Hazelnut (hazelnut) Siberian red-leaved “Alida. Hazel, hazelnuts: growing in the northern regions Where to plant hazelnuts in Siberia
An important advantage is the high winter hardiness of the plant. Hazelnut was widely used as the basis for obtaining new winter-hardy hazelnut varieties.
common common hazel, growing wild in the southern regions of our country and in the middle zone, as well as in Siberia. Hazelnuts are unpretentious to soils, but grow better on fertile sandy (light) soils and are easy to propagate. The plant is monoecious, the flowers are bisexual. Most varieties are cross-pollinated. It is advisable to plant several varieties of hazelnuts on a personal plot.
Caring for the crop is simple. The formation of a bush begins at 3-4 years of age, when rhizome growth has already appeared. In each bush, 10-12 shoots are left, located as far as possible from one another. Hazelnuts do not like thickening, since poor lighting significantly reduces the yield. Every year in autumn or spring it is necessary to remove excess growth and dry branches, thereby taking care of the rejuvenation of the bush. Optimal quantity main branches of different ages the bush should have no more than 12-16 pieces.
When planting, one bucket of humus is placed in the hole. In the dry season, seedlings should be watered, preventing the soil from drying out.
Hazelnut bushes grow in a circle with a diameter of more than a meter due to rhizomes on which dormant buds are located. Therefore, seedlings are placed mainly according to the 3x3 m or 3x4 m scheme. In garden plots and garden plots at good care seedlings are planted immediately permanent place 2-3 shoots per hole. A plant planted in a permanent place begins to bear fruit already in the 3-4th year.
Hazelnut and wild hazel kernels contain all 20 amino acids necessary for the human body, 9 vitamins, macro- and microelements. They also have medicinal properties. Nuts in any form are perfectly absorbed by the body and retain their taste qualities when stored in normal room conditions up to 4 years, like no other ready-made, non-canned product. They are very widely used for production confectionery as one of the exquisite types of sweets, halva. Walnut oil, which contains up to 30% of the most valuable unsaturated fatty linoleic acid for humans, is used to prevent sclerosis and for the manufacture of medications (ointments, creams for the treatment of arthritis, nervous diseases and adenomas).
On a personal plot, it is advisable to plant several varieties of hazelnuts adapted to the conditions of Siberia.
Hazelnut varieties obtained in Altai, accepted for state variety testing of the Russian Federation.
Lentina (seedling of the Tambov early variety) is a green-leaved form. The bush is compact. The nuts are medium in size, with a thin skin. The kernel is in a light silky film, tasty and tender. Full maturity occurs in mid-August, and they fall off themselves. At the stage of milky ripeness, they are suitable for consumption in early August. There are 3-7 nuts in the fruit.
Alida (seedling of the Moscow Ruby variety) is distinguished by very beautiful reddish large leaves. There are 4-6 nuts in the fruit. They ripen in early September.
Common hazel is a deciduous shrub reaching a height of up to 10 meters. Such The shrub has medicinal properties. Therefore, hazel is popularly called hazel.
- Description of common hazel
- Tree hazel
- Lombard nut
- Hazel Manchurian
- Variegated hazel
- Horned hazel
- Composition and benefits of hazelnuts
- Planting and caring for a tree
- Harvesting
Description of common hazel
The plant belongs to the hazel family. Hazel leaves are large, with jagged edges, and are red in autumn.. Shrub bark Brown with transverse stripes. There is a powerful root system that grows very quickly deep in the soil.
After planting, the shrub grows slowly, gradually increasing in height. Flowering occurs before the leaves bloom, in early spring. Catkins about 5-7 cm long are formed on trees, are single and collected in several pieces together. The fruit is an oval-shaped nut located in a green plus. Fruit ripening occurs towards the end of summer. Up to 20 nuts can be formed in the fruit, but 2-5 are more common. The bush begins to bear fruit after 8 years. This shrub is long-lived, its age reaches 100 years, and it is frost-resistant.
Hazel easily tolerates shade, but develops and grows better in illuminated areas.
In nature, hazel is found in Russia, the Caucasus, and Crimea. There are more than 10 types.
- Common hazel
- Tree-like
- Large
- Manchurian
- Variegated
- Horned
Tree hazel
Tree hazel
Received the name bear nut. Tree up to 20 meters long, 8 meters wide. The bark of the bush has grey colour and peels off in plates. It grows very slowly. In autumn the leaves turn yellow. The fruits of tree hazel are divided into sharp segments. The shrub is unpretentious, tolerates drought, and adapts to any climate.
Lombard nut
Lombard nut
Large hazel bush(Lombardy nut) has grayish branches, up to 15 meters long. The leaves are large and serrated. Does not tolerate frost well. Often grown in the Balkans.
Hazel Manchurian
Manchurian hazel fruits
It is a shrub with many trunks, Has a trunk length from 3 to 7 meters. The bark of hazel is brown, the leaves are round in shape and have a dark green color. The fruits are oblong nuts. The shrub is shade-tolerant and frost-resistant. Found in Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories.
Variegated hazel
Variegated hazel
Very dense shrub up to 4 meters high. The leaves change color. Green in summer, red in spring, yellow in autumn. The shrub loves light, can tolerate shade, is frost-resistant, and tolerates drought. It begins to bear fruit early. Grows in the Urals Far East and Siberia.
