≡× MENU

• Interior
• Window
• Walls
• Projects
• The buildings

What types of septic tanks are there for a country house? Which septic tank is better for a country house with permanent residence. "Termite" - a profitable solution at an affordable price

Owners of private houses often face the problem of wastewater disposal due to the absence of centralized system sewerage. For a long time, the only solution was to dig a cesspool, but using it is quite inconvenient and expensive. Nowadays, they are mainly trying to install an autonomous wastewater treatment unit - a septic tank for a dacha, but which septic tank is better to choose for specific conditions often remains a difficult question.

Together with the technical specialists of the EcoDom company, in this article we will analyze in detail the question of which septic tank is right for you and discuss the best options based on the problems that it should solve.

The cesspool or storage septic tank will have to be cleaned regularly

What are septic tanks and what are they?

Some people mistakenly call a septic tank a complete set of treatment equipment. In fact, this is only part of the treatment facility, which acts as a storage tank and primary filter for wastewater containing a large amount of biomaterials that require disposal.

There are quite a lot of types of septic tanks created and each of them has its own pros and cons. Therefore, before purchasing, you need to take into account the soil on which the country house stands, the amount of water consumed and, of course, the budget that can be allocated for the purchase and installation.

Video description

Briefly about septic tanks in the video:

Also, at the initial stage, you need to decide on the type of device - purchase a non-volatile septic tank or one that has a forced supply of wastewater (volatile). The first, by and large, are ordinary tanks for surface (within 60%) mechanical treatment of wastewater, and the second are equipped with a pump and a set of additional filters, after which the output is process water, purified by 95-98%.

Septic tanks with a full cleaning cycle and a storage well for process water

You can correctly decide which septic tank to choose - for year-round use or one that can work effectively even with periodic supply of wastewater on your own, since there is enough information. Many people turn to the Internet for help with queries such as septic tank ratings for country house 2017, to familiarize yourself with various ratings of septic tanks. But if you have doubts about the correct choice, then the best option would be to turn to professionals. They will take into account all the nuances and select suitable option, tailored to solve specific problems.

Cleaning steps

Wastewater goes through several stages of purification in a septic tank:

Stage of accumulation and settling. This stage consists of collecting waste in a special container, where it is separated into fractions by settling at a temperature of about 20 degrees. Solid particles fall to the bottom in the form of sediment, fatty deposits float to the surface, and fumes (carbon dioxide and methane) are removed through ventilation. At this stage, partial stratification of wastewater occurs, which is then sent to the next container;

Secondary filtration stage. Its goal is to purify the mixture to approximately 75%. At this stage, the solution is purified using a separate filter consisting of a sorbent layer of about 20 centimeters. In some septic tanks, for proper operation, the sorbent must be washed and reactivated annually;

Stages of wastewater treatment in septic tanks

Solid deposits settled in containers are pumped out with a pump or removed mechanically.

Operating principle

Technically, two types of waste disposal are used: anaerobic (without access of air) and aerobic (decomposition with the participation of bacteria that require oxygen for life).

Septic tanks have an anaerobic mechanism of action, which perform the functions of a storage tank or settling tank. Such purification systems, without installing additional equipment, only carry out primary clarification of wastewater and require frequent pumping with a sewer truck.

Important! According to sanitary standards, the discharge of liquid from anaerobic septic tanks into the soil is prohibited.

This option is suitable for rarely visited summer cottages or private houses with a small number of inhabitants. The cost of such a structure is low, installation does not require much effort, and operation does not require constant flow of wastewater into the chambers

The principle of operation of an anaerobic septic tank

Colonies of active bacteria are often added to such septic tanks, which help filter wastewater better than with conventional anaerobic purification.

The aerobic mechanism of action is carried out by local purification stations of biological action. Colonies of aerobic bacteria are added to such septic tanks, which effectively purify wastewater.

Unlike anaerobic crops, they multiply quickly, have a wide variety of species, and are also more tenacious and active. Recycling is much faster, and the output water is practically non-toxic.

For the normal functioning of these septic tanks, the installation of aerators is required, which will supply the oxygen necessary for the life of bacteria. Also, aerobic systems must constantly work - if within 2-3 weeks there is no new effluent entering the chamber, the bacteria will die and their cultures will have to be replanted.

Obviously, the best septic tank for a country house is aerobic. But it all depends on the budget, since cleaning stations of this type are more expensive.

Scheme of operation of a septic tank for aerobic treatment

What materials are septic tanks made from?

An important aspect when buying a septic tank is the choice of material from which it is made. Most often, when ordering finished septic tank, it is made from polymer materials.

In addition, the following materials are used for the manufacture of a local cleaning system:

Metal constructions. Rarely used due to susceptibility to corrosion, general impracticality and inconvenience of use;

Concrete. Monolithic structures are used as reservoirs. This option requires considerable investment of money and time; Mainly used when constructing septic tanks with your own hands;

Fiberglass structures are the most suitable and frequently used material.

Also, septic tanks can be made from scrap materials (barrels, tires) yourself, but this option is only suitable for small country houses.

Homemade small septic tanks for a summer residence - from tires and concrete rings

You can save on purchasing a cleaning unit by ordering from the manufacturer. The most expensive on the market are septic tanks with additional equipment for complete biological wastewater treatment.

Volatile and non-volatile septic tanks

According to the degree of their autonomy, cleaning systems are divided into:

Non-volatile (autonomous) septic tanks are settling tanks for the accumulation and clarification of wastewater. Such installations require periodic pumping of waste using a sewer truck. They have a low degree of purification and require additional ground filtration, for which it is necessary to allocate a plot of land. Positive aspects include low cost and independence from electricity;

Volatile septic tanks are the complete opposite of non-volatile structures. Thanks to the design and additional equipment, wastewater in such systems undergoes a full cycle of processing and purification, which eliminates the need for maintenance. Disadvantages include the cost of installation, as well as dependence on electricity. During a lack of power supply, the degree of purification of sewage water decreases, and the septic tank acts as a septic tank.

A pump and aerator are essential components of a volatile septic tank

Criteria for choosing a cleaning system for a country house

Before choosing a suitable septic tank, you need to consider the following aspects:

The number of people living in the house - the power of the entire device depends on this;

The material from which the septic tank is made determines its wear resistance and resistance to aggressive influences;

The terrain where the structure will be installed and the height of groundwater;

The complexity of installing a sewage treatment system - in terms of installation cost, septic tanks with a filtration field are in the lead, and the most profitable in this regard are biological treatment stations - their container simply needs to be buried in the ground;

Own budget.

On our website you can find contacts of companies specializing in septic tanks and autonomous sewers for country houses. You can communicate directly with representatives by visiting the “Low-Rise Country” exhibition of houses.

Video description

About septic tanks without pumping in the video:

Popular factory-assembled septic tanks

To make it easier to decide on a suitable device, the following is an overview of septic tanks for a country house:

Sprout mini

A simple and reliable option for private homes. A capacity of about 200 liters per day is enough for stable operation of the sewage system when two people live in a house.

