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Beam for a 6 meter span. Removal of formwork when constructing concrete and reinforced concrete structures. Determination of the load acting on the floor

Table of floor spans

Table of floor spans frame house helps to choose the correct section of floor joists, which means avoiding problems with sagging floors, creaking and vibration when walking. Our homegrown approach - taking larger beams - is not economically justified. The board is cheaper than timber, especially large section. Most often, the length of floor spans is within 3.5-4.5 meters and, by observing the correct section and pitch, a reliable floor can be installed.

Let me remind you that floor joists are installed with a certain pitch, a multiple of the long side of the rough sheathing slab, namely 305 mm, 407 mm, 488 mm and 610 mm for osb boards/ plywood measuring 2240 x 1220 mm.

For pitch 305 mm (12" OC)

For pitch 407 mm (16" OC)

For pitch 488 mm (19.2" OC)

For pitch 610 mm (24" OC)

Where did the data in these tables come from?

How to work with tables correctly and what is residential and non-residential load?

Living space is everything that is located and moves around the floor space: people, objects. Non-residential load is the weight of building elements. For example, the weight of floor joists and subfloor slabs.

Depends on what will be located on top: a double bed or regular chair. The final floor covering can be a light laminate, or it can be a heated floor screed with tiles.

Typically for residential premises the total load is in the range of 200-250 kg per sq.m. If you plan to install cast iron bath, then look at its weight and add a lot of water and your loved one in it.

What type of wood are these values ​​taken for?

Since our markets do not have a quality system and precise definition grades of lumber, the tables indicate the values ​​for regular spruce and grade II pine according to the North American classification.

The actual cross-sectional dimensions of the boards in American tables are smaller than European ones, what should I do?

This is true. If Americans say that the board is 2" x 6", then it is not 50.8 mm x 152.4 mm. In fact it is 38.1 mm x 139.7 mm. The cross-section of the board is reduced as a result of drying and planing. Our sawmills, lumberyards and markets are also not furniture stores. Sellers claim that the board has a cross-section of 50 mm x 150 mm, but in fact it can be 40-50 mm x 135-150 mm.

Installation of wooden beams in the floors of houses is not uncommon. Their main purpose is to evenly distribute the load on the walls and foundation of the building. To beam structure performed its functions, it is necessary to select the right material for it, calculate the length and cross-section.

All wooden beams are divided among themselves according to their purpose and the type of material from which they are made. According to their purpose, they can be: interfloor, attic, basement and basement. Depending on the type of material, beams can be made of solid wood or laminated wood.

wooden floors in aerated concrete house

The interfloor span must be strong and reliable. Sound and vapor barrier fillers are placed in the internal volume between the ceiling and floor. Ceiling part stitched up necessary material, the floor is laid on top.

The attic floor can be installed as an element of the roof, being part of it truss structure. Can be installed as a separate independent element. In order to preserve heat, it must be equipped with steam and thermal insulation.

Basement ceiling and ground floor must be of great strength and withstand high load. These spans are equipped with heat and vapor barriers to prevent the penetration of cold from the basement.

Beams differ in types, which have their own advantages and disadvantages.Hardwood is used to make solid beams. Significant disadvantage solid wooden beams are limited in length, which cannot exceed 5 meters.

Laminated timber beams combine high strength and aesthetics. Their use significantly increases the maximum length, which can be up to 20 meters. Considering that glued floors look beautiful, they are often not covered with a ceiling and serve as a design element.

They have several more significant advantages, which include:

• ability to cover large spans;
• ease of installation;
• small weight;
• long period of operation;
• high level of fire safety;
• cannot be deformed.

The wooden parts of the floor beams can have a rectangular cross-section, which is typical for timber or boards, or round, made from logs.

