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How to seal a hole around risers? Homo habilis. A magazine for skilled people. How to close the hole in the wall around the pipe. Sealing utility passages Passage of heating risers through walls and ceilings

This is what I write in the PP:
1. In places where openly laid and protected cables pass through building structures, cable penetrations must be provided with a fire resistance limit not lower than the fire resistance limit of these structures (Article 82 of the TR), ensuring the required smoke and gas tightness (clause 37 of PPB 01-03) and meeting the requirements GOST R 50571.15 and 2.1 PUE.
To do this, in places where pipes and cables pass:
-- through fire walls, ceilings and partitions with a standardized fire resistance limit or their exit to the outside in rooms with a normal environment, lay electrical circuits in sections of pipes for smooth PVC electrical wiring D = 25 (clause 3.18 SNiP 3.05.06-85*). Seal the gaps between the cables and the pipe with cable glands for PVC pipes. The seal should be made on each side of the pipe;
-- through building structures with a non-standardized fire resistance limit, lay electrical circuits in pipes corrugated PVC d=16. Seal the gaps between the cables and the pipe using TFLEX plugs.
2. When passing through ceilings, the cable at the point of passage is protected from mechanical damage by casings or boxes to a height of 2 m from the floor.
3.For passing single cables through walls production premises with explosive zone class - 2 (according to TROTPB) and V-1a (according to PUE), use steel water and gas pipes in accordance with GOST 3262-75 and pipe cable glands U57/III. For a diagram of single cable penetrations, see sheet 16 of the RF project.
4. To pass the cable assembly through the walls of industrial premises with explosive zone class - 2 (according to TROTPB) and V-1a (according to PUE), use universal solution cable penetrations designed for fire protection of passage points cable lines and consisting of:
--sealing fire retardant composition Formula KP - for sealing cable passages;
--fire retardant composition Phoenix CE - for additional fire retardant treatment cables;
--embedded parts - straight all-metal perforated tray LM 500x50.
Installation of cable penetrations should be carried out in compliance with the requirements of technological regulations TRP-10/06 and "Recommendations for the installation and operation of fire-fighting cable penetrations of the KP type" (R5.04.067.10) of RUE "Stroytekhnorm".
5. Sealing of pipe passages through building structures must be done with fireproof materials ( mortar, cement with sand by volume 1:10, clay with sand - 1:3, clay with cement and sand - 1.5:1:11, expanded perlite with building gypsum - 1:2 or other non-combustible materials) throughout the entire thickness of the wall or partitions immediately after laying cables or pipes (SNiP 3.05.06-85, clause 3.65). Gaps in passages through walls may not be sealed if these walls are not fire barriers.

Description:

When installing internal pipeline networks (heating, cold and hot water supply, gas pipelines, sewerage and drains), pipes from materials of different strength and surface hardness (steel, copper and various polymers) are used.

Features of passing polymer pipelines through building structures

V. A. Ustyugov, Ph.D. tech. Sciences, Director of State Unitary Enterprise "Research Institute Mosstroy"

A. A. Otstavnov, Ph.D. tech. Sciences, Leading Researcher, State Unitary Enterprise "Research Institute Mosstroy"

V. E. Bukhin, Ph.D. tech. Sciences, TC NPO "Stroypolymer"

When installing internal pipeline networks (heating, cold and hot water supply, gas pipelines, sewerage and drains), pipes from materials of different strength and surface hardness (steel, copper and various polymers) are used.

Some of these pipelines are almost always located in the thickness of floors, walls, partitions and foundations. For risers, for example, the length of this part can be up to 10% (the distance between the floors of adjacent floors is 3 m and the thickness of the ceiling is 0.3 m). The building elements listed above can be made of both hard (reinforced concrete, brick, etc.) and relatively soft (wood, plaster, dry plaster, etc.) building materials.

In this regard, installers of internal pipeline networks always face questions related to the passage of polymer pipelines through building structures:

– how will its direct contact with a hard element affect the long-term strength behavior of a soft polymer pipeline? building material;

– how the direct contact of an element made of soft building material with a pipeline made of hard material will affect the strength.

These questions are due to the fact that it is always important to know how it is easier, cheaper and more reliable to arrange their intersections with building structures for trouble-free service of building elements and pipelines. Analysis of numerous normative and literary data does not allow us to give a sufficiently convincing answer to the questions posed.

Thus, in SNiP 3.05.01–85 (“Internal sanitary systems”), the main document of all-Russian significance on the rules for installing internal systems, there are no recommendations for arranging pipeline passages through building elements, except for the following: “non-insulated pipelines of heating systems, heat supply , internal cold and hot water supplies should not be adjacent to the surface building structures", as well as "the distance from the surface of the plaster or cladding to the axis of uninsulated pipelines with a nominal diameter of up to 32 mm inclusive with open installation should be from 35 to 55 mm, with diameters of 40–50 mm - from 50 to 60 mm, and with diameters more than 50 mm – accepted according to working documentation.” The rules for the intersection of building elements with pipelines are not sufficiently reflected in the national standard SNiP 2.04.01–85 (“Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings”) for design standards internal systems water supply and drainage of buildings. Section 17 provides guidance on how to:

– places where risers pass through the floors must be sealed with cement mortar to the entire thickness of the floor (clause 17.9d);

– the section of the riser 8–10 cm above the ceiling (up to the horizontal outlet pipeline) should be protected with cement mortar 2–3 cm thick (clause 17.9d);

– before sealing the riser with mortar, the pipes should be wrapped with rolled waterproofing material without a gap (clause 19.9e). However, this instruction applies only to the risers of sewer systems. Consideration of various regulatory recommendations for the arrangement of intersections of building elements with pipelines shows that they are very incomplete and, moreover, are sometimes contradictory in nature.

Some recommendations for arranging intersections of pipelines with various elements of buildings are available in all-Russian codes of rules and departmental technical recommendations. They generally apply to the design and installation of specific internal systems made from a specific type of pipe.

