A tenon connection is used. Methods and methods for joining wooden parts. Other tenon joints
The pieces of joinery are connected to each other by a tenon joint, consisting of two elements - a tenon and a socket or eye. A tenon is a protrusion at the end of a bar that fits into the corresponding socket or eye of another bar. The spikes are single (Fig. 54, A), double (Fig. 54, b), multiple (Fig. 54, V), those. more than two.
A solid tenon is a tenon that is integral with the bar. An insert tenon is a tenon made separately from the bar. Thorn with cross section in the form of a circle is called round (Fig. 54, G).
Dovetail spike (Fig. 54, e) has a profile in the form of an equilateral trapezoid with a large base on the end face of the tenon, a one-sided dovetail tenon is in the form of a rectangular trapezoid with a large base on the end face of the tenon.
The toothed tenon has a profile in the form of a triangle or trapezoid, the smaller base of which is the end face of the tenon (Fig. 54, h), double-oblique serrated tenon (Fig. 54, and) - isosceles triangle.
Single and double tenons are used in the manufacture of windows, frame doors, and furniture; dovetail spike - in the manufacture of drawers and boxes; jagged tenons - for adhesive joining of parts (splicing) along the length.
Rice. 54. Types of spikes:
A - single; b – double; V - multiple; G– round;
d- "dovetail"; e – one-sided dovetail;
g, h – toothed; And - nest; k, l – lugs; m– dull thorn;
n – thorn in the dark; O- thorn in semi-darkness
In addition, round insert tenons are used when connecting plots (blanks) across the width. Thorns in the dark (Fig. 54, n) and semi-darkness (Fig. 54, O) used in the manufacture of frames, furniture, etc.
A tenon in the dark is made not only at the end connection, but also in cases where it is required that the edges of the nest are invisible, since it is not always possible to obtain smooth edges of the nest. To hide this defect, darkness is cut out from the tenon, i.e. remove part of the tenon along the width from one or both sides.
In order to form a tenon, an eye, processed bars, planed on four sides to the required size, are pre-marked.
2.2.1. Structural parts and elements of joinery. Joinery products have the following main structural parts and elements: block - the simplest part; It happens different sizes, sections and shapes (Fig. 55, To). The narrow longitudinal side of the bar is called edge 5, and the wide longitudinal side is called face 7, the line of intersection of the face with the edge is called edge. The end transverse side of the bar, formed by trimming at a right angle, is called the end b.
Rice. 55. Shape of processed bars:
A– chamfer, b– headquarters (headquarters); V - rounded ribs; G– fillet;
d– quarter fold; e – mold; and - thorn; h – eye; And - edge with profile processing; To - bar; l – nest; m – layout; n – platik;
O– overhang; 1 – shoulders; 2 – side edge of the spike; 3 – end face of the tenon; 4– panel; 5 – edge; 6– end; 7 – face; l-length; b – tenon width; s – tenon thickness.
In the manufacture of window and door blocks, bars of small sections (vertical, horizontal sash sockets) are made from solid wood, and bars of large sections (frames) are made of laminated veneers.
Layouts are called bars intended for fastening glass in sashes, doors or panels in door leaves frame design.
The panels represent a shield rectangular shape, made from wood, particleboard or fibreboard. The shape of the panels is flat, with beveled edges and with profiled edge processing. The panel within the doors is installed in a groove, rebate and secured with layouts or placed on bars and secured with screws.
A rebate is a rectangular recess in a block. If the notch has equal sides angle, then it forms a quarter.
Platik - a ledge formed to hide the gap; it is used in cases where it is difficult to fit the part flush.
The use of plate simplifies the assembly of products. It is used in the manufacture of furniture.
Overhang is a protrusion beyond the base. It is used in the manufacture of furniture.
A fillet is a semicircular recess on the edge or face of a part.
The frame consists of four bars forming a square or rectangle. Separate frames also have internal bars - mullions (frame doors, window sashes with slabs).
The frames are assembled using a tenon joint. Small size The frames are assembled onto a single open end-to-end tenon, a tenon with semi-darkness or darkness. In the manufacture of carpentry, mostly rectangular frames are used, very rarely (for unique products) - polygonal or round. Casement, window, transom, box - all these are frames.
All connections in window blocks performed on spikes. The strength of a tenon joint is determined by its size and the area of the bonded surfaces. To increase strength, the studs are made double (in windows).
Shields are made massive (plank) or with voids. To avoid warping, massive panels should be assembled from narrow slats (parts) with a width of no more than 1.5 times the thickness, with a selection of fibers, and a moisture content of up to (10 ± 2)%.
When gluing parts along the width, the same (sapwood) faces of the joined slats should be facing opposite sides, and the edges of the same name are towards each other.
Joining slats along the length is allowed if the joints are spaced apart and the distance between them in adjacent slats is at least 150 mm. In panels intended for load-bearing structures, the slats do not meet along the length. Wall panels, vestibules, etc. are made from panels.
