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Why are tetrahedral brick columns plastered? Technology for plastering tetrahedral columns. Decorative design of columns and their architectural elements

When plastering columns (Fig. 93), well-planed rules are strengthened by hand on two opposite sides of the column, exactly plumb, so that their ribs protrude from behind the plane of the column to the thickness of the plaster (15-20 mm). Between the straighteners, layers of mortar are sequentially thrown - spray, primer, cover and leveled with a trowel or straightener. After the solution has set, it is rubbed down, and the rules are removed and hung on the other sides of the column. Having plastered all four sides of the column in this way, rub the grooves.

Rice. 93. Hanging rules and plastering a tetrahedral column

The plaster layer on smooth columns can be completely pulled out using a template in two steps using the same rules. To do this, rules are hung on two opposite sides of the column exactly along the axis and a template is installed on them. First, one side of the column is pulled out, and then the template is transferred to the opposite side and also pulled out. After pulling out, the rules are removed, and the grooves from them are sealed with a solution and rubbed.

Extruding flutes on tetrahedral columns. Flutes are vertical grooves on a column, separated from each other by narrow belts. On smooth tetrahedral columns, the flutes are drawn out using a simple template (Fig. 94).

Rice. 94. Pulling flutes on smooth tetrahedral columns:
1 - straightener, 2 - runner, 3 - slide, 4 - profile board

The flute profile is cut out on board 4, which is bound with sheet steel, and slides 3 are nailed on both sides of the board. Rules 1 are hung on the column on both sides, a template is installed on them and the slides are nailed to the slide. When hanging the rules on already elongated sides, the distance between them increases by double the thickness of the plaster. Therefore, an additional block is stuffed onto the template slide. Pull out the flutes in the usual manner.

The top and bottom of the flutes are finished by hand. The top of the flutes must be strictly at the same level. The same requirements apply to the bottom of the flutes.

To cut the top of the flutes, in addition to a ruler and a cutter, small pieces made of boards or plywood are used.

The mortar is poured onto the under-drawn areas, leveled and rubbed into the shape of the column.

Using the applied solution, they beat off the level line of the top of the flutes and, using a template - a small mark - their shape is drawn. Then, using a ruler, cutting edges and small tools, select the excess solution and obtain a flute profile.

To cut the lower parts of the flutes, throw a solution onto the column, level it, rub it and beat off a line level with the flutes around the column. Then, using a cutter, the excess solution is selected and the sides are cut with a ruler (Fig. 95), cleaned with a grater, and rubbed with a tampon.

Rice. 95. Flute design:
a - above, b - below

On tapering columns, the flutes are drawn out somewhat differently. First, the column is hung and the axes are determined on its faces. Rules are hung on both sides of the axis at equal distances at the bottom and top.

To draw out the flutes, a swinging template is required (Fig. 96). Profile board 1 template is made according to the size of the widest part of the column with an allowance of 100 mm on each side for the installation of ears.

Rice. 96 Rocking Pattern:
1 - profile board, 2 - slides, 3 - runners

The profile board is bound with sheet steel, and holes are drilled in the ears. Slide 2 is made 300-400 mm long from thin boards or from bars with a cross-section of 50x50 mm. In the middle of the slide, through holes are cut 100-150 mm long and 20-30 mm wide; in the sides of the slide, holes for the axle with a diameter of 5-7 mm are drilled perpendicular to the existing holes.

When assembling the template, slides are put on the ears of the profile board and secured with large nails or thin bolts. In a correctly assembled template, the slide should swing freely and change its position in relation to the profile board by at least 30°. To do this, the ears of the profile board are inserted into the hole of the slide not tightly, but with a gap of 5-10 mm (sometimes more, depending on the taper of the column).

Place the template on the rules in the same way as when drawing out straight columns. Throw a solution between the rules, insert a template and begin to move it upward, pressing the slide to the rules. As the column tapers, one side of the template goes forward; As a result, the profile board warps, changing the width of the flutes and belts (Fig. 97). When drawing out flutes, you should remember that one side of the template should always go forward, otherwise the flutes will turn out to be turned in different directions.