Some sets of rules provide recommendations general. For example, in SP 40–101–96 (“Design and installation of pipelines made of polypropylene “Random copolymer”)”) it is indicated (clause 4.5.) that “when the pipeline passes through walls and partitions, its free movement must be ensured (installation of sleeves and etc.). When laying pipelines hidden in a wall or floor structure, the possibility of thermal expansion of the pipes must be ensured.” In this case we mean polypropylene pipelines. Other sets of rules provide recommendations that relate to pipelines made of metal-polymer pipes. For example, in clause 5.7. SP 41–102–98 (“Design and installation of pipelines for heating systems using metal-polymer pipes”) states that “for the passage of pipes through building structures, it is necessary to provide sleeves. The inner diameter of the sleeve should be 5–10 mm larger than the outer diameter of the pipe being laid. The gap between the pipe and the sleeve must be sealed with a soft, fireproof material that allows the pipe to move along the longitudinal axis” (Fig. 1).

In another set of rules SP 40–103–98 (“Design and installation of pipelines for cold and hot water supply systems using metal-polymer pipes”), clause 3.10 states that “for passage through building structures, it is necessary to provide cases made of plastic pipes. The inner diameter of the case should be 5–10 mm larger than the outer diameter of the pipe being laid. The gap between the pipe and the case must be sealed with a soft, waterproof material that allows the pipe to move along the longitudinal axis.” As you can see, almost the same recommendations are given. Only the “case” is called a “case” and the material from which it is to be made is indicated. There are other recommendations regarding metal-polymer pipes. Thus, in TR 78–98 (“Technical recommendations for the design and installation of internal water supply systems of buildings made of metal-polymer pipes”), paragraph 2.20 states that “the passage of water supply systems from MPT through building structures should be carried out in metal or plastic sleeves.” And literally in the next paragraph 2.21, a restriction on the material is introduced: “the intersection of ceilings with water pipe risers from MPT must be carried out using sleeves made of steel pipes protruding above the ceiling to a height of at least 50 mm.” In the same document, in the section “Repair work” (clause 5.9), it is indicated that “if the seal between the pipe and the case passing through the building structures is weakened, it is necessary to seal it with flax strands or other soft material.” Here, naturally, the question arises: what kind of seal are we talking about? There are standards that answer this question to some extent. For example, TR 83–98 (“Technical recommendations for the design and installation of internal sewage systems of buildings made of polypropylene pipes and fittings”) states (clause 4.26) that “in places where sewer risers pass through the ceiling, before sealing with mortar, the riser should be wrapped in a roll waterproofing material without a gap to ensure the possibility of dismantling pipelines during repairs and compensating for their thermal expansion.” In the “Guide to the design and installation of internal water supply and sewerage systems for buildings made of polypropylene pipes and fittings" there are sections relating to both water supply and sewerage. For sewerage it is indicated (clause 3.2.20) that “the passage polypropylene pipelines through building structures must be carried out using sleeves, the internal diameter of sleeves made of hard material (roofing steel, pipes, etc.) must exceed O.D. plastic pipeline by 10–15 mm. The interpipe space must be sealed with soft, non-combustible material in such a way as not to interfere with the axial movement of the pipeline during its linear temperature deformations. It is also allowed to wrap instead of rigid sleeves polypropylene pipes two layers of roofing felt, glassine, roofing felt, followed by bandaging them with twine, etc. material. The length of the sleeve should be 20 mm greater than the thickness of the building structure.” No information is provided regarding the passage of water supply pipelines through building elements. It turns out that the intersection of pipelines made of polypropylene pipes with building elements can be completely arranged without the use of sleeves (cases). In a national document - building codes SN 478–80 (“Instructions for the design and installation of water supply and sewerage systems made of plastic pipes”) - it is indicated (clause 3.16) that “the intersection of a plastic pipeline with the foundation of buildings should be provided with the help of a steel or plastic case. The gap between the case and the pipeline is sealed with white rope impregnated with a solution of low molecular weight polyisobutylene in gasoline in a ratio of 1:3. The same type of seal should be used for the ends of the cases. If a tarred rope or strand is used to seal a gap, the plastic pipe should be wrapped with polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene film in 2–5 layers. It is allowed to seal with asbestos material (fabric, cord) and seal the ends of the case with hernit.” The building codes also state (clause 4.6) that “in places where they pass through building structures, plastic pipes must be laid in cases. The length of the case must be 30–50 mm greater than the thickness of the building structure. The location of joints in the cases is not allowed.” Unfortunately, apart from the length of the case, there is no information about the material from which the case should be made, the thickness of its walls and other characteristics. In the set of rules SP 40-102-2000 that replaced SN 478–80 (“Design and installation of pipelines for water supply and sewerage systems made of polymeric materials”), there is no information at all about the arrangement of intersections of pipelines with building elements. We, as one of the developers of this set of rules, explain the lack of recommendations for the arrangement of intersections of pipelines with building elements as follows. Since SP 40–102–2000 provides general provisions, it was assumed that specific rules would be set forth in SP for the design and installation of specific systems ( cold water pipes, hot water pipes, water heating, sewerage, internal drains) pipelines made of a specific type of material (cross-linked polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, etc.). When developing such sets of rules, it would be possible to take into account the characteristics of building premises, as well as how and where openings are prepared for pipelines to cross building structures. After all, holes in ceilings, walls and partitions can be prepared entirely at the construction site or have a factory readiness. In SNiP 23–03–2003 (“Protection from noise”), in order to reduce noise levels, it is recommended to pass pipelines through ceilings using heating sleeves with sealing the gap with elastic material, but, unfortunately, this only applies to heating systems.

Figure 1.

However, other internal pipelines are also significant sources of noise. Appropriate arrangement of passes, for example, sewer pipes wires through building structures (Fig. 2, 3 and 4) can significantly reduce the noise emanating from them (the noise level is reflected in the figures by the number of arrows). Thus, a study of some regulations convinces us that consensus There are no mandatory requirements for the arrangement of passages yet. This is understandable, since the conditions for crossing metal and polymer pipelines are very diverse: this includes the material of building elements (concrete, brick, wood, etc.), and various elements (load-bearing walls and partitions of living rooms, bathrooms and foundations, as well as floors ). It is also important which elements (walls, ceilings, etc.) cross the pipelines, in which rooms this is done (bathroom, living room etc.) and what installation method (closed or open) is used. It is on these factors that in each specific case the criteria for the economical arrangement of intersections will depend, the implementation of which will only ensure reliable and durable operation of any sanitary system made of any pipes.