Horned hazel
Horned hazel
Grows up to 3 meters in height. Has a lush crown and oval leaves yellow color . It got its name from its fruit, which resembles a horn. Grows in North America.
Composition and benefits of hazelnuts
Hazelnuts, also called hazelnuts, are the most common and favorite type of nut. Hazelnuts are considered a valuable and tasty nut, several times more nutritious than bread and dairy products.
Hazelnut has beneficial features, high nutritional and energy value, enriched with vitamins and minerals.
The bulk of the fruit consists of fats, one fifth of proteins and amino acids. The nut contains a huge number of minerals:
- Potassium
- Phosphorus
- Magnesium
- Sodium
- Iron
All of the listed healing and medicinal properties fill the body with energy. Hazel fruit oil contains acids that can protect the heart and blood vessels. The nut is useful for the growth and development of the body for children, and for the elderly to maintain strength and health.. In addition, hazelnuts contain substances that can cleanse the body and remove toxins. Vitamins prevent the appearance of cancer cells. Fruits, leaves, bark, and roots are used for medicinal purposes. Hazel is a laxative and is used for diarrhea. A decoction of tree bark can serve as a medicine for varicose veins.
Hazel oil is widely used as a cosmetic product.
Hazelnuts are widely used in cooking. The nut is used in preparing various dishes and is also added to baked goods.
Preparations prepared from hazel are used in cosmetology. Oil and decoction of walnut leaves are used against hair loss.
But, Along with useful substances, there are also contraindications. It is necessary to eat a limited amount of the nut, otherwise it causes headaches and allergic reactions.
Planting and caring for a tree
When planting hazel correctly, you need to choose a free, sunny place. The tree grows well on any soil, does not like wetlands and sandy areas. Before planting, it is necessary to prepare a place that will not flood the seedlings when spring comes.
The favorable time for planting is autumn, but you can plant seedlings in the spring, until the end of April. The distance between trees as they grow should be at least five meters. To harvest the crop, it is necessary to plant three or more mutually pollinating shrubs.
It is very important to know that the bush does not bear fruit alone.
Before planting, you need to purchase a young seedling; it can be dug up in the forest. Prepare a hole by digging with a shovel, measuring 80 by 80 cm and 80 cm deep. Humus and black soil fertilizer are added to each hole and mixed with the soil. Form a hole around the seedlings and water with water. Then mulch with sawdust or grass.
Preparing a hole for planting hazel
After planting, the young shrub must be watered, weeded, fed with fertilizers, and treated against pests. After planting a young shrub, it is necessary to loosen the soil and water it, especially in hot summer weather. Mature tree Does not require special care, it is necessary to prune for good fruiting. When purchasing, you need to beware of seedlings; they bear fruit several years later and the nut is smaller in size. Hazel grows in mixed and coniferous forests, in the steppe, along the rivers. Hazel is widespread in Russia, the Caucasus, Europe, and the Primorsky Territory.
Rules for reproduction and cultivation
There are different methods of propagation: vegetative and seed. The seed method is used when growing seedlings. For sowing, ripened nuts are taken and sown immediately after harvest in September.
Varietal shrubs are propagated vegetatively:
- By layering
- Rhizomes
- Vaccinations
- Dividing bushes
- Cuttings
When propagated by layering young shoots are bent and rooted to the ground, without being torn away from the bush. Everything should be done with caution so as not to harm the buds that will produce young shoots.
Rhizomatous shoots The plant appears in the third year after planting the seedlings. One shrub produces more than a hundred shoots, and they are used for propagation. Separate three-year-old rhizomes along the edges of the bush using a hatchet, shovel or hacksaw. The shoots have weak roots; they are planted in one hole, 3 pieces each. And in nurseries they grow for about 2 years to strengthen the root system.
Hazel can also be propagated by dividing the bush.. The uprooted bush is divided into several parts so that each stump has roots. After planting, abundant watering should be done to ensure good establishment of the bush. Already in the third year, such seedlings begin to bear fruit.
To propagate by grafting, cuttings are harvested in the fall and stored in a cool place. The grafting is done in the spring in the butt, in a split or behind the bark. Bark grafting takes root better. The grafts are smeared with garden varnish and covered with film. After the buds open, the film is removed.
Hazel propagation by grafting
Hazel cuttings are rooted in closed ground with high humidity.. It is necessary to cut seedlings 10 centimeters long and remove the lower leaves. After this, prepare a composition of sand, peat, soil and humus. The cuttings are planted in boxes with moist soil under a film. After 3 weeks, after the roots appear, the film is removed.
Harvesting
The hazel harvest occurs in the third year, when the bush begins to bear fruit in September.
The maturity of the fruit is determined by the acquisition of a yellow shell and crumbling.
When shaking the tree, nuts that have not fallen off need to be given time to ripen. Immediately after ripening, the nuts are not suitable for consumption. They need to dry for some time in a dry and ventilated area. It is recommended to store nuts in bags through which air passes. When harvesting, the soil under the bush is heavily trampled down; it must then be loosened, watered and fertilized.
