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Ventilated facade operating principle. Installation of a suspended ventilated facade and typical mistakes. Ventilation design diagram

Due to the regular increase in energy costs, people are constantly forced to come up with something that could make their homes warmer and at the same time reduce heating costs. One of these very useful solutions is hinged ventilated facades. The multilayer external structure of the walls improves their thermal efficiency and extends their service life, and the use of different textures and color scheme decorative materials allows you to achieve improved aesthetics of the building as a whole.

Why is the façade system called ventilated? Yes, because the finishing coating in it is not adjacent to the wall, but is located at some distance. This gap is made for air circulation to prevent the formation of condensation.

The air gap is also a natural heat insulator, so even if the system is not insulated, the walls will not freeze as much as when doing plaster or adhesive cladding.

What are the features of the system

Since it is a system, it means that it consists of a certain number of elements. If we consider it in essence, without taking into account possible nuances, then this is:

• substructure (framework, the structure of which we will look at a little later);
• heat-insulating board material;
• hydro-wind protection in the form of a membrane;
• air gap;
• decorative protective screen.

Note! There may not be thermal insulation in the NVF system, but even in this case ventilation gap is required. However, most often this system is designed for the purpose of external insulation, since wall insulation installed from the inside of the premises does not give the desired effect. Therefore, in this article we will discuss specifically the insulated facade.

In capital construction, the option of exterior finishing of the building is provided at the design stage. If a decision is made to carry out cladding using the NVF system, then depending on the type of material used hanging material(weight plays the main role), the number and strength of the load-bearing frame elements must be calculated.

Ventilated systems are good because they can be installed not only on newly constructed buildings, but also on those that have been in use for a long time, in order to update their appearance and increase thermal efficiency existing walls. The material from which they are constructed can be any, but its mechanical and physical properties should be taken into account.

For example, an aerated concrete wall does not have the strength of a brick wall, and may not withstand the significant weight of a suspended structure. Special fasteners helps solve the problem, but it also has its limits. Therefore, in multi-storey construction, warm plaster systems are often designed for such walls rather than ventilation facades.

But for low-rise buildings today there is an extensive selection of materials that are lightweight and very beautiful in texture (for example, polymer siding). They imitate wood, brick or stone, plaster, and with the weight of 1 m² of cladding not exceeding 3 kg, they can be mounted anywhere.

Buildings made of solid brick or reinforced concrete benefit most from installing ventilated systems on the facade, since these walls are the coldest. As a result of such exterior finishing, the internal climate comfort in such buildings is significantly improved, not to mention their exterior.

Overview of subsystem elements

If in low-rise buildings the role of load-bearing elements of the ventilation façade is perfectly fulfilled wooden blocks, then in official construction only steel subsystems are designed. Their completeness may vary depending on the type of decorative modules and the method of their fastening, but in general it looks approximately as shown in the table.

Table 1. Varieties of subsystem elements.

Appearance and name of the element	Design features
	This is the part that keeps the guide on the wall and also provides the necessary indentation. Most often, the bracket looks like a corner with a convex edge (it provides rigidity), but there may be other options. As you can see in the photo, the support bracket has two shelves: the first support is the one on which there are two mounting holes oval in shape, the second is load-bearing. Either a component of the bracket or the frame stand itself is attached to it.
	The system may contain not only support brackets (which are directly fixed to the wall), but also movable brackets. When combined, they form a composite load-bearing element.
	An anchor is a type of fastener that provides reliable fixation of brackets to walls. The diameter is usually 8 mm, the length varies from 8 to 25 cm. When installing the subsystem on dense concrete or brick surfaces Self-anchoring expansion bolts are used. On walls made of porous or hollow materials, universal expansion dowels with a pulling force of 2.5 kilonewtons or more are used. Selection is carried out depending on the condition and type of base.
	One of the main elements of the ventilation façade is the guide, which different systems may have the shape of a corner or the Latin letter Z. Depending on the configuration and position of the facing modules, it can be mounted vertically, horizontally, or crosswise. Attaches to shelf brackets.
	The term “clamp” (or kleimer) refers to steel fasteners, by means of which facing slabs or cassettes are fixed to the sheathing.
	There are many types of insulation, but for installation in a hanging subsystem it is best suited mineral wool. Expanded polystyrene is vapor-proof; it does not allow steam accumulated in the room to escape. As they say in such cases: “the wall doesn’t breathe.” For facades, slabs with increased rigidity of grade P-125 with a density of 75 kg/m³ are used. If necessary, they can be installed in several layers; the total thickness of the thermal insulation is determined by calculation.
	A diffusion membrane is installed on top of the insulation. Its task is to protect the insulation from weathering and getting wet from the outside, and to allow steam to escape into the ventilated space. That is, the material is double-sided, and it is very important not to confuse during installation which side should face the insulation.
	A strong fit of the insulation is ensured by the sheathing elements, but mechanical fixation is also required. For this purpose, disc-type dowels are used.
	The photo shows only one of the options for ventilated cladding - a metal cassette. They most often decorate buildings with large area facades. But in general, there are many options, and the following can be used as cladding: 1. Aluminum composite (Alucobond type). 2. Profiled steel sheet. 3. Heat-treated wood. 4. WPC (wood and polymer composite). 5. Thermal panels (two or three-layer modules made of insulation and small tiles). 6. Siding (long or modular panels with locking joints). 7. High-strength HPL plastic. 8. Porcelain tiles. 9. Ceramic panels and tiles. 10. Panels made of fiber-reinforced concrete and artificial stone.

