Safety requirements for the organization of workplaces. Organizational equipment includes
Each employee, according to the law, must have own place, behind which he will perform job responsibilities. It is called a personal workplace and is represented by a chair, table, and equipment.
The employee's workplace must be designed in accordance with the rules established by law. They allow you to provide optimal working conditions without compromising the quality of the work process.
If we take into account the basic requirements for organizing a workspace, it is worth noting several features.
- The natural light source should be from the side, preferably on the left.
- It is necessary to observe distance standards between desktops on which monitors or other work equipment are installed; they should be 2 m.
- It is important to ensure regulation window openings through the devices of blinds, visors, curtains.
- Desktop device plays important role, since the employee must maintain a rational working posture when working with a personal computer with the possibility of changing it.
- The monitor screen should be located at a distance of up to 600-700 mm. from the user's eyes, but not closer than 50 cm.
- It is necessary to have a workspace equipped special device for documentation.
- A teaching desk for a PC must have cabinets to accommodate a printer.
- The demonstration television screen should be located on the left side of the chalkboard, and it should be mounted using a bracket.
- There should be no unnecessary items at the workplace; all necessary things should be at hand and at the same time not create interference.
- The organization of the workspace requires a good level of visibility.
The equipment and layout of the workplace is basis its rational organization. The main element of equipment for workplaces is the basic and additional equipment, technological and organizational equipment.
Included auxiliary equipment are located lifting devices, conveyors, control devices, test benches and other auxiliary elements. As for the technological part, it includes tools and technical documents.
If we consider the organizational material in more detail, then it can include:
- devices used for storage and placement of technological equipment - raw materials, workpieces, materials, finished products and production waste;
- industrial furniture;
- Signal and communication equipment, local lighting devices;
- devices for fencing and protection;
- tools for caring for equipment and the workplace, including oilers, brushes, hooks;
- interior details for production process.
Movements are determined by the arrangement of the means used in the production process. Optimizing the layout of the workplace implies the elimination of irrational labor movements and the processes of minimizing the movement of the work element.
Due to this employee productivity increases noticeably.
A special role is played by the rational choice of an employee’s working posture, which should prevent fatigue. It is also important to comply optimal indicator width of transport passages and driveways.
Microclimate and lighting at work
The employee's workplace requires compliance with optimal microclimate parameters. For work that is performed in a sedentary mode and does not require excessive physical stress, the air temperature should be 22-24 C in the cold season and 23-25 C in a warm place.
The speed at which the air flow moves must be 0.1 m per second. To increase air humidity, use indoors special humidifiers.
Normal illumination is 300-500 units. The lighting system does not create additional glare. You should also enter certain restrictions for uneven brightness on the PC.
There are limits on the value of the pulsation coefficient, they are set at an average size - 5% . To avoid glare on the screen part, the monitor should be placed under lamps that are located parallel to the line of sight of the person working at the computer.
Application is also important protective filter which is used on the monitor. With an ordinary layout of desktops, it is unacceptable to place the screen parts “facing” each other due to their ability to mutually reflect.
Noise and vibration levels in the working area
When working with personal computers and other machines designed to perform computing activities, it is of particular importance compliance with noise indicators. They are installed for next:
- Printing equipment that acts as the main source of noise should be installed on a surface that has a high degree of noise absorption.
- If the indicators are higher than normal, then such tools should be located outside the room in which the personal computer is located.
- Premises for performing basic activities with personal computers should not be located adjacent to facilities where production processes are carried out.
- If the main part of the work is performed via PC in special rooms by engineering and technical staff, the noise level should not be higher than 60 DB, and in operator premises - no higher than 65 DB.
Following these standards will allow employees to maintain normal ears and hearing and avoid work-related and occupational diseases.
Electromagnetic field level standards
The employee's PC acts as powerful source electromagnetic fields. WITH practical point From our point of view, the formation of these fields occurs through the actions of sources from the outside - the building’s electrical supply system, power lines.
