the foam concrete structure and stops further movement of moisture. In case of serious damage to the roofing carpet, the roof hardens locally - only at the site of damage, and not under the entire surface of the screed, as when using expanded clay to create slopes over foam plastic and mineral wool.

Rice. 5. Water leakage into a traditional roof. Through damaged waterproofing, water fills the layer of expanded clay gravel and the voids under the layer of thermal insulation. Then, through discontinuities in the base of the roof, water enters the room.

1 - damage to the waterproofing carpet layer;
2 - layer of water over thermal insulation;
3-layer of water under thermal insulation.

Rice. 6. Water leakage in a foam concrete roof through the waterproofing is localized at the point of penetration.

1 - waterproofing layer;
2 - screed made of foam concrete with a density of D600, protecting the thermal insulating foam concrete D200 from leaks;
3 thermal insulating foam concrete D200.

Flammability

Foam plastics burn well - thanks to numerous fires, citizens farthest from the construction industry know about this. The burning of foam plastics is accompanied by the release of toxic gases, which, however, occurs not only during combustion, but also with the slightest increase in temperature. One drop of welding when performing lightning protection on the roof, and a fire is more than likely, even during the construction period of the building.

Mineral wool does not burn, but smolders. Smoldering is ensured by a phenol-formaldehyde binder. Naturally, when burning, nothing good will be released into the atmosphere either.

Foam concrete is a foamed stone, and stones do not burn. On the contrary, foam concrete can be used as fire protection, for example, for metal structures.

Roofing pie design.

The design of a modern flat roof consists of several elements. As we already described in the “water absorption” section, these are three layers:

A layer of thermal insulation (mineral wool or polystyrene foam);

The layer that forms the slopes of the roof towards the drainage funnels (expanded clay gravel);

Screed ( cement-sand mortar With reinforcement mesh or sheet materials).

In the case of using monolithic foam concrete, the thermal insulation layer and the slope-forming layer are made of monolithic, extra-light foam concrete with a density of 200 kg/m3, which significantly increases the thermal protection of the roof. The screed on top of this layer is also made of foam concrete, only stronger and denser, with a density of 500 kg/m3.

Naturally, homogeneous materials, due to their affinity, work better both in thermal and structural terms. There are no dips, peelings, bubbles or other defects on the roof that are so common with traditional roofs.

Features of the roof structure

When making a layer of thermal insulation from slab material Difficulties always arise when performing thermal insulation of complex architectural elements on the roof, in places where communications pass (electrical wiring, ventilation, sewerage, etc.), places for installing building equipment on the roof (air conditioners, etc.). Accurate cutting of slabs is labor-intensive and practically difficult to control. As a rule, all these places will have problems with freezing and getting wet in the future.

Monolithic foam concrete fills all the voids in the roof, forming a continuous warm shell of the building, monolithizing the roof. By definition, the problems described above with traditional roofs do not arise.

Roof durability

Both expanded polystyrene and mineral wool (which contains a polymer binder), like any other polymer material, are subject to destruction during operation. Especially in extreme roofing conditions associated with overheating and often moisture.

Hundreds of books and articles tell us that any polymer has limited period services. This is especially true for thermal insulation polymers.

Foam concrete, like any concrete, only gains strength during use. Our own research shows that foam concrete, which has a strength of 0.3 MPa at the age of 28 days, will strengthen to 0.5 - 0.7 MPa after a year of operation. Let us recall that hardening occurs when free moisture in the material is bound, due to which the foam concrete self-dries, even in sealed conditions.

Roofs made of monolithic foam concrete are lighter than traditional roofs, which in some cases makes their installation a non-alternative option, especially when carrying out reconstruction work.

Table 2. The weight of a traditional roof insulated with polystyrene foam.

	Material	Thickness, mm	Density, kg/m 3	Weight kg/m2
Roof thermal insulation	Expanded polystyrene
Roof slopes	Expanded clay	(Average value from 50 to 350 mm)*
Screed for sticker roll carpet	Cement-sand with reinforcing mesh
Total weight of 1 m 2 roof

Table 3. Weight of a roof insulated with monolithic foam concrete.

Please note that monolithic foam concrete allows slopes of a smaller degree than traditional roofs with expanded clay screed.

Defects in roofing carpet.

The most common defect of a traditional roof is the presence of swellings on the roofing carpet when it is heated in the summer. This occurs when water vapor under the waterproofing layer is heated. Foam concrete roofs are practically free of defects of this type, since the excess pressure of water vapor is evenly distributed in the pore space of the foam concrete. The mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed in more detail in our article “Buffer foam concrete screeds in the reconstruction of flat roofs” in the magazine “Building Materials” for November 2012.

Appendix 1. Work in winter conditions

The main disadvantage of roofs with monolithic foam concrete is the limited possibilities for winter work. Industrial production of foam concrete is possible at positive temperatures, for a combination of reasons - the main one of which is freezing of water supply hoses. In addition, we fundamentally do not recommend performing roofing work in winter conditions, also for a number of reasons:

Excessive consumption of gas for removing ice and snow;
Overspending on wages for removing ice and snow;
Inability to control the absence of snow and ice inside roof structures;
Excessive consumption of gas for sticking the waterproofing layer;
Damage to materials and equipment due to frost.