Prices for mineral wool

In addition to the indicated elements, when installing a hanging system, accessories can be used to frame openings, decorate joints and transitions from one plane to another. But this already depends on what kind of material is chosen for cladding.

Prices for dowels for insulation

Dowel umbrella

Curtain façade system - step-by-step installation

Correct calculation of load-bearing elements and overall thermal efficiency of the system is very important, but its design also plays an equally important role in the durability of the structure. high-quality installation. We present to your attention step-by-step instructions that will tell you what technological operations should be performed and in what order.

Table 2. Installation of a suspended facade.

Steps, photo	A comment
	Using geodetic instruments and a level, the installation points of the brackets are determined and markings are made. The first vertical row of the frame should be located at a distance of 10 cm from the corner. The step between the two belts depends on the configuration of the cladding elements, but on average it is 60 cm.
	After marking is completed, begin drilling holes for installing dowels. When a ventilated facade is mounted on brick walls, it is very important to drill so that the attachment points do not coincide with the masonry seams. From the dowel to the horizontal seam (spoon) there should be at least 2.5 cm, and to the vertical (butt) seam - 6 cm. On a note! When facing facades made of hollow bricks or blocks, special spacer fasteners or chemical anchors must be used.
	To obtain high-quality fasteners, it is very important to clean the holes from dust. All means are good for this. Builders have special devices; at home you can use a special attachment on a vacuum cleaner.
	A dowel is driven into the cleaned hole, into which an anchor bolt will be installed a little later.
	To avoid the formation of cold bridges, shock-absorbing and heat-insulating layers in the form of paronite gaskets are installed at the junctions of the brackets.
	The bracket is hung and secured with an anchor, which is first driven in with a hammer...
	... and then tightens it with a screwdriver. If double insulation is planned, additional insulation is immediately mounted on the support brackets. component which will provide the desired flight.
	Now you can begin installing the thermal insulation. The plates are placed on brackets, for which slots are made in them corresponding to the shape and location.
	The plate is placed in its regular place, after which a pressure washer is placed over the protruding part of the bracket.
	The insulation is installed from the bottom up, with joints spaced similar to brickwork. It is very important that there are no through seams more than 2 mm wide between the thermal insulation elements.
	Provide necessary shift seams can be started by starting one row with the installation of a whole slab, and the next - with a half. They are easy to cut with a knife and should not be broken or torn. Note! At the corners of the building, serrated dressing of the seams should be observed, when the end of one slab overlaps the end of another.
	Now the plates need to be secured mechanically, for which holes are drilled again - this time for mushroom dowels.
	Typically, a slab measuring 1.2 * 0.6 m is attached at five points - in the corners, at a distance of 5 cm from the seams, and in the center. The half is secured with four dowels.
	If it is intended to install a double layer of insulation, the slabs are taken of different densities. Less dense ones go to the first layer, and they are fastened not with five, but with only two dowels - diagonally. The slabs of the top layer will be more dense and are fixed, as expected, in five places.
	This system provides for the installation of a slide - a connecting element of a U-shaped configuration, and the bracket itself in this case has this shape. There are two holes diagonally on the back of the profile for fastening the posts with rivets. Note! In systems different manufacturers this node may look slightly different.
	The next stage is the installation of supporting guides, which most often also have the letter “P” in cross-section. This profile is attached to the bracket on the sides behind the shelves and through the back. Note! There are, of course, stainless steel systems, but they are very expensive. Most often, galvanized steel is used to make profiles. It itself is not afraid of corrosion, but during installation it is necessary to cut the elements and drill them for rivets, as a result of which the protective coating is damaged. Private traders do not pay attention to such “little things”, but professionals immediately cover the cut areas with paint.
	When joining profiles at the ends, a gap must be maintained to compensate for the linear expansion of the metal, which is at least 8 mm.
	In accordance with the format of the facing modules, fastening elements - clamps - are installed in the right places. They may look different, depending on the cladding option.
	The last stage is hanging decorative material. There is a gap of about 10 cm between it and the insulation. You can’t do more, because when strong pressure In the wind, such a facade will hum strongly. If it is less, the moisture simply will not have time to be completely removed, and the insulation may rot.

If you noticed, our instructions skipped the installation step diffusion membrane. And that's why.