Septic tank "Rostok-Mini" in section

It is entirely made of polymer material without the use of metal inserts and has a capacity of 1000 liters. The one-piece design of the cleaning system allows for complete tightness. Installation of this septic tank model will not cause any difficulties, since it weighs less than 3 kilograms and is cylindrical in shape. This design prevents groundwater from pushing it out of the soil while pumping out the contents. As for the cost, it is about 25,000 rubles;

Aster

This model of cleaning system is very popular on the Russian market. It can be classified as a premium type of septic tank. Such structures are made of polymer materials and have good performance indicators, since the throughput capacity is 1 cubic meter per day. Astra performs high-level wastewater treatment thanks to the presence of filters with anaerobic and aerobic mechanisms of action. The option is designed for country houses where no more than 5 people live. The disadvantages of such a cleaning system include its cost, which reaches about 80,000 rubles;

Installed septic tank "Astra"

Bioxi

It is a high-quality, energy-independent septic tank made of polymer materials, which is quite popular among domestic buyers. It has performance and throughput indicators similar to the Astra model. This cleaning system It is equipped with a compressor that ensures the movement of wastewater through the system, as well as a special pumping unit that flushes the channels automatically. Disadvantages include frequent failure of additional equipment. The purchase price of such a septic tank is about 90,000 rubles;

Installation of a septic tank "Bioxi"

This cleaning system is designed to serve no more than 4 people. Made from sheet polymer materials. Having average performance indicators, it is capable of passing through about 200 liters of wastewater per day. This septic tank has a four-chamber structure, which gives it a high degree of filtration. Installation is carried out in places where the groundwater level is 2 meters or deeper. However, the model range allows you to choose the right option for any terrain. The combination of price and quality allows the DKS sewer system to compete with other models on the market. Its cost is 20,000 rubles;

Scheme of operation of the septic tank "DKS"

Leader

The septic tank is compact in size, stable and reliable design. The body is made of special polyethylene. A high degree of wastewater treatment is achieved thanks to a four-chamber structure, each of which undergoes a specific processing process. A wide range of models allows you to serve 2-16 people daily, depending on the design. This septic tank requires cleaning the system once a year. The throughput is 400-3000 liters per day, and the productivity is 0.2-3.6 cubic meters / day, it all depends on the chosen model. Cost – from 75,000 – 200,000 rubles;

Delivery of septic tank “Leader”

Tank

This septic tank is endowed with specific appearance, and its outer shell has a ribbed structure, which promotes better fixation in the soil after installing a country septic tank. The “Tank” type sewerage system is a three-chamber system of blocks and modules. Such a station does not require pumping out waste using a sewer truck, as it is completely autonomous. Due to its low cost and long service life, the septic tank Tank is in great demand. The system is installed manually and does not require pouring the base of the pit with concrete. Designed for both seasonal use in dachas and constant operation country houses. Price – 40–80 thousand rubles;

The “Tank” septic tank has a specific recognizable shape

Tver

It is made of durable polymer materials, which reduces the weight of the entire structure, and stiffening ribs add reliability to it. A special feature of this septic tank is the horizontal position of the tanks. The device has a high degree of wastewater treatment and is equipped with additional equipment that requires connection to electricity. Does not require constant care. This septic tank is suitable for any type of soil. Disadvantages include high cost and dependence on electricity. The price is 70,000 – 140,000 rubles;

Installed septic tank "Tver"

Topas

One of the leaders in the cleaning systems market, from the EcoDom company. It is distinguished by a high degree of purification (98%) due to a special four-chamber design, as well as the use of colonies of microorganisms as filters. The septic tank has compact dimensions and a rectangular body shape, which makes it easy to install. Installation can be carried out in any type of soil. The structure does not require frequent maintenance and pumping out waste using a sewer truck. The range of models is wide and can satisfy the needs of both country houses and cottages, as well as large enterprises. The cost is 80,000 - 300,000 rubles;

What you will need to install a Topas septic tank

Poplar

In production, polymer materials that are resistant to temperature changes are used. Septic tanks of this type have a long service life, high performance and throughput (up to 3300 liters per day). The capacity of the system tanks is up to 5200 liters. The disadvantage of such installations is their dependence on electricity. Suitable for use in large country houses and industrial buildings. The price for a septic tank “Topol” is 70,000 – 170,000 rubles;

Two-block septic tank “Topol”

Triton

It is made of a double layer of polymer material that is not susceptible to corrosion and rotting products. This septic tank has a wide range of models. It is characterized by a long service life, a high degree of purification of sewage water and low cost. Requires cleaning every 1-2 years. Disadvantages: installation of additional equipment and frequent replacement of filters is required. Ideal for small country house. Prices vary depending on the model: 30,000 – 85,000 rubles;

Three-chamber septic tank "Triton"

Ecoline

Made from special durable polyethylene. Septic tanks of this type have high efficiency wastewater processing. The volume of models can vary from 1500 to 4800 liters. Suitable for seasonal use by a small group of people and permanent residence in a country house. Has a reliable and durable design cylindrical. This cleaning system consists of 2-3 chambers. The model range is represented by designs with different performance and throughput, which allows you to choose the appropriate option for any need. The cost of Ecoline is 55,000 rubles;

Double-body septic tank "Ecoline"

Elgad C 1400

The best model from the “mini” class, which is ideal for seasonal use in the countryside. It has compact dimensions and a stable design. The capacity of this sewer system is 1400 liters. This septic tank is designed to serve up to 3 people. The body is made of polymer material, and its inner part is coated with a layer of anti-corrosion substance. Despite the tightness and integrity of the structure, such a cleaning system does not retain unpleasant odors well. The cost is about 35,000 rubles.

Septic tank "Elgad S 1400" and its modifications

This is not a complete rating of septic tanks for the home - there are still quite a lot of models of such devices, both domestic and foreign, but in general their design, principle of operation and price do not differ from those listed.

Video description

A few more words about choosing a septic tank in the video:

Conclusion

Depending on your budget, you can make a cleaning system yourself from available materials, or order a ready-made version from sales representatives or the manufacturer. The option of studying the ratings of the best septic tanks for a country house is not always the right choice, since you need to take into account all the features of your particular site and the requirements for it.

A correctly selected and correctly installed septic tank will create the conditions necessary for comfortable living in a country house.

Owners of any country house who organize an autonomous sewage system have to solve the problem of which septic tank is better. The fact is that designs of this type are available for sale in a wide variety, which imposes a certain complexity on choosing the appropriate option.

Essence of the question

A septic tank is a waterproof container that includes one or more compartments (chambers). Like any other design, the treatment plant also has its own characteristics. When deciding which septic tank to choose, you have to study the freely available options and understand how they work. This will make it possible to accept correct solution towards one model or another.

Material of manufacture

Several criteria are used to classify septic tanks.

One of them is the type of material used:

• Reinforced concrete rings. For these ready-made structures characterized by good reliability and resistance to corrosion. The disadvantages of the products include their large mass, which implies the use of special mechanisms for installation.
• Monolithic concrete. Structures of this type are constructed locally using the pouring method. concrete mortar, for which the formwork is first laid. Concrete is prepared at the work site, or ordered at the nearest reinforced concrete plant.
• Brick or foam blocks. For this purpose, the bottom and walls of the excavated pit undergo intensive sealing clay mortar or modern coating materials. Laying is carried out in the traditional way, with offset rows.
• Steel containers. They are characterized by low cost and excellent resistance to mechanical loads. Serious disadvantage steel products is their tendency to rust, which requires additional waterproofing work.
• Polymer materials . This type A septic tank for a private home is lightweight and is a budget option. However, at low temperatures the polymer becomes brittle and begins to crack. In addition, structures of this type are often damaged by rodents.
• Fiberglass. These durable, lightweight models are chemical resistant, making them practical and durable.

Regardless of what the septic tank for a permanent home is made of, it is important to pay attention to its strength and tightness. Under no circumstances should internal waste flow into environment.

