Do-it-yourself timber houses. Building houses from timber with your own hands: features of technology. Construction of ceiling and roof
Natural wood is distinguished by its environmental purity and incredible nobility, so it is valued at all times, despite the fact that the construction market has been occupied by innovative materials. Construction timber houses for year-round or seasonal residence turned out to be of high quality new level thanks to the huge number of advantages of the material, as well as improved methods of its processing and installation.
Such a home has an attractive appearance, which is important, especially for people who value aesthetics in everything. What kind of material is this and what is needed to build a house from timber, this instruction will tell you.
Choosing a type of wood
Before getting acquainted with the structure itself and finding out the features of its installation, we suggest considering the characteristics of the wood species used for these purposes. Currently, manufacturers prefer coniferous wood:
- pine;
- fir;
- larch.
Very rarely, but still, deciduous trees, for example, birch, are also found in this segment. It may mistakenly seem that coniferous materials are identical, but they have significant differences, and we cannot help but mention them:
- Spruce and fir are considered the most affordable;
- spruce allows you to achieve a uniform color color, since such material is characterized by ideal uniformity;
- Fir has very beautiful fibers, but, unfortunately, it is less durable. 2 years after the log house is ready, you will encounter the fact that some fibers will begin to darken;
- country houses made of larch are the most practical, because such material is absolutely not afraid of a humid environment, is durable, and this is precisely what its advantages are;
- Birch timber is popular for a reason affordable price, but the quality here is also not high, which is not suitable for the construction of country houses, so experts categorically do not advise considering such wood, as well as fir, as a raw material, since here the disadvantages clearly outweigh the advantages.
A device for measuring wood moisture content - a needle moisture meter Before you begin assembling the log house, you need to pay attention to the moisture content of the timber. Without checking its level, which should be within 23%, the material cannot be used. If you neglect this rule, after some time you may encounter severe cracking of the structure. Therefore, at the acceptance stage, we recommend purchasing or renting a moisture meter, with which you can easily measure the moisture content of the received timber.
Now the workpieces are dried or in a natural way, or using drying chambers. In the first case, we are faced with a long process, which is why modern manufacturers give preference to chamber drying. This process happens quickly, but here the cost of paying for energy increases, the material becomes more expensive and this affects the final cost for the buyer.
Description and characteristics
A beam is a log with hewn edges, mainly square section, may have various sizes sections. This configuration is full of advantages, and above all, it is consistent thickness along the entire length, which simplifies the finishing process suburban buildings. You can also save on insulation here. Special properties wood acquires after it has been treated with special impregnations that protect against moisture, combustion, and putrefactive processes.
Connecting elements
The beams can be connected in various ways:
- tongue and groove;
- half;
- end-to-end;
- on dowels, etc.
The simplest connection can be called “butt”, and it is precisely with this system that the products from which they are built are equipped. country log houses economy class. You can assemble it yourself easily and quickly, but you need to remember about the “cold” lock, which needs to be additionally insulated to prevent drafts and cold temperatures from entering air masses to residential premises.
A butt joint is the coldest, and therefore requires additional insulation. Try to use a different type of joint. Profiled timber
It has a special comb joint geometry, which makes the connection very tight and airtight. Now it is very common for year-round residence they build structures from precisely this material, because it has undeniable advantages over ordinary timber.
Profiled timber is made from solid logs, which are planed on all sides, have an ideal level of humidity, and are of the same thickness along the entire length.
Pros and cons of profiled material
The advantages of this technology include:
- simple installation diagram;
- strictly verified dimensions of lumber, specified by professional equipment;
- connections in the form of landing cups and grooves prevent cracking of wood during year-round use
Glued construction
The production of products of this type involves the use of lamellas glued together. To ensure that the finished product of modern industry is durable and lasts a long time, the drying process is carefully monitored. The technological instruction for gluing individual segments involves placing the best varieties wood in the outer part of the laminated timber.
The beams are fastened together using tenons and grooves, which is very practical and easy to implement. The technology for constructing such houses is accessible even to inexperienced developers, thanks to which anyone can complete most of DIY work. Finished design It is distinguished by its lightness, the log house is resistant to rotting, its elements do not crack and are not afraid of aggressive manifestations of the environment.