The membrane is not a mandatory element of the cake; its presence or absence depends only on the properties of the insulation. In this case, hydrophobized mineral wool was used for insulation - a basalt-based material impregnated with a water-repellent composition. Such cotton wool is not afraid of moisture, but at the same time it perfectly passes steam through itself, allowing it to freely penetrate into the ventilation gap.

Prices for composite panels

Composite panels

Conclusion

Systems curtain facades today they are the best solution that helps reduce construction costs by reducing the thickness of the walls. At the same time, the load on the foundation is also reduced, and this, again, is savings. But the most important thing is high level aesthetics modern coatings, which retain their original appearance even after decades. That is why this option for arranging a facade, especially given the difficult climatic conditions in most of the territories of our country, is unlikely to ever lose its relevance.

If you choose a finish for the facade solely for reasons of practicality, you should pay attention to corrugated sheeting. Strong, durable, not too expensive, this material has found wide application in private construction. Read more about it in a special article.

Video - How a ventilated facade works

Video - Ventilated facade: installation of insulation and cladding subsystem

Finishing using ventilated facade systems begins with the installation of a frame subsystem. Mistakes at this stage can result in the cladding not performing its functions correctly and even completely destroying the finish. Let's talk about frames for independent ventilation facades and the features of their installation and assembly.

Functions of the façade frame

The curtained ventilated façade is conceptually derived from the external glazing systems of high-rise buildings, from which it inherits its technological complexity. The high versatility of this finish is achieved due to a very specific fastening subsystem, which performs a number of target functions.

The main one is to distance the facing panels from the load-bearing wall and the insulating layer to obtain a space in which street air circulates freely. This is one of the most effective ways to protect highly hygroscopic insulation materials. Over half a century of active implementation, this method has proven itself only with the best side. Due to the external cladding, the temperature exchange of the building is normalized: in summer the sun heats the walls less, and in winter the air layer prevents the diffusion outflow of heat.

1 - protection of the building from heating; 2 - protection of insulation and structure from precipitation; 3 - ventilated facade subsystem; 4 - vapor-permeable membrane; 5 - insulation; 6 - removing moisture from the room

At first acquaintance, the system demonstrates obvious complexity and creates the illusion of unreliability. This is where the second comes from key function frame - to protect the insulation and supporting structure without compromising the integrity of the cladding and its appearance. This becomes possible due to high stability individual frame elements to mechanical stress and proper load distribution.

We can conclude that such high technology is very expensive, both in terms of economic accessibility and in terms of installation complexity. Therefore, the third task that is set for the frames of independent ventilation facades is a high degree of unification of components. This not only makes it possible to carry out work as quickly as possible with a high degree of participation in expensive industrial mountaineering. The frame for ventilated facades can be adapted even to very complex architecture, including surfaces with deviations from the vertical.

Types of subsystems for ventilated facades

Today there is a very wide range of frame systems for ventilated facades, each of which is designed to work in specific facility conditions with a specific type of finishing material. To classify them, you need to pay attention to two key features.

The first is the frame material:

1. Cink Steel. Optimal for façade systems without claims to durability in favor of cost savings. Most often used in the construction of inexpensive aluminum and polyurethane facade cladding with the prospect of replacing them.
2. Stainless steel. Frames made from it are the most durable and are used for cladding. high-rise buildings using heavy panels (once and for a long time).
3. Aluminum substructure. It is used in restoration and insulation projects of old buildings, where the permissible load on load-bearing walls cannot be exceeded. Disadvantage - low fire safety, aluminum subsystems are not used in high-rise construction.
4. Hydrophobized wood. Used as rack elements in low-rise construction and regions with mild climates.

The second distinguishing feature is the manufacturer of the frame system. Elements of different brands are not comparable with each other (with very rare exceptions), therefore they are always supplied as a set. The choice in favor of a specific manufacturer is determined mainly by the convenience and manufacturability of installation. This is almost unimportant for a private developer, but with the involvement industrial climbers on large-scale projects, the need to additionally drill or trim something results in dozens of extra man-hours.

Frame configuration for curtain façade

The third key difference is the form factor of the finished frame system. It depends entirely on the format of the cladding used, and every self-respecting manufacturer considers it their duty to support all three types in its assortment. Moreover, if the manufacturer facing materials provides a warranty on them, installation should only be carried out on a subsystem of the recommended type. Based on form factor, frame systems are divided into:

• vertical orientation: for horizontal siding and continuous preparatory sheathing slab materials;
• horizontal orientation: for vertical siding, magnesite and polyurethane panels;
• cross type: for marble, brick, porcelain stoneware and other heavy panels.

Before proceeding with installation, study routing and an album of technical solutions for a specific product. The goal is to establish the assembly order and operation of the connecting nodes. Fortunately, almost all manufacturers have the same mapping scheme and package contents. They have stationary brackets that are directly attached to the wall, and a movable profile that, together with the first element, forms a base console. The movable bar has a standard method of connection with the rack elements of the frame, plus the kit may include connectors for extending racks, corner and cross connectors.