Purpose

According to the specific function they perform, septic tanks for country houses and cottages are divided into three groups:

1. Cumulative. Structures of this type consist of a durable sealed container or paired communicating wells. A feature of the maintenance of storage septic tanks is the need for constant pumping of wastewater. To do this, you need to order a special machine with a barrel and a compressor.
2. Septic tanks. The complexes include ground treatment modules. Without them, the degree of waste purification does not exceed 70-75%. Sedimentation tanks include one or several compartments. Recycling of accumulations involves separating liquids from solids. All this is accompanied by fermentation, for which anaerobes are introduced into the liquid.
3. Deep biological treatment modules. These autonomous septic tanks for a private home consist of a set of compartments, which allows for the gradual chemical, biological and mechanical decomposition of waste. Organic residues are so harmless that they can be discharged directly into a body of water or soil. Read also: "Autonomous sewage system for a private house - types, device features, selection rules."

When comparing septic tanks for a country house, first of all they pay attention to the most simple designs accumulative type. Their functioning is based on the gradual separation of waste trapped inside. As a result, more massive inclusions move to the bottom, and liquid effluent rises. The operation of settling tanks is also based on the natural separation of insoluble inclusions from water: this is called the settling process.

To bring the separated liquid to a safe state, septic tanks for cottages are equipped with infiltrators. In appearance, these are containers without a bottom, acting like aeration platforms. After waste enters the infiltrators, they are further cleaned. Next, in transit through the soil filter, the liquid is removed to the outside.

Choosing a deep cleaning septic tank involves the use of a complex technique that provokes the gradual decomposition of waste. First, solid particles precipitate, then organic substances undergo bioprocessing. Next, the chemical module and the final cleaning filter are switched on. A comparison of septic tanks shows that only deep cleaning units are capable of bringing the degree of purification to 95-98%. After clarification and antiseptic treatment, the processed masses are allowed to be released into the environment.

Optimal options

When choosing a septic tank for a country house, you need to focus on certain criteria. First of all, they pay attention to the specifics of the home and the needs of the people living in it. The price of the device depends on the material it is made of, the capacity and number of design modules, the type of wastewater treatment technology used, and the use of additional devices.

What types of septic tanks are there for a private home by type of design and additional equipment:

• With compressors and drainage pumps.
• With filters and float level gauges.
• With automatic control devices.

Compressors are part of biological treatment complexes. Their task is to supply oxidizing oxygen flows to support the life of aerobes. Drainage pumps stimulate the movement of wastewater inside the septic tank. They are also used to remove purified liquid in cases where the main complex is located below the discharge point.

Why factory models are better than homemade ones

To save money, some owners of suburban areas use tires, bricks or concrete rings to make septic tanks. To build such a structure, you have to spend a lot of time and effort. With your own hands you can build not only the simplest storage tanks, but also modular purifiers consisting of a series of interconnected settling tanks. This makes it possible to achieve fairly good water clarification.

However, from the point of view of practicality and efficiency, the best septic tank for a permanent residence is still a factory design. As a rule, products of this type are certified to comply with construction and environmental requirements.

Soil characteristics and depth of groundwater passage

In the process of searching for the best septic tank for a country house, it is necessary to take into account the geological features of the area. For example, treatment plants in combination with an infiltrator or absorption shaft require passage groundwater 1 m below the cut of the potential bottom of the soil tertiary treatment complex. Discharge of purified liquid into the surrounding area is permitted only if there is a layer of sand, gravel or pebbles below the post-treatment system. These can also be sandy plastic soils.

There is no point in using post-treatment on clay soils. The fact is that the degree of water absorption by clay, loams and hard soils is almost zero level. As a result, the drainage into the soil will stop, and the septic tank itself will fill with water. In such a situation, additional water supply is usually used, discharging wastewater into ditches or centralized communications. In the case of groundwater close to the surface of the earth, use autonomous complexes cleaning encounters great difficulties. This also applies to areas where the groundwater level rises sharply during spring snowmelt or heavy rains.

There are the following types of septic tanks for dachas with a high groundwater level:

1. Sealed storage tanks. As they fill, it is necessary to pump out and remove wastewater.
2. VOCs. Pumps are used to pump purified liquid.

When selecting a septic tank for an area with a high level of groundwater, the cheapest option is to purchase a polymer container. It provides for biological treatment and further removal of liquid to the storage tank.

There are two options for emptying the storage tank. If there is a central sewer line nearby, wastewater can be pumped into it using a pump. In other cases, you have to invite sewage trucks to pump out. To do this, it is necessary to arrange in advance convenient access to the tank location.

Characteristics of a septic tank

To determine the volume of the receiving block or section, it is necessary to start from the average daily rate of wastewater per resident. At the same time, they are guided by daily consumption with a standard set of plumbing fixtures - 200 l/1 person. As modern standards state, the wastewater storage tank must be capable of receiving a three-day volume from each person. If there are four people in a family, the capacity of the septic tank is calculated as 4x200x3 = 2.4 m3. For those houses where guests are often received, the volume of the receiving capacity must be increased by 20-30%.

Modern factory-made septic tanks for a private home are usually marked with an indication of the number of people they are able to serve. The optimal depth of the container is considered to be 1.5-3 m. In cases where a container of greater depth is used, additional obstacles may appear when pumping out accumulations of contents with a sewer truck.

Performance level

To choose the best septic tank for a country house that would not fail and work flawlessly, you need to take into account the type of home and the performance of the device:

• Seasonal accommodation. At those dachas that are intended exclusively for holidays on weekends and during the warm season, there is no point in installing expensive treatment facilities consisting of several chambers. The best option for cases where the average daily volume of waste does not exceed 1 m 3 are single-chamber septic tanks of small capacity. The weight of compact complexes is quite small. This facilitates their transportation and installation activities for deepening into the pit. It is quite possible to carry out such work independently, without involving special equipment.
• Permanent residence. If a country house is intended for year-round use, it is recommended to use complex septic tanks for a permanent home 4 5. A good option are settling tanks equipped with ground treatment. This primarily applies to areas with low groundwater levels. To ensure good efficiency of individual sewerage, it is recommended to use aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in its operation. They are introduced into containers, which leads to “eating” of organic matter. Thanks to the use of biological decomposition of wastewater, waste products are brought to the state of industrial water.

It is best to install deep cleaning modules in those dachas near which there are natural bodies of water. The fact is that after the deep purification procedure, the wastewater is so safe that it is allowed to be discharged into rivers and lakes.

Domestic models

Russian manufacturers have been producing autonomous septic tanks for country houses for several decades. During this period, a number of companies specializing in similar products appeared. Some models simply duplicate imported septic tanks from leading European brands. But in most cases we are talking about truly unique developments for filtering wastewater.

The names of domestically produced septic tanks that are most popular:

• Eurobion. The product of many years of development by leading engineers of the Yubas production association. Complexes of this type incorporate innovative membranes manufactured according to unique technology. Thanks to the use of a rhythmic aeration tank, the complexes can be used during long-term downtime of the sewerage system.
• Poplar. The manufacturer of this reliable septic tank is the Eco-Grand company. The device is characterized by very high-quality cleaning (up to 99%). Thanks to the introduction of original production schemes that provide access to the primary chamber, the procedure for servicing the departments was simplified. To remove large sewage waste, you do not need the help of specialists.
• Aster. Complexes from trademark"Unilos", capable of delivering a level of purification from harmful inclusions of up to 75%. The company is represented on the market with several developments designed for different numbers of consumers. To additionally equip the module, a compressor is used, which makes it possible to carry out filtration in several stages. After passing through all stages of treatment, wastewater can be discharged into the environment.
• Tank. Brand of septic tanks from the Triton-Plastic company. The model line of this manufacturer consists of devices of various capacities, from compact tanks with a capacity of 600 l/day, to powerful stations with a capacity of 1200 l/day. Their characteristics coincide with those of standard multi-stage complexes for processing waste products.
• Triton. This product also belongs to the Triton-plastic company. There are several modifications of this development on the market. They are distinguished by the shape of the tanks and cleaning methods. Models in the “micro” and “mini” categories have a capacity of 450 and 750 liters, and storage tanks marked “H” and “T” are designed for processing wastewater in volumes of 10,000 liters or more.
• Tver. Septic tank with pumping for a private home from the brand " Engineering equipment" An integrated approach includes the use of both mechanical and biological methods. The modular line has a four-level method for clarifying waste products. The station's productivity is at the level of 750-1500 m 3 / day.
• Topas. Models of this type are characterized by low electrical energy consumption. Thanks to the use of four sections, the degree of wastewater purification reaches 98%.