The protective filter must be firmly installed on the display screen and grounded. It is recommended that auxiliary screens be installed between desks to provide protection for employees working in adjacent positions.
The ionic composition of the air, which should contain minimum 600 and 400 positive and negative ions per volume of 1 cubic centimeter.
The optimal value is 3000-5000 for the same volume. The key to successful and productive work is the optimal composition of the air environment, which is also subject to certain standards and nuances.
Organization of work and rest schedule
To ensure optimal performance and maintain employee health, it is necessary to create regulated breaks. They make up from 10-15 to 30-40 minutes break.
This is especially true for professions that require constant concentration.
Working with PCs for university students: features of workplace organization
If we are talking about university students whose classes involve pairs having personal computer technology, then here also plays an important role compliance with fundamental nuances:
- For first-year students, the rational time for studying at the computer is 1 hour, and senior students can study for 2 hours, but between academic periods it is necessary to take breaks of 15 to 20 minutes. It is allowed to increase the lesson time by an hour if the total duration of stay at the computer is up to 50% of the entire lesson.
- To prevent the development of overwork, it is necessary to carry out special exercises in the form of gymnastics for the eyes, arrange 15-minute breaks after each academic hour, turn off the light on the monitor when information is not needed, and carry out cross-ventilation of the rooms.
- Physical education breaks must be carried out under the guidance of a physical education organizer or teacher. You can make an audio recording of the exercises and broadcast it during each break.
- Optimal duration is provided for employees working day, which is 8 hours, of which work on a personal computer cannot exceed 6 hours.
- Duration permanent job on computer technology should continuously last no more than two hours. Regulated breaks should be taken every one and a half to two hours from the start of the shift until the end of the working day. During breaks, to enhance the effect of rest and reduce the likelihood of fatigue, it is recommended to rest and do special exercises for the eyes and neck.
An educational film on workplace organization is presented below.
Requirements for temperature and humidity, lighting office space, and sometimes even furniture are strictly regulated. So, if the average daily temperature outside the window is above 10°C, the office should be general rule 23-25°C, and if below this limit – 22-24°C. It is also determined how the working day is shortened if the room is colder than permissible or, conversely, it is very hot. For example, if the air temperature in the office is 19°C, then you can stay in it for no more than seven hours, and if it is 18°C - no more than six hours, etc. (SanPiN 2.2.4.3359-16 "", approved. Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation dated June 21, 2016 No. 81).
There are separate standards for those who use computers in their work. The workplace area of such employees cannot be less than 4.5 square meters. m (if a flat monitor is installed) or less than 6 sq. m (if workplace equipped with an old type monitor, with a kinescope). And after each hour of work, the room should be ventilated (Sanitary and epidemiological rules and regulations SanPiN 2.2.2/2.4.1340-03 ""; approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on May 30, 2003).
Some situations are straight sanitary standards are not regulated, but in practice they occur regularly. These include, for example, malfunctioning toilets in the building. In this case, according to Rostrud, the employee has the right to refuse work, and the employer must provide him with another job that does not threaten his health until the problem is resolved. If this is impossible, downtime is declared, and the employee can count on wages during the downtime in the amount of at least 2/3 of his average salary ().
Find out what other sanitary standards and rules apply to office workers, as well as the employer’s responsibility for non-compliance, from our infographics.
GOST 12.2.061-81
(ST SEV 2695-80)
UDC 658.382.3:006.354 Group T58
SYSTEM OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY STANDARDS
PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT
General safety requirements for workplaces
Occupational safety standards system. Industrial equipment. General safety requirements to working places
Date of introduction 1982-07-01
DEVELOPED by the USSR State Committee for Standards
PERFORMERS Sh.L. Zlotnik, Ph.D. tech. Sciences (topic leader); V.V. Gorsky
INTRODUCED by the USSR State Committee for Standards
Deputy Head of the Technical Department V.S. Krivtsov
APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution State Committee USSR according to standards of November 11, 1981 No. 4883
1. This standard establishes general requirements safety to the design, equipment and organization of workplaces in the design and manufacture of production equipment, design and organization of production processes.