Requirements for wooden floor beams

Installation of wooden beam floors entails a number of requirements that must be taken into account. They are as follows:

1. Beam products must be made coniferous species wood, which have a high margin of safety. At the same time, the moisture content of the wood should be no more than 14 percent, otherwise the logs under load will have a large deflection.
2. It is prohibited to use wood that is susceptible to fungal diseases or damaged by insects to make beams.
3. Before installation, beam elements must be treated with an antiseptic.
4. To ensure that the ceiling or floor does not sag even under load, it is necessary to perform a construction lift. The ceiling of the lower floor will receive a slight rise in the center, which will become even under load.
5. If the beams are planned to be laid with great frequency, then instead of them you can use boards that need to be installed on the ribs.

The procedure for calculating wooden beams

Before installing a wooden floor, it is necessary to carry out calculations in which to determine the number and dimensions of beams. To do this you need:

• determine the length of the span on which they will be installed;
• calculate the possible load they will bear after installation;
• Having the specified data, calculate the cross-section of the beams and the step with which they will be installed. For this, special tables and programs are used.

Beam length consists of the length of the span that needs to be covered and the stock of the beam that will be mounted into the wall. The span can be determined using any measuring device. The supply of beams that will be mounted in the wall depends on the material from which the wall is made.

Important!

If the building is built of brick, then the margin for beams made from boards should be at least 10 cm and at least 15 cm for beams made from timber. IN wooden buildings special grooves are made, with a depth of 7 cm or more, for laying beams. If the beams serve as the basis for the roof rafters, then they are made 4-6 cm longer than the span.

The most used span, which is covered with beams, ranges from 2.5 to 4 meters. The maximum length of beams made of timber or boards cannot exceed 6 meters. If the span length exceeds this size, then it is recommended to install beams made of laminated veneer lumber. In addition, to cover spans longer than 6 meters, you can install a wooden truss.

Load carried by a wooden beam consists of a mass of span parts (beams, internal filling, ceiling and floor cladding) and a mass of temporary elements (furniture, Appliances, people present in the room).

Accurate calculations bearing capacity beams are usually carried out by specialized organizations. When performing the calculation independently, the following system is used:

• an attic floor with a lining, in which the insulation is mineral wool, carries a constant self-load of 50 kg per square meter. With such a load, according to SNiP standards, standard load will be 70 kg per square meter with a safety factor of 1.3. Finding out the total load is not difficult: 1.3x70+50=130 kilograms per square meter;
• if a heavier material than cotton wool is used as insulation, or thick boards were used as lining, then the standard load will be 150 kg per square meter. And the total load will have a different value: 150x1.3+50=245 kg per square meter;
• if the calculation is carried out for attic room, then the weight of the material from which the floor is laid and the objects located in the attic is taken into account. The load in this case will be 350 kg per square meter;
• in the case where the beams serve as interfloor spans, the design load is 400 kg per square meter.

Calculation of wooden floor beams

Determination of the section and pitch of wooden beams

By calculating the load and length of the beams, you can determine their pitch and cross-sectional dimensions or diameter.

These indicators are interrelated and are calculated according to established rules:

1. The width and height of the beams should be in proportion 1:1.,4. In this case, the width of the beams should be in the range from 4 to 20 cm, and the height from 10 to 30 cm, taking into account the thickness insulation material. Logs for floors should have a diameter in the range from 11 to 30 cm.
2. The installation step should be in the range from 30 to 120 cm, taking into account the insulation and lining materials that will be in the space between the beams. If the structure is frame, then the step should correspond to the distance between the frames.
3. The cross-section of wooden beams is determined using developed tables or using certain programs. When calculating sections, it is necessary to take into account that the maximum bending attic beams should not exceed 1/200, and between floors 1/350.

Application of wooden trusses, advantages and disadvantages

Floor trusses made of wood look like two parallel logs or bars located above each other, which are connected to each other by supports located at an angle or vertically in relation to these logs or bars. The main task that trusses solve is covering long spans, if the installation of additional support posts impossible.

For the manufacture of trusses, developed tables and programs are used, which take into account the type of connections, installation pitch, cross-section of structural parts and its overall dimensions. Often, trusses are made industrially using high-precision equipment. Along with this, you can make a farm with your own hands.