Fig. 97 Template position when pulling flutes

Columns are the most beautiful architectural and structural elements buildings that not only take on certain loads, but also perform decorative functions. They can have a square, round or polygonal cross-section.

Of course, perform plastering tetrahedral columns much easier than plastering, for example, round columns with flutes. It is almost impossible to carry out such finishing without having the appropriate skills and knowledge.

With the help of the video in this article, we will try to eliminate this gap and tell you how to plaster pillars and columns.

The result of plastering work, regardless of which surface is leveled, directly depends on such a technological operation as hanging. And what more complex form columns, the more difficult this process is.

• Take, for example, the columns with entasis: their distinctive feature is mushroom-shaped - that is, at the base the trunk is thicker, and at the capital it tapers. There are also columns with double entasis, which are thickest in the center, and the narrowing goes not only to the capital, but also to the base.

Note! To plaster such a column, you need a special rule that, like a pattern, will follow the curvature of the surface. You can see what it looks like in the photo above. You can make it yourself: to do this, you need to measure the amount of narrowing using a straight rod and ruler, and draw a smooth curved line on the board from which the rule will be cut.

• If there is a bump on the surface of the column, it should be cut down if possible. When this is not possible, there is only one way to hide the protrusion. In this case, in all other areas it will be necessary to increase the thickness of the plaster coating.

In the next chapter, you will be presented with instructions for installing marks and beacons on the plastered surface of columns.

Device of stamps

When hanging straight columns, the installation of beacons is no different from how it is done on the walls (see). A nail is driven into their upper part in such a way that the distance from the head to the base surface corresponds to the thickness of the plaster. A mark is placed around it, a plumb line is tied to the head, and another nail is hammered at the bottom.

• Next, a cord is pulled between the outer marks and nails are hammered in between. How many there will be, the craftsmen are guided by the height of the columns and the initial state of their surface.

If you need to plaster several columns, and they are located in one row, then first hang the outer columns, and then stretch a cord between them, along which marks are placed on the rest.

Columns with a curved contour

Columns with varying diameters are hung slightly differently. First, measure the radii in the thick and thin parts of the trunk.

If the entasis is located only at the top, then a nail is hammered at the base of the column and a mortar mark is made, the thickness of which is usually 2 cm. Next, a plumb line is lowered from the capital so that the twine touches the head of the nail.

• Now, in the area of ​​entasis, from the plumb line you need to measure the distance corresponding to the difference in the thickness of the columns. To fix this mark, a nail is also hammered into the tapering part of the column. This needs to be done by two people: one person holds the plumb line, and the other person measures the difference in radii and arranges the mark.

• The next step is to make marks along the entire radius of the column. To do this, small, palm-sized portions of the solution are poured around the ring, at a distance of 2-3 cm from each other. Then a plumb line is passed from the side, and the protruding parts of the stuck-on bosses are carefully trimmed along the line of the cord.

The result is precise marks, the surface of which serves as the main guide for the installation of beacons, and they should encircle the columns along the entire circumference. They are installed on all types of round and semicircular posts.

When the height of the trunk of an even column is up to five meters, at least two such rings are made. If it has tapering areas, then there may be more ring marks.

Lighthouses

Plastering round columns is different in that, in addition to stamps, beacons must also be placed on them, which should also encircle them around their circumference. To do this, you need to make a template ring, which you can see in the diagram above.

They do it like this:

• From two wide boards 25 mm thick, you knock down a shield with your own hands. On it you need to draw a circle that will correspond to the diameter of the column plus 2 cm (thickness of the screed). This can be done using an improvised compass: a pencil tied with a thread to a self-tapping screw.
• If the cross-section of the column has the shape of a polyhedron, then the template must have a corresponding contour. In this case, the polyhedron needs to be inscribed in a circle, guided by knowledge from school geometry. After the outlines of the column are drawn, the rail connecting the two halves of the shield is removed, and cuts are made along the contour marked on the boards.

• The cut areas are well cleaned and polished, after which the halves of the shield are put back together. For a round straight column, one template is enough. If there is entasis, at least two of them are made, or even more - it all depends on the specific configuration of the trunk. The template is placed on a ring mark, and to prevent it from sliding down, nails are hammered under it or a solution is smeared under it.