However, it should be noted that the technology allows work to be carried out at temperatures down to -7 degrees.

Appendix 2. Polystyrene concrete as insulation.

The use of polystyrene concrete on roofs is most often unjustified for economic reasons, since polystyrene foam granules, which are filler, are most often unreasonably expensive.

At the same time, there are additional negative circumstances that must be taken into account when working with this material. Polystyrene granules decrease in size during operation. As a result, after a year or two, instead of polystyrene concrete, we get large-porous concrete with expanded polystyrene chips. As a result, the strength and thermal conductivity of polystyrene concrete sharply deteriorates. The photos below show a polystyrene block at 5 years old.

Antipyretics for children are prescribed by a pediatrician. But there are emergency situations with fever when the child needs to be given medicine immediately. Then the parents take responsibility and use antipyretic drugs. What is allowed to be given to infants? How can you lower the temperature in older children? What medications are the safest?

The basic design of thermal insulation for modern flat roofs.

Table 1. Comparative thesis justification for the choice of flat roof design.

Thermal insulating roofing materials	Mineral wool	Foam plastics	Monolithic foam concrete
Type of material	Mineral fiber with organic binder (phenol-formaldehyde resins)	Organic	Inorganic
Shrinkage during operation	The geometric dimensions of the slabs decrease and the roof fails.
Heating behavior	Thermal degradation of organic binder	Thermal destruction	Operating temperature up to 400 degrees.
Compressive Strength	There is no compressive strength, there is a load at 10% deformation. This indicator does not correspond to real work.		Sufficient strength - from 0.3 MPa (10 times higher than that of mineral wool and foam plastic.)
Water absorption			Higher than polystyrene foam, but significantly lower than cotton wool. Only the outer layer of foam concrete up to 10 mm thick gets wet. Foam concrete “self-dries” over time due to hydration of the cement.
Flammability	The polymer binder of mineral wool is burning	Flammable, burns with the release of toxic gases	Absolutely non-flammable.
Roofing pie design	Heterogeneous		The roof structure is homogeneous: thermal insulation, slopes and screed are made of the same material.
	A labor-intensive process of cutting slabs of material at the junctions with parapets, communications, etc. Cold bridges are possible at the joints of the slabs.		Effortless filling of any reliefs. There are no joints between the slabs.
Roof durability	During operation, the polystyrene foam and phenol-formaldehyde binder of mineral wool are destroyed.		During operation, foam concrete increases its strength.
High, taking into account materials for creating slopes and screeds		Low, so all roof elements are made of lightweight foam concrete
Roofing carpet defects	Excessive pressure is created under the waterproofing carpet, creating air bubbles.		Excess pressure is distributed inside the pore space of foam concrete, without the formation of bubbles.

Shrinkage during use.


Rice. 4. Traditional roofing with thermal insulation made of mineral wool or expanded polystyrene for 2 years after installation. 1 - waterproofing carpet; 2 - reinforcing mesh; 3 - cement screed; 4 - expanded clay gravel to create slopes to the drainage funnel; 5 - thermal insulation layer made of mineral wool or expanded polystyrene.	Fig.5. The same roof after 3-5 years of operation. Damage to the waterproofing at the junction with the parapet due to subsidence of the thermal insulation layer is shown. 1 - a layer of mineral wool or expanded polystyrene after shrinkage during operation for 1-3 years.

Compressive Strength

Water absorption of foam concrete.

Rice. 6. Water leakage in a foam concrete roof through the waterproofing is localized at the point of penetration.

1 - waterproofing layer;
2 - screed made of foam concrete with a density of D600, protecting the thermal insulating foam concrete D200 from leaks;
3 thermal insulating foam concrete D200.

Flammability

Mineral wool does not burn, but smolders. Smoldering is ensured by a phenol-formaldehyde binder. Naturally, when burning, nothing good will be released into the atmosphere either.

Foam concrete is a foamed stone, and stones do not burn. On the contrary, foam concrete can be used as fire protection, for example, for metal structures.

Roofing pie design.

The design of a modern flat roof consists of several elements. As we already described in the “water absorption” section, these are three layers:

A layer of thermal insulation (mineral wool or polystyrene foam);

The layer that forms the slopes of the roof towards the drainage funnels (expanded clay gravel);

Screed (cement-sand mortar with reinforcing mesh or sheet materials).

Features of the roof structure

When making a layer of thermal insulation from slab material, difficulties always arise when performing thermal insulation of complex architectural elements on the roof, in places where communications pass (electrical wiring, ventilation, sewerage, etc.), places for installing building equipment on the roof (air conditioners, etc.). Accurate cutting of slabs is labor-intensive and practically difficult to control. As a rule, all these places will have problems with freezing and getting wet in the future.

Roof durability

Hundreds of books and articles tell us that any polymer has a limited service life. This is especially true for thermal insulation polymers.

Roofs made of monolithic foam concrete are lighter than traditional roofs, which in some cases makes their installation a non-alternative option, especially when carrying out reconstruction work.