Comparing wooden beams and floor trusses, you can determine the advantages and disadvantages that the trusses have. The advantages include:

• the ability to cover a span of significant size without additional support posts;
• insignificant mass, which entails a small load on the load-bearing elements of the building;
• high strength and resistance to deflection, which entails long-term operation hemming and flooring materials;
• ease of installation on any load-bearing elements of the building, regardless of the material from which they are made;
• the ability to change the width of the truss laying step;
• possibility of installing internal communication lines;
• excellent sound insulation;
• beautifully made trusses can be left unsewn and used as a decorative element.

In addition to advantages, farms have some disadvantages, which include the following:

• due to design features, the thickness increases significantly interfloor ceilings;
• significant labor costs when making a farm with your own hands, the need for special equipment;
• high price for a finished structure.

Wood truss design

Possibility of unsupported ceiling large areas significantly expands architectural possibilities when designing a house. A positive solution to the beam issue allows you to “play” with the volume of rooms, install panoramic windows, build large halls. But if it is not difficult to cover a distance of 3-4 meters with “wood”, then which beams to use on a span of 5 m or more is already a difficult question.

Wooden floor beams - dimensions and loads

Made a wooden floor in timber house, and the floor shakes, bends, a “trampoline” effect appears; we want to make wooden floor beams 7 meters long; you need to cover a room 6.8 meters long so as not to rest the logs on intermediate supports; what should be the floor beam for a span of 6 meters, a house made of timber; what to do if you want to make an open plan - such questions are often asked by forum users.

Maxinova User FORUMHOUSE

My house is about 10x10 meters. I “threw” wooden logs onto the ceiling, their length is 5 meters, cross-section is 200x50. The distance between the joists is 60 cm. During the operation of the floor, it turned out that when children run around in one room and you stand in another, there is quite a strong vibration on the floor.

And such a case is far from the only one.

Elena555 User FORUMHOUSE

I can’t figure out what kind of beams are needed for the interfloor floors. I have a house 12x12 meters, 2 floors. The first floor is made of aerated concrete, the second floor is an attic, wooden, covered with timber 6000x150x200mm, laid every 80 cm. The logs are laid on an I-beam, which rests on a pillar installed in the middle of the first floor. When I walk on the second floor, I feel shaking.

Beams for long spans must withstand heavy loads, therefore, in order to build a strong and reliable wooden floor with a large span, they must be carefully calculated. First of all, you need to understand what load it can withstand. wooden joist one section or another. And then think about, having determined the load for the floor beam, what rough and finishing floor coverings will need to be made; what the ceiling will be hemmed with; will the floor be a full-fledged living space or uninhabited attic above the garage.

Leo060147 User FORUMHOUSE

1. Load from everyone's own weight structural elements ceilings This includes the weight of beams, insulation, fasteners, flooring, ceiling, etc.
2. Operating load. The operating load can be permanent or temporary.

When calculating the operating load, the mass of people, furniture, household appliances etc. The load temporarily increases when guests arrive, noisy celebrations, or furniture is rearranged if it is moved away from the walls to the center of the room.

Therefore, when calculating the operating load, it is necessary to think through everything - right down to what kind of furniture you plan to install, and whether there is a possibility in the future of installing a sports exercise machine, which also weighs more than one kilogram.

The following values ​​are taken for the load acting on long wooden floor beams (for attic and interfloor floors):

• Attic floor – 150 kg/sq.m. Where (according to SNiP 2.01.07-85), taking into account the safety factor, 50 kg/sq.m is the load from the floor’s own weight, and 100 kg/sq.m is the standard load.

If you plan to store things, materials and other household items in the attic, then the load is assumed to be 250 kg/sq.m.

• For interfloor slabs and slabs attic floor the total load is taken at the rate of 350-400 kg/sq.m.

Flooring with boards 200 by 50 and other common sizes

These are the types of beams on a span of 4 meters that are allowed by the standards.

Most often, in the construction of wooden floors, boards and timber of the so-called running sizes are used: 50x150, 50x200, 100x150, etc. Such beams meet the standards ( after calculation), if you plan to cover the opening no more than four meters.