Then, all the gaps that exist between the template circumference and the surface of the column are filled with solution. Once it has set, the split rings can be removed by lightly tapping the wood with a hammer.

If shells have formed on the lighthouse after removing the template, they are sealed and the surface is smoothed. During the plastering process, the rule is set along the beacons, and, guided by them, the surface of the columns is drawn out.

Plastering process

The technology for plastering rectangular columns does not provide for the installation of marks and beacons - it is enough to hammer in nails, according to which the rules will be established. And so that they do not sag, small portions of the solution are poured between the nails in several places. To draw straight tetrahedral columns, two or even three rules are used at once.

So:

• Two long rules are installed vertically, on opposite faces, fastening them so that their edges protrude beyond the plane of the column by the thickness of the screed. Then, a solution is thrown between them, which is leveled with the third - a short rule, or a trowel. How it all looks can be clearly seen in the picture above.
• As expected with improved plastering, at least three layers must be applied to the surface: spray, primer and covering layer. When the solution has set, the screed is thoroughly rubbed, the rules are adjusted to the opposite side, and the “ruts” remaining from them are sealed and rubbed over.

After all four edges are plastered, they begin to stretch (rub) the usenki - the outer corners of the column. For this you need special tool: corner grater, which you see in the photo above.

Columns with a circular cross-section

How more complex configuration columns, the more difficulties one has to overcome when plastering them. Accordingly, the price of such work increases. This is especially true for columns on the surface of which there are horizontal or vertical depressions - rustics or flutes.

• We'll talk about them later, but for now let's figure out how smooth round pillars are plastered. How beacons are made has already been discussed above, in a separate chapter. Now, let's pay attention to the process of stretching the surface itself. In general, it looks like this: they throw a solution between the beacons, press the rule against them, and, moving it from top to bottom, remove the excess solution.

• After the third, covering layer has been applied, the surface of the column is rubbed using a trowel and smoothed. If a round column has entasis, on level places they work with the usual rule, and on curved places - with the pattern rule, which was also mentioned above.

For this purpose, specialists often use the same templates with which lighthouses were built. Having divided the template into two profile halves, they work with it, as a rule, stretching the surface in two steps.

To make the plastering work better, the column is divided into claws - and the more of them, the more accurate the result.

Flute finishing

In architecture, flutes are vertical recesses on the trunk of a column, located at a short distance from each other. If such elements are on smooth columns rectangular section, then they are pulled out using a template with the appropriate profile.

• It is cut out on a board, to the ends of which strips called sleds are nailed. After two rules are attached to the sides of the column, a template is installed on them, and runners are also nailed to the slide. These are also bars that allow the template to move according to the rules without slipping off them.
• The stem of the column is drawn out using a template, but at the base and pilaster the flutes are finished by hand. In this case, they use a small tool, a ruler and a cutting tool - a special plastering spatula with a narrow and long blade, designed to perform minor works. Grouting the surface of the recesses is done with a piece of foam rubber or a fabric swab.

• The process looks even more complex when flutes are present on the entasis column. If the trunk narrows, it means that the recesses on it also narrow. To stretch their surface, a swinging template is required. That is, he should be able to move along the rules not in a straight line, but obliquely.
• A board with a profile for a swinging template is cut to the width of the thickest part of the trunk. To install movable ears with holes, an allowance of 10 cm is left on each side of the profile board. It is bound with thin steel sheet, and fastened to the sides of the slide.

• If the template is assembled correctly, the slide should move freely and change its position relative to the board with the profile without any problems. When the solution has already been thrown between the rules, a template is placed on them and moved from bottom to top. In the place where the column narrows, the template warps, and only one side moves forward.

The sections of flutes that are not drawn up at the top and bottom, as well as the grooves remaining after removing the rules, are completed manually, after which the entire surface of the column is smoothed.