Susceptibility to diseases and pests
Hazel is extremely susceptible to diseases and pests. There are many bush pests:
- Shchitovka
- Weevil beetle
Walnut weevil Hazel is damaged by scale insects Aphids cause particular damage to hazel
Damaged fruits are shed by caterpillars in huge quantities. Dangerous pest is a weevil beetle. When spring comes, it eats leaves and then lays eggs. A larva appears inside the nut and gnaws out the entire contents. To combat pests, it is necessary to spray the bushes after flowering with a solution of chlorophos or other preparations. Measures are being taken to remove leaves and damaged nuts from around the tree.
In garden plots, lush and beautiful tree hazel, although the shrub is popular. The shrub has many values in medicine, and the wood is of particular value in furniture and industrial production. In addition, the shrub is an object of beauty in any garden, especially during flowering.
Hazelnut tree: best varieties, methods of propagation, planting and caring for seedlings
In our country, hazel fruits have been eaten since ancient times. They went to the forest for nuts, collected, prepared and replanted them walnut trees and bushes closer to the house. Domesticated hazel began to be called hazelnut. The first mentions of hazelnuts (hazel) are found in the records of the ancient Romans and Greeks. It is believed that they were the first to cultivate this wonderful plant. Scientists believe that hazel was the main plant, the fruits of which saved our ancestors from hunger ten thousand years ago at the end of the Ice Age.
- Features of tree structure
- Popular varieties
- Hazelnut propagation methods
- Landing: choosing a location, timing
- Seedling care
- Tree diseases and pests
Features of tree structure
Hazelnuts belong to the birch family, the hazel genus. The plant looks like a bush tree with many trunks ranging from three to six meters in height; the crown of mature trees can reach 8 meters in diameter. Hazelnut is a monoecious, wind-pollinated plant: male and female flowers are formed on the same tree. Male flowers are formed towards the end of summer, inflorescences in the form of long earrings.
Towards the beginning of flowering, the gray-brown inflorescences lengthen, become loose and change color to yellowish-green and golden when flowering. Female flowers look like ordinary buds; during the flowering period they emit a thin column with red stigmas.
The hazelnut tree has a powerful branched root system.
Hazelnut fruits - nuts - are very tasty, nutritious and healthy. They contain all amino acids, mineral salts, vitamins A, B, C, D, E. Nuts are very high in calories due to the large amount of fat they contain (65-70%). They are easily absorbed by the human body.
Popular varieties
In the fifties of the last century, Academician Yablokov began to conduct selection work on breeding frost-resistant varieties of southern hazelnuts by crossing them with wild hazel.
Thanks to the work carried out, varieties were developed that are frost-resistant and retain all the wonderful taste qualities of hazelnuts:
- Academician Yablokov - reddish leaves. The fruits (up to 12 pieces in a cluster) are quite large (2.6 x 1.6 cm), weighing about 3.5 grams. The shell is thin. Productivity is up to five kilograms of fruit per bush. Male flowers often do not tolerate frost, so to pollinate female flowers it is recommended to plant Pervenets or Tambov early next to a plant of this variety.
- Tambov early - green leaves. The nuts are not very large - 2.1 x 1.4 cm, weight up to 2 grams. The shell is thin. Nuts of this variety have a high oil content. The variety is high-yielding and frost-resistant. Well suited for pollinating any varieties of hazelnuts.
- Moscow ruby - red leaves, large nuts - 2.8 x 1.8 cm, weight up to 4 grams, up to 10 nuts in a cluster. A large number of male flowers are formed; they are frost-resistant. Productivity is up to three kilograms of fruit per bush.
- Catherine - red leaves. The nuts are large – 3 x 1.9 cm, weight up to 5 grams, up to 8 nuts in a bunch. The shell is thin. Fruit ripeness occurs in September. The hazelnuts of this variety are pollinated in the same way as the Akademik Yablokov variety.
- The firstborn has green leaves. The fruits are large, 2.7 x 2.1 cm, weight up to 3 grams. The shell is not very thin. The variety is considered frost-resistant with good yield. Fruits in early September.
- Ivanteevsky red - leaves are red, dark green in autumn. The nuts are medium, weight up to 2 grams. The variety is frost-resistant with high yield. The most suitable pollinator for green-leaved varieties.
- Pushkin red – leaves burgundy color, dark green by autumn. The nuts are large, 2.3 x 1.7 cm, weight up to 2.3 grams, with up to 10 fruits in a cluster. Recommended as a pollinator for green-leaved varieties.
- Sugar - dark cherry-colored leaves. The nuts are small, 1.7 x 1.8 cm, weight up to 2 grams. Very thin shell. The variety is high-yielding, frost-resistant. The fruits ripen in early September. A large number of male flowers are produced and they are resistant to frost.
- Isaevsky - red leaves, large fruits. The variety is one of the most frost-resistant and high-yielding.
- Masha is a red-leaved hybrid. The fruits are medium in size, the shell is thin. The variety is frost-resistant and high-yielding.
- Smolin - red leaves. The nuts are medium-sized, oblong, and clusters contain 10-12 fruits. The shell is thin. The variety is high-yielding and frost-resistant.
To increase productivity, you need to plant two or three varieties of hazelnuts, since many varieties require cross-pollination.
Hazelnut propagation methods
Hazelnuts can be propagated in three ways:
- Seminal
- Vegetative
- Vaccination
Most convenient way for gardeners - vegetative. The method of propagating hazelnuts by seeds is used mainly by breeders, since hazelnuts grown from seeds do not fully retain the properties of the variety. Specialists using seed propagation, obtain new, improved varieties of hazelnuts.