In the process of solving the problem of which septic tank to choose for a private home, it is recommended to pay attention to the products of the Triton-Plastic company. They are distinguished by the significant thickness of the body walls and the use of stiffeners. As a result, the structure is able to resist large external influences. This is very valuable, taking into account the realities of the climate of some Russian regions, with their characteristic frost heaving of the soil and sudden temperature changes. Similar designs protected from floating during spring snowmelt, when the groundwater level rises sharply. When installing structures of this type, you do not need to use special concrete and metal weighting materials.

One of the best septic tanks for a home is considered to be the development of the Leader production association. We are talking about a whole complex consisting of polypropylene sections: three-stage filtration is used inside this type of equipment. We are talking about mechanical, aerobic and biofiltration treatment, which makes it possible to discharge liquid into natural reservoirs.

Among the most popular septic tanks, the Rostok treatment plants from the EcoProm company stand out. This company has long specialized in the manufacture of anaerobic complex stations, and has achieved a lot of success in this field. However, it is worth considering that these devices are able to produce a waste purity level of 65-70%. To bring wastewater to levels acceptable for discharge into the environment, it is recommended to use drainage tunnels.

Each of the septic tanks mentioned in this review has a set of individual characteristics, which allows the buyer to choose the most optimal option for themselves. In addition to the volume of tanks, productivity and cleaning method, the cost of treatment plants is of great importance. Another great advantage of factory-made complexes is the possibility of completing them by connecting additional modules. This stimulates an increase in the volume and productivity of the treatment complex.

Bottom line

With absence centralized sewerage in a private house there is only one way out - to acquire an autonomous wastewater disposal system. There is no clear answer to the question of which septic tank is the best. Much depends on the purpose of the house and the number of people living in it. Thus, for permanent residences, it is advisable to use full-fledged treatment facilities with a multi-stage filtration system. The wastewater that passes through such a complex is allowed to be discharged into the nearest reservoir or ditch.

As for seasonal dachas, when searching for which septic tank to choose for a private home, it is recommended to pay attention to the simplest septic tanks. To save money, such structures, reminiscent of cesspools, are equipped by the owners of the dacha. For this, concrete rings, bricks or waste tires are most often used. However, the most reliable septic tanks are considered to be factory-made models made of fiberglass, which are not afraid of frost heaving and spring floods.

Times when you could just use outdoor toilet in dachas and country houses are long gone. Modern hygienic requirements have increased significantly, and now it is necessary to strictly monitor safety when handling household waste. Good septic tanks help solve the problem, but in order not to make a mistake with your choice, you need to carefully study their nuances.

Peculiarities

Connection to centralized sewer systems is not possible everywhere. Disposing of sewage and household waste using a septic tank is much more practical and reliable than using a banal cesspool. Speaking about the advantages and disadvantages of septic tanks, it should be noted that only one circumstance can cause certain inconvenience.

This is the need to pay a certain amount of money even if the device is made by hand.

• The operating principle of a storage type device is simple:
• waste enters the container;
• After some time, the emptied container is again ready to accept waste.

As for the second type of device, it works fundamentally differently. The simple accumulation of contaminants is replaced by their filtration, absorption and thorough neutralization. Complicating the design in this case is completely justified, since it allows the problem to be solved most effectively. When choosing products, it is recommended to take into account how many residents are in the house or can visit it. Also of no small importance is the type of plumbing equipment and the intensity of his work.

Regardless of the specific design, it is necessary to achieve a high level of wastewater purification so that it can be discharged into the ground without the threat of clogging. Usually the flow of sewage entering through sewer drain

, is sent to the source chamber, where it is divided into fractions. This leads to the fact that the largest solid particles settle to the bottom, and the relatively fine suspension reaches the next chamber. Specially selected anaerobic microorganisms deal with them there. As a result of biological influence, fermentation occurs and methane begins to be released.

The passages to the septic tank compartments are covered with special devices (water seals). Thanks to this solution, the nuisance characteristic of simple cesspools and sedimentation tanks is eliminated - the spread of a bad odor everywhere.

The third chamber also plays a role, in which, using a filter of a special design, contaminants that have overcome the first two stages are captured. The filter is also assisted by aerobic bacteria that live freely in an oxygen environment. A similar device is typical for any septic tank, be it a Russian or imported product. After delivery to the site, fully finished specimens are lowered into a pre-formed pit.

Those wastewater that managed to go through three stages of purification are completely safe in chemical and biological terms. You can safely redirect them to the filtration field and into the soil. The treatment facility, which complies with SNiP standards, successfully operates even in the harshest climatic conditions. It is not afraid of severe frosts and snowstorms, and some versions do not depend on power supply at all.

For this purpose, completely ready-made tanks are supplied, but with the difference that their installation will be carried out not by a team of specialists, but by the owners themselves. It is recommended to choose the strongest materials that can successfully withstand the aggressive effects of sewage waste. Before self-installation Drawings should be prepared for septic tanks to eliminate errors and omissions. Sometimes 3-6 concrete rings are enough to complete the task.

How to choose and make it yourself?

When working on an autonomous sewer system, there are no trifles, because even the slightest mistakes and shortcomings can lead to serious consequences. It is advisable to consider first choosing a finished product, and then constructing it with your own hands. In both cases, you need to take into account:

• how much waste accumulates per day;
• do they live in the house? all year round or only in the warm season;
• the amount of plumbing used;
• presence of groundwater and its height, chemical properties;
• the amount that owners can allocate for the purchase of plumbing equipment;
• characteristics of the soil on the site.

When assessing the properties of any septic tank, whether homemade or industrial, it is better to start analyzing them with the performance of the device. This parameter is closely related to the number of working chambers and their dimensions. Minor flows of wastewater can also be passed through single-chamber septic tanks with a preliminary cleaning unit. Household waste

in this case they will be cleaned quite effectively. But if the total flow is more than 1 cubic meter. m. in 24 hours, we need a more productive model. In its design, such a device often looks like a simple storage tank, which is systematically cleaned with your own hands or by calling a sewage disposal truck. For permanently used houses such solutions are unacceptable. Active accumulation of waste will provoke significant costs for the services of vacuum cleaners. Increased efficiency

work is typical for biological purification complexes. Anaerobic wastewater treatment methods inevitably generate gases that are dangerous to people. Therefore, you need to choose only kits with a fan riser.

• When choosing a suitable solution, you also need to find out:
• what body material will be optimal;
• whether the tank should be placed horizontally or vertically in the soil;

Simple installation of concrete settling tanks from blocks of standard dimensions or by pouring concrete into formwork is accessible to almost everyone. The use of ready-made elements allows you not to worry about problems with the quality of manufacturing parts, but it increases the cost of construction. To transport concrete rings, you need powerful transport, and they are installed using special lifting machines. Self-fill

more economical, but it will take significantly more time. The settling tank will need to be operated only after the cement mixture has completely set.