1. TECHNOLOGICAL MAP Plastering tetrahedral columns, pilasters
	Name of operations		Tools and accessories	Technical requirements
	Surface preparation		Chisel, metal brush, pick, table	Clean the seams from dust and dirt, remove them to a depth of at least 10mm
	Hanging the surface		Plumb, level, usually a table	The deviation should not exceed 10 mm vertically over the entire surface
	Surface wetting		Brush for wetting the surface, bucket with water	To ensure strong adhesion of the solution to the plastered surface
	Hanging rules		Rule, plumb line, level, clamps, table	The rule should protrude to the required amount of the plaster layer (20mm), the rule should be firmly attached
	Throwing spray and soil		Plaster spatula, ladle, falcon, table	The thickness of the spray should be 3-5mm, the mobility of the spray solution should be 8-12 cm, the thickness of the soil should be 8-10 mm, the mobility of the soil solution should be 7-9 cm
	Leveling the soil		Plaster shovel, ladle, falcon, trowel, box, table	The soil is well leveled with a trowel according to the rules
	Throwing and leveling the cover		Plaster spatula, ladle, falcon, trowel, box, table, sieve	covers 2 mm, mobility solution 10-12 cm, sieve with cell openings 15x15 mm
			Grater, brush, bucket, table	When grouting, there should be no unrubbed places, gaps, cavities, protars, or bumps.
	Removing and rehanging the rules on the other two sides of the pilaster continue plastering in the same order.		Plumb, level, plaster spatula, trowel, box, table.	The deviation should Be 2 mm per 1 m of height or length, but not more than 5 mm for the entire column
	Chamfering		Shaped grater, cut off	Bevel width 10 mm

2. Defects, causes, elimination

Defects

Causes

Elimination

Cracks

They appear on the surface of the plaster due to the use of greasy or poorly mixed solutions, in which a lot of binding materials accumulate in places.

Mix well

solution, grind

cracks.

Peeling plaster

The solution was applied to a dry surface, on a dried layer of previously applied plaster.

Remove peeling

re-plaster.

Blistering

When plastering damp surfaces.

Remove the solution and dry

surface, plaster

again.

Dutiki

The solution was prepared with unseasoned lime, in which it was not quenched fine particles lime

Strain the lime dough

through a sieve with a hole of 0.6 mm.

Scrapes

Plastering damp surfaces.

Damp areas must be dried and then plastered.

3 . Criteria for student work

5 "Excellent"

The assigned task was completed efficiently, accurately, without disrupting the technological process and the sequence of operations during the preparation and treatment of surfaces. When the master accepts the task, there must be no defects. Good knowledge of tools and how to use them. Workplace clean, tools are not scattered. Deviation from the vertical or horizontal is no more than 5 mm for the entire element. No more than 2 surface irregularities with a depth or height of up to 3 mm are allowed. The thickness of the plaster marking is no more than 15mm. (With improved plaster)

"Fine"

The issued task was completed with minor violations of the technological process; operations during the preparation and processing of surfaces were not carried out in full. When the master accepted the task, minor defects were discovered. Deviation from the vertical over the entire length of the element is 2mm. The student knows the working tool, but sometimes does not use it correctly. Works without gloves. Partial violation of safety regulations and labor discipline.

"will satisfy"

The work was not done neatly and dirty. The tool is scattered, the student uses it ineptly. Violates technological process. Upon acceptance of the completed work, 3 to 5 defects were found. The sequence of operations is not followed. A student works without special clothing and violates labor discipline.

Labor protection Safety precautions before starting work

Workers performing plastering work must be provided with special clothing, shoes, and other equipment personal protection. Before allowing newly hired workers to work, as well as performing work, workers must undergo training, instruction and testing of knowledge on labor safety. Based on the nature and timing of the training, workers are divided into introductory and primary. Dangerous areas must be fenced off and sufficiently lit at night. Switches and switches must be protected in closed and locked boxes. To prevent accidents to workers, construction works, including plastering work, must be carried out according to plan and schedule. Plasterers are required to familiarize themselves with their workplace before starting work and remove all unnecessary items. Before starting work, it is recommended to inspect and check the tool and correct any defects. Inspect and check, together with construction foreman the condition of scaffolding, scaffolding and cradles and systematically monitor them throughout the entire period of work. By violating safety rules, he not only endangers himself, but also his fellow workers nearby.

Safety precautions during operation Rubbing of the skin of the hands can occur from improperly made tool handles. Handles must be without sharp corners. You need to work in mittens or gloves. When working, it is important to choose the correct working position. This not only reduces labor productivity, but also protects against various kinds injuries

Safety precautions after finishing work The workplace must be clean, garbage must be placed in a specially designated area. All tools after work must be washed, dried and put back in their places. The object must be prepared for delivery.