Reproduction by grafting is quite the hard way, and you can use it with some experience, since cuttings take root quite poorly.
Seed method:
- For planting, select large, ripe nuts. To protect against rodents, immediately before planting, treat the nuts with kerosene.
- When planting seeds in the spring, three to four months before planting, place them in water for five days, then dry them and keep them in sand for 3-4 months at a temperature of zero to five degrees for stratification.
- Seeds in sand should be mixed every 2 weeks. At the end of stratification, the seeds are placed under snow.
- Planted in the soil to a depth of 6 centimeters in rows according to a pattern of 35 x 10 cm.
- When planting seeds in the fall, it is recommended to mulch the soil with moss or dry leaves.
Vegetative method. This method of propagation is the easiest and simplest and allows you to preserve all the qualities of the variety. There are several options for vegetative propagation:
Landing: choosing a location, timing
The soil for planting nuts should be well moistened (but not waterlogged) and fertile. In general, the plant grows on any soil except acidic. Such soils can be treated with lime at the rate of 0.5 kg of lime per 1 square meter soil.
You can plant nuts both on plains and on slopes, avoiding southern ones, since the heat can cause the buds to bloom early and die from returning frosts.
Hazelnuts grow well on eastern and northern slopes, in places where the difference between day and night temperatures is minimal. It is advisable to choose a sunny, windless place for hazelnuts, at least five meters away from other trees with a voluminous crown.
Hazelnuts can be planted in uneven areas that are unsuitable for planting other crops. The plant has a shallow root system, thanks to which it strengthens slopes well and prevents soil erosion.
The optimal time for planting seedlings in a permanent place is early October, when the soil is still moist and warm.
You can plant in early spring, as long as the soil has time to warm up. The soil for planting must be prepared six months in advance: when autumn planting– preparation in the spring, and vice versa, in the case of spring – in the fall. It is necessary to loosen the soil and, if necessary, add fertilizers containing potassium and phosphorus. Then, to ensure better breathability and moisture retention, plow the soil to a depth of about 40 centimeters.
Hazelnuts will bear fruit well when organic fertilizers are added to the soil: 2-3 kilograms of manure or compost per 1 square meter. meter of land. During this period (six months) the soil is fallow, resting, it needs to be regularly loosened and weeded.
The optimal scheme for planting seedlings is 6 x 6 m or 5 x 5 m; if there is a shortage of space, you can plant 2 x 5 m, 3 x 5 m. It is important to remember that the more space a tree has, the better it grows and bears fruit.
Half a month before planting, prepare a hole half a meter deep and half a meter in diameter, fill it with the mixture:
- Soil (top layer)
- Humus – 2-3 buckets or manure – 5-8 kg
- Superphosphate – 150 grams
- Potassium salt – 50 grams
- Mycorrhiza – 2-3 handfuls to a depth of 15cm.
Place a peg in the center of the hole and place the seedling next to it. Before planting, the hazelnut roots need to be straightened and dipped into a mash solution (a mixture of earth and water). Deepen the level of the root collar by 3 cm, but the neck itself cannot be covered with soil. Trim the seedling after the fifth or sixth bud, leaving about 25 centimeters in height.
Regardless of weather conditions, seedlings must be watered at the rate of 4 buckets of water for each tree and the soil must be mulched with any suitable material(sawdust, pine needles, humus, etc.). After a week, repeat watering.
Seedling care
Caring for hazelnuts is very simple: they say that this is a plant for the lazy. It is enough to regularly weed the ground without touching root system, you can mulch with mowed grass. Worms develop well under it, which improve the quality of the soil and make it more fertile. Watering is needed mainly in June-July. After watering or raining around the bush, loosen the soil no deeper than 15 centimeters so as not to touch the roots.
To improve fruiting, it is recommended to apply manure or compost to the soil twice a year (2 buckets per tree per year), and mineral fertilizers once a year.
To get a good harvest, it is important to correctly form the bush. In the first three years, the root system develops better; after this time, increased growth of shoots begins, from which trunks are formed. From the second or third year you need to carry out the procedure of pruning the bush. Select 5-8 of the strongest shoots from which the crown of the bush will be formed, cut the rest at the root. Only young shoots of hazelnuts are left, and unproductive shoots are removed.
Branches should be trimmed at the base of the bush.
In the 11th year of nut growth, before the leaves begin to bloom, rejuvenate the tree: trim three old trunks and shorten the young ones. Hazelnuts can grow in one place for more than a hundred years. There is no need to cover hazelnuts for the winter; they are quite frost-resistant.
Tree diseases and pests
Hazelnuts are resistant to diseases and pests; however, for prevention, the branches can be treated with iron sulfate. This should be done in late October and early spring.
Control of pests and tree diseases:
- For hazelnuts, the greatest danger is the cockchafer, whose larvae love to feast on the roots of the tree. When larvae are found chafer in quantities greater than two per 1 square meter, the pest must be destroyed before planting.
- The nut weevil can destroy up to 50% of the hazelnut crop. In the spring, before the beetles appear, add granular 10% Bazudin to the soil at the rate of 2.5 grams per 1 square meter. meter. After the beetles appear, the trees are sprayed with Karbofos 0.06 grams per 1 square meter. meter. Collect and destroy prematurely fallen nuts. In the morning, brush the beetles onto cloths spread on the ground.
