Coal machine. Coal boiler for heating a private house: traditional, long-burning, pyrolysis. Types and features of automatic solid fuel boilers

Criteria for choosing a solid fuel boiler

The main criteria for choosing a long-burning coal boiler for your home:

• Energy dependence.
• Availability of fuel.
• Dimensions and weight.
• Availability and functions of the automation system.
• Sufficient power.
• Availability of additional electric heater.
• Price.

If there is no access to a central gas supply, then a coal boiler with automatic fuel supply can become a worthy alternative and completely replace the gas analogue.

The problem of the lack of a convenient centralized or gas heating industrial, residential and utility premises has long been resolved: to replace stationary brick kilns New generation equipment has arrived - automatic coal boilers.

Varieties

When the question arises about choosing suitable equipment for heating a house with solid fuel, the following important points are taken into account: combustion method, material of manufacture and method of coal supply.

All units operate on solid coal.

Combustion type

Thus, a distinction is made between direct and long-burning boilers. Direct or bottom-up combustion is based on the principle of air circulation from the bottom of the combustion chamber. In this case, the fuel begins to burn from below. In the case of long-term combustion, the fuel is burned from above.

The direct combustion mechanism is very simple: the boiler is ignited and coal is manually fed into the chamber. Combustion air enters through the holes (grids) from below - this helps the fire to cover the lower layers of coal well and move it upward. In a long-burning unit, fuel is placed in a chamber and only then is the top layer ignited. Air is supplied from above through a special system.

This combustion method is economical and requires 2 times less loading than in the case of direct combustion.

However, coal-fired units are very picky about the quality of the fuel: it must be dry and slightly caking, and refueling can only be done when the first portion has burned out.

Classification by material

Coal-fired boilers can be made of special boiler steel and cast iron. Steel is not resistant to corrosion and burns out faster, but its maintainability has become an advantage of systems made from this material.

Cast iron, on the contrary, has an impressive service life, resists corrosion, but is also very fragile. This makes it very difficult to repair cast iron boilers and requires replacement of worn parts. Therefore, sometimes these materials are combined during manufacturing. For example, the body is made of steel, and the combustion chamber is made of cast iron.

Classification by delivery method

Boilers are divided into units with classical, semi-automatic and automatic fuel supply. Classic feeding is manual loading into the chamber, which requires the constant presence of the user to maintain the desired temperature. These units are inexpensive, but the high consumption of material and short smoldering time make the benefits minimal.

Semi-automatic boilers are equipped with microprocessors and a fan. All this gives an increase in working time on one load with the allocation required quantity heat.

Automatic coal boilers are equipped with a microprocessor fan control system and automatic shutdown sensors when the water temperature is exceeded. There are also built-in control sensors, fire protection valve control, and temperature sensors.

When a signal is received from the temperature sensor, the fuel is automatically filled with water - this eliminates a fire hazard. Fuel consumption is reduced by up to 50%, which in turn reduces the formation of ash by almost 3 times. Therefore, despite the high price, these boilers are very economical and reliable in operation, completely justifying the investment.

An automatic coal boiler uses a belt-gear drive mechanism to supply fuel, which is controlled by an electric motor. The mechanism is equipped with a belt for transporting fuel and a container into which it is poured.

If it is necessary to clean the unit, the bottom of the chamber is opened and the collection of solid unburned residues is placed in a container.

The automatic type coal heating system uses the operating principle of a conveyor. The heating material falls onto the conveyor belt and is fed into the chamber. How the movement mechanism works depends on the temperature of the water in the system. The temperature is recorded by a sensor and transmitted to microprocessor unit management.

When the temperature drops, the conveyor belt begins to move and fuel is supplied to the chamber. Ash removal is also an automated process.

Models for industrial enterprises can work autonomously for a month, while domestic boilers have small bins and can only work independently for 2-3 days.

Work process

So, the heating process with an automatic boiler and coal as fuel consists of several stages:

• coal is manually poured into the bunker. The number of bookmarks and time depends on the capacity of the bunker. continuous operation systems;
• The fuel is transferred into the chamber automatically by a screw feed. The gearbox is powered by an electric motor;
• fuel is squeezed into the chamber and air is supplied under pressure;
• combustion occurs in thin layers, reducing the amount of soot and unburnt particles, but if necessary, the boiler will automatically remove ash.