Construction technology
Nowadays, the most popular are single-story log cabins, but you can choose any project for yourself, including several levels; it all depends on the wishes and capabilities of the developers. Let's consider step by step diagram construction of a country log house.
Foundation
First of all, you need to choose the type of foundation. It must be strong enough to reliably support the weight of the house and roof. You can opt for - this is the most common and universal option.
Strip foundation is the most popular type for a timber house But if the soil on the site is loose, give preference, and the laying scheme looks like this:
- the site is marked out, highlighting the boundaries of the future home;
- a trench is dug with a depth below the freezing point of the soil (at least 60 cm);
- the trench is supplied sand and gravel cushion, while each layer is rammed to squeeze out air from loose rocks;
- concrete solution is poured.
Construction of house structures
The first crown is laid on top. Its function can be performed by ordinary roofing material laid on a foundation screed. Make sure that the roofing material is 35–40 cm wider than the finished base.
It is very important that all wooden elements are pre-treated with antiseptic agents, because even if you install country houses from heavy-duty wood, over time it may lose its properties under the influence external factors, which will lead to rotting of the material and, as a result, deformation of the structure.
Features of connecting crowns
Strength timber walls is ensured thanks to a special fastening method. The log house is assembled using the tongue and groove method. The starting board must be firmly fixed to the foundation, and it is laid both on insulation and on a frame (lathing) made from slats. The crowns are connected to each other with wooden or metal dowels.
Sealing rows and insulating joints with jute cloth and cord All subsequent crowns are mounted on a seal that prevents condensation and mold infection. Thanks to the inter-crown seal, the log house acquires additional strength and tightness.
Corner connections
Beam extension
Due to inexperience, it may seem that the disadvantage of a timber frame is that the length of their walls does not match the length of the log, but this is absolutely not a problem if you ensure high-quality joining of the seams. All that is needed in this case is to slightly shift each subsequent joint, which will avoid the formation of a long continuous seam. This method vaguely resembles dressing brickwork and it is quite simple to implement.
Roof and floors
Flooring is also laid according to the standard.
Flooring can be laid in several ways, but the most the best option are “floating” floors, because they do not create noise and, on the contrary, thanks to their special design, they absorb extraneous sounds. We recommend that you read the article about.
Having compared the pros and cons of technology and the construction process itself, we can confidently say that the advantages here outweigh by a huge margin. If you do not have a ready-made dacha, but have a plot of land and a strong desire to have your own home, we advise you to opt for a log house.
After preparing the tools, you can begin purchasing timber.
Which material is better to choose
For construction, you can use solid and profiled timber. Advantages of the first option:
- Solid ones are several times cheaper than similar building materials.
- Buying it is not a problem - it is sold at any construction market.
- Such timber does not lose its natural moisture, so the time for preparing wood is greatly reduced.
- Where it is used solid timber, there is no need to use special construction equipment.
The disadvantages when choosing solid timber are as follows:
- Additionally, you will have to spend money on finishing. Since solid timber in itself is not beautiful, it is sheathed with clapboard or siding.
- The tree in this version does not undergo a special drying procedure, so it may be damaged by fungus. To avoid this, treatment with special impregnations should be carried out in advance, and this is an additional expense.
- If you use the timber in its entirety, the room will be less warm, since the roof joints are well ventilated.
Attention! Timber without a profile cracks after shrinkage. Solid wood housing needs sheathing on both sides.
Profiled version - as the name suggests, this type of timber requires the presence of a profile. Connections (tenons and grooves) are installed along its entire length.
The advantages include:
- During construction, the walls turn out to be very smooth.
- Profiled timber does not need cladding - it looks great on its own.
- Interventional seams during construction are very tight, and the room from the inside is, accordingly, warm.
- Water from precipitation will not be able to get into the tight seams, which will prevent the wood from rotting.
Attention! Profiled timber has a small percentage of moisture, so it burns easily. Before construction, it must be treated with special fire-prevention impregnations.
Of the obvious disadvantages that this option has, we can note:
- IN warm time years, such timber may crack.