To avoid warping, the panels are made with dowels (Fig. 56, A), with tips (Fig. 56, b), with glued (Fig. 56, c, d) and glued with slats (Fig. 56, d). The keys in the panels are made flush with the plane or protruding. At least two dowels are placed on each shield. Panels with keys are intended for doors of temporary buildings, etc.
In addition to planks, multilayer boards are made, glued together from three or five single-layer boards with mutually perpendicular fiber directions (Fig. 56, e).
Rice. 56. Types of shields:
a with dowels; b–c tips in the groove (tongue) and tongue;
V– with a strip glued into the end; G - with glued triangular
lath; d– with a glued triangular strip; e– multilayer
Massive panels are glued onto a smooth fugue (Fig. 57, A), onto the rail (Fig. 57, b), in a quarter (Fig. 57, V), into the groove and tongue (Fig. 57, G , e) and in the “dovetail” (Fig. 57, e).
Rice. 57. Methods of connecting shields:
A– for a smooth fugue; b – on the rail; V - a quarter; G - in tongue and groove;
d– in the groove and triangular ridge; e – in dovetail
2.2.2. Connecting wood parts. The splicing of segments along the length can be end-to-end, miter splicing, jagged, stepped.
End adhesive connection (Fig. 58, a) – This is an adhesive connection with end gluing surfaces. Under the end adhesive connection on the “mustache” (Fig. 58, b) understand adhesive connection flat surfaces gluing, located at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the workpieces.
Rice. 58. Adhesive joints of bars, boards along the length:
A– end; b– on the “mustache”; V– on a stepped “whisker”; G– a stepped “mustache” with bluntness; d – toothed; e – vertical gear: and - horizontal gear; uh– jagged on the “mustache”; And– stepped; α – bevel angle; L – spine length; t– connection step; S – gap; IN - workpiece thickness; i– tenon angle
Adhesive connection on a stepped “mustache” (Fig. 58, V) - this is a connection in which the bonding surfaces have a protrusion that prevents the workpieces from moving in longitudinal direction when stretched. A connection in which the beveled ends of the workpieces have a bluntness that prevents the workpieces from moving in the longitudinal direction during tension and compression is called a stepped “muscle” connection with bluntness (Fig. 58, G).
Serrated adhesive joint (Fig. 58, d) – this is a connection with profiled surfaces in the form of jagged tenons, a vertical adhesive connection (Fig. 58, e) – connection with the tenon profile exiting the workpiece face.
In a horizontal gear connection (Fig. 58, and) the profile of the tenons extends beyond the edge of the workpiece.
Serrated adhesive joint on the “mustache” (Fig. 58, h) – connection on the “mustache” with profiled gluing surfaces in the form of jagged spikes.
Stepped adhesive connection (Fig. 58, And) - end connection with profiled gluing surfaces in the form of a step, the height of which is equal to half the thickness of the workpiece.
The most durable is the adhesive connection on the toothed tenon. This type of connection is used for splicing bars of sashes, transoms, window and door frames and other building elements. Serrated adhesive joint (see Fig. 58, e) manufactured in accordance with GOST 19414-90. The glued workpieces should not differ in humidity by more than 6%. Knots larger than 5 mm are not allowed in the workpiece joining area. Roughness parameter of the bonding surface of toothed tenons Rm tah according to GOST 7016-82 should not exceed 200 microns.
Tenon joints
The dimensions of the tenon joints are given in table. 1.
The simplest carpentry connection can be thought of as connecting a tenon to a socket or eye (Fig. 1). The tenon is a protrusion at the end of the bar (Fig. 2), the socket is the hole into which the tenon goes. Tenon joints are divided into corner end joints, corner middle joints and corner box joints.
In the practice of amateur carpenters, angular end connections. To calculate the elements of such connections, use Fig. 3 and table.
Suppose it is necessary to calculate a miter connection with an insertable through flat tenon (UK-11). The thickness of the joined bar is known (let s0 = 25 mm). Then, taking this size as a basis, we determine the size s1. According to the table, s1 = 0.4 mm, s0 = 10 mm.
Let's take the UK-8 connection. Let the dowel diameter be 6 mm, then l (choose the average value - 4d) is 24 mm, and l1 = 27 mm. Connections with dowels are made symmetrically to each other and with respect to the plane of the part, therefore, according to Fig. 3 h, the distance from the center of the hole for the lower dowel to the center of the hole for the upper dowel will be at least 2d, or 12 mm; the same distance is from the center of the dowel hole to the end of the part being connected.