When performing work, you need to take into account: the angle of rotation - 90 degrees with respect to each face, the straightness of the front and end faces and their vertical level, as well as (of course) deviations along the plane in the vertical and horizontal directions.

The edges of all columns in a row must be the same width - this and all of the above are taken into account when hanging.

Guided by both old and modern technological maps, there are practically no differences in the performance of work. The process of plastering tetrahedral columns (as well as other types of columns) includes several working operations, their list is as follows:

o hanging tetrahedral columns;

o arrangement of guides for plastering;

o plastering of tetrahedral columns.

Hanging tetrahedral columns can be divided into several stages: hanging the front, rear and side planes. The first step is to hang the front planes of the columns of the outermost row (corner columns) or the rear planes - it makes no difference.

Hanging begins from the extreme corners of the outer columns, arranging the top marks from dowels. Then a cord is attached to these dowels, stretching it along the entire row of columns, and the thickness of the layer is determined from it, adjusting its distance by hammering the dowel or sliding a loop of thread hooked to it. Then plumb lines are hung along the installed dowels and, thus, lower marks are arranged along which the cord is also pulled. Along the stretched cords, intermediate marks are installed from fragments of tiles set on the mortar or from the same dowels.

Installation of guides for plastering can today be observed in the work of craftsmen without making marks: to determine the unevenness of the straightness of a row of columns and the thickness of the layer, they simply pull the cords along the dowels hammered into the corners of the columns of the outermost row. Once determined optimal thickness layer, and the stretched thread shows this thickness, first install the outer slats along these dowels, then the slats of the intermediate columns along the cords - without any marks.

So, after the slats of the front and rear planes are exposed, they (the front and rear planes) are plastered and only after that, the slats are removed and attached to the plastered surfaces at a level and an angle of 90 degrees, as well as with the same distance between them.

Plastering tetrahedral columns , as mentioned above, occurs in pairs: first the front and rear planes are plastered, then the side ones. The solution used is cement-sand (you can read about solutions and their proportions in the article “Composition and proportions of mortar for plaster”) or, even better, cement-lime. When plastering concrete columns from the very beginning, even before hanging, they are stuffed with metal mesh, or when plastering they use modern ready-made dry construction mixtures.

Brick columns are moistened abundantly, the first layer - sprinkling - should be liquid. Apply the solution in the same way as when plastering wall surfaces, starting from the top in rows from left to right (or right to left), using a ladle for sprinkling, a ladle or trowel for the main layer - “soil”.

Columns are special elements of a building that take the load from the overlying structures, but unlike walls, they have a limited plane and a varied cross-section, therefore the plastering of columns should be considered as a separate, very voluminous topic.

It happens that they are absent from the structure of the building, but it happens that they are included in it and are especially visible on its facade, which requires especially careful finishing.

In parallel with their physical function of carrying loads, columns can be made specifically to add a “zest” to the façade of a building by decorating the columns, for example, stucco decoration, which will harmoniously combine with other elements of the facade, such as the crowning cornice, window rods (platbands) and others.

However, there are many options for plastering and decorating them, as well as the types of columns themselves. If we take into account the cross-section of the columns, they are as follows:

• rectangular/ square section;
• round section;
• multifaceted (6, 8, etc.) section.

This list contains columns made of concrete and brick; in addition, the article itself talks about plastering columns made of these materials, metal columns necessary in a special way prepare (stuff a metal mesh and do the first layer by sanding) or cover it with bricks.

Rectangular or square columns It is profitable and easy to plaster, because there are only four sides, each is plastered using pre-set corner slats (using traditional technologies), or using plaster corners.

If there are capitals in such columns, the work also proceeds easily: in fact, the capital consists of a baguette (cornice), which is extended on each face of the column.

However, as practice shows, less people such columns are perceived as the “highlight” of the facade or interior, because they are strict, sharp, rectangular shapes not everyone likes it.

Round columns the most difficult in plastering, the skill of the plasterer must be at high level, since here we are talking about pulling out using a template, and not just plastering along guides.

