What cities have what kind of soil? Soil types in the world. Their geography. In which region of Russia are the soils most fertile?
When purchasing a suburban plot, a summer resident, first of all, must find out about the type of soil of the future garden. If the site is intended for growing fruit trees, berry bushes and vegetables, this is an important factor for obtaining good harvests.
Knowing high-quality composition soil, the gardener can easily select varieties for open or greenhouse sowing, the type of fertilizer for any grown crop, calculate required quantity watering All this will save money, time and your own labor.
All types of soil include:
- parent part or mineral;
- humus or organic (the main determinant of fertility);
- water permeability and ability to retain moisture;
- the ability to pass air;
- living organisms that process plant waste;
- other neoplasms.
Each of the components is of no small importance, but the humus part is responsible for fertility. It is the high humus content that makes the soils most fertile, providing plants with nutrients and moisture, which gives them the opportunity to grow, develop and bear fruit.
Of course, to obtain a good harvest, the climate zone, the timing of planting crops, and competent agricultural technology are important. But highest value has the composition of the soil mixture.
Knowing the components of the soil, fertilizers and appropriate care for planted plants can be easily selected. Russian summer residents most often encounter the following types of soils: sandy, sandy loam, clayey, loamy, peat-boggy, calcareous and chernozem.
In their pure form, they are quite rare, but knowing about the main component, one can draw a conclusion about what one or another type needs.
Sandy
The easiest to process. Loose and free-flowing, they allow water to pass through perfectly, warm up quickly, and allow air to pass well to the roots.
But that's it positive qualities are at the same time negative. The soil quickly cools and dries out. Nutrients are washed away during rains and during irrigation, go into deep soil layers, and the land becomes empty and infertile.
Several methods are used to increase fertility:
- adding compost, humus, peat chips (1-2 buckets in spring) autumn digging per 1 sq. m plot) mixed with clay flour;
- sowing green manure (mustard, vetch, alfalfa), followed by incorporation of green mass into the soil during digging. Its structure improves, saturation with microorganisms and minerals occurs;
- creation of a man-made “clay castle”. The method is labor-intensive, but gives quick and good results. In place of future beds, a layer of ordinary clay, 5-6 cm thick, is scattered. A mixture of compost, sandy soil, chernozem, and peat chips is placed on top and ridges are formed. The clay will retain moisture and the plants will be comfortable.
But already at the initial stage of cultivating sandy soils, it is possible to plant strawberries on them, pouring humus or compost under each bush. Onions, carrots and pumpkins feel great on such lands. Fruit trees And berry bushes They grow without problems on sandstones. In this case, proper application of fertilizers to the planting hole is necessary.
Sandy loam
Sandstones are as easy to work as sandy soils. But they have a significantly higher content of humus and binding components. Clay components retain nutrients better.
The composition of sandy loam soils differs slightly, depending on the location of the site, but the main characteristics correspond to the name. They warm up quickly, but cool down more slowly than sandy ones. Retains moisture well minerals and organics.
This species is optimal for growing garden crops. But still, do not forget about entering mineral fertilizers, compost and humus, providing plants with everything necessary for normal growth, development and fruiting.
By growing zoned varieties on sandy loam soil and following agricultural practices appropriate to the climate zone, it is possible to obtain excellent yields from a summer cottage.
Clayey
They are considered heavy soils and difficult to cultivate. In the spring, they dry out and warm up for a long time, making it difficult for air to pass through to the roots of the plants. In rainy weather, moisture does not pass through well; in dry periods, the soil resembles stone and is difficult to loosen, as it dries out.
When purchasing such a plot, it must be cultivated over several seasons by introducing:
- compost (humus) – 1-2 buckets per square meter. meter of beds annually to increase fertility;
- sand to improve moisture transmission into the soil, up to 40 kg per square meter. meter of plot;
- peat chips to improve soil looseness and reduce clay density;
- lime and ash are added without limitation;
- Once every 3-4 years, green manure is sown in free areas, followed by incorporation of green mass during digging.
Fruit trees and berry bushes, with their powerful and branched roots, tolerate clay soils well, provided proper preparation landing holes.