This standard fully complies with ST SEV 2695-80.
2. The workplace must comply with the requirements of GOST 12.2.003-74 and this standard.
3. The workplace, its equipment and equipment, used in accordance with the nature of the work, must ensure the safety, health and performance of workers.
4. The design of the workplace, its dimensions and the relative arrangement of its elements (controls, information display devices, chairs, auxiliary equipment, etc.) must correspond to the anthropometric, physiological and psychophysiological properties of a person, as well as the nature of the work.
5. Levels (concentrations) of hazardous and (or) harmful production factors affecting people in the workplace must not exceed the established maximum permissible values.
6. The workplace and the relative position of its elements must ensure safe and comfortable maintenance and cleaning.
7. The design of the workplace must provide a comfortable working posture for a person, which is achieved by adjusting the position of the chair, the height and angle of the footrest when using it and (or) the height and dimensions work surface.
When it is impossible to regulate the height and angle of the footrest, the height and dimensions of the working surface, it is allowed to design and manufacture equipment with non-adjustable parameters. In this case, the height of the working surface is set based on the nature of the work, the requirements for sensory control and the required accuracy of actions, the average height of workers (men - if only men work, women - if only women work, men and women - if both men and women work ).
8. The design of the workplace should ensure that labor operations are performed in areas of the motor field (optimal, easy reach and reach) depending on the required accuracy and frequency of actions.
9. When designing a workplace, depending on the nature of the work, work in a sitting position should be preferred to work in a standing position, or the possibility of alternating both positions should be provided (for example, using an auxiliary chair).
The organization of the workplace should provide the possibility of changing the working posture.
10. The organization of the workplace must ensure a stable position and freedom of movement for the worker, sensory control of activities and safety in performing labor operations.
The organization of the workplace should exclude or allow rare and short-term work in uncomfortable positions (characterized, for example, by the need to lean forward or to the sides, squat, work with outstretched or highly raised arms, etc.), causing increased fatigue.
11. The organization of the workplace must provide the necessary overview of the observation area from the workplace.
12. Information display devices must be placed in areas of the information field of the workplace, taking into account the frequency and significance of incoming information, the type of information display device, the accuracy and speed of tracking and reading.
Visual means of displaying information should be appropriately lit.
13. The workplace must have sufficient lighting according to the nature and conditions of the work performed and, if necessary, emergency lighting.
14. General requirements for controls - in accordance with GOST 12.2.064-81 and this standard.
15. Controls must be placed at the workplace, taking into account the working posture, the functional purpose of the control, frequency of use, sequence of use, functional connection with the appropriate means of displaying information.
16. The distance between the controls must exclude the possibility of changing the position of the control when manipulating an adjacent control.
17. If necessary, the workplace must be equipped with auxiliary equipment (lifting and transport equipment, etc.). Its layout should ensure labor optimization and safety.
18. When performing work related to exposure of workers to hazardous and (or) harmful production factors, the workplace, if necessary, must be equipped with protective equipment, fire extinguishing equipment and rescue equipment.
Requirements for protective equipment included in the design of production equipment are in accordance with GOST 12.2.003-74.
19. The presence or possibility of danger and the ways in which its impact on workers can be prevented or reduced must be indicated with signal colors and safety signs in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76.
The use of safety signs does not replace the necessary occupational safety measures.
20. The color scheme of the workplace must meet the requirements of technical aesthetics.
21. The relative location and layout of workplaces must ensure safe access to the workplace and the possibility of quick evacuation in case of emergency situation. Escape routes and passages must be marked and have sufficient lighting.
22. The organization and condition of workplaces, as well as the distances between workplaces, must ensure the safe movement of workers and vehicles, convenient and safe actions with materials, workpieces, semi-finished products, as well as maintenance and repair of production equipment.