Such columns can have the same cross-section or tapering towards the top (entasis columns) and their advantage lies in a better aesthetic vision of the facade and interior against their background, as well as in a variety of types and decorative techniques for such columns.

The practicality of such columns is also great: there are no sharp corners, which means it is more difficult to touch, hurt, damage the finish, etc., etc.

They are also difficult to perform, since they are plastered using a template that stretches out half of the faces of the column.

However, some operations are still simpler: each face is easier to rub over than the entire plane of a round column; further finishing is also easier. There are decoration techniques, but much less than in the types of columns described above.

In fact, the basis for plastering columns in a multifaceted way are columns of round cross-section, because initially, structurally, they are only round (concrete) and rectangular/square (brick, concrete).

When performing work, you need to take into account: the angle of rotation - 90 degrees with respect to each face, the straightness of the front and end faces and their vertical level, as well as (of course) deviations along the plane in the vertical and horizontal directions.

The edges of all columns in a row must be the same width - this and all of the above are taken into account when hanging.

Guided by both old and modern technological maps, there are practically no differences in the execution of work. The process of plastering tetrahedral columns (as well as other types of columns) includes several working operations, their list is as follows:

• installation of guides for plastering;
• plastering of tetrahedral columns.

Hanging tetrahedral columns can be divided into several stages: hanging the front, rear and side planes. The first step is to hang the front planes of the columns of the outermost row (corner columns) or the rear planes - it makes no difference.

Hanging begins from the extreme corners of the outer columns, arranging the top marks from dowels. Then a cord is attached to these dowels, stretching it along the entire row of columns, and the thickness of the layer is determined from it, adjusting its distance by hammering the dowel or sliding a loop of thread hooked to it. Then plumb lines are hung along the installed dowels and, thus, lower marks are arranged along which the cord is also pulled. Along the stretched cords, intermediate marks are installed from fragments of tiles set on the mortar or from the same dowels.

Installation of guides for plastering can today be observed in the work of craftsmen without making marks: to determine the unevenness of the straightness of a row of columns and the thickness of the layer, they simply pull the cords along the dowels hammered into the corners of the columns of the outermost row. After the optimal thickness of the layer has been determined, and the stretched thread shows this thickness, first install the outer slats along these dowels, then the slats of the columns intermediate along the cords - without any marks.

So, after the slats of the front and rear planes are exposed, they (the front and rear planes) are plastered and only after that, the slats are removed and attached to the plastered surfaces at a level and an angle of 90 degrees, as well as with the same distance between them.

, as mentioned above, occurs in pairs: first the front and rear planes are plastered, then the side ones. The solution used is cement-sand (you can read about solutions and their proportions in the article “”) or even better, cement-lime. When plastering concrete columns from the very beginning, even before hanging, a metal mesh is stuffed onto them, or when plastering they use modern ready-made dry building mixtures.

Brick columns are moistened abundantly, the first layer - sprinkling - should be liquid. Apply the solution in the same way as when plastering wall surfaces, starting from the top in rows from left to right (or right to left), using a ladle for sprinkling, a ladle or trowel for the main layer - “soil”.

In order to successfully plaster round columns, it is necessary to take into account the following nuances: prepare correct gender template radius, control of the vertical level using two vectors, straightness of all columns in a row.

It is especially important to carefully consider the grouting of the circular surface, because the better it is done, the easier it is to subsequently apply a sand-free coating (in the case of painting or finishing with thin-layer decorative plasters).

The technology by which round columns are plastered has been, is and remains traditionally unchanged (with the exception of applying a plaster layer from modern mixtures); when performing it, the following actions are also performed:

• hanging round columns;
• arrangement of guides for the template;
• plastering of round columns with radius rods.

differs significantly from that in the case of rectangular ones, namely in that only four stamps are placed on the entire column: the top two on the front/back side of the top and two on the same sides below.

Along the outer columns at the top points in the center of the front view, at a distance of 10 cm from their end, dowels are driven in, along which the cord is pulled and adjusted so that none of the columns in the row touches it. After this, plumb lines are released along the adjusted upper dowels, along which the lower dowels are mounted and the cords are also pulled. The same is done on the second side of the column; intermediate column marks are mounted along the cords.