In Fig. 4 shown diagrams of corner middle (T) connections , for which the following basic dimensions of tenons and other elements must be observed during calculations: in connections US-1 and US-2, the use of a double tenon is allowed, with s1 = 0.2s0, l1 = (0.3...0.8) B, l2 = (0.2…0.3) V1; in connection US-3 s1 = 0.4s0, s2 = 0.5 (s0 - s1); in the US-4 connection s1 = s3 = 0.2s0, s2 = 0.5 X [s0 - (2s1 + s3)]; in the US-5 connection s1 = (0.4...0.5)s0, l = (0.3...0.8)s0, s2 = 0.5 (s0-s1), b ≥ 2 mm; in connection US-6 l = (0.3... 0.5)s0, b ≥ 1 mm; in the US-7 connection d = 0.4 at l1 > l by 2... 3 mm; in connection US-8 l = (0.3…0.5) B1, s1 = 0.85s0.
Dimensions of tenons and other elements of corner end connections
| Connections | s 1 | s 2 | s 3 | l | l 1 | h | b | d |
| UK-1 | 0.4s 0 | 0.5 (s 0 - s 1) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| UK-2 | 0.2s 0 | 0,5 | 0.2s 0 | - | - | - | - | - |
| UK-3 | 0.1s 0 | 0,5 | 0.14s 0 | - | - | - | - | - |
| UK-4 | 0.4s 0 | 0.5 (s 0 - s 1) | - | (0.5...0.8)V | (0.6…0.3)l | 0.7B 1 | ≥ 2 mm | - |
| UK-5 | 0.4s 0 | 0.5 (s 0 - s 1) | - | 0.5V | - | 0.6B 1 | - | - |
| UK-6 | 0.4s 0 | 0.5 (s 0 - s 1) | - | (0.5…0.8)B | - | 0.7B 1 | ≥ 2 mm | - |
| UK-7 | - | 0.5 (s 0 - s 1) | - | - | - | 0.6B 1 | - | - |
| UK-8 | - | - | - | (2.5...6)d | l 1 > l by 2…3 mm | - | - | - |
| UK-9 | - | - | - | (2.5...6)d | l 1 > l by 2…3 mm | - | - | - |
| UK-10 | 0.4s 0 | - | - | (1…1.2)B | - | - | 0.75B | - |
| UK-11 | 0.4s 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Note. Dimensions s0, B and B1, are known in each specific case.
| Rice. 1. : a - into the nest; b - into the eye; 1 - spike; 2 - socket, eye. |
In corner box joints, tenons are repeated many times. Basically, three types of such connections are used: straight open tenon (see Fig. 3, a); on the spike there is an open “dovetail” (see Fig. 2, d); on an open round insert tenon - dowel (see Fig. 3, h).
The dowel (dowel) connection method is often used. A dowel is a cylindrical stick made of birch, oak, etc. It is evenly turned and hammered into drilled holes- channels pre-lubricated with glue. Holes for dowels are made in both parts at once. The dowel should fit tightly into the hole using a mallet. The drill for preparing the holes must match the dimensions of the dowel. To reduce the diameter of the dowel, grinding with sandpaper or a hog file is used (marks are made not across, but along the dowel).
When choosing a connection, it is necessary to take into account, first of all, the nature and magnitude of the load, as well as how the connection will resist the load. For example, when connecting a cabinet shelf end-to-end with a wall, the entire load will fall on the screws or dowels. The force with which the product (shelf) presses on them makes them resist cross-cutting and fracture. Therefore, the load here is small. In this case, it is more expedient to install under the shelf wooden slats, screwing it tightly to the cabinet wall. The load will increase, but the resistance to it will also increase due to not only the screws, but also the friction between the rail and the cabinet wall. A significantly greater load can be tolerated if the shelf is embedded at least to a small depth into the wall mass; in this case, the load will be taken by the furniture wall itself.
 |
| Rice. 3. : a - open through single tenon - UK-1; b - open through double tenon - UK-2; c - open through triple tenon - UK-3; g - on a spike with semi-darkness not through - UK-4; d - on a spike with semi-darkness through UK-5; e - on a spike with non-through darkness - UK-6; g - on a spike with through darkness - UK-7; h - for round, plug-in, non-through and through tenons - UK-8; and - on a “mustache” with an inserted blind round tenon - UK-9; k - on the “mustache” with an inserted blind flat tenon - UK-10; l - on the “mustache” with an inserted through flat tenon - UK-11. |
 |
| Rice. 4. : a - on a single non-through tenon - US-1; b - sewed a single, non-through sewing into the groove - US-2; c - on a single through tenon - US-3; g - on a double through tenon - US-4; d - into the groove and tongue, not through - US-5; c - into a non-through groove - US-6; g - for round, plug-in, non-through tenons - US-7; h - non-through dovetail tenon - US-8. |
From a comparison of the resistances of two connections (half a tree with a screw and a dovetail), it can be seen that a dovetail connection can withstand a load three times greater than a half tree connection with a screw. Based on this and a number of other examples, the following conclusions can be drawn about the advisability of using certain connections: joinery should be selected in accordance with the magnitude and direction of the load on the connection; the load must be absorbed directly by the design of the product itself (additional fastenings can be a screw, a metal square, a dowel, etc.); knitting with gaps is not allowed.