Beginning of installation: preparing the wall and attaching the consoles

Installation begins with preparing the walls: removing the remains of the destroyed finish and antiseptic treatment if there are signs of mold damage. The installation of consoles begins from the top row, installing them in increments normalized by the type and weight of the cladding. The installation is carried out on a plastic lining, which prevents heat migration between the wall and the frame, fastening is carried out with anchor bolts, and in the case of loose and hollow bases - chemical anchors or special types of dowels (KAT, KVT). Then, from each bracket, a plumb line is thrown along the wall, along which holes are drilled and the remaining elements of the vertical row are installed.

Many manufacturers distribute the mounting holes in the consoles so that they can be mounted as an assembly, which significantly speeds up the work. After fastening, the movable planks of the upper row consoles are lined up in a common line according to the curvature of the wall plane. Then the plumb line is hung on the edge of the upper console and the remaining sliding parts are adjusted and secured in this way. To secure the retractable strip, both bolted connections and blind rivets can be used.

If the subsystem is assembled with horizontal orientation of the rack elements, the method of adjusting the consoles remains the same, but the brackets are turned in a different direction. In this way, first the outer vertical rows are installed, along the elements of which a fishing line is then stretched to align the intermediate brackets of the horizontal row.

Assembling the system of fastening profiles

Sometimes it is recommended to fix the consoles after fixing the racks of the frame system. If this is the manufacturer's recommendation, this is quite acceptable. However, plumb alignment is considered the preferred method if there are no additional installation requirements.

The profile usually has standard means of preliminary fastening, represented by grooves and latches. After fixing at the installation site, the rack elements are secured along the internal shelf to the retractable console bar using bolts, rivets or non-hardened self-tapping screws.

Most “branded” systems require the installation of fastening profiles after installing the insulation and windproof membrane/film. It is, however, possible to lay thermal insulation mats not only under the sheathing, but also between the racks. In this case, a windproof film is rolled out over the profiles and a system of spacer slats with vertical or two-layer cross orientation is assembled.

At the end of our review, we note that the basement and front parts of the wall are separated horizontal bar low tide This addition is designed to limit the flow of moisture-saturated air from the foundation into the space of the main vent and prevent the entry of water - condensation and slanting rain - into the basement part. Thus, air convection in the two zones occurs separately.

Undisguised brickwork and plastered facades are a thing of the past. Now many people prefer to choose ventilated facade technology.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a ventilated façade scheme, we will consider in detail in the article.

Components of a ventilated facade

Structurally, a ventilated facade resembles a sandwich consisting of different layers.

The point is this:

• the sheathing is mounted on the base;
• insulation is installed;
• a windproof membrane layer is laid, which will also serve as waterproofing;
• then another sheathing is installed, on which the finishing cladding is installed.

Between the insulation and inside the cladding has an air layer, due to this the insulation is not saturated with moisture and retains its properties longer thermal insulation properties. Air circulates freely, so that condensation is removed from all parts of the structure, which prevents corrosion and rot.

A similar system is most often used for cladding high-rise office buildings. In this article we will look at how to cladding the facade of a multi-storey building.

Advantages of facades with an equipped air gap

The advantages of ventilated facades, provided correct installation should include:

• Reduced heat loss;
• The ability to level the walls and mask all base defects;
• Excellent noise insulation parameters;
• Protection of the building facade from atmospheric phenomena;
• Since the ventilated façade system improves thermal insulation and sound insulation, the walls can be made thinner. This reduces the load on the foundation of the building.

note

A ventilated facade allows you to transfer the dew point from the building itself to the outside of the cladding. This extends the operational life of the building.

• Beautiful appearance of the building: it is possible to use cladding of any color and texture. This will allow you to create a match to any architectural style.

Disadvantages of the system:
High cost and additional expenses. The installation of sheathing requires numerous fastenings, which affects costs.

At the same time, you know what you are paying for, because a ventilated facade extends the service life of the building, reduces heat loss and provides a beautiful facade cladding.

What to use as insulation

The simplest and most common options are mineral wool and polystyrene foam.

Mineral wool has good thermal insulation, it is easy to work with, and installation of such insulation will not take much time.

Among the disadvantages:

• Mineral wool absorbs moisture and is saturated with it. So the insulation loses its properties, and the effectiveness of thermal insulation deteriorates.
• You only need to work with mineral wool wearing gloves and a respirator, otherwise small particles of insulation will irritate the skin and respiratory tract.
• If the insulation is saturated with moisture, it takes a long time to dry out, and its weight increases. In some cases, replacing the insulation is the only possible solution.

Polystyrene foam is very popular among builders. It is lightweight, easy to cut and easy to install. Along with good thermal insulation and moisture resistance, the material is a popular insulation material.

The disadvantages of polystyrene foam include its flammability and the fact that when burned, the material releases substances that are toxic and dangerous to humans.

Expanded polystyrene is used to insulate the base; the choice is determined by the density and strength of the material.