- The hazelnut beetle likes to lay eggs under the bark of young shoots; the beetle larvae gnaw out the core of the shoots, as a result of which they dry out. All dried branches must be cut 15 cm below the dried area and then burned. In mid-May, spray the plants with 1% Karbofos.
To prevent hazelnuts from becoming infected with diseases and pests, it is necessary to remove and burn fallen leaves in the fall, and then dig up the ground under the bushes of the plant.
In this way it is destroyed powdery mildew, it tolerates winter well on fallen leaves and weevil larvae. In summer, regularly collect and destroy affected fruits. With proper care, hazelnuts are practically not susceptible to diseases and pests.
More information can be found in the video.
Hazelnuts and hazel Gardens of Siberia
Strictly speaking, hazelnuts are also hazels, but they are not our common hazelnuts (hazelnuts), which grow wild in forests. This collective trade name refers to high-yielding selected forms of large hazel (Lombard), its interspecific hybrids with Pontic hazel, and sometimes with other related species. The fact is that there are about 20 different types of hazel in the world (8 of them grow in our country), most of which have many similar external features, which sometimes gives rise to confusion and unfounded hopes.
They also have a lot in common in physiology. So they are all shade-tolerant, demanding on the richness and moisture of the soil, and do not grow on sands and wetlands. They are pollinated by the wind, bloom before the leaves bloom, and when self-pollinated, bear fruit weakly, i.e., they require cross-pollination. In nature, they reproduce mainly by seed, but they can also vegetatively, by vertical, horizontal and arcuate layering; dividing bushes, stump shoots, grafting, cuttings. The rooting period is usually 2 years. In nature, the main type of reproduction is seed. Cultivated varieties are propagated only vegetatively. Hazels do not reproduce by root suckers, as is sometimes written about in the literature. The fruit is a real nut. Seeds (nuts) do not lose their viability for 1 year; they are sown either before winter, but at the same time they can be seriously damaged by rodents; or in the spring, after stratification in sand or peat at a temperature of 1...5°C for four months. Soil germination 60-80%.
Nuts of all types of hazel are eaten fresh, hot (roasted). However, you should be aware that excessive one-time consumption can cause stomach upset and dry cough. Milk and cream are also prepared from them; for this, the kernels are lightly crushed, soaked for 10-12 hours, then ground in a mortar, left for another 3-4 hours, boiled, filtered and salt and sugar are added to the resulting milk (cream) to taste. . Nuts are also used in confectionery production: for making sweets, pastries, cakes, cookies, and halva. To make it easier to peel them, the nuts should first be placed in the oven for 10-15 minutes. The oil from them is used to make oil paints, varnishes, used in perfumery and medicine, used in food. It is produced artisanally as follows: the kernels are crushed in a mortar or mill to the consistency of sour cream, the resulting mass is simmered in the oven until steam appears, poured with boiling water (1 cup per 4 kg of nut mass), stirred, and the resulting oil is drained. The cooled mass is placed in a sieve over a container into which the remaining oil drains. If the farm has a press, then the last oil can be squeezed out on it. Trunks and branches are used to make bent furniture and canes. Burning wood produces charcoal for painting and making gunpowder. Sawdust is used to clarify wines. The bark contains up to 8% tannins and other tannins, so it can be used for tanning leather. In addition, it, as well as the leaves, are used for medicinal purposes. A decoction of them (1 tablespoon per glass of boiling water) is taken 1/4 cup 4 times a day for diseases of the stomach, liver, and intestines. Let's look at some of the most promising species for cultivation.
Large hazel, or Lombard nut- the main wild ancestor of hazelnut varieties. Homeland - Southern Europe. They began to domesticate it back in Ancient Greece and Rome, more than 1000 years ago, another 500 years later this process was continued in Spain. Grown throughout southern Europe. Currently, in our country alone there are more than 100 cultivated varieties of hazelnuts. Externally, it is a large bush up to 10 m tall, strongly reminiscent of our common hazel. The leaves are round or broadly oval with a short, sharp apex. The nuts are large, up to 2.5 cm, round or oblong with a thin shell (no thicker than 1 mm). Grow in bunches of up to 8 pieces. The plus is tubular, 2 times longer than the nut. Productivity is regular, from 5 to 20 kg or more per bush. Bears fruit for up to 50 years or more. The share of the kernel in the nut mass is at least 40%. In terms of composition, the latter contains: 16.1% proteins, up to 70% fats, 9.9% starch and sugars, in addition, it contains vitamins A, B, C, E; and from microelements - iron, iodine, calcium. In some cases, industrial plantations are planted with nuts collected from varietal plants; such plantings are called half-hazelnuts. Winter hardiness and resistance to negative temperatures are low. The northern border of the distribution of hazelnut varieties bred on the basis of Lombard hazel is the North Caucasus.
Pontian hazel- one of the ancestors of many Turkish, Balkan and Caucasian varieties of hazelnuts. It grows wild in Transcaucasia and Asia Minor. Shrub up to 6 m high, leaves are round, heart-shaped at the base. The nuts are large, broadly ovoid, flattened, growing together in 2-3 pieces. The plus is bell-shaped, wide open. The species is slightly winter-hardy. Both described species and their hybrids cannot grow in the middle zone and to the north.