Gluing should be done only with prepared surfaces: the rougher, for example, the surface of the dowel, the more reliably it will glue to the array.
Using tenons, parts are connected in length, width and at an angle.
Connecting the ends of parts in half a tree. Such connections can be length, end and middle.
For manufacturing, wood is cut down at the mating points to the thickness of the mating part. The length of the connection elements is equal to 2-2.5 times the thickness of the parts being connected. The connection elements are secured together by gluing. Corner End Connections (UK). The greatest simplicity and high strength are characterized by connections using open straight through tenons. Significant disadvantage of these connections is that the ends of their elements are visible on both sides of the part, which worsens appearance. Therefore, such connections are used in those structures where it is possible to cover the tenons with overhead parts or parts in contact with them. Connection to an open end-to-end single tenon (UK-1); the thickness of the tenon (S1) and shoulder (S2) in this connection is calculated using the following formulas (a): S1 = 0.4S0; S2 = 0.5(S0 – S1), where S0 is the thickness of the part. More durable connections of this group are connections to open end-to-end double UK-2 (Fig. b) and triple UK-3 spikes (Fig. c). To make such connections, precise dimensions and cutting of the connection elements are necessary. Tenon connections with semi-darkness , (Fig. d, e) have more complex shape, and therefore more difficult to manufacture. The thickness of the tenons of these connections is calculated similarly to the thickness of the UK-1 connection. These connections can be made with a non-through tenon UK-4 (Fig. d) and a through tenon UK-5 (Fig. e). In terms of strength, the connections UK-4 and UK-5 are inferior to the connections discussed above. They are used in cases where high joint strength is not required and it is necessary to avoid damage to the appearance of a part mated to the end of another part. Tenon connections with darkness (Fig. g, f) can be with a through UK-7 and a non-through UK-6 spike. The thickness of the tenon and shoulders is determined in the same way as in connections with a semi-darkness with an open end-to-end single tenon. Connections for round plug-in tenons (dowels) somewhat inferior in strength to connections made with straight open tenons. However, they save some wood. Previously, dowels were made mainly from hard hardwood wood, but now dowels made of plastic are also widely used. These connections are also characterized by ease of manufacture. To do this, it is necessary to drill holes of the required diameter, install spikes on the glue and hold the mating parts under pressure. The diameter of the dowel in a connection with round dowels is calculated using the following formula: d = 0.4S0. In the UK-9 connection, the use of through spikes is allowed (Fig. i). Miter connections with insertable flat tenon can have through (UK-11) and non-through (UK-10) spikes (Fig. j, l). These connections are characterized by low strength and more complex manufacturing compared to connections with round dowels. They have a beautiful appearance and provide uniform finishing (especially non-through ones). The thickness of the tenon of joints UK-10 and UK-11 is determined by the formula S1 = 0.4S0. A miter connection with a double plug-in tenon is allowed, with S1 = 0.2S0. Gear connection UK-12 - This the new kind connections, the elements of which are made on machines.
Thorns and their types.
Thorn is a protrusion on a part whose width is less than the width of the part itself. The spikes are inserted into the sockets. The nest must be of such a size that the spike fits tightly into it. At the same time, the tenon cannot be too thick, since when it is driven into the socket, the part may crack. The spike has length, thickness and width. Tire length - this is the distance from the end to the shoulders, thickness - the distance between the shoulders or cheeks, and width - transverse size of the cheek. There are thorns solid and plug-in. Solid spikes are made at the ends of the parts to be connected. Solid spikes are usually flat . Plug-in spines can be flat or round. In terms of the strength of connections, solid and inserted tenons are the same. Spikes may be through and blind . Through the tenon, when connected to an eye or through socket, passes through the mating part. Deaf the spikes are mated with non-through sockets, the depth of which is at least 2 mm greater than the length of the spike. The number, shape and size of the tenons significantly affect the strength of the connection. The shape of the spikes can be round, flat and trapezoidal. The edges of trapezoidal and flat tenons are called cheeks. Shoulders - these are the cut parts of the bar, that is, the surface above which the tenon rises. The end part of the tenon is called butt .
Screws and their types.
Screw(screw from the German schraube) is actually an improved screw that is screwed into soft material(wood) and by deforming the material it forms a thread, that is, it is one of the 6 simplest mechanisms and, depending on the applied force, changes direction or magnitude. Kinds: universal screws - this type is successfully used for the most different surfaces. The station wagon is mainly used in household work– construction and repair. Frequent thread with a countersunk head, which has a slot for a cross thread - distinctive features such screws. Universal screws are made with different types of heads: countersunk, semicircular, cylindrical, hexagonal, and Phillips. Further - hex screws . They are made of cold-rolled steel and come with dowels. Very durable, used in plumbing and woodworking. Frame screws are threaded throughout the entire shaft; used in the manufacture of various window frames and doorways. There is no need to use a dowel here. Screw ring welded equipped with a steel ring instead of a head. It is used not only in working with wood, but also with concrete and brick. Highlight round screw heads, oval screw heads and flat screw heads. Round heads screws are visible on the surface of the material in the screwed-in state and they are most amenable to unscrewing. Oval heads The screws are screwed in flush, but the head still sticks out a little. Flat heads The screws are mostly invisible and are called countersunk, because when they are screwed in, they become flush with the surface.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
Gymnasium No. 19 of the city of Orel
Public lesson on the topic of:
"Types of tenon joints"
7th grade
Completed:
technology teacher
Mosin S.E.