Stages of work

The technology for installing ventilated facades includes:

• Arrangement of the work area, preparation of documentation.
• Preparing the base, marking, purchasing materials.
• Installation of sheathing.
• Laying insulation.
• Installation of facade panels or other finishing cladding.

Documentation and more

If you plan to hire a contractor to perform such work, you will need to prepare the following documentation:

1. Treatment terms of reference by customer.
2. A sketch of the project, which shows all the fasteners and the locations of the guide profiles.
3. Calculation of the load on the foundation, diagrams of components, fasteners, etc.
4. Estimate and final cost of work.

Before the border of the work area, being in which may be dangerous for passers-by. Fences are installed and appropriate warning signs are installed.

All façade lifts are inspected and faulty devices are not allowed to operate.

Work can only be carried out in suitable weather conditions. You cannot cladding the façade in strong winds, rain or snow, or at temperatures below -20C.

Preparatory work

It is necessary to prepare the foundation, this includes:

• Remove all parts of the base that do not adhere well. The load of the future cladding on the foundation and base is assessed.
• Seal large cracks.
• If there are problems with mold or mildew, the base must be treated with special primers that prevent their appearance and development.

Since the ventilated facade is designed to hide defects in the base, there is no need to level it. It is enough to identify the main defects: cover up the cracks, and remove fragments that did not adhere well.

The primer is designed to improve adhesive properties, in this case its use is not necessary.

Marking

For marking, a laser level, tape measure, measuring rods, etc. are used.

On the wall, indicate the points where the brackets will be attached, as well as the pitch of the guide profiles.

• First, the position of the beacon profiles is determined. This is the bottom horizontal line and vertical lines on the sides of the facade. The extreme points are marked using a level.
• Vertical profile guides are installed in each vertical axis.
• To determine the distance between the brackets, static calculations are made. The distance will be individual for each project.
• Depending on the results of the calculations, points for drilling holes for the brackets are marked. You need to push off from the horizontal axis of the beginning of the cladding.

Lesson one - installing brackets for a suspended ventilated facade

Installation of sheathing

The fastenings must be reliable, because they will support the frame of the ventilated facade and the facade panels themselves.

All anchors, bolts and brackets must be galvanized steel. This will protect them from corrosion and extend the service life of the lathing and façade cladding.

Installation of facade cassettes and panels - video instructions

Using a hammer drill, drill holes at the base for the anchor. The brackets are mounted on anchor dowels. The dowels are tightened with a screwdriver. If you feel that when drilling you hit a loose base, and the drill quickly entered the surface of the wall, make another hole nearby and attach the bracket to it. It is important to ensure secure fastening.

Use a drill of the same diameter as the fastener. A hole is made 1-2 cm larger than the length of the dowel.

The bracket consists of a load-bearing part and a counter part, which can be adjusted.

Laying insulation

Most often, sheet insulation is used, be it mineral wool or polystyrene foam.

Please note the following when installing:

• Start from the base of the building and move from bottom to top. The first row is installed either on a plinth or on a guide profile.
• The insulation sheets are attached to the base; you need to thread them through the slots in the places of the brackets.
• The sheets are fastened in a checkerboard pattern so that the seams of the insulation do not match.

  note

  When working with mineral wool, do not forget about your own safety and health. Wear a respirator and gloves.

• The windproof membrane plays the role of waterproofing. It is attached on top of the insulation. The membrane is laid with an overlap of 5-10 cm. The joints of the canvases are taped with tape to prevent moisture and water from getting into the joints.
• Holes for disc dowels are drilled through the insulation and membrane. With their help, all this will be secured to the base.

Two-layer insulation is used: sheet insulation comes in two layers. In this case:

• The first layer is attached to the base with disc-shaped dowels.
• The second layer of mineral wool goes on top of the first with an offset; the joints should not coincide.
• The top layer is mounted according to the same principle as the bottom one.

The photo below shows what the “sandwich” of a ventilated facade consists of.

Facade cladding

Only after installing the insulation are the frame and facade panels installed.

• The guide profile must be located in the adjusting part of the bracket. The position is free to compensate for possible deformations of the cladding due to temperature changes.
• Facade slabs have different shapes and types of fastening. If these are metal cassettes without a lock, then they are fastened with self-tapping screws. You need to lay it from left to right and from bottom to top.
• If large-format porcelain tiles are used, stainless steel clamps are installed on the sheathing. The slab is placed from top to bottom and from left to right so as to fit into the clamps.

Tiles for ventilated facades can be different: clinker, porcelain stoneware. Siding is also used. The weight of the structure, installation conditions and method of fastening depend on the type of facing material.

Bottom line
The technology of a ventilated facade is not simple, such installation is not an easy task. The durability of the cladding depends on the quality of the work, so it is better to entrust the job to professionals. An experienced contractor will avoid common beginner mistakes and get the job done faster.