As noted above, virtually no attention is paid to these issues in the literature. The need to equip pipelines with sleeves when crossing individual elements of buildings can be justified by a number of factors.

Straight sections, for example, risers made of polymer pipes, are very sensitive to temperature changes and can move significantly. Obviously, it is necessary to install sleeves here. This will create conditions for free movement of pipelines in the event of their thermal deformations during possible installation and operational, seasonal or daily temperature changes. However, it is possible to prevent the movement of polymer pipelines in the structural elements of buildings. To do this, it is necessary to install compensators on them in such a way as to completely eliminate the movement of the polymer pipeline in the building element.

In other cases, it is necessary to install a sleeve in a building element when a polymer pipeline passes through it so that, if necessary, it is possible to dismantle some section of the pipeline without destroying this element. The criterion, naturally, is not unambiguous. If the need is dictated by force majeure circumstances, then, as practice shows, such cases are extremely rare. And it is hardly advisable to equip every building element (out of many millions) with sleeves. If you keep in mind complete replacement polymer pipeline (the service life of which, for example, in cold water supply systems is 50 years, and in heating systems - 25 years), then the advisability of using such sleeves is also not obvious.

The requirement for mandatory sealing of the space between pipelines and sleeves installed in building elements is certainly fair. This must be done in order to prevent the penetration of odors and insects from one room to another. Obviously, insects (bugs and cockroaches) should not penetrate the neighbor. It is also undesirable to move them, for example, from the kitchen to any room.

How to carry out such a seal? Obviously, the space between the pipe and the sleeve located in the partition can be sealed with a material that does not require tightness. But if the sleeve is located in the ceiling, then, most likely, ensuring the tightness of the seal will be a mandatory requirement. This is dictated by the fact that in the event of an accident, for example, on the riser of a water heating system made from MP pipes, water should not pass through the gap between the pipe and the sleeve to the lower floors. Regarding the dimensions of the sleeves and determining the amount of protrusion of the sleeve beyond the boundaries of the building element, the following considerations should be kept in mind:

– the requirement that the sleeve protrudes 50 mm above the ceiling, it seems, may not be mandatory in all cases;

– this value can be accepted for rooms (for example, bathrooms or showers: they, as a rule, provide waterproofing under the floor), where the level of spilled water can rise above this level of the clean floor. In this case, the seal of the sleeve around the pipeline must be airtight;

– in some cases it will be quite enough if the sleeve protrudes from the floor by 5–7 mm;

– excessive protrusion of the sleeve beyond the septum is hardly advisable. The shorter the sleeve, the less will be its cost and, therefore, the cost of its installation. Apparently, it will be quite enough that there are no obstacles to finishing work (plastering, painting, wallpapering, tiles etc.);

- it is obvious that these considerations fully apply to the protrusion of the sleeve beyond the ceiling.

The gap between the sleeve and the polymer pipeline must be selected in such a way that it can be properly sealed. The internal diameters of the sleeves must also allow the free passage of pipeline parts that are intended to be replaced, for example, in the case of emergency situations. To do this, they must be larger than the outer diameters of such parts. Regarding the material of the sleeves, the following considerations must be kept in mind. Experience shows that sleeves are made from sections of steel and polymer pipes, as well as from roll waterproofing materials such as roofing felt. In our practice (the 60s of the last century, Moscow quarters 18 and Khoroshevo-Mnevniki), there are cases when cardboard sleeves were used (although this was on steel water heating pipelines). The material must provide the ability to be firmly embedded in the building structure. When it comes to reinforced concrete elements, the use of steel sleeves is beyond doubt. They can be easily concreted both in the conditions of a reinforced concrete plant (in the manufacture of reinforced concrete panels of walls and floors), and directly at the construction site during the installation process pipeline system using appropriate formwork. Sleeves made of other materials have an advantage over steel sleeves in that they do not have sharp edges and burrs, which during installation can scratch and cut, for example, plastic pipes, which is extremely dangerous, especially for pressure pipelines. For this reason, the ends of steel sleeves must be specially processed. Their walls at the edges must be bent outward (flaring) and burrs must be removed from them (countersinking). Regarding sleeves made of other materials, it should also be borne in mind that almost all plastics do not have sufficient adhesion to cement mortar.

Regardless of the material, durable sealing of sleeves in elements of wooden buildings can only be achieved using special methods. Use of such roll materials, like roofing felt, is not desirable. After all, such materials may contain petroleum components, the contact of which with plastics is unacceptable.

The material of the sleeves should not contribute to the spread of fire from one room to another, which is associated only with one of the factors - compliance with the requirements fire safety. There is information on this issue in the literature. Unfortunately, this topic (which rooms and what systems can be discussed) goes far beyond the scope of this article. We may consider it in the future. The passage of pipelines through foundations should be subject to requirements to ensure tightness against penetration groundwater to the basement. The possibility of uneven settlement of the foundation and pipeline should also be taken into account. To do this, the inner diameter of the sleeves (cases) must be 200 mm larger than the outer diameter of the pipeline, according to SN 478–80. Naturally, the dimensions of the sleeves are determined by the pipeline installation method used. If pipeline is closed, for example, some decorative panel(hidden installation), then there is hardly any need to take into account excessive protrusion of the sleeve beyond the partition. It’s another matter when the sleeve is in plain sight (open installation of the pipeline). In this case, you should use sleeves with dimensions that will not spoil the interior of the room. In conclusion, it should be noted that the provisions discussed in the article should encourage designers and installers to be more responsible in arranging the passage of polymer pipelines through building structures, which should have a positive impact on the quality of installation and the reliability of their subsequent operation.

Literature

1. Otstavnov A. A., Bukhin V. E. On the passage of elements of residential buildings with polymer pipelines // Pipelines and ecology. 2004. No. 3.

2. Ustyugov V. A., Otstavnov A. A. // Plumbing. 2005. No. 5.

3. Ustyugov V. A., Otstavnov A. A.. Selection of pipe products for the installation of internal sewer networks // Construction technology. 2005. No. 36.

4. Ustyugov V. A., Otstavnov A. A.. On the noise level of sanitary units in buildings // Juice. 2005. No. 3.

5. Plastic pipes, their characteristics and scope of application. NGP /Prof. Voronov Yu.V. and prof. Zhurov V. N. M., 2000.