Oryol
"Tenon joints"
Goals:
Introduce students to the tenon method of joining parts of wood products;
Improve the aesthetic education of students;
Promote the development of technical thinking.
Lesson type:
Combined (mastering new knowledge, generalizing and systematizing what has been learned).
Teaching methods:
Oral questioning, story, demonstration of visual aids (using a presentation made in PowerPoint), practical work.
During the classes:
I.Organizational and preparatory part
Greeting the teacher, monitoring attendance, checking students' readiness for the lesson, communicating the topic and goals of the lesson.
II.Theoretical part
Repetition of covered material:
Questions:
How are chisels, chisels and plow knives sharpened?
What is called finishing and straightening of the blade?
Why do you need to joint saw teeth?
How are crosscut saw teeth sharpened?
How are saw teeth sharpened for longitudinal and mixed sawing?
How are saw teeth set?
How should it be positioned? cutting edge relative to the plow sole?
How do you set up and fasten a knife on a plank with a wooden block?
How do you set up and secure a knife on a plow with a metal block?
What is the purpose of a chip breaker?
How do you clean a clogged tap hole?
List the safety rules when cleaning the tray.
Presentation of new material:
The teacher accompanies his explanation by showing a presentation.
Teacher's story plan:
Types of joinery joints
Chiseling of lugs and sockets. Assembling the tenon joint.
Main types of joinery joints
Carpentry joints are either permanent or detachable. The first includes connections with nails, the second with screws. Using nails and screws, parts are connected relatively quickly, but the connections are not
provide high strength.
Tenon joints of wooden products.
In adhesive joints, the following elements are distinguished: tenon, socket, eyelet, etc.
Thorn - a protrusion at the end of the workpiece that corresponds to the size and profile of the eye or socket of the workpiece being connected.
Nest - a hole (recess) in the workpiece that corresponds to the size and profile of the tenon.
Eye - a socket at the end of the workpiece, open on two or three sides.
IN 
german word"schiff"
,
translates as "the middle part of something", the term "thorn
" as the middle part of the part connection.
AND 
Tenon joints are common in adhesive joints. They are divided into corner end, corner middle and corner box. The choice of the number of spikes depends on the thickness of the parts being connected. Bars up to thickness40 mm
connectsingle
tenon, bars 40..80 mm thick -double
ortriple
, bars with a thickness of over 80 mm - triplemultiple
.
Rules for determining the sizes of studs and lugs:
Dimensionscorner end
Andcorner middle
connections
determined by the formulas:S
= 0.4
So
;
S
1 =
S
3 = 0.5(
So
-
S
1)
Corner box connection:
S 1 = S 3 = 6,8,10,12,14,16 mm;
l = So; S2, Not less 0.3So
Products with tenon joints of parts are manufactured according to prefabricated drawings.
2. Marking and filing of tenons and eyes
To obtain tenons and eyes, the workpiece must first be marked in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Mark the spikes and
lugs on both sides of the workpiece. On the part that needs to be removed, make a mark (X) with a pencil.
First, transverse markings are carried out. To do this, the length of the tenon (eye) is plotted using a ruler and pencil from the base end along the ribs. Using a square, the marks are connected by transverse lines along the faces and edges. Having calculated the width of the tenon (eye), mark it with a surface planer along the end and edges with longitudinal lines. 
After marking, the eyes and tenons are filed down using a saw with fine teeth, the workpiece is secured in the rear clamp of the workbench with an inclination of 50 and the cut is made.
Then it is leveled and longitudinal sawing continues.
P 
ropil lead next to marking line along the part to be removed, without going beyond the transverse marking line. Then cross sections of wood (“cheeks”) are cut to obtain a tenon. The “cheeks” are cut down alternately, first on one side of the workpiece, then on the other.
In production, tenons and lugs are obtained by tenon-cutting machine operators. They must have a good knowledge of the properties of wood, the structure of machines, be able to perform all machine operations, sharpen tools, and set up machines.
Chiseling lugs and sockets
Chiselling is the processing of wood by cutting with a cutter in a vertical direction.
Eyes and sockets are obtained using chisels and chisels.
Bit Designed for chiseling sockets and eyes. His hand is struck with a mallet. To protect the handle from splitting, another metal ring is placed on it. The working part of the bit is shaped like a wedge with an angle of 35º.
The chisel is used for cleaning tenons, sockets and eyes, cutting chamfers, and trimming fitting parts. The working part of the chisel is sharpened at an angle of 20°.