For floors 6 or more meters long, the dimensions 50x150, 50x200, 100x150 are no longer suitable.

Wooden beam over 6 meters: subtleties

A beam for a span of 6 meters or more should not be made of timber and boards of standard sizes.

You should remember the rule: the strength and rigidity of the floor depend to a greater extent on the height of the beam and to a lesser extent on its width.

A distributed and concentrated load acts on the floor beam. Therefore, wooden beams for large spans are not designed “butt-to-tail”, but with a margin of strength and permissible deflection. This ensures normal and safe operation ceilings

50x200 - overlap for openings of 4 and 5 meters.

To calculate the load that the ceiling will withstand, you must have the appropriate knowledge. In order not to delve into the strength of strength formulas (and when building a garage this is definitely redundant), an ordinary developer just needs to use online calculators for calculating wooden single-span beams.

Leo060147 User FORUMHOUSE

A self-builder is most often not a professional designer. All he wants to know is what beams need to be mounted in the ceiling so that it meets the basic requirements for strength and reliability. This is what online calculators allow you to calculate.

These calculators are easy to use. To make calculations of the required values, it is enough to enter the dimensions of the logs and the length of the span that they must cover.

Also, to simplify the task, you can use ready-made tables presented by the guru of our forum with the nickname Roracotta.

Roracotta User FORUMHOUSE

I spent several evenings making tables that even a novice builder would understand:

Table 1. It presents data that meets the minimum load requirements for the floors of the second floor - 147 kg/sq.m.

Note: since the tables are based on American standards, and the sizes of lumber overseas are somewhat different from the sections accepted in our country, you need to use the column highlighted in yellow in the calculations.

Table 2. Here is data on the average load for the floors of the first and second floors - 293 kg/sq.m.

Table 3. Here is the data for the calculated increased load of 365 kg/sq.m.

How to calculate the distance between I-beams

If you carefully read the tables presented above, it becomes clear that with an increase in the span length, first of all, it is necessary to increase the height of the log, and not its width.

Leo060147 User FORUMHOUSE

You can change the rigidity and strength of the lag upward by increasing its height and making “shelves”. That is, a wooden I-beam is made.

Self-production of laminated wood beams

One solution for spanning long spans is to use wooden beams in the floors. Let's consider a span of 6 meters - which beams can withstand a larger load.

By appearance cross section a long beam can be:

• rectangular;
• I-beam;
• box-shaped

None among self-builders consensus, which section is better. If we do not take into account purchased products (factory-made I-beams), then the ease of production in “field conditions”, without the use of expensive equipment and accessories, comes first.

Just Grandfather User FORUMHOUSE

If you look at a cross section of any metal I-beam, you can see that from 85% to 90% of the metal mass is concentrated in the “shelves”. The connecting wall contains no more than 10-15% of the metal. This is done based on calculation.

Which board to use for beams

According to the strength of strength: the larger the cross-section of the “shelves” and the farther they are spaced apart in height, the greater the loads the I-beam will withstand. For the self-builder optimal technology The manufacture of an I-beam is a simple box-shaped structure, where the upper and lower “shelves” are made of boards laid flat. (50x150mm, and side walls made of plywood with a thickness of 8-12 mm and a height of 350 to 400 mm (determined by calculation), etc.).

Plywood is nailed to the shelves or screwed with self-tapping screws (not black ones, they do not work for cutting) and must be placed on glue.

If you install such an I-beam on a six-meter span with a step of 60 cm, then it will withstand a large load. Additionally, an I-beam for a 6-meter ceiling can be lined with insulation.

Also, using a similar principle, you can connect two long boards, collecting them in a “package”, and then put them on top of each other on an edge (take boards 150x50 or 200x50), as a result, the cross-section of the beam will be 300x100 or 400x100 mm. The boards are placed on glue and tied together with pins or placed on wood grouse/dowels. You can also screw or nail plywood to the side surfaces of such a beam, having previously lubricated it with glue.