Page 4

The tools used to repair the work are, firstly, a thick quartz thread for sealing the holes and, secondly, several electrodes from an arc lamp; all other reamers cannot withstand the temperature of the gas-oxygen flame and contaminate the product with oxides.  

Epoxy adhesive is intended for gluing metal, ceramics, glass, wood and other materials, for sealing holes and cracks.  

Plastering begins after the walls and partitions of the building have completely settled, window and door blocks have been installed and secured, holes have been sealed, sanitary fixtures have been installed, and all types of wiring have been completed.  

The connections from the risers are introduced into the laboratory through holes in the partitions with the installation of sleeves or special seals, followed by sealing of the holes.  

The reason for the sound conductivity of floors is often insufficient backfilling of the interfloor floors, poor-quality sealing of the junction points of precast reinforced concrete floor elements, poor sealing of holes in the passage of heating pipelines, water supply and other systems.  

The laying of pipes and other intra-station communications through the walls separating explosive and non-explosive rooms must be sealed by welding diaphragms to the pipes and sealing the holes in the walls with concrete and expanding cement. Laying acetylene pipelines through non-explosive premises of the station is not allowed.  

The laying of pipes and other intra-station communications through the walls separating explosive and non-explosive rooms must be sealed by welding diaphragms to the pipes and sealing the holes in the walls with concrete and expanding cement.  

Then it is explained that at enterprises, institutions, collective farms, state farms and other facilities, preparation for a possible flood is carried out in advance: work is carried out to seal holes in buildings, to secure doors and windows in buildings in the open position, to secure flooded structures and equipment, to disconnect energy devices and networks; the procedure for the removal and removal of material assets, the removal of transport and the removal of animals is established. The simplest methods and means of waterproofing, equipment and property that may end up in water are shown.  

When installing new central heating, water supply, sewerage and gas supply systems in existing buildings, the installation of these systems should be standardized according to SNiP IV standards, and punchings with sealing of holes for the passage of pipes in different designs should be further normalized according to the SUSN standards.  

When bushings cross basement walls or technical subfields the following should be protected: a) pipelines from possible settlement of the building; b) basement premises from the penetration of precipitation and groundwater. To do this, in dry soils, the pipe is laid with a gap of 0–2 m and the hole in the wall is sealed with waterproof elastic materials. For this purpose, it is enough to use a tarred strand and crumpled fatty clay. After laying the pipeline, the inner surface of the basement wall is plastered with cement mortar. When laying the input under the wall (under prefabricated strip foundations) pipelines are recommended to be located under the unloading beam or at a distance of at least 0 2 m from inner surface walls to the outer edge of the socket collar.  

Preparation of parts before chrome plating consists of the following sequential operations: machining surfaces (grinding or polishing); preliminary degreasing to remove the bulk of organic contaminants using generally accepted technology by washing with organic solvents or processing in a hot alkali solution or in washing solutions; sealing holes and insulating areas that are not subject to chrome plating; installation of parts on suspensions; degreasing; washing in water; activation; hanging parts in the bath.  

When lifting individual slabs, make sure that the holes in the slab are drilled correctly (usually along the edges at a distance of 1-7 m from each other, the diameter of the holes is 30 mm), check the accuracy of lifting the slab, the quality of filling the space under the slab (injecting thin cement or lime mortar), sealing of holes, timing of opening traffic.  

Must know: rules and terms of cleaning chimneys, chimneys and hogs, their structure and location; technical and fire safety requirements requirements for chimneys, chimneys and hogs; purpose and rules for using tools and devices for cleaning chimneys, chimneys and hogs, for punching and sealing holes; rules brickwork and methods for preparing solutions for sealing holes in pipes and hogs; rules and methods for burning soot.  

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Sleeve for passing pipes through the foundation

To enter the water supply into the house and remove the sewer pipes, holes must be provided in the foundation; they must be “reserved” even before the foundation is poured. For this purpose, protective sleeves made of steel or asbestos-cement pipes are used.

Sealing utility passages

The point of the sleeve is that it protects the pipeline from mechanical damage and makes it possible to replace the pipeline without completely digging it out. Protective sleeves are used not only for the passage of communications through the foundation, but also when laying pipelines in the ground, as well as inside the house - between walls and ceilings. Depending on the application, sleeves are used different sizes and from different materials. This article will focus specifically on the protective sleeves that are used to pass through the foundation of a house.

Protective sleeve for pipe passage through the foundation.

Installing the sleeve

The sleeve must be installed in the formwork before pouring the foundation, and securely fixed so that when pouring concrete it does not fall out or move.

Sleeve for passing a sewer pipe through the foundation

Sleeve diameter

The diameter of the sleeve should be 4-6 cm larger than that of the pipeline to ensure a gap between the walls of the sleeve and the pipe laid in it. If there is no such gap, then when the foundation settles, the pipe will simply break: the pipe laid in the ground remains motionless, and the section of the pipe passing through the foundation goes down. A foundation settlement of 1-2 cm is a common occurrence; it will occur as the house is built, the load on the soil increases, and under this weight the soil becomes more compacted. To prevent the pipeline from rupturing, a gap is needed between it and the protective sleeve.

Gaps between pipe and sleeve.

For example, for water pipes (diameter up to 50 mm) you can use sleeves with a diameter of 110 mm, and for sewer pipes (D=110 mm) it is better to use a sleeve of 200 mm.

To backfill the soil does not fall into the gap between the sleeve and the pipe, it needs to be foamed with foam - not all of it, but only along the edges, as shown in the diagram:

Diagram of the passage of a pipe in a sleeve through the foundation.

To prevent moisture from entering from the outside, the foam must be protected with waterproofing.

Read also:

Rolled waterproofing for foundations

Rolled waterproofing materials They have a multilayer structure: a bitumen coating is applied to a polymer or fiberglass base on both sides, and there may be an additional protective layer on the outside.

Bitumen mastics for foundation waterproofing

Bitumen mastic is a viscous substance, it is based on bitumen and additional additives: rubber, rubber, polymers, latex, emulsions. For waterproofing, mastics MGTN, MBR, MBU, MGKh are used.

Date of publication: 01/05/2015 13:52:25

How to seal a hole around risers in ceiling slabs?