Almost everyone has heard that there are ventilated facades, but only a few understand what exactly they are, how they are built and what the differences are in comparison with a regular facade.

Description and features

Ventilated facade or, as it is also called, hinged, this is a kind of technology, a system for fastening facing materials at a distance from the wall itself, onto a separate frame, which can be made of steel, aluminum alloys or any other materials.

Main difference and advantage ventilated facade systems the fact that nothing prevents the free passage of air, thereby eliminating the problem of moisture accumulation, condensation formation and solving a number of other, no less important issues in the operation of buildings.

Despite the fact that this type of engineering solution for decorating external walls began to be used in our country not so long ago, the technology itself did not appear “yesterday”. It appeared in Germany, namely in the Federal Republic of Germany, in the late 50s of the last century.

Of course, since those times both the technology itself and the materials used have gone far ahead, and if in the last century such a design of the facade was possible only in a “cold” form, today curtain structures cope with the task of insulation quite well.

"Warm » ventilated facade technology involves the use of mineral wool varieties, and if the basement part is lined, then polystyrene foam insulating materials.

A feature of an insulated curtain wall is that the distance left during its installation between the wall and the insulation material should not be less than 4 cm, in some cases 2 cm is allowed, but ideal and suitable for any climatic conditions The gap size is considered to be 5 cm.

This type of facade almost completely “extinguishes” the direct thermal output of the building itself, and the air circulating in the gap completely eliminates the problems of temperature changes, humidity levels and all other aspects that often cause trouble with traditional conservative cladding of buildings.

Another feature of this engineering solution in the design of the facade and its serious advantage is the ability to change the appearance of the building at any time, because the slabs that make up the visible part of the structure are not tightly fixed and can always be replaced.

Besides, installation of ventilated facades“cold” type is not final; such a structure can always be insulated or strengthened, even after several years of operation.

Kinds

Curtain facades are divided into main types depending on the material from which the cladding is made.

The most popular types of facades of this design are:

• from porcelain stoneware;
• from HPL panels;
• from linear panels;
• from artificial stone;
• from fiber cement boards;
• from glass;
• from composites.

Ventilated facade made of porcelain stoneware occurs most often, due to its fairly low cost and simplicity installation work. This combination of qualities has made the material in demand in mass construction carried out by various development companies - office buildings and the lower floors of residential high-rises are finished this way, however, they are also finished completely this way, and much more, and, of course, this type of facade is in demand in private housing construction.

Fake diamond- fully universal material, suitable for almost any work, both indoors and outdoors. Of course, it is also in demand for finishing facades with curtain structures. As a rule, such tiles are used to decorate externally visible walls of small buildings or private cottages.

Fiber cement boards are an extremely economical material, which is distinguished by extremely high heat-blocking and heat-retaining characteristics. But these slabs have a very significant drawback - visible joints and fastenings. This option for finishing a curtain façade is in demand mainly in the northern regions and for finishing office and other service or work buildings. non-residential premises.

Cladding glass has many advantages, but is not used as often when decorating facades using the hinged method as in the classic way. They're standing glass panels quite expensive, and when installed using the ventilated method, their main advantage is that light transmission is not relevant.

Panels for ventilated facade devices made from a mixture of composite materials have an important advantage and difference from all others - they are capable of self-cleaning and have excellent noise and sound insulating qualities, which makes them ideal solution when finishing a facade next to a large highway, in the center of a busy street, or in some other places filled with noise. But this type of finishing slabs also has disadvantages, for example, they cope with thermal insulation much worse than all the others.

In addition to the above types of materials, the following types of finishing are also used for curtain wall facades:

• metal “cassettes”;
• "copper" plates;
• planken;
• glass panels.

But such types of finishing are rare and are usually used when decorating the facades of small buildings. In addition to all of the above, ventilated facades in small areas can be decorated with wood.

Installation

Hinged ventilated facade can be mounted in two ways - open and closed, they differ only in whether the fastenings will be noticeable or not, of course, for open method“secret” or decorated rivets and other fasteners are used, and with the closed method - any kind.

Before starting the process itself decorative design walls of the building, when choosing mounted type façade structures, a subsystem is installed.

A subsystem is a combination of:

• load-bearing profiles;
• brackets;
• a set of appropriate hardware - clamps, screws, anchors, and so on;
• layers of insulation, if used.

The design of the subsystem can be fixed either directly in the wall itself or only in places of ceilings between floors or any other “seams”.

The most basic points that make up the entire installation workflow are:

• marking the wall under future design;
• securing brackets;
• fastening of supporting profiles;
• wiring output and fastening of street lamps, if you plan to use lighting;
• installation of thermal insulation, if involved additional insulation;
• mounting the top decorative material.

Finally, electrical appliances are connected if they are involved in architectural project, design of drains, layers, slopes and others minor work.

Price

Cost of a ventilated facade consists of many nuances. Of course, the price is primarily influenced by what materials are chosen - what the subsystem will be made of, whether additional insulation will be used and, if so, which one, whether wiring will be required and installation of lights or spotlights, and, finally, what type of materials the facade will be decorated.