Table 2. The weight of a traditional roof insulated with polystyrene foam.

	Material	Thickness, mm	Density, kg/m 3	Weight kg/m2
Roof thermal insulation	Expanded polystyrene
Roof slopes	Expanded clay	(Average value from 50 to 350 mm)*
Screed for sticker roll carpet	Cement-sand with reinforcing mesh
Total weight of 1 m 2 roof

Table 3. Weight of a roof insulated with monolithic foam concrete.

Please note that monolithic foam concrete allows slopes of a smaller degree than traditional roofs with expanded clay screed.

Defects in roofing carpet.

Appendix 1. Work in winter conditions

Excessive consumption of gas for removing ice and snow;
Overspending on wages for removing ice and snow;
Inability to control the absence of snow and ice inside roof structures;
Excessive consumption of gas for sticking the waterproofing layer;
Damage to materials and equipment due to frost.

However, it should be noted that the technology allows work to be carried out at temperatures down to -7 degrees.

Appendix 2. Polystyrene concrete as insulation.

The use of polystyrene concrete on roofs is most often unjustified for economic reasons, since polystyrene foam granules, which are filler, are most often unreasonably expensive.

The process of constructing a flat roof cannot be called complicated. Therefore, these works can be done with your own hands, without turning to specialized specialists for help. construction companies. Read more about how to roof a flat roof below.

The design of this roof uses metal and wooden beams, thanks to which the load is evenly distributed over the load-bearing walls of the building. The beams are mounted and secured first. Then the rest of the roof frame is erected. Installation work begins with drawing up a plan for the roof of a flat roof. It takes into account all the nuances and features of the future design.

The support beams must be quite reliable, because “on their shoulders” lies not only the weight of the roof itself, but also some additional loads. In particular, additional pressure is exerted various elements communications that are located in the attic and on the roofing. Another load comes from the weight of the person who repairs or maintains the roof. In addition, we must not forget about snow and wind, which also create additional pressure on the frame. So, it is precipitation for a flat roof, due to the lack of a slope, that is the main load. To correctly select the dimensions of the support beams and determine the load, it will be useful to study the technology of how neighboring houses with a flat roof are built in your region.

To make a flat roof of better quality, in addition to the support beams, you need to choose the right coating. It must be durable and reliable. In addition, you need high-quality roofing material that has good performance parameters. In addition, it will be important to carry out waterproofing and vapor barrier work correctly. In capital buildings, such roofs are most often made of large slabs, on which a layer made of insulating materials is installed.

A vapor barrier is placed on the slabs, which protects against moisture. The material for this layer is often a polymer-bitumen film reinforced with fiberglass. Its edges are wrapped behind the vertical overlaps, and the seams are soldered. When this is done, the insulation can be laid. If ceramics is used as a heat insulator, you will first need to apply a coating of concrete screed. When using a lightweight roof, polymer insulation is usually glued directly onto the vapor barrier layer. The next layer of waterproofing is laid, which is the most important for the roof. This layer is often called simply “pie”. It is usually made from membrane or polymer-bitumen materials.

The cost of roofing a flat roof is quite high, so it is better to do it yourself, without involving specialized companies.

Types of flat roofs

Today there are several types of flat roofs:

One of the most popular options is a soft flat roof, which is also called traditional. Its frame is made up of a load-bearing slab, on top of which a vapor barrier layer and a heat insulator are installed. Mineral wool is often used as a material for this purpose. Bitumen-based materials are used for waterproofing.
Over time, the design of soft flat roofing has been improved. This improved version is called an inversion flat roof.
Operated types of flat roofs. Their base is usually made quite rigid. Such a roof can be safely used for various household needs. A concrete screed is poured under the base of the roof, which can provide the required slope for rainfall drainage. You can also use corrugated sheets. The insulated layer on such roofs experiences various types of loads, so a material with high compressive strength is used as insulation.
Unusable type of flat roofs. Such roofs do not require installation, insulation or waterproofing.

Depending on the purpose of the building, the method of arranging the roof is chosen. The premises can be heated or unheated. For each of them are used different types flat roofs. Thus, for unheated buildings, a flat roof with a slight slope is suitable, which is necessary in order to remove precipitation from the surface. In addition, it is easier to remove snow from such a roof. In some conditions it may fall off the roof on its own. This type of roofing is made of several support blocks, on which a shield of wooden boards is laid. A waterproofing layer made of roofing felt is mounted on it. Unfortunately, this simple design usually short-lived, which is why it has to be repaired periodically. When attaching rolled material, it is necessary to maintain a step between the slats of 75 cm. In this case, the slats should not interfere with the removal of moisture from the roof. In order for precipitation to flow off the roof without problems, its slope must be at least 4%.