Reinforced concrete rings are difficult to seal, and their suitability for repair remains questionable. Such parts are very bulky and heavy in design. But concrete products are more resistant to soil pressure and ground water than plastic ones. There's no need to choose budget septic tanks

with metal tanks, because the savings will be illusory. It will be necessary to constantly treat the surface of the septic tank with anti-corrosion mixtures.

Metal blocks are preferred where it is necessary to create geometrically complex overflow pipe complexes.

Welding is used to install metal septic tanks. Connections to plastic pipes are made using flange systems, complemented by rubber cuffs. The strength and significant heaviness of steel bodies helps to avoid being pushed out by water circulating in the soil. In many cases, plastic septic tanks are used for a cottage or a simple private house.

Plastic elements can be assembled manually, and the tightness of the connections created using the cuffs is fully guaranteed. There is no need for complex protection against various substances.

After installation, plastic tanks are filled with water, this will help equalize the pressure inside and outside. Please note: the industry produces a number of products that are characterized by increased rigidity. This allows you to bury septic tanks in dry mode.

Both when making it yourself and when purchasing ready-made kit Various methods of final soil cleaning can be used. Widespread:

• filtration wells with a layer of drainage material at the bottom;
• tunnel infiltration devices;
• underground cleaning “fields” where perforated pipes are laid.

Choose the right approach is not easy, because you have to take into account the required depth of wastewater treatment, soil category, height of soil water and their chemical aggressiveness. When one of the chambers is reserved for aerobic microscopic cleaning, it is supplemented with aerators, so you will have to take care of a stable power supply. An air pipe is laid between the parts of the septic tanks, compensating for the uneven pressure in them.

Regardless of the design features, you will have to make hatches for inspection and cleaning of containers.

Kinds

A septic tank for a dacha with 2-3 residents can be made according to the cesspool option; This is the most economical type in terms of water consumption. The container must be very durable, and the higher its capacity (within reasonable limits), the more practical the device is.

For permanent residence with a small amount of waste generated, it is preferable overflow systems. Such equipment produces partial waste treatment, and the tank will have to be emptied using special equipment on average once every two or three years. The soil filter fields that complement such septic tanks are made of rocks that are permeable to water.

The advantages of this solution are:

• ease of service manipulations;
• long intervals from one cleaning to another;
• increasing the efficiency of waste use.

But septic tanks that have additional purification in the soil cannot be used in clay soil with insufficient permeability to liquid. In addition, such a design is incompatible with the high position of the first horizon. For a private home, in many cases, more powerful and advanced treatment plants are used. Overall performance is determined by the number of cameras; There is no need to make calculations when choosing a device; the number of residents served is written on the packaging.

An autonomous storage (non-volatile) septic tank is always cheaper than one dependent on the electrical network. It's not just about operating costs, but also about the necessary basic components. The lack of connection to the electrical network allows you not to equip the septic tank with pumps, compressor systems and fittings. But valves and hoses will be used in a specific case.

It is worth considering that if it is necessary to process waste as deeply as possible (for use or as prescribed by sanitary authorities), you will have to abandon energy-independent solutions completely.

The increased efficiency of devices connected to the electrical network results in the need to constantly maintain strictly specified conditions.

Volatile devices are best installed on a turnkey basis with the help of specialists. Sewerage for country houses can be common to several buildings. The discharge should be planned so that it is above the soil water horizon. The hatch of the simplest storage system rises 10-15 cm above the soil. To less often call the machine for pumping, you should choose a product with a capacity for a month and a reserve of at least 1/5.

Non-volatile complexes are selected in such a way that the full capacity allows the volume of wastewater to be absorbed in 72 hours and there is still a spare volume of approximately 30-40%. Normal operation of overflow-type devices implies that the liquid fills a maximum of ¾ of the entire cavity of the tank. Active devices are in any case equipped with ventilation systems. For the system to operate odorlessly, the outlet must be located at a height of 300-500 cm. The tanks are cleaned of accumulated sludge every few months.

Local purification stations help reduce the intensity of bad odors as much as possible.

Compared to simple septic tanks, such devices are more expensive, since waste treatment is carried out not only by biological and mechanical methods. In addition to infiltrators, chemical treatment agents are also necessarily used. Such devices cannot be used for non-permanent areas. But the level of remaining contaminants is a maximum of 5% of the original value.

Clarified water can be used for:

• irrigation of gardens, vegetable gardens and fields;
• filling a landscape reservoir;
• conducting construction and repair work.

When there is no need for such use of treated wastewater, it is allowed to pour it into natural reservoirs and various ditches. Sewage facilities can withstand several hours during a power outage, but no more. Therefore, it will be necessary to supplement the treatment plant with backup power systems, even if the energy networks in a particular area operate quite reliably.

In any case, the fewer seams in a volatile or autonomous septic tank, the more efficient and sustainable it works.

Material

• Polyethylene structures do not have seams at all, so cracking and leaks are excluded. Synthetic material does not rot and is not prone to corrosion. Multilayer polyethylene works stably even at frosts of 30 degrees. Fiberglass blocks are considered no less high quality. They are stronger than polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride, but the overall cost is much higher. Plastic is used mainly for commercial properties or for several private homes at once. Many fiberglass structures can meet the needs of up to 200 residents at a time.
• Metal products (almost always steel) usually have two parts. The internal volume of the welded body contains an additional plastic tank. Even the best steel is rarely used on its own because it can easily lose its seal, and if the outer layer is damaged, corrosion will quickly develop.
• Combined devices (metal + plastic) can have up to four sectors for sequential cleaning of incoming wastewater.

• Depending on the designers’ decisions, the walls are made either continuous with special holes or with overflow projections. Brick blocks They are popular largely because waste material can be used in their construction. In this case, ensuring the tightness of the walls poses a serious problem. Building stone initially has many cracks and gaps. To cover these holes, special sealants or penetrating mastics are usually used. Brick septic tanks are beneficial for economic reasons; complex machines or professional skills are not required when working on them. Single brick masonry is allowed. A more reliable solution is to choose a structure made of concrete; they are very durable. But there is also a weak point - the need for complex equipment.

• For the manufacture of a septic tank, it is allowed to use both monolithic and prefabricated concrete. Monolithic elements must be poured into the formwork after preparing the pit. As with the use of bricks, the tightness of the joints must be assessed as carefully as possible.

Metal structures are used least often, because the negative qualities almost always outweigh the positive aspects.

Analyzing properties various solutions, most experts prefer plastic septic tanks.

Returning to fiberglass, we can also name such advantages as:

• service life up to 50 years;
• resistance to extreme cold and putrefactive processes;
• immunity to rodent attacks;
• the ability to pump out all waste in 60 minutes;
• the ability to use salvo discharges of a significant amount of wastewater;
• protection from foreign objects;
• Suitable for winter preservation without special preparation.

As for the use of other available materials, such steps are not approved by professionals. They can only be used in small dachas that are visited only occasionally. Barrels, tires, old tanks, and the like are used as storage devices of this kind. A surface septic tank should be installed where a lot of soil water is concentrated, and near the very surface of the soil. If these problems do not exist, it is recommended to use underground options.