Common hazel lives throughout the European part of the country up to the Urals, the northern border of the range runs along Leningrad region. It grows as undergrowth in forests, on the edges, and quickly occupies clearings. Bush 2-5 m tall. It blooms in April - May before the leaves bloom, a good perganos. When self-pollinated, it bears little fruit. Rainy weather also makes pollination very difficult and therefore greatly reduces yields. The leaves are obovate or round, with an asymmetrical heart-shaped base and a pointed apex, double-serrate, on short petioles, rich in tannins.
Nuts vary in taste, shell thickness, ripening time, kernel yield (from 20 to 60%), size (usually small), shape: round, ovoid, oblong (the latter are more valuable), weight 1000 pcs. about 1 kg, grow in groups of 2-5 pieces. Species forms with large, thin-walled and tasty fruits are extremely rare in nature. Nut kernels contain on average 65% fatty, easily digestible oil, 15-16% proteins, 2-5% sugars (mainly sucrose), vitamins B, E, ascorbic acid, iron, iodine, calcium. Seed specimens begin to bear fruit in the 5th-10th year, and vegetative specimens - in the 3rd-4th year; They reach maximum productivity at 10-20 years, and at 40 they already die off.
IN good year You can remove 0.5-3 kg of nuts from a bush or from 200 to 1800 kg from 1 hectare. They are collected fully ripe, when the top turns yellow and the nuts can be easily removed from it, usually in August; but the ripening time may vary depending on weather conditions and the cultivated form.
Hazelnuts contain more protein and less oil than hazelnuts. It is a soil-improving species, has a powerful root system, and therefore stabilizes slopes and ravine slopes well. Few suffer from pests and diseases. The main ones are the nut weevil and the acacia scale insect. Relatively winter-hardy, but in unfavorable winters some forms suffer from frost, but, as a rule, quickly recover. Hazel is suitable for landscaping gardens and parks, where it is sometimes cultivated, but it should be borne in mind that it does not like shearing. It is advisable to plant hazel along the fence as a hedge.
The species is quite plastic and has a wide variety of shapes. The most decorative of them is the purple-leaved hazel. There are also forms with a weeping crown, with strongly dissected leaves (fern-leaved), with leaves similar to oak leaves (with wide blunt blades). And also with a yellowish-whitish border on the leaves, with yellowish-green, yellowish or yellowish-white spots on them, with golden-yellow branches, etc. Decorative forms propagated only vegetatively, since during seed reproduction only about 50% of seedlings end up with the desired trait, and in dissect-leaved even less - from 3 to 15%.
The main obstacle to the introduction of common hazel and its hybrids into cultivation is frost, which is destructive for pollen, and, consequently, for the crop. A drop in temperature to -3°C leads to its death, and since hazel blooms in early spring, its flowers are subject to the destructive effects of frost almost every year. Only 2-3 years out of ten are productive. This is quite enough for the successful propagation and dispersal of common hazel in nature, but not for its introduction into cultivation as a nut-bearing plant. IN agriculture A not very large but regular harvest is preferable to a significant but rare one. Breeders involved in developing hazelnut varieties for the middle zone and further north should strive to either increase the resistance of hazel flowers to frost or develop later flowering forms. Only in this case will it take its rightful place among nut crops in the non-chernozem zone, but for now it can only be original ornamental shrub, which occasionally pleases with a harvest of nuts.
Variegated hazel- a Far Eastern species, a shrub no more than 2 m tall, has high shade tolerance, is less demanding of soil than other species, although it still prefers fresh and rich ones. Drought resistant. Possesses interesting property, which may have decorative meaning For winter garden: its leaves turn yellow in September - October, but not all fall off; at the top of the bush, some of the dry leaves remain until spring, giving it an original appearance. This is a protective device against severe frosts - this type of hazel is the most winter-hardy. It begins to bear fruit in the 3-4th year. Hazel nuts are small, 10-12 mm in diameter, weight 1000 pcs. - 1100 g, kernel yield - 30-40%, oil content in the latter - 48-54%, proteins - 17-20%, and sugars and polysaccharides - up to 10%. The nuts are not as tasty as those of common hazel. This type very promising for introduction into culture in the Far East, and also as one of the parents when breeding new varieties, to impart to them the properties of high winter hardiness.
A little about the technology of growing hazel for those amateur gardeners who still want to start growing it. Never use nuts bought at the market or in a store for sowing - these are most likely the fruits of southern hazelnuts. There is little prospect of sowing them in our zone; the seedlings will not be winter-hardy. It is better to use fruits from local wild varieties, or from varieties bred specifically for the middle zone. The sowing depth of nuts is 6-7 cm. Seedlings are dug up at 1-2 years of age, at a height of at least 15 cm, after which they are planted in a permanent place with bushes 4x6 m in size. seat before planting, add 5-6 kg of humus, or 100 g of superphosphate and 50 g of potassium salt. Transplanting selected plus forms from the forest also gives good results.
With proper care in the Leningrad region, the following hybrid varieties of hazelnuts bred for the middle zone can also be grown in garden plots: Ivanteevsky red, Kudraif, Moscow early, Firstborn, Purple, Tambov early , they are quite winter-hardy, but the regularity of harvests remains problematic. It is likely that breeders will soon cope with this shortcoming, but for now the main nut-bearing species for the North-West should focus on Siberian and Korean pines (cedars) and Manchurian walnut.