Useful information:
Ways to improve workplace organization
Ways to improve workplace organization:
1. Technical and organizational equipment of workplaces. Technical equipment is providing the workplace with advanced equipment. Organizational equipment is the provision of furniture, information tools, alarms, etc.
2. Maintenance and maintenance of equipment. Scheduled preventive maintenance of equipment is carried out in accordance with the repair plan. The level of equipment maintenance can be concluded by assessing specific gravity useful work time.
2. Supply of workplaces should be carried out rhythmically. And the supply method: centralized or decentralized depends on the production process, type of product, workplace
3. Workplace planning consists of rational placement of equipment so that movements in the workplace are short in duration and distance. In this way, the principle of saving movement will be implemented.
4. Optimization of working conditions and environment (see next topic)
5. Method of organizing teams: individual or collective. Specialization and cooperation of team activities.
6. Work and rest schedule. A standard of time for rest is being developed by distributing it in the form of micro-breaks during a shift. Thus, it is possible to maintain the worker’s productivity and performance at a satisfactory level.
Practical advice to improve the organization of workplaces:
1. On the work surface there should be only those materials and tools that are used that day
2. Must exist permanent place for all materials
3. Frequently used materials and tools will be placed closer, less frequently used ones will be placed further from the place of use.
4. Boxes and containers moving by gravity should bring materials closer to the point of use
5. Conditions for satisfactory illumination must be provided using local lighting
6. The height of the workplace and chair should allow a combination of standing and sitting positions
7. The number and variety of equipment and tools used should be reduced to a minimum.
8. Every worker must be provided necessary furniture, designed from an ergonomic point of view.
Chapter 2. Modern office: equipment and work in it
For optimal layout The workplace uses two tables with a pull-out shelf for the keyboard. The swivel chair with armrests is equipped with a pneumatic system for adjusting the height and angle of the backrest. The display has a flat color screen measuring 17 inches diagonally. A cathode ray tube is used. It is possible to separately adjust the brightness and contrast of the background, vertical and horizontal scanning and removal of the electromagnetic field of the screen. The function of changing the warmth of colors is available in the range from 15 to 3 Kcal. The display is mounted on a movable hinge support, which allows you to change the viewing angle. The keyboard and mouse are connected to the system unit via infrared ports, which eliminates the need for wires and increases the mobility of these devices.
Thanks to the swivel chair on wheels, it is possible to freely work with the printer and scanner. Corner layout the workplace allows you to avoid unnecessary movements during work and when using peripheral devices, since they can be easily reached by hand. The arrangement of a computer mouse and keyboard on one curved shelf is explained by the fact that 65% of operations on a computer are carried out by a graphical manipulator, therefore, it must be placed as conveniently as possible.
To reduce fatigue and tension in the manager’s hands during work, the following requirements for workplace layout are met:
The keyboard is positioned so that the manager’s hands are pointing down, that is, the level of the keyboard should be below the level of the elbow joint;
The chair is provided with armrests to provide support for the elbow joints;
The computer mouse is located at the same level as the keyboard, so that the hands are at the same level while working, which will relieve fatigue in the shoulders;
The keyboard has special supports to support your hands.
In accordance with sanitary standards, one workplace equipped with a computer is provided with at least 6 m2 of area and a cubic capacity of at least 19.5 m3.
The working conditions of a manager when working on a computer are characterized by the possibility of exposure to the following production factors: noise, heat generation, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, and specific conditions of visual work.
The microclimate in the workplace has a great influence on the health and productivity of a manager. Due to the fact that video terminals generate heat, this may result in increased temperatures and decreased relative humidity air in workplaces, which contributes to skin irritation. In accordance with GOST 12.1.005-88, work performed by a manager who uses a computer falls into category 1a. For the room where the manager’s workplace is located, the following permissible microclimatic conditions given in Table 1 are accepted.
Table 1. Microclimatic conditions
Taking into account the specifics of the production process, i.e. elevated temperature and low humidity in the room, a ventilation system is organized based on one air conditioner with the ability to adjust the temperature and humidity of the air, and also provides supply system ventilation.