In addition to all this, the price will also include the cost of work, which also directly depends on the selected materials and the level of complexity of their installation.

Of course, on price of ventilated facade The area of ​​the building and the complexity of its walls will also affect it. For example, the design of various “roundings”, “transition corners”, canopies and other architectural delights will cost a more significant amount than the cladding of a simple straight line flat wall.

The cost can be reduced when finishing small private houses by doing the work yourself, but if we are talking about a large cottage with several floors, you will no longer be able to handle it yourself.

On average, the cost of installation work per square meter of facade, when using porcelain stoneware slabs, adds up to the following approximate figures:

• subsystem – from 500 rubles;
• additional layer of insulation up to 5 cm thick – from 150 rubles;
• cladding layer – from 450 rubles;
• strengthening the subsystem fasteners - from 80 rubles;
• strengthening the fastening of the insulating layer - from 50 rubles;
• fastening of decorative and other elements, including plums, layers, and so on - from 250 rubles.

That is, the cost of installation of a suspended facade made of porcelain stoneware slabs on average starts from 1,480 rubles per square meter, in the absence of any complex architectural aspects, for example, curves, on the walls of the building.

To the cost of the work you need to add the prices for material and fasteners, and multiply the resulting number by the number of square meters. This will give you an approximate cost for the planned façade. The cost of installing a meter of suspended structure made from metal cassettes starts from approximately 2080 rubles, and from composite slabs – from 2045 rubles.

However, in different cities the cost may differ, for example, in large centers the prices for construction work are always slightly lower, as well as for materials, than in small provincial settlements.

Basic design of a suspended ventilated facade

A well-designed curtain ventilated façade will protect the walls for many decades. But often installers, in an effort to reduce the cost of this complex and therefore quite expensive system, replace some materials with others and deliberately violate the rules.

About what such false economy can result in and how to avoid mistakes when installing a suspended ventilated facade, and we'll talk In this article.

A well-designed and high-quality installed ventilated façade will not require repairs for at least 30 years. At the same time, the choice of facade system should be approached rationally. So, as a rule, it makes more sense to simply cover the basement of a building with tiles. This will significantly reduce the cost of finishing.

Finishing buildings using suspended ventilated facades is becoming increasingly popular, both in private housing construction and in the construction of commercial buildings. This system is a kind of “coat” for the home.

Directly attached to walls basalt insulation, protected by a special wind and moisture protective membrane. Facing slabs (this can be porcelain stoneware, natural or agglomerated stone, metal cassettes, cassettes made of composite materials, fiber cement panels, steel or aluminum structures, etc.) are mounted on a supporting frame with some clearance. Its value (in the range from 20 to 40 mm) is determined in each specific case to ensure optimal air exchange.

The thickness of the insulation is selected based on the requirements for thermal protection of buildings. When these conditions are met, the dew point moves from load-bearing structure into the insulation.

The wrong choice of insulation and its improper installation lead to the material getting wet and sinking, clogging the ventilation gap.

Advantages and disadvantages of using a suspended ventilated facade

What is the advantage of such a seemingly complex, and therefore expensive, façade finishing system? First of all, this design does not allow condensation to accumulate either on the surface of the wall or inside it. The air gap is a kind of temperature buffer, thanks to which the facades do not freeze in winter and do not overheat in summer, and this helps to significantly reduce heating and air conditioning costs. Snow, rain, hail and other realities of our difficult climate do not violate the integrity of the cladding, which, by the way, cannot be said about the most common finishing material- plaster. A properly installed curtain wall will last more than 50 years.

The system of curtain facades makes it possible to finish buildings quite complex shapes. Any design fantasies can be realized in wall-mounted cladding. But some elements are too labor-intensive.

And yet, despite the obvious advantages, ventilated facades have not yet become widespread in suburban construction. Many are put off by the seeming high cost. Yes, 1 m² of such cladding will cost at least 2000 rubles, and if you use a natural stone, the price can reach 6,000 rubles. and even more. But it is important to consider that operation will not cost anything. As practice shows, after 5-10 years a curtain wall completely pays for itself.

Of course, a curtain wall system will only work if it is well designed and installed to a high standard. Theoretically, a ventilated façade system should be included in the house design so that there is time to calculate the load-bearing structure and order facing slabs. But in practice this does not always happen. Often it is necessary to “dress” an already rebuilt building with curtain finishing. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the material of the walls. Support brackets for metal sheathing hold best in concrete and solid brick. Things are a little worse with hollow bricks. And here cellular concrete will require the selection of special and, as a rule, expensive fasteners. For finishing walls made of loose, porous materials It is more advisable to choose a system of “wet” facades (plastering or tiling).

To minimize the work of cutting slabs, when designing a façade system, it is important to accurately calculate the size of the module (cell). He's not at all equal to size the panel itself. It is necessary to take into account gaps with a width of 5 to 10 mm (depending on the type of cladding).