Pipes in interfloor ceilings for risers

I had to deal with various installation solutions when installing pipes in interfloor ceilings for laying cables along a low-current riser. And in terms of strength too, but less often. So, when working on a multi-story residential building, they placed one plastic pipe and they fired the whole bunch over it. Well, at most two - on the lower floors there were already a lot of cables gathering, they all didn’t go into one pipe. And recently, when working on an office center, also multi-story, the customer expressed a desire to install cassettes of metal pipes in the ceilings and run each cable through a separate pipe (which, of course, did not work out - two or three cables ran through each pipe).

And the question is: is it really important that in a residential building you can install plastic in the ceilings, but in a non-residential building you must use metal? Isn't the customer punishing himself with a ruble?

And then - on upper floors cassettes weigh 6-10 kg, and on the lower ones - more than 70, the largest one will pull 120 kilograms. And the work costs such a penny, I don’t see the point in tearing the veins.

Nuances heating systems

When installing heating systems in houses, some of the pipes end up in the thickness of foundations, ceilings, walls, etc.

Sealing holes in places where pipelines pass: in plastered floors

n. Technical standards provide certain recommendations for organizing the combination of pipelines with building structures. For example, places where risers pass through floors must be sealed with cement to the full thickness of the floor being organized, and the perimeter 80-100 mm above the floor must be protected with a cement layer of 20-30 mm. Before sealing the riser with a pipe solution, you should wrap it in a roll construction waterproofing no gap. Another important point: when a polypropylene heating pipe passes through building structures, a specially designed pipe sleeve must be provided.

Diagram of a pipe in a sleeve.

The interpipe space is sealed with soft, non-flammable material so as not to interfere with changes in the physical parameters of the pipeline during its linear temperature deformations.

Equipping pipelines with sleeves: necessity or desire

The use of specially designed sleeves when crossing heating pipes of walls and ceilings of buildings is justified for a number of reasons:

Determination of sleeve sizes and materials

In a correctly selected sleeve, the inner diameter should exceed the outer diameter by 5-10 mm.

1. A protrusion above the ceiling of 50 mm is justified for rooms where there may be cases where the water level rises above the level of the finished floor (in particular, showers). The seal of the product in this case must have waterproofing.
2. Excessive protrusion is not always advisable in terms of installation costs - the shorter the structure, the cheaper it is.
3. The dimensions of the products should be determined depending on the method of installation of the heating pipeline: with hidden installation, it is possible to neglect the protrusion; at open installation It is necessary to use parts with dimensions determined by the interior of the room.

In any case, the gap formed between the sleeve and the polymer pipeline fittings should not prevent its high-quality sealing. The inner diameter of the pipe sleeve must allow for the free passage of failed pipeline parts.

Some features of use

For sleeves it is necessary to use pieces of pipe (steel or polymer is best). The choice of material depends on the building envelope. In particular, in reinforced concrete elements, a steel sleeve is appropriate, which can be easily concreted both in a factory (in the process of manufacturing wall panels) and at a construction site when installing a pipeline heating system.

The ends of the steel sleeve must be processed, since, unlike other materials without sharp edges and burrs, during installation they can damage (scratch or even cut) pipes made of polymeric materials.

When using sleeves made of other materials, it is necessary to take into account their insufficient adhesion to cement mortar.

The use of roofing material for sleeves is undesirable, since contact of oil-containing materials with polymer pipes is unacceptable. In addition, according to fire safety requirements, the liner (more precisely, the material from which they are made) should not cause the spread of fire from adjacent rooms.

In order to prevent the spread of fire, it is possible to use specially designed fire cutters at the intersection of heating pipelines and walls or ceilings.

Based on materials from the site: http://experttrub.ru

Construction and sealing of openings, holes, seams and joints

Relocation of openings. When repairing walls and partitions, it is very often necessary to either strengthen the openings of doors and windows, or move them when the layout of the premises is changed. These works are the most labor-intensive and require great attention and skill from the performer.

If during repairs it is necessary to change the location of a door or window opening in a load-bearing wall, then the ceiling is reinforced with beams, racks, supports and wedges.

First, the posts are nailed to the top beam using carpenter's staples. From the outside, the wall is reinforced every 1.5 m with wooden struts.

Before punching, first, above the marked opening, grooves are made on both sides of the wall with a depth of 2 bricks. Reinforced concrete lintels or steel beams (channels), the length of which is 500 mm greater than the width of any opening, are placed in the furrows. The beams are tightened together with bolts at the ends and in the span after 1.0 ... 1.5 m. The gaps between the top of the beams and the masonry are caulked with hard cement mortar. After it hardens, they begin to punch through the opening from top to bottom.

First, furrows are laid on both sides below the jumper. Then, deepening and widening them, they make a through gap in the wall the width of the opening, and then dismantle the masonry in rows, using ordinary hand or mechanized tools.

Rice. 1. Installation steel beam before punching a doorway in a brick wall: 1 - outline of the opening; 2 - steel single-T beam (channel); 3 - brick wall; 4 - selectable brick

Before cutting a doorway in a reinforced concrete partition, special conductors are placed on both sides of the panel to be removed and connected with screws.

Rice. 2. Preparation for moving the partition panel from the doorway being punched into the one being laid: 1 - lintel; 2 - removable partition panel; 3 - circuit fastening screws; 4 - conductor; 5 - partition

They will support it in an upright position after cutting down. After this, a recess is hollowed out for the jumper, which is inserted on the solution. Next, the panel is cut down along the vertical side edges and the base is partially trimmed. Then the mortar is removed under the jumper, slinging is carried out at the places where the conductors are attached and the etropes are connected to the winch cable. The panel is moved to the opening to be laid along steel runners using a winch. Before this, the missing sockets are punched in the stone partitions and wooden plugs with a diameter of 25...30 mm and a length of 60...80 mm are installed.

In the doorway to be sealed, the panel is installed in the following sequence. First, using a template, its position in the horizontal and vertical planes. Then, using ruffs or nails driven into the plugs, they are attached to the adjacent masonry; after this, the conductors are removed and the gaps between the masonry and the panel are sealed.

The most difficult openings to move are in concrete panels reinforced with steel reinforcement. In this case, it is more advisable to replace the panels.

Punching holes. Before punching holes, mark their position and, if necessary, install a scaffold of such a height that the punching site is at the level of the worker’s chest: in this position it is more convenient and easier to work.