- Walls made from this material are quite thin and require additional insulation outside.
Design and laying the foundation
Build beautiful house made from timber cheaply is quite possible. A self-made project will help reduce the construction budget. It roughly looks like this:
- The house itself has rectangular shape.
- The roof is gable, maximum five. Angles and skylights increase the cost of work by approximately 40%.
- There is no basement. This provides significant savings, since its presence increases costs by at least 30%.
- The foundation is shallowly buried.
- The building has 1 floor and few window openings.
- There are no columns, balconies or bay windows.
- The walls are decorated very simply.
- The windows are of standard size.
- The facade is traditional.
Once the project is approved, you can begin laying the foundation.
A timber house is built on concrete or wooden base. The first option is most often used. First, concrete is poured, then a brick base is built on it. Only on top of this structure do they begin to lay timber. Several types of foundation can be used as the basis for a wooden house:
- recessed;
- shallow;
- tape type;
- columnar.
In most cases, under wooden building Shallow and strip versions are prepared. The laying depth is 50-70 cm.
How to build walls, a roof, arrange a floor and decorate a home
On the finished foundation, the timber is laid in rows one on top of the other until the walls of the required height are obtained. There are grooves made in the tree, with the help of which the logs fit tightly to each other. To make the walls stronger, be sure to use spikes designed for connection.
Attention! All seams must be caulked. This will make the walls windproof.
It is better not to skimp on materials when arranging a roof. You can choose a lot of options for different budgets. Experienced builders It is recommended to equip various areas of the roof with boards different sizes. For example, a board of 140x40 mm is required for rafters, and 100x40 mm for braces and racks.
When arranging the floor, you should also be guided by your own preferences. There must be a waterproofing layer under the screed, for which several material options can be used:
- jellied composition;
- coating materials;
- roll waterproofing;
- penetrating moisture protection.
TO interior design The floor also needs to be approached after carefully considering all the details.
Advice. For housing built from beams, wood-based coatings, that is, parquet and laminate, are best suited.
The next stage of construction is the arrangement of heating, energy supply, sewerage, and water supply. At the same stage, doors between rooms are installed, and the finishing coating of the floor and ceiling is installed.
External wall decoration is also selected based on the preferences of future residents. Siding will do, lining, paint. In the case where the timber has an excellent appearance, you can leave the outside without finishing.
Photos and video materials attached to the article will help you get more information about construction. Of course self-build houses made of timber are not an easy task. However, if the technology is maintained, you can get a reliable, beautiful and inexpensive housing for yourself and your family.
DIY house made of timber: video
Busy lifestyle in big city makes you want to get out into nature as often as possible to breathe clean air and take a break from the bustle of the city. For a comfortable stay you need a good, well-equipped home. Having bought a plot of land in an ecologically clean area, you can build a house from timber with your own hands, providing it with individual water supply, heating and a sewerage system. In this article we will tell you how to build a house from timber without construction experience, from the foundation to the roof.
Home design
Making a heating system yourself is not difficult. Work in this direction begins after the installation of windows and doors. Choice heating systems for a private home depends on nearby centralized communication systems. The most simple option There will be a water circuit installed with parallel connection of a gas, electric and solid fuel boiler. This is a guarantee of warmth in the house under any weather conditions and disasters.
To drain wastewater, you need to install a septic tank yourself.
It is impossible to imagine life in a house without electricity. Installation electric cable, wiring and connection of lamps and household appliances It is better to entrust it to a highly qualified specialist.
When all the work is completed, you can invite your friends to a housewarming party. A house built independently has a special aura. It is always cozy and warm.
Video
We invite you to see all the steps described above. Watch the video.
After a hard working week I always want to have a good rest. And for this you need to go to nature outside the city, to your home. You can build a house from timber with your own hands, having small area land. You can landscape it yourself, install water and heating there, make sewer system. You will want to spend every free day in this house, and eventually move into it.
Dacha design
A house made of timber is erected without experience in construction in several stages:
- design;
- laying the foundation;
- laying crowns;
- roof;
- finishing and laying of communication systems.