Terms "bit " And "chisel "from German language translated as "hammering iron ".
The part is hammered out on a backing board. The chisel blade is placed parallel to the transverse marking line at a distance of approximately 1 cm from the end and chamfered towards the bottom of the eye.
Holding the chisel strictly vertically, strike it with a mallet. Then they step back from the end by 5-7 mm, hit the chisel and, tilting it, trim and chip off a layer of wood.
Place the chisel at the transverse marking line. The nest is hollowed out alternately from both lines of transverse markings.
In production, mechanical chiselling of wood is carried out by machine operators of chain-slotting machines. They gouge oblong holes using the cutters of a moving chiselling chain.
4. Assembling the tenon joint
To assemble a tenon joint, the tenons and eyes are adjusted to
required size, cut with a chisel and cleaned with a file.
To process with a chisel, the workpiece is fixed on a workbench. Right hand press on the end of the chisel, and with your left hand grasp its rod and adjust the direction of cutting. Cleaning with a file side walls and the bottom of the eyelet. The connection of the parts will be strong if the tenon enters the eye with a gentle blow with a mallet or pressing by hand. The mallet should be used to hit
not along the tenon, but through the backing board.
P 
Having adjusted the tenon joint, it is disassembled for gluing. First, the tenon and eye are lubricated with glue, allowed to soak for the glue to be absorbed into the wood, and then connected.
Having assembled and glued the product, using backing boards, it is compressed in the corners with clamps. Depending on the type of glue, the product is kept in a compressed state for up to 24 hours.
After compression, the tenon joint is planed to remove irregularities at the joints. Plane, securing the product with wedges on the workbench, on both sides to the full span of the arms full movement R 
ubanka.
Then the edges are planed. The product is secured in the front clamp of the workbench with a backing board. Tenon joints are planed alternately by moving the plane from the edge to the center of the connected part.
Control the quality of work using a ruler and square.
In production tenon joints collected by wood product collectors.
III. Practical part
Practical work"Tenon joint of wood product parts"
Workplace organization :
Students complete the task - each at their own workplace.
To complete the work you will need: a workbench, blanks, a chisel, a chisel, a mallet, a fine-toothed saw, a measuring ruler or caliper, glue, brushes, clamps or a vice, a file, sandpaper.
Induction training.
Tasks:
1. Get blanks from your teacher to make a frame with a tenon joint;
2. Calculate the size of the tenon, the thickness of the eye cheeks;
3. Make sketches of the tenon and eyelet with dimensions;
4. Using the calculated dimensions, mark the tenon joint for making the frame;
5. File down the thorns and cut off the “cheeks”;
6. Attach the workpieces with sawed-off eyes to a workbench with a backing board and perform chiselling;
7. Check the quality of work using a measuring ruler or caliper;
8. Use a chisel or file to adjust the tenons and lugs until they are tightly connected;
9. Glue the tenon joints and clamp them into clamps, checking that the diagonals of the frame are equal;
Clean the teacher-issued glued tenon joints;
Safety regulations:
1. It is necessary to securely secure the workpiece on the workbench;
2. You should only work with a serviceable and well-sharpened tool;
3. You should not trim tenons and eyes with a chisel and a file, holding the parts on your knees or in your hand, but this should be done on a workbench in a fixed position;
4. You cannot cut wood with a chisel in the direction of the hand supporting the part; you need to move the chisel with the blade away from you;
5. You should hit the mallet exactly along the axis of the chisel;
6. The chisel (chisel) can only be carried with the blade down;
7. At the end of the work, the chisel (chisel) should be placed with the blade facing away from you. Need to
make sure that the blades do not protrude beyond the edge of the workbench lid;
Current briefing.
Students completing assignments independently. Current observations of the teacher, monitoring compliance with safety regulations, answering questions that arise during the work process, checking the correctness of assignments.
Final briefing.
Evaluation of student performance, selection best works students, analysis of mistakes made and analysis of the reasons that caused them, explanation of the possibilities of applying the acquired knowledge, skills and abilities in socially useful work.
IV. Final part
Setting for the next lesson:
The next lesson will continue to introduce wood processing technology.
Students will gain knowledge about another method of connecting wood parts - dowels and screws with dowels.
Review the material covered;
Cleaning workplaces.
Presentation
Bibliography:
1. Bobrov, V.A. Handbook on woodworking / Series "Directories", - Rostov n/a:
Phoenix, 2003
2. Karabanov, I.A. Wood processing technology: textbook. For students 5-9 grades.
general educational institutions. - M: Education, 1995.
3. Samorodsky, A.E., Simonenko, V.D., Tishchenko, A.T. Technology. Labor training: textbook for 7th grade students (option for boys) general education. Shk.
/ ed. E.S. Glozman, - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
4. “Do-it-yourself furniture” Klyatis G. Ya.