As for heated rooms, the roof design for them is somewhat different. Today there are quite a lot of technologies for constructing such roofs. If you decide to make a flat roof roof with your own hands, then it is best to use the simplest method. The installation procedure is as follows:

So, support beams are used as a base, and a flooring made of boards is placed on top of them. A waterproofing layer of roofing felt must be laid on them. In this case, it is important that the rolled material is placed with an overlap of 12-16 cm.
Next, expanded clay insulation, slag and other necessary material are poured on top of it. At the same time, remember in which direction the slope will be made to allow precipitation to drain from the roof.
The insulation is leveled, and a cement screed about 4 cm thick is made above it. This will avoid accidental damage to the roof while removing sediment from the roof.
You need to wait until the screed hardens, and after that it must be treated with a bitumen primer. In addition, you should make sure that precipitation and melt water do not linger on the roof. To do this, make a slight slope towards the edge of the roof.
Then you need to start gluing the rolled carpet. If there are less than 5-7 meters between the walls of the house, then for the support beam you can use a simple wooden beam with a section of 100 by 150 mm. As an option, a metal beam is also suitable. Then the distance between the parts of the structure should be at least 1 m. All these nuances are usually reflected in the roof drawing of a flat roof.

Roof insulation

A flat roof has many advantages. And one of them is that it can be insulated both during construction and after it - during the period of operation. Moreover, this can be done both from the inside and from the outside. It is advisable to first insulate it from the outside and wait until winter. If the insulation is not enough, then you can install an additional layer of insulation on the inside.

More recently, such roofs were insulated with rigid thermal insulation slabs. But this method is bad because it greatly increases the load on the roof. Therefore, when more modern materials appeared, this technology began to be abandoned and now it is almost never used.

Today, flat roofs are increasingly insulated using basalt mineral wool. This material has a lot of advantages - it is relatively light in weight and at the same time it is able to provide good thermal conductivity and waterproofing. In addition, mineral wool is not subject to mechanical stress and does not burn. Thanks to these properties, it is often used as a thermal insulation material. As for internal insulation, it is easier to use fire-resistant layers 5-6 cm thick made of polystyrene foam. The plates are installed quite simply. To do this, wooden blocks are attached to the ceiling every 45-50 cm, and polystyrene foam boards are installed on them. They are fixed using mastic.

Roof made of monolithic concrete

Metal beams are usually used as supporting elements for such a roof. In this case, their length is selected depending on the required roof width. If it does not exceed 4-5 meters, then it is enough to take beams 160 mm long. The most suitable material for pouring a roof screed is probably considered to be grade 250 concrete. To ensure that the solution has the correct consistency, it is recommended to use a concrete mixer when preparing it, rather than mixing it by hand. Moreover, it is important to take all the components of the solution in the required proportions. So, for 7 buckets of crushed stone you need 3 buckets of cement, 2.5 buckets of water and 4 buckets of sand. If necessary, the solution can be supplemented with more water. Next, you need to secure strong bars to the lower beams, and lay roofing felt on their surface. After which it is laid in the direction of the beams reinforced mesh. To prevent it from accidentally slipping, when pouring the screed, the places where the rods are fastened should be secured with something.

The mesh must be completely covered with concrete mortar. To do this, several pieces of crushed stone are placed down. Thanks to this, it is possible to create a gap of 3-5 cm between the mesh and the roofing felt. The concrete screed should not be less than 17 cm. Please note that you cannot pour concrete into the strip in parts. To ensure a high-quality pour, it is best to fill the entire roof area within one day.

When the pouring is completed, the concrete must be compacted using a vibrator or, in extreme cases, manually. During this work, try not to tear the reinforced mesh or dislodge it. After this, the concrete must be covered with plastic film. This allows you to reduce the rate of moisture evaporation from concrete, and this will protect the top layer from the formation of cracks on the surface. The concrete under the film is usually left for three days so that it has time to set and dry. After it dries, a layer of insulation is poured, while observing the previously specified slope. All that remains is to make a screed and install the roll carpet.

Flat roof roofing: photo

Flat roof roofing: video

Many people think that a modern house with a flat roof looks unusual, rich and original. By using such roofing for country cottages and villas in construction, the owners emphasize their wealth, refined taste and originality of thinking. Country houses with this type of coverage are an excellent place where you can take a break from routine and gain strength for new achievements. The flat roof is not only original, but also practical.

Building a house with a flat roof is often used in areas with low rainfall. Often the choice of roofing type is influenced not only by the owner’s desire, but also by climatic conditions. Therefore, if you decide to install a flat roof in an area where there is frequent precipitation, then you must:

take into account maximum loads;
use beams with a good cross-section in construction;
use strong fastenings of all elements.

The most common form of building houses with a flat roof is the square shape. A square house with such covering turns into an original penthouse that meets the standards European style. In this article we will tell you how to properly make a flat roof with your own hands and describe all the pros and cons of this roof.

Pros and cons

Advantages:

The use of this type of roof not only expresses the originality of the external shape of the building, but also allows you to arrange the upper surface area for your needs.
One of the advantages of such a house is the arrangement of a swimming pool with a place to relax or planting ornamental trees, shrubs and a lawn. In addition, you can save a lot of money on such a roof, because it does not require complex rafter systems and can be easily erected with your own hands.
A flat roof is also good because it has a special niche in the cavity, which is an additional insulation that retains heat in the building and significantly reduces heating costs in winter.
Fixing a flat roof will take a little time and will not be particularly difficult. In addition, if you choose roofing felt or some other budget option as the roofing material, this will help save additional funds.
The whole essence of the repair usually comes down not to a complete covering of the roof surface, but only to timely periodic prevention in the form of sealing cracks.