V. Starostin , dendrologist, candidate of agricultural sciences sciences
(Gardener No. 22, 2011)
See other publications by V. A. Starostin on his personal page Vladimir Aleksandrovich Starostin. Publications
Other materials on nuts can be found in the main section Nut crops
Look for nut planting material in the “Nurseries” section. Seedlings"
Hazel and hazelnut are rare guests in our garden plots. And this is quite strange, considering how much one kilogram of nuts costs.
On a plot of four acres, you can create an entire hazelnut garden that will bear fruit well.
About soil
Hazelnuts prefer soils that are light in mechanical composition and rich in organic matter. If the soil on the site is different, then it must be corrected by adding sand and humus to the planting hole.
Moreover, relatively little humus is needed. And sand must be poured without sparing. Doesn't like hazelnuts acidic soils, so it wouldn’t hurt to add a little ash to the hole when planting.
About varieties and harvest
In theory, the first nuts should appear in the fifth or sixth year, but with good care we will try the first nuts already in the second.
True, at this age only two to five nuts are removed from the bushes, but at next year the harvest will already be more significant.
With age, the number of nuts in each fruit increases, the clusters become larger and heavier.
Varieties A are distinguished by such numerous infructescences academician Yablokov And № 4219.
Academician Yablokov
The plants of this variety are very beautiful. Female inflorescences have dark maroon, almost black stigmas, so during spring bloom one always gets the impression that they have frozen out, but by mid-June this impression is dispelled by the appearance of a copious amount of nuts setting.
Excessively thin shells contribute to severe damage to the nuts by the weevil. Variety late date ripening. Pollinators for this variety are Tambov late, as well as Pervenets.
Winter hardiness is average - male inflorescences and annual growth freeze slightly. Female inflorescences survive spring frosts to minus 6 - 7oC. The bush has a beautiful cup-shaped shape
However, varietal hazelnuts are difficult to obtain, but savages also provide good harvests. True, their nuts are often small.
Famous Ivanteevskie hazelnuts- they are frost-resistant, like northern hazel, and productive and large-fruited, like southern hazelnuts.
Moscow ruby
The color of its leaves, plumes and the nut itself is bright crimson at the beginning of summer, and dark crimson by the end of summer.
There are 7-8, and sometimes up to 15 large nuts in the fruit.
The kernel is tender, with excellent dessert taste. In the Moscow region, nuts ripen in the first ten days of October. The bush is vigorous, powerful, up to 4.5 m high, winter-hardy, productive. It bears fruit almost every year - 3-4 kg per bush.
Tambov early
The Tambov early variety can grow throughout the entire range of common hazel. It is frost-resistant, withstands frosts down to −42°C. The time for its nuts to ripen occurs in the Moscow and Tambov regions on August 15-20.
There are from 2 to 10 nuts in a plus. The yield from a bush aged 10 or more years is up to 4 kg, from 1 hectare - up to 16 c. Seedling from free pollination of the local form (Tambov region) of common hazel.
It produces many male inflorescences and is a good pollinator for other varieties.
Sugar
A bush of medium vigor (3-3.5m) with a spreading, dense crown. The yield is up to 3-4 kg per bush. The fruits weigh (1.8 g), round with a thin shell.
Ripening period: end of August - beginning of September. Winter hardiness is high.
Excellent taste - hence the name - “Sugar”. The variety is very decorative - the leaves and nuts on the bush are dark cherry in color. The highest quality of the harvested fruits is superior to all other varieties in terms of oil and sugar content.
Girls - boys
When designing a walnut orchard, it is necessary to take into account that nuts are a wind-pollinated crop, that is, they bear fruit better when several varieties grow nearby. You can plant one bush of wild hazel in the garden for pollination - the yield of other hazelnuts will only increase.
Bush formation
Three years after planting, the hazelnut bush must be formed. The ideal crown shape for a nut is considered to be a bowl. To do this, you need to annually remove all shoots growing in the center of the crown, and cut the central conductor above the side branches to the outer bud.
It is best to prune in the spring before the buds on the shoots swell. The signal for it is considered to be the fall of earrings.
But the nut garden begins with the acquisition of seedlings. Here, of course, you need to choose, varieties differ in yield. Thus, an adult bush of the Akademik Yablokov variety produces 10 kg of nuts. Therefore, choosing a variety is a crucial moment.
How to propagate
If desired, you can propagate the variety you like by planting cuttings, and by the end of summer they will take root. When planted in a permanent place, such layerings produce a harvest within a year and retain all the characteristics of the mother plant.
Hazelnuts can also be propagated by seeds. Once sown, they will acclimatize perfectly and will be resistant to the vicissitudes of the weather. But the harvest will have to wait five to seven years, and it remains to be seen what kind of dark horse will grow from these seeds. You can easily wait seven years for hazelnut fruits, and then it turns out that it would be better not to plant them.
Therefore, we are only interested in seedlings from vegetative propagation, guaranteeing us excellent results.