Also interesting is the experience of a forum member under the nickname Taras174, who decided to make his own glued I-beam to cover a span of 8 meters.

To do this, the forum member purchased 12 mm thick OSB sheets and cut them lengthwise into five equal parts. Then I bought a board 150x50 mm, 8 meters long. Using a dovetail cutter, I used a dovetail cutter to select a groove 12 mm deep and 14 mm wide in the middle of the board, so as to create a trapezoid with a downward expansion. OSB in grooves Taras174 glued with polyester resin(epoxy), having previously “shot” a strip of fiberglass 5 mm wide to the end of the slab with a stapler. This, according to the forum member, would strengthen the structure. To speed up drying, the glued area was heated with a heater.

Taras174 User FORUMHOUSE

On the first beam I practiced “pushing my hand.” The second one was done in 1 working day. In terms of cost, taking into account all materials, I include a solid board of 8 meters, the cost of the beam is 2000 rubles. for 1 piece

Despite the positive experience, such “squatter construction” did not escape several critical remarks expressed by our experts. Namely.

Wooden floor beams provide more than just strength horizontal design. The purpose of the ceiling is to provide rigidity to the entire building. It is for this reason that special attention should be paid to the selection of load-bearing elements and their installation.

Pros and cons of wooden floors

To install the ceiling yourself, you need to prepare. The floor in the house must rest on a strong and rigid structure. Before starting work, you will have to study the requirements for the elements, the features of their calculation and the types of sections.

The following advantages of wooden flooring can be highlighted:

• attractive appearance, the ability to make a wooden floor without additional measures;
• light weight, reduced load on walls and foundations, savings on construction;
• possibility of carrying out repairs during operation;
• speed of installation, execution of work without additional machines and mechanisms.

Wooden beams do not weigh down the structure and are quickly installed

But it is also worth highlighting the disadvantages:

• flammability of wood, the need for special impregnation with fire retardants;
• smaller compared to reinforced concrete or metal elements strength;
• shrinkage and deformation due to changes in temperature and humidity;
• susceptibility to rot, mildew and mold when high humidity, it is necessary to treat with antiseptics at the construction stage and periodically during the service life.

Requirements for wooden floors

Wooden floor beams must meet the following requirements:

• correspondence of section dimensions to load, span and pitch, this requires calculation of beams;
• good strength and rigidity;
• Fire safety;
• no serious wood defects or damage.

To work you need to prepare quality material

There are also certain requirements for the material from which the beams are made. It is recommended to choose coniferous wood. It contains a lot of resin, so it resists better various microorganisms. The best material those trees that grew in harsh conditions are considered. Their trunk density is higher. For this reason, it is worth purchasing pine or spruce that grew in northern regions countries.

You also need to pay attention to the preparation time. The best period is considered to be at the end of winter. At this time, the tree is in a dormant state, there is less juice in it, and therefore the moisture content of the material will be less.

What types of wooden floors are there?

Wooden floor beams are used for almost all levels of the house. The beam frame must be provided for following types designs:

• basement or basement floor(first floor floor);
• interfloor covering;
• attic floor.

The thickness of the supporting beam for the attic is from 10 to 20 cm

The normalized payload, which is taken into account in the calculation of wooden floor beams, depends on the type. There will also be a difference in the thickness of the insulation and its necessity.

Between 5 and 15 cm of mineral wool, polystyrene foam or extruded polystyrene foam is usually laid between the beams above the basement. In interfloor structures, it will be enough to provide a couple of centimeters for sound insulation. A cold attic requires the most material. Here the thickness can be from 10 to 20 cm. Exact values depend on the climatic region of construction.

Place between the basement beams mineral wool

Sometimes they prefer to make the basement floor not from wood, but from metal and reinforced concrete. In this case, an I-beam or channel is used as load-bearing beams, and concrete is poured into formwork made of corrugated sheets. This option will be more reliable if there is a risk of flooding. It will also better resist moisture from the basement.

What types of beams are there?