The beam has a rectangular shape, which allows you to initially obtain uniform walls and reduce construction time. An important point is also that it can only be used for the construction of houses up to a maximum of the 3rd floor. It has several more positive features:
- good performance properties;
- environmentally friendly;
- design and others.
A house made of wood is quite warm due to its tight fit wooden elements during construction. Wooden houses are also beneficial because the internal and exterior decoration is quite easy, can be used various elements decor.
Before you move on to building a dacha, you need to make a design and calculate how much this construction costs.
It is better to order a building project from construction companies. Their technical specialists will calculate everything down to the smallest detail in terms of soil characteristics, construction technology, amount of material, and will even find you a developer.
But in order to save money cash It’s better to develop your own drawings, calculate the number and cost of elements. In the case of the construction of several floors, the project must have floor plan drawings. WITH finished project you need to contact a special institution to obtain permission to build a house.
If you have made or ordered a drawing, then after receiving the appropriate signatures and the approved project, we proceed to the foundation.
Laying the foundation
Main structural element of any building is the foundation. Before creating a project, it is very important to decide on the type of foundation of the house. If a mistake is made at the beginning of construction, an incorrectly designed foundation will lead to negative consequences When operating the house, serious problems will arise such as:
- warp of the base;
- cracks in the supporting structure;
- deformation and others.
The reliability of the building's foundation is the durability and quality of construction.
There are several types of foundations used in the construction of country houses:
- from screw piles;
- tape and others.
In areas outside the city where soil moisture is high, foundations made of screw piles are often used.
Its advantages are as follows:
- cost savings of 2-3 times (compared to strip foundations);
- easy to do yourself;
- construction time - 1-2 days;
- high reliability;
- you can work with it at any time of the year;
- application for complex landscapes.
As practice shows, this structure should be erected and poured independently, since it will be much cheaper and more reliable than the work of so-called “specialists.”
Most popular base today in the construction of houses. Its advantage is that any house can be built on it, it is durable and less expensive. The base is quite durable and requires much less building materials, and the time allotted for work is reduced significantly.
How to do strip foundation on one's own:
- First, let's mark the area around the perimeter of the house.
- Then we designate the location interior walls(carrying). The width of the dug trenches should exceed the width of the walls by at least 10 cm, and the depth should be above the freezing level of the soil, but not less than 0.6 m.
- Pillows made of crushed stone and sand (10 cm each), poured into the trench, need to be filled with a half-smaller layer of concrete (5 cm).
- The formwork, made from a 2.5 cm board, must be installed so that its top is visible above ground level (about 0.4 m).
- For reinforcement, use 1 cm rods in two layers. The structure of them is laid longitudinally, then transversely, and the intersection points are secured with strong wire with a gap of about 5 cm.
- For concreting, the popular type of cement M400 is used. To mix the solution, take it together with sand in a ratio of 1:3.
- Concrete is poured into the trenches with a special pump or shovel.
The main thing is to prevent bubbles from appearing before it hardens. This is done using special technology. The concrete surface (not hardened) is periodically sprayed with water.
After pouring, construction of the house is suspended for a month. This is necessary for the concrete to harden and prepare to take on a heavy load.
Construction of a building
How to build a house from timber with your own hands? To build a warm and cozy cottage you should take the choice of materials seriously. As practice shows, it is better to use timber from trees coniferous species, as it is strong and durable. There are two types:
- profiled;
- whole.
Let's consider each of them separately.
Profiled timber
It differs from a solid one in that it has crown grooves or tenons over the entire surface. Building a house from it is quite easy and quick.
The advantages of such a building:
- excellent thermal characteristics;
- modern design;
- smooth walls that do not require additional cladding;
- the design does not allow moisture to enter the inter-crown seam.
- is easily flammable (to eliminate this drawback, it should be impregnated with special means);
- requires insulation on both sides when living in the cold season;
- redevelopment in a house built from profiled timber is impossible.
This material should be chosen with a humidity of no more than 20% (this is achieved in special dryers for wood).
Solid timber
It has many advantages, but outwardly it looks bad. The process of preparing it for installation is quite quick. You can purchase the material at any construction company and in the construction market at minimal cost.