Dimensions

It is important to take into account not only the properties of individual materials, but also the size of septic tanks. When calculating dimensions, we must not forget that the volume is calculated as the total volume of all component parts; it is calculated from the bottom to the pipe entry. In the first compartment, the count is carried out from the bottom point to the overflow device, in the final one - to the place where the liquid is discharged into drainage or filtration structures. It is worth considering that in the initial chambers the average volume of solid accumulation reaches 1/5 of the height. Therefore, it is subtracted if they want to know only the space where the liquid is located.

According to building codes and regulations, even for miniseptic tanks, the daily volume of water per user is 200 liters or 0.2 m3.

In practice the situation is different; The standard consumption of the standard volume of water is rarely achieved; sometimes it is half as much. This happens in rarely used houses or among frugal people. And the rising cost of water resources forces us to increasingly conserve them. The problem is that when small-volume septic tanks are discovered, sanitary authorities may issue orders for the installation of more powerful systems. And they will be completely right even from a purely practical position!

The reason is simple - wastewater contains many substances that are poorly processed or not absorbed by bacteria at all. Most often these are heavy fats, and therefore only the intake of a large amount of water can achieve normal lightening. This is important not only for compliance with hygiene requirements, but also for keeping the equipment safe and sound. If the filter elements and layers are overfilled with substances that are difficult to decompose, they will lose their throughput. We will immediately have to redo the entire storage and filtering infrastructure.

On the other hand, you need to choose the volume of the chamber, focusing on the capacity of the sewage transport tanks. Small cleaning tanks arriving on call can take no more than 3.75 cubic meters. m. liquid. It is also worth thinking about the depth at which the sludge pump can operate; it does not exceed 3 m. These moments determine linear parameters septic tank entrance chamber. In order for sedimentation and microbiological improvement to occur more effectively, it is recommended to use at least two-chamber complexes whenever possible.

The standardized height of the rings is 90 cm, and with an internal diameter of 1000 mm their volume is 0.7 m3. If the diameter increases by 1.5 times, the volume of the rings already reaches 1.59 m3, and two-meter structures have a volume of 2.83 cubic meters. m. As for the depth of the drain pipes at the entrance to the septic tank, it can be quite different. Excessive lowering is undesirable; it is better to strengthen the insulation layer. But there are other considerations, such as the need to hold the pipes firmly enough.

Removing septic tanks from houses more than 10 m is impractical, and the minimum pipeline slope is 3%. This indicator allows you to avoid freezing of pipes and reduce the risk of them filling with solid particles. The average depth of the waste pipeline reaches 50 cm (together with the insulating block). As a result, the depth of the overflow between the first and second compartments is 700 mm. The top insulation is made with EPS boards at least 5 cm thick.

Taking two meter rings, you can achieve a typical volume of 2.7 m3 with a pair of compartments. If you take concrete products one and a half times larger in size, you can get by with a single-chamber design. But as already mentioned, one should not pursue simplicity here. It should be taken into account that each pipe introduced into the septic tank must end with fittings pointing downwards. Tees that are open to the top are also used (this helps reduce debris buildup).

Colors

The color of the septic tank can be very different, but in any case you should avoid flashy and irritating shades. Concrete blocks look good on their own. It is recommended to use blue, white or black tones for optimal appearance.

The paint for any septic tank must be resistant to harmful wastewater and damage from moving soils. Any most durable and stable composition will be suitable for solving this problem.

Manufacturers and reviews The production of septic tanks is being improved year after year. Modern technologies allow us to solve any given problem.

• The leading positions in various ratings are occupied by:
• "Topaz";
• "Mole";
• "Tank";
• "Triton";
• "Cedar";

"Ecoline". Version"Tank"

designed to combine mechanical and biological methods for clarification of domestic wastewater. The very first fragment of the septic tank is a settling tank; the initially purified liquid moves to the next chamber. There, auxiliary settling occurs and suspended particles precipitate. The third block of the “Tank” contains beneficial microorganisms - this increases efficiency, but also increases the volume of the device.

• The Triton brand has such competitive advantages as:
• low cost;
• the ability (with the help of infiltrators) to leave only 2% dirt in the water;
• acquisition of models with a variety of practical properties;
• complete exclusion of unpleasant odors;
• strict compliance with sanitary standards;

long period of operation in normal mode. Problems may be associated with the lack of an infiltrator or aeration fields. If there are no such possibilities, the efficiency of the septic tank turns out to be insufficient, and it will not cope with a significant increase in the flow of sewage. Design"Topaz"

To install Topaz, you will have to prepare the pit carefully. A good recess must have special stiffening ribs, this ensures zero risk of deformation. The first compartment is capable of separating solid matter from the wastewater, only then the mixture is purified using oxygen. Purified water can be used in a wide variety of ways. But Topaz is highly dependent on electrical energy.

Firm "DSK" tried to make a three-chamber product, where two segments become settling tanks, and the third is equipped with a biological filter. Decomposed and clarified sewage moves into the soil filter layer.

Company "Unilos" focused on increasing the mechanical strength of its products by creating stiffeners on them and using molecular welding. The design of devices of this brand allows you to do without moving parts. The carefully designed 20mm thick wall easily resists soil pressure. The wastewater flows successively through a primary settling tank, an aerobic plant and a secondary settling tank. The release of water from pollutants by 95% allows it to be used for watering agricultural plants. The disadvantages of the system are dependence on the power grid and instability in the cold. In addition, such blocks are very expensive.

Septic tanks "Ecoline" According to the manufacturer, they are the best choice for summer seasonal use. If installed correctly, they can be used regularly. The system has only two cameras, which have no electrical components. The entrance chamber is much larger than the exit chamber, which is responsible for gravitational brightening. Additional purification is carried out in the soil.

The profitability of Ecoline does not allow us to consider their septic tanks optimal solution. The fact is that the amount of remaining contaminants is as much as 40%. In addition, it will not be possible to use such systems in places with high soil water levels. Without enhanced cleaning by other means, there is a high probability of contamination of soil horizons with microorganisms. Equipment of the Kedr brand certainly requires cleaning with special equipment.

At the inlet, primary filtration is carried out, and the water cleared of sediment passes into the second block, where it is clarified deeper. Then the flow moves up and down, reaching the fixed microflora. The final compartment is responsible for the accumulation of waste.

Finnish manufacturers Uponor and Green Rock deliver products of excellent quality and excellent reliability. The highest characteristics of genuine Scandinavian goods, unlike fakes, do not allow them to be sold cheaply.

Uponor's selection has three main subtypes.

• Products "Sako" They are distinguished by partial sedimentation of sewage and autonomy. A filtration section in the soil must be completed, otherwise the surrounding area will be a very unpleasant place.

• For dachas you can also place products from the series "Bio"(with enhanced chemical and microbiological water purification). Perfectionists will be pleased with Bio Clean products, which are very compact and easy to use.
• "Green Rock" supplies only septic tanks with multi-stage treatment. All equipment of this brand combines the efforts of special reagents and microflora. This technique allows you to develop a local sewer system from scratch and significantly improve the existing one.

The Bio device requires periodic disposal of used filter blocks and special reagents and replacing them with fresh portions. Products from the Sako group do not resist cold well enough. In the most northern regions, you will need to either install insulation or choose equipment that is more stable for winter.

Finnish goods are made using seamless technology. This is much more reliable than the Russian approach, which involves connecting prefabricated parts.

Successful examples and options

In addition to choosing the appropriate brands and models of septic tanks, you need to pay attention to the components that complement the cleaning system. The use of devices with a biofilter (colonies of anaerobic organisms) allows you to do without connecting to the electrical network.