The heating of the premises is central water from city heating networks. It is possible to use an electric heater of medium power for a particularly cold period of time and during the mid-season heating shutdown.
The main sources of noise in a manager's workplace equipped with video terminals are copying equipment, printers, scanners, faxes, modems and air conditioning equipment; in the video terminals themselves - cooling system fans and transformers.
The permissible parameters of sound levels and sound pressure according to GOST 12.1.003-83 are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. Acceptable levels sound and sound pressure
The noise level in the manager's workplace when working on a computer does not exceed 65 dBA; when working on a printer it exceeds the norm by 2-3 dBA.
Noise reduction is achieved through the use of modern low-noise equipment (modern computers, disk drives, laser printers, scanners, etc.), the use of sound-absorbing materials when lining the room, various sound-absorbing devices (gaskets for the printer) and, in addition, a rational layout of the workplace and the removal of the printer and disk drives from the manager working at the video terminal.
An important place in the complex of measures for labor protection and improvement of working conditions is occupied by the creation of an optimal light environment, that is, the rational organization of natural and artificial lighting of premises and workplaces.
At the workplace during daylight hours, natural one-sided side lighting(KEO=1.2% in accordance with SNB 2.04.05-98). The display screen is turned sideways towards the window. The windows are equipped with light-diffusing curtains.
Artificial lighting should create good visibility of information on the screen of the video terminal and work materials on the table. To illuminate the manager's workplace, combined lighting (general + local) is used. Illumination of working surfaces with combined artificial lighting in accordance with SNB 2.04.05-98 is 500 lux. To avoid screen illumination by direct light fluxes, general lighting fixtures with fluorescent lamps are located to the side of the workplace under the ceiling parallel to the manager’s line of sight. Local lighting is provided by lamps installed directly on the desktop below or at the level of the manager's line of sight, so as not to cause glare.
All computer technology and many other types of equipment pose a potential danger to humans from the point of view of electric shock, since during operation or during maintenance work a person may touch live parts of the equipment.
The premises in which the manager's workplace is located are classified as premises without increased danger. IN normal conditions electrical networks are quite safe, since they are well insulated, and environment practically does not destroy insulation; In addition, the following measures have been taken in the room to protect people from injury: electric shock:
1) protective grounding - grounded system unit And protective screen display;
2) parts of the equipment and wiring that are live are reliably protected and located in inaccessible places;
3) protective grounding.
Thanks to grounding and almost complete absence exposed metal parts on modern computer equipment, the danger of charges static electricity very small. To reduce the intensity of the generation of electrical charges, the floor covering is made of antistatic linoleum.
In the manager's office, in close proximity to each other, there are connecting wires, patch cables, equipment, devices, the components of which heat up to 80-100 C0. Ventilation and air conditioning systems are used to remove excess heat from a personal computer. In this case, the insulation of the connecting wires may melt, expose them, and, as a result, short circuit, which is accompanied by sparking.
Fire danger the room is determined by the characteristics of the work performed in it technological process, properties of the substances and materials used. The buildings in which the manager’s office is located are classified as fire resistance class 2.
To prevent the spread of fire during a fire from one part of the building to another, fire barriers are installed in the building in the form of fire walls and partitions. The structures are made of brick, glass, and metal. Wooden structures impregnated with antiperine. In case of forced evacuation of people in case of fire from the building where the manager's office is located, there are emergency exits and paths on which artificial lighting is provided.
The building belongs to the second category for lightning protection. Lightning protection protection is performed by lightning rods.
To extinguish a fire in the room where the manager’s workplace is located, primary fire extinguishing agents are used. On staircase located special box with sand. On the wall there is a box with a fire nozzle and a fire hose made of fabric material. There is an OU-2 type fire extinguisher hanging in the office.
In the office, under the ceiling, there are four smoke detectors of an alarm system designed to detect and notify about a fire.