Hanging columns with entasis (gradually narrowing to the top, starting with 1/3 of the column) occurs as follows: in upper parts long dowels or nails are driven into the columns, and plumb lines are placed along their heads, along which the lower and middle (at a height of 1/3, from which the narrowing of the column begins) dowel marks are installed. From the top dowel heads, the distance by which the radius needs to be narrowed is measured. After that, the cords are pulled and everything is as usual.

The device of guides for the template occurs according to the exposed mark, and not only in terms of the level relative to the vertical, but also relative to the central axial. In order to avoid any mismatches, a pre-prepared semicircle column template is tried on the exposed guides, stretching it along the entire body of the column.

An error may occur, as a result of which on one side the template may not fit between the guides, and on the other hand, on the contrary, it may not reach them. This means that there is a discrepancy from the central axis of the column; in this case, you need to calculate which of the guides is correctly aligned and align the second one using the same template.

The design of guides for columns with entasis involves the installation of round rings made of wood or curved of metal - it doesn’t matter. These rings consist of two halves and are mounted on the plaster mortar, focusing on the marks. A curved rail will stretch along these rings in a circular manner, which will form an entasis curve (a gradual narrowing of the column towards the top, starting from 1/3 of the height).

Plastering columns with radius rods occurs in several steps: plastering one and the other half of the column, separated by guide rails, and sealing the grooves after dismantling the slats of the plastered column. In this case, it is important to carry out the work without long breaks so that the rubbed layer of soil comes out monolithic (solid).

To do this, you need to “throw” the solution in rows from left to right in the direction from top to bottom and stretch it several times with a template, then do the same with the second half. After both sides are stretched, you need to dismantle the slats and marks, seal the grooves formed from them with the same plaster mortar and grout the entire soil layer of the column.

If we are talking about plastering columns with entasis, then the work is done a little differently: they throw the solution in a circle along the entire column, to the very bottom, then stretch it in a circle with a pre-prepared strip with entasis several times until a clear curve is formed. After this, the guide rings are removed, the formed grooves are sealed with mortar, and the entire formed layer of column soil is grouted.

When plastering columns using this method, it is necessary to calculate: so that the width of each edge is the same (when cutting out the template), the straightness of the front and rear edges of the row of columns, the level and plane (with itself).

When grouting each face of the column, it is important to pay attention to their corners, since they are the most visible parts of the entire column and all the flaws and irregularities are clearly visible on them.

In this case, the technology for plastering columns is similar to that for pulling out round columns with the same radius along the entire length and has exactly the same set of processes:

• hanging columns;
• guide device;
• plastering of columns with polygonal rods.

Hanging columns happens in exactly the same way as round ones: dowels are installed on the columns of the outer rows along the axial center with an indent of a few cm from the edge, the cords are pulled, adjusting the distance from the dowel head to the base of the column. Using a plumb line or using a level, align the lower dowels using the adjusted dowels.

The cords are also pulled and the intermediate slats are set. If the height of the columns is large, then intermediate ones are also placed between the upper and lower dowels of the columns of the outer rows, also pulling the intermediate cords between them and, accordingly, the dowels of the remaining columns of the row.

When installing stamps, it is very important to control them along the central axis, since the template consists of two equal parts, which are also stretched along guides aligned along them.

Guide device multifaceted column is made according to the exhibited marks. In this case, it is important to ensure that they are vertical in both vectors - relative to the column and relative to the axial center. For correct orientation relative to the axial center, of course, there must be correctly aligned marks along which the guides are set so that the marks are in the middle of the rack axis.

At the same time, it is important to understand that the guide rail runs exactly in the center of the front edge; accordingly, the work on its installation must be done extremely carefully, carefully in compliance with all SNiP tolerances. We describe these tolerances for those who still don’t know: deviations in plane and level should not exceed 2 mm per 2 m height, but no more than 5 mm for the entire column, even if the column is at least 20 m.

Plastering columns with polygonal rods occurs along the set guides. In this case, the column is divided into two grips, separated by guide rails, and is plastered accordingly along the grips. Each grip is “thrown” with mortar in rows from batten to batten in the direction from top to bottom. Then the template is immediately stretched several times until full-fledged edges with thin, clearly visible corners are formed.