How to choose?

When choosing, you should pay attention to the following points:

• fraction of the coal used - equipment operating on fractions up to 80 mm is less demanding;
• possibility of use various types fuel;
• dimensions, volume and rated power of the tank;
• electric motor voltage - for home it is advisable to use systems operating on a voltage of 220 volts;
• System efficiency – for equipment industrial type it is up to 81% with simultaneous heating of areas up to 3500 m2.

Peculiarities

An automatic domestic coal boiler still requires human intervention: fill the tank, mechanically remove the ash and monitor the uninterrupted supply of electricity. But even in this case, they are an excellent alternative to all other types of heating equipment.

The problem is frequent breakdowns of the working mechanism, which require expensive repairs. In addition, downtime in operation leads to cooling of the house (heated room).

Usage

This type of equipment is most often used for heating a private home. It is mounted into the system in a special way, while observing a number of requirements:

• the area of ​​the boiler room must be more than 7 m2, and all rooms of the house must be provided with air flow;
• floor coverings of the house must be non-flammable;
• the boiler should be located at a distance of 0.5 meters from the walls of the boiler room, and put under it a metal sheet, which will also protect against fire;
• chimneys must have the required cross-sectional diameter in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations;
• It is better to insulate the electric motor and automation systems from any heat.

Thus, coal boilers are an excellent alternative to established heating systems for a private home.

Coal boilers are classified as solid fuel boilers. With their help, you can heat your house with coal or wood. Wherein modern models devices can operate in automatic mode. An automatic coal boiler independently controls the operating process and ensures efficient fuel combustion. A conventional coal-fired boiler operates without automation and is less efficient. How do coal boilers work, and what additional devices help them work automatically?

A coal stove or boiler is designed to produce heat by burning solid fuel. This heat is spent on heating the coolant (water or other liquid antifreeze), which subsequently enters the heating pipes. Heating with coal has the highest heat capacity among other solid energy sources (firewood, pellets). It is used for seasonal heating of private houses, as well as for the operation of boiler houses that heat several rooms. Modern systems often use for heating residential areas. natural gas. Coal heating is popular in small boiler houses that heat several houses, garages, workshops or other premises.

Coal-fired

Note: When burning coal, they form carbon monoxide, the temperature of which varies around 1300ºC. The efficiency (efficiency) of a classic coal boiler is only 70%. A significant part of the thermal energy is lost due to incomplete combustion of gases. In improved models of boilers for heating with coal, the operating efficiency is higher - 80 and 90%. They burn fuel more efficiently with less smoke and soot. Such boilers are called pyrolysis boilers.

Pyrolysis boilers

The pyrolysis unit has two combustion chambers. In the first, coal burns and carbon monoxide is formed, and in the second, the gases themselves burn (they are “afterburned,” that is, the unburned particles contained in them oxidize and release heat). In this case, no smoke is generated at the outlet of the device. Thus, the efficiency of heating with coal increases, the completeness of its combustion is ensured and its consumption (and therefore heating costs) is reduced. IN pyrolysis boilers Energy efficiency is 90-92%. At the same time, they are demanding on fuel moisture content (up to 30%).

Long burning boilers

In addition to pyrolysis devices, coal is used for heating. Their operating efficiency is less than pyrolysis boilers (80-85%), but better than classic coal boilers. In long-burning boilers, air is supplied exactly to the flame zone using a special blower. The intensity of fuel combustion and the temperature of the coolant depend on the amount of air, its temperature and flow rate.

Long-burning devices are demanding on the quality of fuel (coal must be dry). Otherwise, soot accumulates on the pipes, which reduces efficiency and disables the automation.

Conventional boilers for heating a house with coal have a minimum of automatic controllers. For their work it is necessary separate room- coal boiler house. Pyrolysis units and long-term combustion devices are equipped with automation. It provides control of operation and the absence of carbon monoxide, which allows them to be installed inside household premises. Which one ensures uninterrupted operation of heating units?