There are several criteria by which wooden floor beams are classified: by size, material, type of section. The length of the floor beams depends on the distance between the walls. To this value you need to add a margin for support on both sides. Optimally, you need to provide 200-250 mm.

Based on material, elements are divided into the following types:

• from solid timber or boards;
• from laminated veneer lumber.

Bent beams are made from laminated veneer lumber

The latter are significantly more expensive. But such the material is suitable for covering large spans. A regular beam can work at distances of 4-6 m, while a laminated beam copes well with distances of 6-9 m. Glued laminated timber practically does not shrink, is fireproof and resistant to moisture. It is possible to produce not only linear elements, but also bent ones. A significant disadvantage of such a material will be the presence of non-natural components (glue).

The cross-section of beams can be of the following types:

• square;
• rectangular;
• I-beam

The latter has widened elements at the top and bottom. In the middle of the section it is reduced to the maximum possible size. This option allows you to rationally use wood and reduce its consumption. But making such an element is not easy. For this reason, I-beams are not often used in construction.

The most commonly used timber rectangular shape

The best option will become a rectangle. In this case, the long side is located vertically, and the short side is horizontal. This is due to the fact that increasing height has a better effect on strength than increasing width. Installing a beam from a board flat is practically useless.

The most unprofitable of the presented ones can be considered square section. It is least adjusted to the diagram of forces in the element.

You can also use logs for roofing. But this option did not gain popularity. The section from the board is much more profitable and easier to install, therefore it is used much more often.

Calculations

Calculation of the cross-section will allow you to have no doubt about the strength and rigidity of the structure. In this case it is determined maximum length, which is allowed for any section. To perform the calculation, you need the following data:

• the length of the wooden floor beam (more precisely, the distance between load-bearing walls);
• the distance between the beams (their pitch);

To calculate, you need to know the distance between the beams, the width of the span and the load on the structure

The load consists of two values: permanent and temporary. The permanent includes the mass of the beams themselves (preliminary for now), insulation, ceiling lining, rough and finished floor. The temporary load is the mass of people and furniture. By regulatory documents for residential premises it is taken equal to 150 kg/m2. For the attic you can take less, but it is recommended to use the same one. This will not only provide a certain margin of safety, but will also make it possible in the future to convert your attic into an attic without reconstructing the load-bearing elements.

The beam frame should be calculated using the following formulas:

• Mmax = (q*l2)/8;
• Wreq = Mmax/130.

In these formulas, q is the load per square meter. m of flooring, which includes the mass of structures and 150 kg useful value. In this case, these values ​​must be multiplied by the distance between the beams. This is due to the fact that calculations require a load on linear meter, and initially the value was calculated to be square. l2 - the distance between the load-bearing walls on which the purlin rests, taken in a square.

Knowing Wrequirement, you can select the section of the floor. W = b*h2/6. Knowing W, you can easily create an equation with one unknown. Here you just need to ask one geometric characteristic b (section width) or h (its height).

Most often, the wooden beam already has a known width. It is more convenient to make it from a board 50 or 100 mm wide. You can also consider the option with a composite section. It is made from several boards 50 mm thick.

Calculated in in this case find the required height of the element. But there are cases when you need to fit into a certain ceiling pie so as not to reduce the height of the premises. In this case, the height of the section is added to the equation as a known quantity, and the width is found. But the lower the height, the more uneconomical the floor frame will be.

To tighten two or three boards together, it is convenient to use metal pins. In this case, when tightening the nuts, be sure to use wider washers. They prevent the metal from pressing into the softer wood. It is imperative to provide insulation between wood and steel fasteners. For this, you can use a material such as TECHNOELAST brand EPP.

Wooden blocks must be waterproofed before installation

Before use wooden elements they are treated with an antiseptic composition. This is necessary to prevent mold and rot. It is also recommended to treat with fire retardants, which will increase fire safety. When resting the purlins on a wall made of brick or concrete, their ends are wrapped with technoelast, linocrom, waterproofing or roofing felt.

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