Flaws:

The absolute disadvantage is that the process of designing a flat roof and its installation must be very careful. The slightest gaps in the work of builders can result in expensive repair work inside the building.
In addition, it should be remembered that a flat roof must be made at a certain slope (usually varies from 3 to 15 degrees depending on the design and the level of annual precipitation). Otherwise, precipitation will remain on the roof covering for a long time, which will create unnecessary load on the structure and reduce the service life of the roof.

A flat roof has its undoubted advantages, and the disadvantages are easily corrected by a careful approach to the very process of its construction.

Device

A flat roof structural system for an unheated space consists of the following:

load-bearing beams;
slatted or metal sheathing with a small pitch (50-70 cm);
roll coating.

Pay attention! The angle of inclination of such a roof is ensured by the entire structural system, starting with the beams. Therefore, careful attention should be paid during installation to maintain the slope. To do this, you should check it every few meters. If desired, you can make a shallow frame for rafter system(tilt angle – 10 degrees). To do this, you need to install it along the roof. After which you can attach the sheathing.

The design of a heated room has a slightly different appearance. It includes:

bitumen primer for screed;
roll coating;
cement mortar based screed;
roofing felt (overlap 15 cm);
insulation materials such as expanded clay, slag and other similar materials are the main components for creating a roof slope;
load-bearing beams (step from 0.5 to 1 m, section from 100x100 to 150x200 mm);
plank sheathing (flooring).

Monolith roof

Instead of wooden beams, I-beams are laid with metal beams (from 12 to 15 cm), on the lower shelves of which there is a plank continuous lathing. Roofing felt is laid on it. Then a frame made of reinforcement (profile with a cross-section of 10-15 mm) is mounted in two rows. It is important to maintain the distance between the reinforcement frame and the roofing felt. At the next stage, the concrete mixture is poured, which needs to be compacted periodically.

Pay attention! If the weather is hot, the concrete layer must be covered with a protective film of polyethylene so that it hardens not quickly, but evenly and efficiently. It is advisable to remove the film no earlier than after three or four days.

If such a film is not available, you will have to monitor the concrete hardening process and periodically water it with a small amount of water. After the layer has dried, you should give the roof a certain slope using insulation, and then screed and lay a roll covering. At this point, the installation of a monolithic roof can be considered complete.

Roof base

For a flat roof, a reinforced concrete slab or corrugated sheet can be used.

Corrugated sheeting is used in cases where the upper part of the roof will not be used as an additional platform. This type of base is the most economical, however, it requires additional insulation.
First, a support layer is installed, and a vapor barrier layer is laid on top of it. The latter is used to save warm air in the house and prevent it from escaping into the air. Vapor barrier is mainly made from rolls of a certain length and cut width. The place where the vapor barrier overlaps must be carefully glued, melted and welded. Polyethylene can be used as a vapor barrier material.

At the next stage, thermal insulation is laid, for which special slabs with a certain joint are used. Most often used two-layer system thermal insulation.

After this comes waterproofing equipment made of polymer film. It protects the inside of the roof from the external environment. The waterproofing is fused and then laid in several layers.

When the hydro- and vapor barrier is ready, it’s time to apply the final coating. Its role is played by concrete screed and reinforced concrete slabs.

Polycarbonate base

IN lately In construction work on roofs, polycarbonate was often used.
A roof made of this material may be suitable for you if you do not want to make a room under it. As an option, you can build an indoor greenhouse or gazebo.

Polycarbonate has increased strength and at the same time is a very lightweight material that is quick and easy to install. It does not require additional structural reinforcement.

Thus, the flat roof can be made in various forms. In any case, no matter what option you choose, you should always be careful about the installation, because if there are serious errors, you can run into big expenses and a complete redo of the roof from scratch.

Insulation and waterproofing

Waterproofing a flat roof can be done using the following components:

PVC and EPDM membranes;
waterproofing film;
hydrophilic rubber;
liquid rubber, sprayed waterproofing (polyurea);
penetrating materials;
lubricants;
silicone-based resins, as well as emulsions (injectable substances).

New to the technology market are waterproofing materials such as PVC, PDM and diffuse membranes. Super-diffuse material has become especially popular, which does not require making a gap between thermal and waterproofing, repels moisture qualitatively and does not allow it to pass onto the thermal insulation layer. In addition, such membranes have a long service life (up to 25 years), are fireproof and environmentally friendly.

Mastic can be used as waterproofing. It is applied both to a flat roof and to a roof with a slight slope.

According to the method of application, they are divided into cold and hot. Cold ones should be applied to the surface at above-zero temperatures, while hot mastics require preheating (160 degrees) before application and can be used at almost any time of the year. The principle of operation of the mastic is based on the fact that it adheres firmly to the base. The validity period of this type of coverage is about 20 years.