"Forest industry" 1989
5. “Carpentry works” L.N. Kreindlin
M. graduate School 1982
6. Technology. Industrialtechnology: 6th grade:
textbook forgeneral education studentsorganizations
/ A.T. Tishchenko, V.D.Simonenko. - M: .Ventana-Count,2014 - 192 pp.
Reliability and aesthetics complex structures made of wood largely depends on the right choice way to connect it components. This is especially true for frame products and load-bearing structures, where safety parameters come to the fore.
High quality connection wooden parts- a guarantee of durability, the basis for an attractive appearance of the product, an indicator of the skill and professionalism of the carpenter and joiner.
Selecting the type of connection
In general, there are a huge number of types of joints of wooden blanks, so we can only talk about some of them, the most common.
One of the most simple ways to build up a wooden part (timber, log, board), to increase its width is an end connection. There are several options for its implementation. A simple and functional half-thickness (half-tree) method is often used. Depending on the expected load on the part, the cut can be straight or oblique. IN in some cases The joint is strengthened using figured cutouts - locks. This type of connection prevents stretching, twisting, and bending. This is how the beams are spliced together for the purpose of lengthening.
Creating volumetric frames or wooden frames requires reliable connections at various angles. In this case, it is rational to use a tenon-groove or tenon-eye connection. The nodes at the junction of parts can withstand displacement, bending and compression loads. If the structure requires high tensile strength, the cutouts are made trapezoidal.
Additional connections of frame products, which impart rigidity to the structure, are implemented using T-shaped or cross-shaped connections. The main load at the joints is compression, displacement and rupture. In special cases, the structure is further strengthened metal corners, screws or nails.
To connect boards together into box-shaped structures at right angles, it is convenient to use a special box groove. As the name implies, this method is often used to create three-dimensional structures, including furniture boxes. A high-quality box joint looks monolithic, has an attractive appearance and can withstand impressive loads. While creating wooden furniture the connection is often used on dowels, dowels and dominoes (when the groove has an oblong shape, as opposed to a round dowel).
Tenon joint (tenon and groove)
The simplest and one of the most reliable is the tongue-and-groove connection. It is widely used in carpentry. In a similar way, wooden parts of window frames are assembled into a single whole, and the most various parts cabinet furniture, plywood sheets. The essence this method consists in making a tenon at the end of one part being connected, which is inserted into the groove of another part and fixed in it.
For work it is convenient to use a special lamellar router; in the absence of one, you can get by with a simple hand tools. You will need:
- hand saw with fine teeth;
- electric or hand drill;
- several chisels of different widths;
- sandpaper;
- measuring tool, square and pencil.
First, the blanks are marked. The parameters of the tenon and groove depend on the parameters of the wooden parts and the configuration of the product, however, it is worth considering several general recommendations.
Important! The thickness of the tenon should be approximately a third of the thickness of the part, the width should be 70-80% of the width, the length should be equal to the thickness of the workpiece being joined.
The groove parameters must also meet these criteria. In any case, it is important to ensure that the dimensions of the tenon and groove match. The parts should connect easily, without pressure, but not fall out under their own weight. There should be no backlash, cracks or distortion.
The groove is cut out first, this sequence is due to the fact that the tenon is much easier to fit into the groove than vice versa. Cuts are made using a saw, excess wood is removed using a drill, the bottom of the groove and the walls are leveled with chisels.
In most cases, only wood glue is enough to fix the parts; screws or nails will help ensure maximum strength.
Half-tree connection
Quite often used in carpentry various options half-wood joints (simple or straight lock). This type of assembly wooden structures characterized by ease of manufacture and high reliability. The following varieties are distinguished:
- cross connection;
- half-tree - dovetail;
- gusset;
- on the mustache;
- half-tree splicing.
The first two methods are used to connect parts that intersect at right angles. Especially popular is the dovetail, in which the neckline is trapezoidal and the sides are not at right angles. The lock groove widens slightly from the end, providing a more reliable fixation. It should be noted that a tenon joint can also be called a dovetail if the tenons are cut in the form of trapezoids.
The second and third methods form a completed angle. Splicing is used if it is necessary to increase the length of the workpiece.
How to make a cross connection
One of the simplest is the cross connection. It is easy to manufacture; even a novice carpenter can master its intricacies. The work is performed in the following order:
- markings are made. The parts to be connected are placed on top of each other. Using a ruler, draw a cutting line. Thickness markings are applied using a thicknesser;
- the first part is clamped in a vice. Hand saw, carefully, a cut is made along the lines to the mark left by the thicknesser. The workpiece rotates. A second cut is made;
- the workpiece is removed from the vice. Using a sharp chisel and a wooden mallet, remove part of the wood between the cuts;
- the second part is processed;
- The planes are leveled using sandpaper or an abrasive stone.
Now you can dock wooden blanks. The connection must be tight, without backlash or gaps. If the product is one-piece, the joints are coated with wood glue, and the structure is additionally reinforced with screws.