The same is done with the second grip, immediately followed by dismantling the guides and marks, filling the resulting grooves with a solution and grouting the column methodically along the edges.

Decorative design of columns and their architectural elements

The shapes of the columns and the types of their plastering were discussed above, but the design of the columns is not limited to this, since they can also have a variety of architectural, so to speak, “bells and whistles” - additional components and details that improve the aesthetic impressions, both of the column itself and of the overall background of the building's exterior (facade).

So, in addition to plastering a tetrahedral column, drawing a polygonal or round shape trunk, the column can accommodate the following architectural, decorative and stucco effects:

• flutes;
• rustication;
• moldings;
• capitals;
• column bases;
• decorative cover.

Some of these types of column decorations are carried out on a raw, newly plastered trunk; this must be taken into account and everything necessary must be prepared in advance in order to complete the work in time.

Decorating columns with flutes - this is the formation of semicircular longitudinal slots on their trunk, which are evenly distributed over the entire area of ​​the column.

Two methods of forming flutes can be observed: the first, when a newly plastered and rubbed column is cut through with a special template with a metal border ( modern way, so to speak, “alchemy”), and the second, classic, when a template with flutes is used when drawing out the column itself.

At the end of the flutes, smooth semicircles are formed by hand. In addition, the flutes can be made curved using a template, the guides of which are ropes attached to the column along the desired path along which the flutes are supposed to be made.

Decoration of columns with rustication trunk - a method of designing a trunk that replaces the design of columns with flutes, that is, one is not compatible with the other.

Rustication is a technique that is used to decorate the plaster layer under stone blocks, by means of forming slots various forms and depth. There are many rustovs (cutouts), and they consist of architectural breaks and other elements.

It is carried out with a pre-prepared template, with which rustication is cut under the ruler, and in the case of round columns, round guides or ropes are used instead of the ruler.

Decoration of columns with moldings - This is one of the popular ways to decorate tetrahedral columns. Moldings are a thin strip that is used to form different shapes, in this case rectangles on the edges of the column.

From a technological point of view, such a solution can be made in two ways: wet and dry. The dry method is installation on adhesive composition facade polyurethane product - there’s nothing to talk about here, but wet method making moldings is already a topic.

They are pulled out according to the appropriate profile template on a surface that preferably has not yet set (this will provide better adhesion); otherwise, it is better to use a more tenacious solution with an admixture of lime (cement-lime mortar). Contours are marked on the surface, guides are placed against them, along which the template is pulled, and the corners are prepared manually with a trowel or a wooden ruler.

Decoration of columns with capitals is also a classic version of the preparation; they represent an element that serves as the upper end of the column and adjoins closely to the entablature (the ceiling that the column supports).

In terms of their artistic and decorative design, they can be very diverse and vary in order. At the same time, the easiest order to execute is prehistoric, when the capital does not contain artistic stucco, but only consists of a profile rod, which is made in a circular manner with the same plaster mortar that was used to stretch the column trunk itself.

The rest of the orders require special artistic skills to complete them, but you can take a ready-made polyurethane stucco molding, which is very popular and widespread today.

Decorating columns with bases along with the design of capitals, it gives them an excellent aesthetic appearance and a varied, intricate design.

The bases are made according to a template by circular traction and do not have any moldings or architectural ornaments. The only catch is that the base (as well as the capital) has a considerable thickness, therefore it is pulled out in several stages, in layers.

As a rule, it looks like this: the first layer is applied and the template is pulled to remove excess mortar in places where its layer is minimal, then after the first layer has set, this cycle is repeated a second and third time.

Today it is no longer practiced, and in vain. The essence of the method is to apply a layer of decorative mortar to the surface of the plastered column using a template with a metal border (which is 2 mm larger than the one with which the draft was made, thus applying a layer exactly 2 mm thick).

The mortar that is used for this can have a varied composition, for example, previously there was a very popular composition of finely ground white cement and marble dust; this mortar gave a luxurious appearance to the column, and it also had excellent resistance to atmospheric and mechanical loads.

I hope that this article was useful to you, I also recommend the article “”, in which you can learn about another method of finishing columns - finishing with cladding.