Microbes can get the energy they need by breaking down organic matter without oxygen. Carbohydrates and various amino acids contained in sewage are broken down into low-molecular compounds that are safe for the natural environment. An anaerobic biological filter is made as a plastic container, divided into fragments of a certain type. A biological cleaner must contain inert material

with a large specific area, allowing to combine the development of microbial colonies and additional mechanical filtration. Organic matter breaks down when passing through the biofilter into simple soluble substances and sludge deposits. The sludge will have to be removed, but in many cases it is used as fertilizer.

• Typical fillers:
• expanded clay;
• plastic brushes or meshes;

Typically, the distribution of microbes in biological filters is made uniform over the surface, and if their supply is replenished in a timely manner, it will be possible to ensure stable operation throughout the year. Such filtering does not require any complex technical skills to operate. The systems operate for a long time and odors do not penetrate outside. Safety is completely guaranteed.

In addition to organic filtration means, septic tanks are often equipped with a grease trap. In gravity drains, fatty deposits become a serious hazard and increase the likelihood of blockages and blockages. Grease traps must be installed at production facilities and in places where many people live. Private homeowners do not have such regulations, but it is better to protect your system in advance before problems arise. The design and operating principle are quite simple.

When water penetrates the inlet pipes, the first chamber begins to fill. As this filling occurs, fat particles rise to the top because they are lighter than water. Next, the fat reaches a special tray, where it gradually accumulates. The liquid released from it moves to another compartment, which ensures the residual breakdown of fats. For this purpose, the most powerful and effective methods are used, and when the equipment finishes its work, the water flows into the drain.

The first sector is saturated with water-insoluble particles. Therefore, the grease trap will need to be removed, washed and cleaned regularly. Industrial devices are easier to clean; there are special drainage pumps or shut-off valves in the bottom for this purpose. Placing a coarse delay filter in front of it helps reduce the likelihood of early contamination of the catching mechanism. Trappers are used most effectively; if the fat is heated more than the water, then it will dissolve in it and float.

Waste separation is sometimes carried out using a physical-chemical method. The essence is the use of special reagents capable of binding single particles into large collections. Such agglomerates can be more easily removed from the liquid by mechanical filters. But even with precipitation cleaning in special chambers or settling tanks, chemical pre-treatment helps improve the result. The flotation method involves the use of special compressors that supply air bubbles to the cleaning chambers.

Fats, in contact with air bubbles, form special films. Bubbles go to the top. This technique works best with significant heating of wastewater, in which the fat is practically dissolved. Mechanical technique consists of using special membranes with finely dispersed cells. The pace of work turns out to be too slow, the filter quickly becomes dirty due to the strong influx of fats.

But the overall efficiency of fat extraction will be very high. The solution is suitable for filtering wastewater regardless of its temperature and degree of dissolution. The coalescent approach relies on the ability of fats to be drawn into specific structures and settle. The emulsified fat in the filter chamber, subject to gravity and surface tension, collects on the surface. At this point, mechanical devices (manual or automatic) can assemble it.

There is another approach - the use of centrifuges. Differences in the molecular weight of water and fats cause different moments of inertia. Therefore, during rotation in the centrifuge, separation of various substances occurs. The body of any grease trap is sealed, but it can always be disassembled. Inlet and outlet pipes are connected to the device.

The lid is made in a removable or opening version, this allows you to:

• maintain the system;
• remove fat;
• evaluate the performance of the system.

The housings are divided into at least two segments, which allow you to receive wastewater, filter it and discharge clean liquid into the waste pipe. Regardless constructive solution use mechanical filtration, an intake apparatus and a liquid level indicator. Manual collection of accumulated contaminants is practical for a private home, where high productivity is not needed anyway.

Plastic grease traps are used when it is necessary to neutralize a small amount of wastewater, and therefore they are ideal for domestic purposes. Perfect environmental safety and ease of maintenance allow you not to encounter problems.

Molding and molding of plastics produces a wide range of different shapes. The attachment is made to the pipe itself (in a compact version). For maximum efficiency, free-standing devices are well suited; they are easy and comfortable to use. In addition, in stand-alone devices the capacity of the dirt compartment is larger. Fiberglass products are similar to simple plastic ones in their structural diversity.

The susceptibility of fiberglass to all the main reagents found in everyday life and in waste water is very low. The special composition does not affect the lightness, but the rigidity to mechanical damage is very high. Grease traps from of stainless steel They are considered the strongest and most stable, effectively resisting chemical and physical destroyers. This technique is mainly in demand in the industrial sector because it tolerates strong heat well. Disadvantage - it is impossible to make a steel grease trap with streamlined contours or with a non-standard configuration; the fees for metal appliances are higher than for other options.

There is one more question - is it worth choosing a two-chamber or single-chamber septic tank. Not a single such device is capable of working on its own; additional cleaning in the ground is required. These are precisely the instructions of the building codes and regulations adopted in the Russian Federation. Septic tanks perform mechanical cleaning of sludge, ferment the sludge itself, and turn it into a mineral composition suitable for fertilizing farmland. The water will be precisely purified in the necessary way, either in one or in several chambers.

But handling sludge is a more delicate matter. In a single section, sedimentation of suspension occurs non-uniformly; closer to the entrance, this process is more intense. When the septic tank is divided into several sectors, this allows you to collect the key mass of the substance in the very first compartment. This will prevent water clogging in subsequent parts and simplify the cleaning process. In addition, the environmental characteristics of the final flow will be the best.

The more sections there are, the more gentle the operating mode of the filter well, underground filtration fields and cleaning trenches will be.

It is almost impossible to clean soil filter systems; you will have to spend a lot of money to update them. Therefore, the increase in the complexity of the septic tank has a positive effect on the convenience and comfort of consumers. It is important to take into account that septic tank equipment with microbiological treatment forces you to use only those that are safe for microorganisms. detergents. In addition, at temperatures of 4 degrees and below, microbial activity is zero, and therefore the cleaning efficiency drops sharply.

When choosing the point where the treatment plant will be installed, a number of sanitary restrictions must be taken into account.

• They should not be brought closer than 5 m to the foundations of a residential building. The gap to the foundations of non-residential buildings and their ground structures is at least 1 m.
• The distance to a well or a replacement well drilled in clay soil is at least 20 m. If the ground is composed of sandy rocks, this gap increases to 50 m.
• You can bring the septic tank closer to the road at most 5 m, and there should be at least 100 cm to any type of fence.

It is very important to prepare the place in such a way that a car with a pump can drive there. As an option, it is practiced to equip the container with a fecal pump. The sludge extracted from the outside can be used as garden and garden fertilizer. A capacity of 150-200 liters for each resident allows you to confidently use bathrooms and toilets, a washing machine, and wash dishes.

The gap from the cover to the wastewater surface should be the same as the depth of soil freezing. The entire calculated volume must be placed below this mark. The higher the temperature, the better the sewage will be processed by microbes. The geometric shape of the septic tank is not particularly important; it is not reflected in the level of operating efficiency and quality of wastewater treatment. But there is another consideration - round equipment allows you to save construction materials.

When using brick, a rounded structure will help to use 10-15% fewer blocks. Rounding allows you to better tolerate the load that occurs when the soil moves. It is advisable to make monolithic two-chamber systems in the form of a square or rectangle. Such forms make it easier to obtain formwork where concrete needs to be poured. Filled elements can be made with your own hands, and it is only slightly more expensive than simple brick elements.

When board panels are placed on both sides, the pits must be made 0.4 - 0.5 m wider than the size of the tank (including the walls). If you plan to pour the solution into the gaps between the soil and formwork, digging a pit is carried out according to the external dimensions of the septic tank. When calculating the cost of work, you need to take into account the fee for removing the extracted soil. It is quite possible to get by with planar reinforcement. But bulk reinforcing frames will be completely redundant for a septic tank; they will only complicate installation and increase its cost.