In some cases, painting waterproofing may be used. In the process of such insulation, bitumen, emulsions, paints and varnishes are applied to the surface of the coating. The coating occurs in several layers until the desired thickness (5 mm) is achieved. A layer of fine-grained sand is applied on top of the coating. The service life of waterproofing is 5-6 years.

Pay attention! One of the most reliable and proven types of waterproofing is glued waterproofing. It involves the use of roofing material, which, after preheating, is glued to the surface of the coating.

After selecting and installing waterproofing, you should tackle insulation - a very important stage in the construction of a flat roof. There are several types of insulation:

By location: external and internal.
According to the number of layers applied: single-layer and two-layer insulation systems.

The two-layer system makes it possible to reduce the load on the floor. The bottom layer plays the role of a heat insulator in this case. The upper one has a distribution function and has a denser structure.

Now you know how to make a flat roof with your own hands. As you can see, this is not difficult at all. You just need to pay attention to the matter, and soon the coating for your home will be ready.

Video

Flat roofs nowadays are undeservedly forgotten and not spoiled by the attention of developers. In private housing construction, they are found mainly in the southern regions, where heavy rains and snowfalls are rare. Hip roofs, on the contrary, have become firmly established in the projects and minds of homeowners.

This state of affairs can be explained simply: until recently, builders did not have reliable and durable waterproofing.

Standard roofing felt - cardboard impregnated with bitumen - cannot resist moisture and temperature changes for long. Even a thick 4-layer coating from it has to be changed after 6-8 years.

Today, interest in flat roofs is beginning to grow.

There are several reasons for this:

Economic benefit. The cost of arrangement is lower than that of a tent structure (simpler design and smaller area);
Additional usable area. There is the possibility of its rational use (flower garden, playground, recreation area, swimming pool);
Availability of maintenance and operation (cleaning drains, installing air conditioners, antennas, inspecting coatings, ventilation and smoke ducts);
A layer of snow acts as additional thermal insulation, reducing heating costs.
Original appearance buildings.

Types of flat roofs

Strictly speaking, you will not see a completely flat roof on a building. Any of them has a minimum slope of 1 to 4%, necessary for precipitation runoff.

There are four types of flat roofs:

unexploited;
exploited;
green (lawn);
combined.

Unused roofs are found on industrial buildings.

Operated roofs have found application in public and private construction. They are equipped with recreation areas, cafes and restaurants, and used as parking lots and helipads.

Green (lawn) coverings are made to decorate buildings, as well as when there is not enough space on the site. In addition to the aesthetic function, they perform an important practical task. A layer of plant turf is an excellent heat and sound insulator.

Combined roofs with a flat surface are the most common option. Comfortable relaxation in the fresh air surrounded by green grass and flowering plants everyone likes it.

According to the method of drainage, houses with a flat roof are divided into two types:

With internal drain;
With external water discharge (along the perimeter of the roof).

Internal drainage is cheaper than external drainage because it does not require a large number of gutters, pipes, funnels and high-altitude work to install them. It is more difficult to execute. Errors when creating a slope, poor-quality sealing of joints lead to leaks and damage to the integrity of the protective layer of waterproofing.

In operation, flat coverings with internal drainage are more profitable. In winter, icicles do not grow on the eaves of such a roof. Drainpipes run inside the building and therefore do not freeze. Cleaning debris funnels is easier and easier than hanging gutters.

Device Features

According to the method of arrangement and arrangement of structural layers, experts distinguish two types of flat roofs:

Classic;
Inversion.

The classic roofing “pie” is equipped using the following technology:

a slope is made from cement-sand mortar on reinforced concrete floor slabs;
lay vapor barrier and insulation;
lay a waterproofing membrane or roofing felt carpet;
if the coating is to be used, the waterproofing is protected with ceramic tiles.

Classic flat roof structure

The main disadvantage of the traditional design is the vulnerability of the outer insulating layer from solar ultraviolet radiation and temperature changes.

Working to solve this problem, engineers came up with the idea of an inversion coating. In it, the main structural elements (insulation and waterproof membrane) are swapped. The waterproofing is hidden under the foam, which is protected from external influences by a ballast layer of gravel or tile trim.

Inversion coating design

The technology of work is changing accordingly. A waterproof carpet made of roofing felt or EPDM membrane is glued to the slab or spread on it, fixing it in places adjacent to the parapet.

The slope in this case is created in one of two ways:

Mortar screed on the slab;
Insulation, changing the thickness of its installation.

Installing thermal insulation on a flat roof

Water intake funnels and pipes are installed at the lowest points of the slope. In addition to them, ventilation is installed to remove water vapor that accumulates in the area of contact between the vapor barrier and the insulation.

When arranging a covering designed for planting plants, the structure is supplemented with a top layer of waterproofing. Drainage layers of gravel are poured over it, geotextiles are laid and fertile layer land.

In addition to roofing coverings laid on reinforced concrete slabs, designs for houses with a flat roof on wooden beams have been developed.