Holes for electrical cables and pipes with a diameter of up to 40 mm are drilled with an electric drilling machine or punched with a jumper. The sawtooth end of the bolt is placed at the intended location (the bolt is held perpendicular to the wall) and, hitting the blunt end with a sledgehammer, periodically rotate it around its axis so that it does not end up driven into the masonry like a pin. Periodically, the bolt is removed from the socket and cleaned of pieces of brick and dust.
Rectangular holes are punched with a scarpel, jackhammer or electric hammer, starting from their upper part. First, knock out the top brick, splitting it with a scarpel and a light sledgehammer. Then, driving the scarpel under the bed or into a vertical seam, the next brick is knocked out, etc.
For thick walls, it is advisable to punch holes first on one side half the thickness of the wall, and then on the other.

The furrows are punched as follows: first, a nest is made at one of its ends along the cross-section of the furrow, then other bricks are sequentially knocked out along the intended line. If in the process of work you have to select not a whole brick, but only a part of it, then a notch is first made on the chipping line of the brick, hitting the scarpel with a sledgehammer, and then the brick is knocked out. Narrow grooves - grooves - are cut in the masonry with a furrow maker, and nests with a diameter of up to 75 mm are drilled with it.

Openings in masonry made of brick, natural stone, concrete, reinforced concrete can be cut with mechanical saws with diamond tooth crowns, corundum discs with steel grain.

In this case, holes must first be drilled in the partitions. The cutting should be done from hole to hole. It is recommended to cool the saw blade with water.

Sealing holes. Seal openings and large holes with bricks or stones correct form, corresponding to the old masonry. At the same time, they continue bandaging the seams in accordance with the old masonry, then, if necessary, unstitch the seams or leave them empty. The top of the opening or opening is especially carefully sealed.

Installation of sleeves for passing pipes through ceilings

When laying the last top row of masonry, the gap (seam) between the old and new masonry is caulked with hard cement mortar. In this case, the last row of backfill is first laid and embossed, and then the front versts are done.

When sealing a small hole, nest or furrow, first clean the surface of the masonry from debris and wash it with water. Then individual bricks are selected and pinned together. After this, the mortar is thrown into the nest and the prepared bricks are laid. In this case, it is not necessary to bandage the old masonry with the new one. The furrows are sealed to the full depth or in the form of a partition enclosing a channel built in the wall.

Sealing seams and joints. When using a house, the seams and joints usually begin to deteriorate first. They are embroidered or embossed and penetrated rainwater, causing wood rot (in wooden houses) or soaking solutions (in stone houses). At low temperatures it freezes, increasing the opening of seams and joints. Therefore, it is very important to keep them in good condition.

IN log house It is necessary to especially monitor the seams between the stacked logs along the crowns, as well as the seams when installing door and window frames. WITH outside they should be covered with flashings and platbands, and on the inside - only with flashings and strips.

Many seams and joints appear during interior decoration. For example, the bevel or hem is covered with sheets of plywood or dry plaster using nails. But at the same time, gaps are revealed between the knurling plates, which are covered with bars of the desired shape or covered with gypsum-sand mixture as follows. First, use a chisel to roughen the surface, then prepare a small portion of gypsum-sand mixture (1 part gypsum and 2...3 parts dry sand). The mixture is stirred, mixed with water until the dough becomes thick, and the seams are filled with this solution, leveling it flush with the knurling. After the solution has dried, they begin covering the ceiling.

When lengthening the rafter legs with “fillies”, to which the eaves boards are then nailed, it is necessary to seal them with caulk (tow soaked in gypsum or gypsum-sand mortar), putty or oil paint poorly processed or completely caulked joints and seams.

When sealing joints, especially horizontal ones, for example, when installing floors, tape soundproofing gaskets, one layer of waterproof paper, continuous thermal insulation gaskets 40 mm thick, as well as roofing felt, roofing felt, etc. are used.

IN brick house very often joints and seams are unstitched in places where hollow-core or ribbed floor panels and coverings rest on a brick wall, posts, columns, beams and others structural elements Houses. To restore them, cement mortar and mineral wool slabs are used. In this case, the sealed ends of the structures are wrapped with roofing felt (roofing felt). The joint formed when the floor panels adjoin the walls is sealed with concrete. The seams between the floor panels with a seam width of 10...50 mm are caulked with cement mortar, and with concrete for 50...300 mm. If it is necessary to attach a special hook in the seam between the panels for hanging a lamp (chandelier), then this area is carefully inspected and, if necessary, strengthened by embossing cement mortar.

Rice. 3. a - filling the gap with glue: 1 - syringe with glue; 2 - peeled piece of katurka; 3 - ceiling; 4 - detachment gap; 5 - drilled hole; b - pressing of the glued layer: 1 - floor; 2 - stand; 3 - pressed layer; 4 - sheet of plywood; 5 - ceiling

On attic floor joint of the floor panel with brick wall sealed with cement mortar.

When the gaps between the masonry and the frames of doors and windows are destroyed, they are carefully caulked with felt or tow soaked in gypsum mortar. When the gap between the masonry and the frame is up to 40 mm or more, strips of roofing felt are used, which are used to wrap door and door panels on the side of the gaps. window boxes. In addition, the caulked gaps are covered with platbands.

On interior walls Such gaps in door blocks are sealed with a layer of plaster. If, when sealing seams and joints, the adjacent layer of plaster has come off, but has not collapsed, it can be strengthened after caulking work is completed (Fig. 2.50). To do this, you need to drill through this layer and use a syringe to pour CMC glue, bustilate, PVA or others into the cavity. Then put a piece of plywood and carefully press the plaster using a stand and a wedge.

When repairing seams, sedimentary seams are left unsealed.

Foundation - Construction and sealing of openings, holes, seams and joints

Anyone who is familiar with the technical disciplines studied in specialized educational institutions knows that every hole drilled in the body of the slab causes damage to the structure of the material that is invisible to the eye. But in practice, you cannot do without holes, for example, when laying electrical wiring, hanging lamps, etc. Therefore, the answer to the question whether it is possible to drill floor slabs is positive, but with the condition that the location for the holes is chosen correctly.