How to build a house from solid elements after choosing the material:
- it is worth preparing for the fact that there will be additional costs for its finishing (siding, lining) to give it a more aesthetic appearance;
- use wood only highest quality; Before use, it should be treated with antiseptic agents (to prevent the appearance of fungus).
In solid slats, the inter-crown seams are weaker than in profile ones. When wood shrinks and subsides, cracks and cracks appear. They are eliminated with the help of sheathing, which leads to additional costs.
We build a house from solid elements:
- The first crown is made on a double layer of waterproofing, which covers the foundation. The quality factor of the building depends on its assembly. As a rule, elements measuring 150x150 mm are used.
- The insulation is laid 0.3 meters more than the width of the foundation itself.
- Then we assemble the walls from timber, which we pre-treat with an antiseptic. Each rail needs to be processed.
The tree is laid out in rows. If the timber is solid, its grooves are additionally insulated special material. For strength, the elements can be connected with special spikes.
Roof of a wooden house
The roof, as the final stage of building construction, should also look efficient and original. To begin with, lay the Mauerlat (it is better to use 150x150 elements) and attach it to the crown with hardware.
The rafter frame defines the shape of the roof. All parameters rafter system specified in advance in the project. Slats up to 180 mm wide and 50 mm thick are secured with steel plates.
We install the rafter frame and cover it with a layer high-quality vapor barrier. Then we install the sheathing (across the rafters) using nails. The distance between the slats will depend on the type of roofing material:
- tiles - solid (slats end to end);
- slate, corrugated sheeting - with a distance of 0.3 m.
It is worth remembering that a wooden house “shrinks” over several years. During this period, you can live there, but it is strictly forbidden to decorate and tile it.
Is it possible to build a house from timber with your own hands? Cast aside doubts - this is quite within the capabilities of a person who knows how to handle carpentry tools. It is very easy to use, economical and environmentally friendly. It's pretty universal material. From timber you can build a wonderful summer house on a summer cottage, and if it is additionally insulated, then it will be possible to live in winter.
How to build a house from timber? Like any business. Everything starts with a dream. It is necessary to make a house design and begin construction. When designing a project, it will be better to stick to rectangular shapes.
How quickly the house will be built largely depends on the timber you purchase for construction. If everything is in order with your finances, you can buy glued or dried timber. It will take much less time to build a house from laminated veneer lumber. If you purchase raw timber, it will take much more time. Having erected the frame, you will need to let it dry. It will take about a year. Only when the shrinkage of his house occurs can construction be completed. By choosing the second option, you lose time, but significantly save money.
Every house stands on a foundation. A house made of timber is no exception. His choice must be taken seriously, taking into account the landscape of the area and the type of soil. Foundations can be strip or columnar. The tape type is considered more preferable. It is somewhat more expensive than the columnar one, but more reliable and durable. With this type of foundation it is possible to build a cellar. And this is an undoubted convenience of any home.
Construction of walls and roof
The construction of walls from timber is no different from the assembly of a construction set. The use of profiled timber will significantly improve thermal insulation. Corner joints are made in two ways: “in the head” and “in the paw”. The connection “in the oblo” is that the ends of the beam extend beyond the plane of the walls. If in the future you are thinking of decorating the house, then you should not make a “blind” connection.
The walls are based on laying out the first crown. The first crown is no less important than the foundation. It is necessary to cover the foundation with waterproofing and carefully level it horizontally. It doesn't matter which way corner connections you will do in the future. Always connect the first crown at the corners “in half a tree”. Then the connections are fastened with dowels, covered with a sealant, and then the rest of the crowns are laid out. Each subsequent row must be equipped with a sealant. Moss or tow is usually used as a sealant.
Along with the first crown, the foundation of the floor is laid. It's better to do it double. A layer of insulation will make the floor warm. At the second stage of construction, after the house has settled, the finishing floor is laid.