Forming miter angles
One of the best ways creating corners of various volumetric products is a miter joint. It allows you to create monolithic structure, hide the fibers of the end, thereby providing an attractive appearance. This method is suitable for a wide variety of products, but is most often used for the manufacture of frames and cabinet furniture parts.
To create a joint, cuts are made in each of the wooden parts at an angle equal to half the angle at which the workpieces meet. Most often, this angle is right, therefore, cuts are made at 45 degrees, however, the angle can vary widely. The work is performed according to the following algorithm.
First, mark out the details. It is important not to forget that the markings are made along the long side, otherwise you may not guess with the dimensions.
On the edges that will be connected, draw a line at the required angle. Using a combination square, the markings are transferred to each side of the workpiece. Then the cut is made, for which it is better to use an electric miter saw, but you can also work with a hand tool. When working with a hacksaw, it is important to control the cutting angle; it would be useful to use a block as a guide.
The finished parts are placed next to each other, checking the accuracy of the fit. Irregularities will have to be smoothed out with a hand plane, bring the angle using sandpaper. Wood glue is applied to both surfaces, and the product is fixed using clamps. Additional strength can be achieved using nails. When working with a hammer, it is important to control the impact force so that the workpieces do not move.
Particularly important connections are strengthened with the help of bars that are glued into internal corner. A joint that will not be visible can be additionally reinforced with a metal square.
The result of quality work will be a perfect seam. If a small gap has formed, it can be hidden by straightening the adjacent wood fibers using a smooth cylindrical surface. The shaft of a regular screwdriver is suitable for this.
Spike in eye
Angle and T-joints (example: T-joint window frame) intersections are conveniently performed using the tongue-to-ridge method. In this case, the eye is made at the end of the vertical part, and the cuts for the tenon are made in its horizontal component.
The work begins with marking the eyelet. The thickness of the workpiece is divided by three. With a thin hacksaw, cuts are made to a depth equal to the width of the other workpiece. Excess wood is removed using chisels, and the walls of the eye are smoothed with sandpaper.
Mark the second workpiece. The width of the tenon should be equal to the width of the first workpiece, the thickness should be equal to the thickness of the tenon. The cuts are made hand hacksaw, carefully control the depth and angle of inclination. Remove excess with a chisel.
The final adjustment of thickness is carried out using sandpaper. The parts should be connected with light force and not fall apart under their own weight.
Thorn in socket
A more complex connection is the tenon-to-socket method. It requires more skill, but is much more reliable and durable. The scope of use is the same as in the previous case, namely T-shaped joints. The difference between this method is that the tenon is made at the end of the vertical part, and a socket is cut out in the body of the horizontal part.
This is one of the most common furniture connections. There are connections with a through tenon and with a blind one. The difference is that in the first case a through socket is cut out, in the second the slot is made to a certain depth.
Features of Japanese joinery
Carpentry art has reached unprecedented heights Japanese masters. Using traditional techniques, combining Various types connections, they create precise and reliable joints without the use of nails or other fasteners. The joining of various wooden parts is carried out solely due to the force of friction.
The reliability of these connections is based on precise cutting. The perfectly matched locking lines on both mating parts allow you to create a connection with impeccable precision. Complex Configurations locks require a lot of experience, knowledge and ability to use the tool, but if desired, all this can be learned.
Placing the boards together
High-quality wood is expensive, buy good board With necessary parameters It’s not always possible, and it’s not always necessary. To make, for example, a tabletop, it is not at all necessary to look for a table-wide board; with carpentry skills, you can create the ideal wooden canvas with the necessary parameters.
There are many options for bonding. A board with a tongue and groove, the so-called lining, is widely used. It allows you to create smooth wooden surfaces large area. A simplified version of it is often used - a board with a quarter joint.
Joining on a smooth fugue (butt)
The simplest way that does not require additional elements. The side edges of the boards are jointed; it is better to do this in pairs, clamping both adjacent boards in a vice and processing them at the same time. This treatment will create a precise surface on which the unevenness of one board will be compensated by the unevenness of the other. Both boards are coated with glue and fixed until it hardens completely.
Bonding load-bearing elements
Lengthen (increase) the board that is part load-bearing structure possible in several ways. The simplest and most reliable is a half-timber connection followed by placing reinforcing strips at the junction. Non-critical areas can be reinforced with plywood.
The same method is also used to join boards at different angles. Precisely made cuts of the jointed parts make it possible to do without reinforcing linings; it is enough to secure the boards at the joint with screws.
Cutting without residue means that the stacked logs will form flat angle, their ends will not protrude beyond the building; a separate type of it is a warm corner. Cutting with the remainder, in turn, means that a weave of protruding ends will be formed at the corners of the building. The second method is more expensive in terms of the amount of material, but the building retains heat better and is more stable.
Exist various ways connecting wooden parts, the ability to determine the optimal one for a particular type of work will significantly diversify the range of products that a master can make. The correctly chosen method will provide an attractive appearance to the product and guarantee the reliability of the three-dimensional structure.