How to do it. If this is your private home, then you know what slabs the floor is made of and their layout. In urban high-rise buildings, PC or PB floor slabs are used. Both types of slabs are hollow-core, only the production technology is different. To save strength characteristics floors, drilling of the floor slab should be done only along the line of voids located longitudinally in the body of the concrete. Between them there are stiffening ribs in which reinforcement is laid large diameter, which must not be destroyed under any circumstances.

Getting working drawings of floors is an impossible task for an ordinary resident. But if finishing work on the ceiling, they are still minimal; the position of the voids can be determined by the lighter strips of concrete, which indicate the location of the voids. If such stripes are not found during visual inspection, there is only one way out: determine its brand by the width of the slab and look at GOST, which indicates the distances of the voids from the side edges, as well as their sizes.

How can I drill holes in a slab?

When repairing houses with reinforced concrete floors, not only the question of whether it is possible to drill is relevant, but also the question of how to do it. In the manufacture of PCs it is used heavy concrete, which is almost impossible to drill with a conventional tool when the standard strength is reached.

To drill the floor slab, you need to use durable drills with a diamond tip or a hammer drill. But even such a powerful tool will not help speed up your work that much.

Features of the passage of pipelines through building structures

This process is very labor-intensive and lengthy.

When drilling holes for fasteners suspended ceilings It is almost impossible to avoid contact with transverse reinforcement at the installation sites. In this case, it is recommended not to touch the metal and move the hole. Only in exceptional cases can reinforcement be cut with a metal drill, but in no case longitudinally. You can determine that the wire belongs to the transverse direction of laying by its diameter, which is usually no more than 4-6 mm.

Installation of a sleeve for pipe passage through ceilings should be done in certain cases, for example. And the need to install the sleeve must be taken into account at the highway planning stage. All nuances of use should be taken into account not only when laying a new pipeline, but also when replacing old communications.

The area where the pipeline is laid through the walls and ceiling becomes the main point of deformation stress. In such places, the pipe is exposed to the chemical environment and mechanical loads. Due to such circumstances, in the SNIP building codes, pipelines are equipped with additional structural parts, which are called sleeves. What they are and why they need to be installed will be discussed in detail below.

A device for passing a pipe through a wall is important element, and it performs the following functions:

• mechanical;
• protective;
• waterproofing;
• fire protection;
• sanitary.

In addition, this element can be used to increase the service life of the highway and facilitate the replacement of structures.

The sleeve is arranged as follows:

1. a case for which a steel structure is used;
2. packings made of soft, fire-resistant material.

The sleeve for the passage of the pipe is made in the form of tubular products. And the free space between the structures is filled with fire-resistant material. It must not be rigid in structure. This is necessary so that when the pipe heats up, it will begin to change its dimensions, and if there is hard material, it may become damaged.

The diagrams provided above show that the highway can pass through any building in two planes. Thus, the ceilings between floors are crossed by vertical networks (risers), and the walls are crossed by wiring running horizontally. The provided figure shows an example of the arrangement of a part, first in the ceiling, and then in the wall.

In both the first and second cases, the cover of the part must be firmly secured. The tubular product must move freely through it. The diameter of the cover in one and in the second case must be 10 mm larger than the diameter of the pipeline. And the cover itself is securely fastened in the passage hole.

Installation and caulking of the main line cartridge is carried out with the calculation of the height that the screed has. The length of the sleeve should be 20 mm greater than the thickness of the ceiling. If this point is not observed, then there is a risk of water entering the floors located below.

Is it necessary to install liners?

The need to install a sleeve for the passage of pipes passing through walls is dictated by the requirements of SNIP. They are due to the following reasons.

1. Polymer pipeline changes its size due to the influence of temperature. In addition to expansion, it can move. To prevent deformation and create the necessary free space, SNIP recommends using sleeves. These devices for passing pipes through walls and ceilings make it possible to maintain the integrity of the structure during installation activities and during significant temperature changes.
2. SNIP also states that a device for passing pipes through walls and ceilings allows dismantling without destroying the structure.
3. Installing protection for the passage of pipes through walls, ceilings or foundations becomes a barrier to the penetration of odors and insects from adjacent rooms.

In accordance with SNIP, it is recommended to install sleeves only in certain cases. Their installation is not always called expedient. Also, waterproof material for laying between pipe products is recommended in situations where the cartridge is laid through a passage unit through the ceiling.

Let's look at what types of sleeves there are

Sleeves for the passage of pipes in accordance with the requirements of SNIP differ in the material of manufacture. In addition, the size of the device for passing the pipeline through a wall or partition also differs.

All of these indicators depend on the parameters of the structure being built. So, for example, the size of the inner diameter of the sleeve must be 20 mm larger than the size of the line thickness.

The size of the sleeve for passing the pipe through the ceiling also depends on the installation option of the building. A ledge that must be located in rooms where the water level indicator may be above horizontal surface, with hidden installation technology, it is not necessary. But, in accordance with the requirements of SNIP, if installation is carried out using an open method, then the dimensions of the device must meet the characteristics of the premises.

The same SNIP rules state that the size of the interpipe space must be set to be suitable for the installation of fire-resistant or water-resistant material. In addition, it is important to note that the SNIP rules emphasize that the dimensions of devices for arranging passage through walls or floors should not create obstacles to the free passage of the main structure. This prerequisite for carrying out repair activities.

The inner diameter of the sleeve for running pipes in ceilings should not be five or ten millimeters larger than the outer diameter of the heating pipeline.

Features of use

For sleeves, sections of pipe products are used. The best option For this purpose, experts call steel or polymer. The choice of material is influenced by the design of the building. So, for example, for reinforced concrete buildings it makes sense to install elements made of steel, which are not difficult to concrete both in the factory during the production of wall panels, and at construction sites when installing heating lines.

Installation of a steel sleeve into a hole without machining the end parts is not allowed. Thus, during installation it is possible to harm the polymer pipe product. If the cartridge is installed in a wall made of other materials, then their low adhesion to cement mortar should be taken into account.

It is not recommended to use construction roofing felt for the cartridge. In this case, a poor reaction of the polymer to oil-containing materials is noted.

In order to prevent the spread of fire, it is recommended to install special fire cutters at the intersection of the heating pipeline and walls and ceilings.

Features of pipe installation

The method of installing a pipe passage through a wall or ceiling in a sleeve depends on the type of communication being laid. And each type has its own characteristics. To ensure reliable protection for your structure, it is worth understanding these differences in more detail.