We also note that small-sized facing tiles (300 x 300 or 400 x 400 mm) are not economically viable - their installation will require too many fasteners. And such a wall does not look very good - the facade of the house will resemble a checkered page of a school notebook. A tile of 600 x 600 mm is considered optimal, but it is important to consider that this is an average size. The actual spread among different manufacturers is from 595 x 595 to 610 x 610 mm. Having given preference to one or another collection, you should find out its exact parameters.

1. Brick wall; 2. Bracket (sheathing fasteners); 3. Thermal insulating gasket; 4. Anchor dowel; 5. Main horizontal profile; 6. Main vertical profile; 7. Vertical intermediate profile; 8. Klyammer private; 9. Starting clamp; 10. Thermal insulation material (insulation); 11. Hydro-windproof vapor-permeable membrane; 12. Thermal insulation fasteners (plastic disc-shaped dowel); 13. Facing tiles; 14. Blind rivet.

Ventilated facade fastening systems

The choice of fasteners requires detailed consideration. As you know, there are two fastening systems - hidden and open.

The first option is metal clamps covering the plate from above and below. The second is anchor bolts that are inserted into blind holes drilled in the slab and open there like the petals of a flower.

Sometimes mounting elements do not spoil the appearance of the cladding, but, on the contrary, add expressiveness to it.

Usage hidden system fastening is not always justified: for example, in areas of the facade that bear a high aesthetic load. And the point is not only that this fastener costs twice as much as the visible one. If a tile fixed in this way is damaged, the entire vertical row will have to be dismantled for repairs. Replacing a cladding unit installed openly is much easier.

Clamps painted to match the color of the tiles are almost invisible on the facade

Poor quality fasteners lead to tiles falling out.

Insulation for suspended ventilated facades

The next important issue is the choice of thermal insulation. Only insulation that has a technical certificate from the State Committee for Construction of Russia, which allows its use in ventilated systems, can be placed under the suspended cladding. Mineral wool is considered optimal in all respects. The use of non-profile materials (for example, glass wool) will cause the insulation to become saturated with moisture, become heavier and settle, reducing or even closing the air gap.

For guard thermal insulation material You can only use a special vapor barrier membrane

If you try to protect the thermal insulation with polyethylene or foil (that is, materials that do not allow steam to pass through), this will not only not solve the problem, but will also disrupt the operation of the ventilated façade, which, as we know, must “breathe.” The insulation can only be covered with a special one-sided vapor barrier membrane: it will allow moisture released by the walls to pass out, but will not allow atmospheric moisture to penetrate inside.

In addition to insulation, thermal breaks - gaskets installed between the brackets and the wall - play an important role in providing thermal protection. They must be made of materials with low coefficient thermal conductivity: polypropylene, polyamide, komatex, etc. The use of gaskets made of paronite is not allowed, since it does not have thermal insulation properties.

Sometimes installers use special seals that are designed to dampen vibrations and keep the cladding from moving laterally. But their use leads to a reduction in the service life of the system, since the seals have a short service life (about 10 years). Reducing vibration and eliminating lateral shift of cladding panels should be ensured by the design of fastening elements.

Installation of ventilated facades

Unfortunately, even the most competent design of a ventilated facade can be nullified by poor-quality installation. The most common mistake is violation of the geometry of the facade. The cladding must be smooth, even if the relief of the walls is far from ideal. In addition, the panels should not move relative to the vertical and horizontal axes.

As paradoxical as it may seem, a very common mistake is to install fasteners directly into the masonry joint of the wall elements.

Installation of a ventilated facade. The surface of the cladding must be perfectly flat, with precise adherence to the thickness of the seams.

Failure to comply with the standard joint thickness leads to the fact that the tiles begin to press on each other, crack and fly off. And if the tiles are installed with a deviation from the plane, this will be noticeable in sunlight.

Many builders sin by not complying with the standard seam thickness. When installed end-to-end, tiles begin to press on each other due to temperature deformations, crack and fall out. And in the absence of proper ventilation, the insulation gets wet, freezes and slides off the walls. Too much big gap between the facing panels will lead to excessive wetting of the thermal insulation by precipitation.

Particular attention should be paid to the design of window openings

Nowadays there are many types of curtain facades on the Russian market. Unfortunately, many domestic producers They follow a simple path, exactly copying foreign systems. Meanwhile, what works great in the mild climate of Germany or France may not withstand our long winters. The thickness of the insulation (and therefore the distance from the cladding to the wall of the building) in Russian weather conditions should be significantly greater than in Europe.

In addition, some companies, in an effort to reduce the cost of the system, often use questionable materials in the design, in particular galvanized steel, which is poorly protected from corrosion. The best metals Stainless steel and aluminum are used for lathing ventilation facades. But for fastening plates, especially heavy ones, only stainless steel is suitable. Aluminum staples do not have the necessary strength.