Construction technology in this case may include the following operations:

Beams are mounted on the walls in increments of 50-100 cm, fixing them to the masonry with anchor pins. The cross-section of the beams depends on the span width, the design load and can range from 10x20 cm to 15x25 cm;
OSB slabs are laid along the beams, joining them tightly together;
Spread the waterproofing membrane in 2 layers, carefully gluing the joints of the sheets.
Thermal insulation is made from durable (extruded) foam, gluing it to the membrane. A slope for water drainage is created by laying insulation in layers of different thicknesses;
The heat insulator is protected from above with a cement screed, reinforced with mesh or tiled.

Examples of private houses

There are many supporters of flat roofs among developers. They are attracted by the ease of construction, low cost of work and the possibility of placing a site for summer recreation.

A thick layer of snow on a flat roof is not a problem, but additional insulation

The design of buildings with such a roof fits perfectly into the style of minimalism, providing project developers with a wide field for creativity.

Spacious, comfortable and nothing superfluous is the motto of everyone who chooses a house with such a roof. A pitched roof visually weighs down the building, while a flat roof, on the contrary, makes it light and airy.

External view of the facade one-story house with a flat roof compares favorably with the rather boring variations of the “teremkovy” character.

On it, most often you will not see gutters and pipes, the water from which gets on the walls and spoils the appearance of the finish. Internal drainage is efficient, practical and invisible.

Preparing for the construction of a monolithic roof

The most expensive part of the construction work for the construction of a monolithic roof occurs in the stage preceding the laying of the slabs. While in the worst-case scenario, the support of a building truss made of wooden beams can be padded, and the gable walls will acquire their final shape later, in the case of a monolithic roof there is hardly any possibility of such correction. Therefore, when constructing the supports of a monolithic roof, you need to do the work very pedantically. Already in determining the right angles of the horizontal projection, a lot of effort must be expended, but if the building is characterized by chamfered corners and balconies, then it is necessary to repeatedly check the angles of inclination of the roof and the position of the ridge crest with mathematical precision. It is best to pull the cords in the plane of the support of the slabs. Each block is first fitted dry, and the line of curvature of the supports is marked. Cutting blocks is very easy, especially if you build from porous concrete and have a band saw at your disposal.

Construction of a reinforced concrete ring anchor

Monolithic roof installation

Within a few hours the roof is covered. Roof slabs consist of reinforced porous concrete or reinforced brick elements, which have full load-bearing capacity already upon delivery, therefore, with a monolithic roof, supports and formwork are unnecessary. Typically, aerated concrete monolithic roof slabs rest on the gable walls and load-bearing interior walls, so any roof slope and almost any span can be accommodated. However, for production reasons, prefabricated blocks can only have a maximum length of 6 m. If large spans are to be spanned, then reinforced concrete beams and steel I-beams are required, which you are already familiar with from porous concrete floors. While reinforced concrete beams under the roof, like large lintels, cross the room and are visible, steel supports can be built into the plane of the slab and later completely invisible. In this way, monolithic roof structures are manufactured for almost every plan.

Installation of a roof window

Dormer windows can also be built into the plane of a monolithic roof. In any case, this is only done with a custom made steel frame. In most cases, such a building part made of steel rests on the side walls and serves as a reliable support for those roof slabs that were disconnected for the construction of the roof window. The larger the window needs to be, the more expensive the frame will cost. Dormer windows can be made from a steel frame near load-bearing internal walls running parallel to the gable, if the disconnected roof slabs respectively have at least two supports: on the gable and on the internal wall. The roof slabs are then laid as cantilever slabs, similar to balcony slabs, and do not require a steel frame. Of course, it is also possible to provide a maintenance hatch in the monolithic roof.
Remember that retrofitting roof windows into the plane of a monolithic roof is completely excluded! A monolithic roof, just like a floor slab, is a building block whose load-bearing capacity is guaranteed in a unified system for calculating static load parameters.

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A do-it-yourself flat roof is most often located on private low-rise buildings, as well as on garage buildings. This type of roofing device is ahead of its competitors. In our article we will tell you why.

Before we talk about how to make a flat roof, we note that the term “roof” and the term “roof” are not the same thing. The term “roof” refers to those elements that are located above the living space of the house. And the roof is a component of the roof, its top layer. It is this that protects the entire building from the effects of atmospheric influences. In these conditions, it is very important to create a reliable roof for a country house.

Having become familiar with the difference between the terms, we can state that a flat roof is an ideal option for a house with a small area. With an impressive roofing area, it is recommended to work as a whole team.

Flat roof and its features

When working on a small house with a small roof area, you can easily do without assistants.

At the beginning of work, secure wooden beams or steel beams to the supporting frames. With their help, you can reduce most of the roof's mass, directing it towards the main walls and foundation.

So, we found out that the main load on the beams is the weight of the roof. But besides this, there are other loads, such as:

Full weight of the roof and communication elements. As a rule, they are located in the attic or attached to the roof.
The weight of the person who is repairing the roof or roof. It can also install additional equipment.
Volume and mass of snow + cold winter wind pressure.

Read the advice of experts on forums, look at photos on the Internet - then you will be able to implement right choice load-bearing beams and avoid critical mistakes. Surely you will be interested in the article flat roof - pros and cons.