To learn how to make a septic tank at your dacha with your own hands, see below.

For comfort in a country house or in rural areas you will need to connect water supply and sewerage.

The best option for autonomous wastewater collection was a septic tank.

The home owner is faced with the problem of choosing the best option from the many offered on the market. treatment facilities.

What are they like?

Compact treatment facilities serving the needs of one house are divided according to several criteria:

• Way of working;
• Materials used;
• Shape, location and type of installation.

Varieties according to the method of operation

Septic tanks are suitable for a dacha or a private home: from the simplest, storage tanks to fully functional ones, providing high-quality complete wastewater treatment.

Cesspools or storage tanks

In fact, such a septic tank is an improved cesspool.

It is a sealed container, the only function of which is to accumulate wastewater from the house.

In the chamber they are divided into fractions– heavy waste sinks to the bottom, light waste, such as fats and oils, accumulates on the surface.

The advantage of this type of autonomous structures is the simplicity of the device.

Main disadvantage storage septic tank - the need for its regular cleaning, for which specialized sewage disposal equipment is used.

The cesspool option is suitable for a house in which the volume of regular waste is small, for example, for a summer house, with 2-3 people living and limited water consumption.

The main requirements for a cesspool septic tank— sufficient volume, tightness and high strength of the storage container.

Their implementation will reduce the frequency of cleaning and protect the surrounding area from the ingress of waste accumulated during operation.

Settlement tank with soil post-treatment of wastewater

Overflow septic tanks are an excellent option for a home where the daily glass size is small, but people live and use the water supply constantly.

In such structures, in addition to the accumulation of waste, it is partially processed and cleaned.

Removing accumulations for such an installation it is required much less frequently - as a rule, overflow septic tanks require the services of sewer trucks no more than once every 2-3 years.

Principle of operation

Overflow septic tanks are two-chamber. The first chamber, into which wastewater from the house flows, acts as a sump.

After partial separation into fractions, water with a minimum content of solid inclusions, including from under, flows into the second chamber - the treatment chamber.

It uses aerobic bacteria that can decompose organic matter to process contaminants.

The degree of water purification as a result of their work reaches 60-70%.

This water is used for irrigation or discharged into natural reservoirs, undergoing additional purification along the way in ground filtration fields.

They are layers of rocks with high water permeability (gravel or crushed stone with the addition of sand, etc.), which remove contaminants using the principle of mechanical (mesh) filters.

The advantages of such a septic tank:

• ease of maintenance;
• a significant time interval between container cleanings, due to a reduction in the accumulation of dry residue;
• processing a significant part of the waste contained in wastewater.

Deep biological processing of waste

Such structures are full-fledged wastewater treatment plants.

They process significant volumes and are suitable for a large private home with permanent residence.

At the same time, biochemical septic tanks purify water almost 100%.

The design uses three chambers:

• for the separation of substances contained in wastewater (read how to connect an automatic washing machine to the sewer) into fractions;
• biological treatment using aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (to ensure the activity of bacteria they use optional equipment– aerators);
• disinfection using chemical reagents.

Advantages of three-chamber septic tanks:

• 100% degree of wastewater treatment;
• absence unpleasant odors when using such installations;
• no restrictions for installation based on soil type and groundwater level;
• minimum costs for installation and time for commissioning - stations are supplied fully equipped;
• minimal human participation in the work, since the system is maintenance-free.

For septic tanks with this degree of purification, the frequency of replacing chambers or selecting dry residue from them is once every 5-8 years, due to its minimal accumulation.

The main disadvantage of such treatment facilities is the high price (how to make a grease trap for sewage with your own hands is written in the article).

Important! If the mode of residence in the house involves long breaks, for example, in a summer cottage there are no people in the house during the winter season, septic tanks with biological filters are not installed.

The limitation is due to the fact that without a regular supply of nutrient medium, bacterial cultures that process organic waste, will die.

What criteria are used to select treatment facilities?

Choosing a septic tank for construction or installation of a finished product requires taking into account several important factors.

Performance

The ability to process the entire volume of wastewater generated in a house (productivity) is the main technical indicator of a wastewater treatment plant.

It depends on the number of people occupants and the level of use of plumbing fixtures.

Naturally, in a country house where 2-3 people live in the summer, and the main consumers of water are the washbasin and shower, the volume of wastewater will be significantly less than in a comfortable cottage intended for permanent family residence, with:

• swimming pool,
• several bathrooms (),
• with washing machine and dishwasher.

In practice, in terms of performance, septic tanks are selected based on:

• if the daily volume of wastewater is less than 1 cubic meter, a single-chamber storage septic tank is sufficient;
• if the drainage volume ranges from 1 to 10 cubic meters per day, install a two-chamber septic tank with soil filtration;
• for volumes exceeding 10 cubic meters/day, the best option There will be a three-chamber deep cleaning septic tank.

For your information!

When installing a storage septic tank at your dacha (read about laying external utility networks and communications on the page), you should take care of its regular cleaning.

If the volume of wastewater turns out to be significant, calling the sewage disposal truck will have to be done frequently.

In terms of costs, this may be more expensive than installing a more advanced two- or three-chamber model.

Important! SNiP set minimally required size septic tank chambers. It must accommodate the volume of waste generated in the house for 3 days.

Type of soil on the site and depth of groundwater

This factor matters only if the choice is made in favor of a septic tank with additional water purification in filtration fields.

Suitable soils for its installation with a high coefficient of water permeability. On heavy clay soils, organizing natural filtration is difficult.

In this case, you will have to excavate part of the soil, replacing it with a mixture of crushed stone and sand. Carrying out this work will require time and a significant amount of investment.

Septic tank biological and chemical cleaning it will be more profitable.

Comment! When organizing a storage septic tank, the type of soil affects only the labor intensity of the work on site preparation and construction of the structure.

Sorting by materials

For autonomous treatment facilities, septic tanks are built on site or industrially manufactured options are purchased.

The first include brick septic tanks, monolithic or prefabricated reinforced concrete, available materials.

More expensive, but, undoubtedly, a ready-made septic tank will be an absolutely reliable option.

The range of manufacturers includes stations with housings made of polymers or fiberglass.

Advantages of purchased products:

• a wide choice of performance - from mini-septic tanks, sufficient for a house with 1-2 people, to semi-industrial plants capable of processing wastewater from a small village;
• absolute reliability and tightness;
• delivery of ready-to-use devices, thereby reducing the time required to commission the installation;
• complete with all necessary equipment and cleaning products.

Attention! Septic tanks with bodies made of polymers or fiberglass require protection from floating when the groundwater level rises and destruction under pressure of soil masses or displacement of soil layers.

For this purpose, purchased stations are installed in concrete pits, and they are anchored - fastening the containers to the walls and bottom of the pit with nylon belts.

Installation options

Both purchased installations and home-made septic tanks are made in vertical and horizontal versions.

Vertical structures are designed for installation buried in the ground.

This is their problem - on heavy soils or when groundwater is close to the surface, installation work is labor-intensive and requires the use of special equipment and special techniques to ensure reliability and environmental safety.

Horizontal septic tanks, typically a surface-mount option.

To ensure the required productivity (volume of wastewater), such structures occupy a significant area, which for limited spaces land ownership (for example, in summer cottages) creates additional problems.

How to understand which septic tank is best for a home with permanent, year-round residence? Watch the video and get answers to questions about efficient equipment for collection and processing of household waste.