Nageli
Dowels play an important role in the process of assembling timber walls. Their task is to connect the beams together and prevent them from twisting. Pins are most often made with a diameter of 3–4 centimeters from oak or birch wood. Instead of wooden dowels, it is possible to use a metal tube, but this is quite expensive. For dowels, 3 beams are drilled with a through hole in depth in a checkerboard pattern and they are inserted without effort. Instead of wooden and metal dowels, it is possible to use 25-30 centimeter nails. In this case, we must remember that its cap must be recessed 3-4 centimeters deep into the beam, since shrinkage of a house built from timber is inevitable.
Roof
Often the second floor is planned as an attic, and this requires roof insulation. There are two ways here:
Install a temporary roof by covering it with roofing felt and waiting for the house to shrink for a year. After a year, build the final version of the roof of the house from timber.
in the first year, complete its construction: making steam and waterproofing, insulation and roofing material for the roof.
With the second option, additional costs in the form of roofing material, but an undoubted gain in time - we move into a new home.
Main mistakes during construction
Building a house from timber with your own hands requires a lot of courage. This is no joke and usually a person trusts it to a construction company with a good reputation. If the decision is made to build on our own, then it is necessary to provide for everything possible errors. As in every business, there are pitfalls here.
Saving on foundation
The foundation of any home is the foundation. At the stage of its installation, it is necessary to strictly adhere to all accepted construction and technical standards. Any attempts to save money can lead to the destruction of the house. Foundation constructed with deviations from established rules, can “revenge” by subsidence, the occurrence of micro and macrocracks and the destruction of walls. Subsequent repairs will wipe out all your savings.
Therefore, contact an experienced designer. He will make the project and make all the technical calculations. Only in this case can you be sure that the house will stand and delight your family.
Design errors
When independently calculating a project, there is a risk of unprofessional design. For the same reason, one should not very much demand from the project developer significant savings in construction. It has been established through repeated experience that the attic provides a large increase in living space, but does not lead to a significant increase in construction costs.
Including in the house construction project basement, you are not significantly increasing its value, but you are significantly improving the quality of life in this home. Try to make the house proportional. Abundance of small rooms in big house and vice versa will make living there not very comfortable. Consider zoning in advance. You, most likely, will not really like it when smells from the kitchen hover in your bedroom.
Other errors
Choice roofing materials for the roof. In this matter, it is necessary to combine our desires with the compatibility of all other types of building materials. The design of the roof itself and climatic conditions building sites.
Errors in the engineering equipment of the house and its electrification. Before you install various settings that ensure comfort in the home, contact the energy supervision organization. They will tell you the maximum power consumption of electricity in the house. By violating this construction point, you are putting the lives of your loved ones in danger.
Landscape design. There is no need to consider the landscape of the site as something secondary. Thinking through it must be done simultaneously with the design of all buildings located on the site. This will create a single ensemble of home and nature. It will help to provide lighting for rooms in advance and accurately comply with all land regulations.
Mistakes in choosing stairs. An important point in arranging a house with an attic is the choice of stairs. For a private home, you should not choose a staircase less than 35 cm wide. A staircase angle of more than 30 degrees is not convenient for older members of your family. Keep in mind that it is advisable to make the dimensions of the staircase large. This will make it easier to lift things to the second floor of the house. Think carefully about the installation location of the ladder itself. If you make a mistake with his choice, then doing so in the future will be problematic.
Poor quality treatment with antipyretics and antiseptics. Your house is watered by rain, dried out by the sun, various molds, fungi and microorganisms attack your home day and night. All this brings harm to the house made of timber. Take care of him. Do not forget to carry out comprehensive and high-quality treatment of all lumber with antipyretic and antiseptic solutions. This work will need to be carried out every year. Carefully treat all areas of the house where wood comes into contact with concrete or is exposed to precipitation.
Take your time installing doors, windows, and interior decoration. Take into account that in wooden house Doors and windows are installed in a special way. For this purpose, a special installation method has been developed to prevent breakage and distortion of windows and doors. It is somewhat different from the usual way production of such work. For houses in the construction of which timber with natural humidity was used, before starting construction interior decoration premises of the house and installing doors and windows, it is necessary to wait until the timber dries and the house shrinks. This process usually lasts from 9 to 12 months.
Video How to build a house from timber with your own hands