Plumbing

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If the gasket of this system is made of steel products, then they must be protected in the area of ​​the wall or ceiling connection with a coating that is resistant to moisture. If the highway is intended for cold water, then you will need to install a special thermal cover. This will make it possible to avoid the appearance of condensation on the surface, and thus the system will last longer.

If polymer or combined pipe products are used, then when arranging a passage in the wall, you must familiarize yourself with the manufacturer’s recommendations, which are attached to the manufactured products.

If there is a risk of groundwater pressure in the area where the main line enters the home, then craftsmen recommend installing waterproofing cartridges in the hole, which prevent water from entering the basements.

Drain networks

The output unit for cast iron products differs from similar devices made from other materials. The thing is that cast iron does not require sound insulation or reinforcement.

A plastic drain network in the wall will require a steel cartridge. The length of the device should be 15 - 20 mm greater than the same characteristic of the pipe, and the length should be 2 - 3 cm greater than the width of the wall. The unit at the point of passage through the ceiling or wall is wrapped with waterproofing. And the passage area is sealed with cement mortar.

Steam heating

The sleeve for the passage of heating pipes is mandatory element. This is due to deformation from the temperature effect on metal buildings and stress on straight sections of the highway with a significant temperature difference. These factors cause cracks in the structure and can also cause it to fail.

The installation and location features of the sleeve device in heating pipes are similar to those used for hot water supply systems. If they pass through the interior wall, then you can install a line that is not made of steel. In such cases, plastic or combined type options from different manufacturers are suitable.

The specificity of such systems is the presence of individual fasteners, which also include a sleeve for heating pipes. For most manufacturers, these elements are highly technologically advanced and create all the conditions for the desired pipeline slip rate, which leads to various increases and deformations of plastic from different manufacturers.

Chimney systems

The installation of liners when laying pipes for the chimney must be carried out in strict accordance with all construction requirements.

If the chimney is made of steel, then the outlet through the hole in the ceiling will require the installation of a hollow sleeve, for the production of which galvanized iron is used. In addition, the upper and lower parts are insulated with a plate that will protect from fire.

If flammable material is used during the installation of building structures for the chimney, then the external side of the hollow part must additionally be insulated with fire-resistant insulation.

Basalt fiber or asbestos is excellent for such an installation. From a fire safety point of view, installing a chimney hole in the roof will require special attention. And it is very important when installing a building with a chimney liner to ensure the proper level regulatory requirements.

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Problems that the device must solve

When installed, any element of this line must effectively cope with the following tasks:

• providing reliable protection against erosion in the event of a rupture, or in cases where the main connections begin to leak, therefore, any emergency breakdown will not cause much damage to the building;
• in the area where the main line will pass, the cartridge must firmly protect the surface of the network from mechanical influence, from environment and deformation changes;
• the cartridge in the hole for conducting the system must reliably protect against sudden changes in temperature, which in itself has a destructive effect on the constructed line.
• the cartridge in the hole for laying the system should become a reliable protection for the structure if it is necessary to quickly carry out dismantling measures.

When purchasing these devices, you need to remember that you should contact a trusted manufacturer. Only in this case can you obtain a guarantee of the proper quality of the purchased product.

You need to understand that the money spent on the sleeve is not large, but the benefits from it are enormous. It not only facilitates repair work, but also helps to extend the service life of the pipeline, and therefore save large costs for repair work.

To ensure that the installed part is securely fixed and the tubular product does not move around in it, it is better to buy the product standard size GOST for highways. The volume of the cartridge according to GOST must necessarily correspond to the volume of the pipe.

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If you are not sure about the correctness of your choice, then it is better to ask specialists for help with installation. They will help you design a high-quality structure that will last for decades.

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Askold asks a question:

Hello! I'm interested in how the holes in the ceilings are sealed. For example, in a private home this operation would not be a problem. You can punch as many holes in it as you like and seal them up as much as you like, but I live in apartment building, and not so long ago it was decided to replace the risers on the cold and hot water pipelines. As usual, in old houses there are no sleeves in the floors between floors, so the rusted pipes will simply be cut off, and holes will be punched in the places where they enter the floor or come out of the ceiling. Whether they will be big or not is unknown, but they will still have to be sealed. How to make sure that after restoration the concrete near the pipes does not crack? Is it worth installing sleeves on stainless steel pipes and how to seal the space between the tubes and the walls of the sleeves for sound insulation?

The expert answers:

Of course, sleeves must be installed where the risers pass through the floors. They serve for the convenience of replacing pipelines so that their dismantling is carried out without destroying surrounding structures. It would seem that a stainless steel riser will be installed forever, but for one reason or another it will have to be changed. In addition, no one canceled for stainless steel laws of thermal expansion, and the pipe in the sleeve will be freely deformed by several millimeters along and in width without destroying the ceiling. Both you and your neighbors must ensure that the pipelines are equipped with sleeves. If the risers are already installed, but there are no sleeves, you can build them yourself from two longitudinal halves of pipes of larger diameter. After installation on the riser, the halves are tied together with twisted steel wire, which will serve as additional reinforcement when sealing holes in the ceilings. When cutting pipes for sleeves, consider the thickness.

The filling itself, especially large holes, will require close cooperation from your lower and upper neighbors. If the holes along the risers are too large, then you cannot do without installing formwork. The neighbor below will press a piece of thick plywood with a wire through it to the ceiling, and you will pull up this formwork and secure the wire to the cross rod. Now almost everything is ready for pouring the solution, if you have already removed all poorly adhering fragments of concrete from this installation opening, reinforced the hole with steel rods and moistened the edges of the hole with a spray bottle. In the same way, you will make formwork on your ceiling so that the neighbor above can easily pour the solution.

Now all that remains is to seal the space between the sleeve and the pipe if you do not want to be aware of everything that is happening to the people living next to you. In addition to sound insulation, you will receive protection from possible invasion of fauna from neighboring apartments, and it will be difficult for the smell of unpleasant perfume from the bathroom below to reach your nostrils. Do not use cement mixtures. Due to pipe deformations, they will crumble. The best filler and the sound insulator will be polyurethane foam. At the same time, it is flexible enough to withstand the expansion of metal. Excess foam is cut off with a knife. If there is no foam, then use nylon tape made from tights.