If you want to get a reliable and safe flat roof, then choose only a suitable roofing covering (more details: " "). It is also important to select accompanying materials that can withstand heavy physical load, as well as the effects of natural disasters.

Don't forget to check all the technical specifications of the materials. To prevent negative consequences, carry out thorough hydro- and vapor barrier.

Place a “pie” of several materials on the slabs (they should have different properties).
The first layer is a vapor barrier. Its function is to protect the insulating layer from moisture. Polymer-bitumen film is used as a vapor barrier material. At the same time, it is often reinforced with fiberglass, and then a flat roof is installed. Place the edges of the film on the verticals of the floors. It is very important to carefully and accurately seal the seams, and also to understand.
Lay insulation on top of the vapor barrier. If expanded clay is used, fill it with a mass of concrete. When constructing a lightweight roof, the polymer insulation must be attached directly to the vapor barrier.
Moisture insulation is the main layer for a roof without slopes. To construct this element you will need membrane or polymer-bitumen materials.

Do-it-yourself flat roofing for cold rooms

There are buildings that do not have heating. These include sheds and gazebos. It is supposed to create a slope on them to drain water from the roof. To do this, you just need to equip the roof at the smallest angle.

When constructing a sloping flat roof, its support beams should be positioned at a slight angle. Boards will be attached to the beams. This will be a kind of basis for rolled roofing felt (more details: "").

To install a rolled roofing felt carpet, you will need a frame made of boards. For this, it is best to use thin wooden planks or steel strips. Secure them along the slope. In this case, the step should be 70 cm. But you should not block the path of water flowing from the roof. The slope percentage of such a roof is no more than 3%. In other words, this is 3 cm per linear meter of length.

Construction of flat roofs for warm rooms

Let's consider the nuances when equipping a flat roof for heated houses:

First of all, lay a layer of boards on the supporting beams, having previously completed. After this, the roofing felt or roofing material should be laid. Their canvases should be arranged using the overlapping method. In this case, the length should be 15 cm.
Expanded clay is laid on top of the roofing felt (you can use slag or other material). Before filling in the insulation, check that the slope is directed towards the drainage direction.
The third stage is pouring the insulating layer with cement. After preparing the screed, treat it with a bitumen primer.
Only a completely finished screed will be ready to accept rolled roofing felt.

As you study the construction of a flat roof, you will see for yourself that roofs with large pitches between support beams require the participation of several people. It is advisable to invite professional craftsmen who will complete all the necessary work as quickly as possible.

When attaching support beams, the distance between them should be maintained. It should be no more than 1 m.

Installation of a flat roof made of monolithic concrete

The first step is to calculate the roof span. If it is 5 m, then 15 cm beams are used. Speaking in professional construction language, this is the “fifteenth I-beam”.

To create a monolithic roof, it is recommended to use concrete grade 250. When creating a concrete solution at a construction site, it is advisable to use a concrete mixer. Otherwise, you are unlikely to achieve the correct consistency of the solution. To obtain concrete for a flat roof, you need to mix crushed stone with 20 mm particles and cement, grade PTs-400.

When calculating the components, adhere to the following rules: for eight buckets of crushed stone - three buckets of cement, 4 buckets of sand, and two buckets of water. If there is not enough water, you can add more, this is not critical.

Insulating a flat roof with foam concrete, watch the video:

Next, the boards are fastened to the lower beam shelves. Roofing felt is laid on the dry surface of the boards. Then, a reinforced mesh of a periodic profile is laid on top. The diameter of this element should not be less than 1 cm. The size of the cells is 20x20 cm.

In order not to carry out repairs to the flat roof, the places where the mesh rods are overlayed are secured using knitting wire. An option using glue is possible. Ultimately, the mesh should not slide off when pouring the screed.

For complete coverage with concrete mortar, small pieces of crushed stone are usually laid out at the bottom of the mesh. Thanks to this, a gap of 4 cm is left. It is necessary to distinguish between the mesh and the roofing felt layer. Pouring is done into the openings between the beams. Let us remind you that their thickness must be at least 15 cm.

After all the steps, the concrete is covered with a polyethylene film. This is especially true if work is carried out at high temperatures. By covering the surface, you will prevent moisture from evaporating from the concrete solution. This in turn will protect the top layer from cracking.

The concrete should remain under the film for at least three days. After the concrete mass has completely dried, add a layer of insulation. Don't forget about slopes. The next step is to create a screed and install the rolled carpet.

Insulating a flat roof

Today, a common phenomenon is the replacement of a flat roof with a pitched one. However, a flat roof is favored by the fact that it can be insulated both from the outside and from the inside. And after it is completed.

Previously, solid insulation boards were used for insulation. However, with this option the roofing weight increased significantly. Having studied past experience, modern construction moved away from this method of insulation. Today, flat roofs are most often insulated using basalt mineral wool. This is a fairly light material. In addition, it boasts good thermal conductivity and moisture resistance.

Note that basalt mineral wool is not subject to combustion processes. In addition, it completely tolerates even the most negative impacts nature.

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