How to choose a seedling
In order not to make a mistake when purchasing seedlings, you need to pay attention to their roots. If they are pivotal, then these are seedlings, that is, undesirable for us. But if the root is fibrous and extends from the stem in a non-standard way, this is what we need.
A few notes from practice:
● seedlings that are deeply buried during planting may die;
● watering seedlings in the first two years of cultivation in dry weather is very desirable, since their root system is very weak and they will suffer from a lack of moisture;
● when planting in autumn, you need to mulch trunk circle, that is, to protect the seedlings from freezing.
Hazelnuts and hazelnuts in Siberia
Plant a nut for good luck
There is a popular legend that whoever sees a small red hazel flower will be happy for the rest of his life. Is it really so difficult to find a flower of a plant that grows almost everywhere in our gardens? And the secret is that the hazel tree blooms very early, when there is still snow in the gardens.
Flowers bloom long before the leaves appear. Yellow hazel catkins (male inflorescences) are immediately visible among bare trees and shrubs, but female flowers are inconspicuous and invisible: the red stigmas of the pistils are hidden in the bud scales, which protect them from night frosts. We can say that hazel flowers are the first harbingers of spring.
The catkins fade quickly, and the red tassels of the female flowers remain on the bushes for about two weeks. Since the insects have not yet woken up after winter, worrying about the future harvest of nuts falls entirely to the wind. There will be many or few nuts, depending on the weather.
If it’s cloudy and rainy, then there’s nothing to expect from nuts, but sun and warmth during the hazel tree’s flowering period portend big harvest. It has been noticed that abundant harvests occur after three to four years.
The taste of hazelnuts is familiar to everyone. But their value lies not so much in their unique taste, but in their healing qualities. Nuts contain all the main components of food: almost 70% fat, about 18% protein, and up to 17% sugars. Nuts are rich in vitamins and microelements. Almost the entire table of D.I. Mendeleev is in the kernel of a nut: chlorine, magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur, iron, zinc, manganese, etc. All 20 amino acids are contained in nuts. Walnut oil has a delicate aroma and is easily digestible. This is an excellent remedy for the prevention of sclerosis, nervous and other diseases. So nuts are an unsurpassed food product in terms of content useful substances and calorie content. Nuts are used to prepare butter, first and second courses, and confectionery.
Hazel is very frost-resistant, withstands temperatures down to 50 degrees. Does not require special soil fertility. Easily tolerates excess moisture, but not drought.
Hazel is also called hazel. Cultural form hazel - hazelnut - bred through centuries-old folk selection. Since hazelnuts were created in the south, their winter hardiness is much lower than that of hazel. But there are cultivated varieties of hazel that are resistant to the weather conditions of Siberia and are characterized by high yields. They can be purchased at nurseries.
Hazel propagates by seeds, dividing the bush, layering, green and lignified cuttings.
It is better to sow seeds late in the fall, before snowfall, in well-fertilized furrows to a depth of 3-4 cm. The distance between rows and one nut from another is at least 10 cm. The furrows are sprinkled with peat on top. To protect the sown seeds from mice and birds, the furrows are covered with spruce branches on top.
If you want to sow seeds in the spring, they must be stratified. To do this, one part of the nuts must be mixed with three parts of washed sand and placed in a cool place. Keep at a temperature of 0 to plus 3 degrees, occasionally watering and stirring. In the spring, as soon as the snow melts, the nuts are planted in the ground.
Shoots do not appear for a very long time, sometimes up to two or three years. Therefore, you need to be patient. You cannot dig up the soil in this place, you just need to remove weeds, water and lightly loosen.
In the first year of life, seedlings reach a height of 25-40 cm. They can be planted in the second year, but the roots should be shortened. When planting a hazel tree in a permanent place, you need to keep in mind that the bushes grow very much, so the distance between them should be 4-6 meters. Planting holes are dug 35-40 cm deep and about a meter wide. They put him on a mound, tying him to a driven stake. Seedlings should not be buried, otherwise the growth and development of the bush will slow down, and fruiting will be delayed by 2-3 years.
Next year in the spring, to form a bush, the seedling needs to be cut off above the fifth or sixth bud from the bottom. In the future, you will need to ensure that the bush is not thickened. The best option- 7-8 trunks. If there are more than 10 trunks in a bush, then the yield is reduced and the nuts are worse.
The root system of the hazel tree is located high: on good soils at a depth of 10-15 cm, on heavy ones - up to 20 cm. Therefore, in order not to damage the roots, it is better not to dig up the soil under the bushes. Hazel responds well if the ground under it is sown with grass. On neutral soils need to sow cereal herbs, for alkaline ones - vetch and oats, and for sour ones - blue lupine. It’s beautiful and improves the soil structure. In these cases, fertilizers must be applied to holes made around the circumference of the crown.
Hazel grows very quickly and should be used for a green hedge. Its bushes retain dust well, better than other shrubs. For hedges, hazel trees are planted at a distance of 1-1.5 meters from each other.
Many types of hazel are very decorative: there are weeping forms of the bush, and the bushes with red, golden, green-yellow leaves are unusually beautiful.
Hazel is very appropriate in areas near slopes, beams, and ravines. Since it has a powerful root system, a better soil-fixing plant cannot be found.
Plant a hazel tree near your house, then it will be easier to find a red flower in the spring. Maybe he really will bring happiness to your family.
I. A. Strecker , biologist, Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo region