ABOUT solid fuel boilers long burning

Automatic boilers: design and advantages

Note: An automatic coal boiler differs from a conventional boiler in the presence of additional devices. Automatic controllers free people from the need for control, and also increase efficiency and reduce coal consumption and the amount of ash generated.

What does automation do:

• Control and supply of coal to the furnace. The design of the unit has a filling hopper with an auger (or drum) for automatic fuel supply. In this case, it is enough for a person to replenish the supply of coal in the bunker once every few days (from 3 to 10).
• Control and supply of air to the combustion zone. Controlled supply and preheating of the air mixture also ensures uniform fuel combustion and efficient operation of the device. An automatic unit has a fuel combustion efficiency of 90% (for comparison, a stationary coal stove has an efficiency of 60%, a classic boiler has an efficiency of 70%).
• Automatic ash discharge by movable grates.

The autonomous operating mode of the unit is determined by the specified parameters. The owner of the house sets the temperature for heating the liquid and the temperature inside the room. In accordance with them, the automation activates combustion or maintains smoldering mode (up to 5 days). Continuity of combustion allows ignition to be done once per heating season.

How does automation work? Based on an analysis of the temperature inside the boiler and in the coolant tank, the pressure value, commands are sent to the air supply controller. Increasing the rate of its supply or decreasing it leads to increased combustion or its weakening. Which in turn regulates the heating temperature of the liquid inside the heat exchanger.

Automatic controllers operate on electrical energy. Therefore, boilers with automation are called volatile. They require a source of electricity (socket, battery).

Defro automatic coal boiler range

Coal heating devices are 20-40% more expensive than wood heating devices. But the use of automation allows you to reduce heating costs. Customer reviews confirm that savings in coal consumption in some automatic boilers reach 50%. This makes coal heating beneficial for individual residential buildings, workshops, workshops and other separate premises.

Boiler structure

Boilers for heating with coal have the following device:

• Coal firebox. At the bottom of the firebox there is a grate. In automatic boilers, turning the grate helps dump ash into the ash box (located below the combustion chamber). The size of the firebox depends on the presence of a bunker and automatic fuel supply. If there is such a supply, the size of the firebox may be small. If there is no supply, then the firebox must be large in order to accommodate as much coal as possible and increase its burning time.

• A heat exchanger is a container in which water circulates. Depending on the design of the heat exchange tank, boilers with a water jacket and tubular boilers are distinguished. In a “water jacket” design, water washes the combustion chamber. That's how it works most of long burning boilers. In this case, the jacket itself is located along the entire firebox and goes down to the ash compartment. In a tubular design, water containers have the form of pipes that pass through the top of the firebox in a horizontal, vertical or inclined position.

• Automation and safety unit.

Coal and wood boiler: what is the difference?

IN technical passport solid fuel boilers indicate that they can operate on any type of solid fuel (wood, coal, pellets, briquettes). However, there are some differences between wood and charcoal units. Let's indicate them:

• The size of the heat exchanger capacity is determined by 5-25% of the total capacity heating system. That is, if you have about 500 liters circulating in your heating pipes (that’s about 30 batteries, each of which contains 15 liters), then the capacity of the heating boiler should be from 23 to 120 liters. When choosing a more accurate container size, take into account the type of fuel on which the unit will operate. The greater the heat capacity of the energy carrier, the greater should be the volume of liquid that is heated inside the boiler. When heating with coal, the volume of the water tank is larger than when heating with wood. It approaches higher values ​​(in the case of the above example, 120 l). The small boiler capacity is suitable for wood heating.

• The combustion of coal is often accompanied by the formation of a large amount of carbon monoxide, the ejection of unburned particles into the pipe, and their deposition on the walls and pipes in the form of soot. Unlike coal, firewood produces cleaner gases and produces less soot. Therefore, for safe and efficient heating with coal it is better to use pyrolysis coal stoves or long-term top burning boilers.

Automatic coal boilers reduce costs winter heating home and ensure autonomous heating operation. At the same time, automatic boilers produce a stable temperature and do not require daily monitoring and waste of time.

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