During the period of cultivation of the site, you can plant potatoes, beets, Jerusalem artichokes, and peas. The remaining vegetables are planted on highly dug ridges or ridges. This way the roots will warm up well, and the soil will dry out faster after the spring stagnation of moisture.
All planted plants are periodically loosened and mulched. Loosening is best done after rains or watering, before the ground is covered with a hard crust. Mulch with chopped straw, old sawdust or peat chips.
Loamy
Loams are ideal for growing all garden crops. Thanks to its optimally balanced composition (60-80% impurities and 40-20% clay), it is easy to process. The advantage is that loams have a balanced content of minerals and nutrients, which allows them to maintain normal soil acidity.
The fine-grained structure remains loose for a long time after digging, allows air to pass well to the roots of plants, quickly warms up and retains heat. Clay components retain water for a long time, without stagnation, and maintain soil moisture.
Due to the fact that there is no need to cultivate loams, everyone thrives on them garden crops. But do not forget about adding organic matter during autumn digging and mineral fertilizing of plants planted in spring. To preserve moisture, all plantings are mulched with old sawdust, peat chips or chopped straw.
Peaty marshy
Areas cut into peat swampy areas require cultivation. First of all, it is necessary to carry out reclamation work. The plot must be ditched to drain moisture, otherwise over time the gardening community will turn into a swamp.
The soils in such areas are acidic and therefore require annual liming. The composition of the soil is quite saturated with nitrogen and phosphorus, but it is not suitable for growing cultivated plants, since it is not absorbed in this form.
To improve the fertility of the site, it requires sand, fresh slurry, a large amount of humus or compost, for the rapid development of microorganisms that improve the condition and structure of the peat-boggy soil.
To set up a garden, special preparation of planting holes is required. They provide a cushion of a properly formulated nutritional mixture. Another option is to plant trees and bushes on mounds. The height is at least 0.8-1 m.
The method used is the same as with sandstones, when the ridges are arranged on “ clay castle", and peaty-swampy soil mixed with sand, humus or old sawdust, lime is poured on top.
Currant, gooseberry, and chokeberry bushes are planted on uncultivated soils. Fruits well garden strawberries. With minimal care, consisting of watering and weeding, you can get a good harvest of berries.
Other garden plants can be planted on next year after cultivation.
Limestone
The most unsuitable soil for gardening. It is poor in humus components; plants lack iron and manganese.
A distinctive feature is the light brown color of the soil, which contains many hard-to-break lumps. If acidic soils require liming, then calcareous ones require alkalization with organic matter. This structure can be improved with the help of fresh sawdust, which also acidifies the calcareous soil well.
The earth heats up quickly, not releasing nutrients to plants. As a result, young seedlings turn yellow, develop and grow poorly.
Potatoes, carrots, tomatoes, sorrel, salad greens, radishes, and cucumbers suffer from a lack of nutrients and a high alkaline environment. Of course, they can be grown with abundant watering, frequent loosening, and the application of mineral and organic fertilizers, but the yield will be significantly lower than with other types.
To improve the fertility and structure of the soil, humus is used and a large amount of manure is added for winter digging. Sowing with green manure followed by incorporating green mass into the soil will save the situation and cultivate the area with limestone.
The application of potassium fertilizers will improve the fertility situation. Nitrogen fertilizing of plants with urea or ammonium sulfate, mulching after watering and fertilizing will increase the acidity.
Chernozem
Standard for gardening soil. IN middle lane In the country, areas with chernozem soils are extremely rare.
The granular-lumpy structure is easy to process. It warms up well and retains heat, high water-absorbing and water-retaining properties enable plants not to feel drought.
A balanced content of humus and mineral nutrients requires constant maintenance. Timely application of humus, compost, and mineral fertilizers will make it possible to long-term use of a site with black earth soil. To reduce density, sand and peat chips are scattered on the site.
The acidity of chernozems varies, so to maintain acceptable values, a special analysis is carried out or they are guided by the weeds growing on the site.
How to determine soil type
To determine the type of soil in your suburban area enjoy in a simple way. You need to take a handful of earth, moisten it with water to a dough-like state and try to roll it into a ball. As a result, we can conclude:
- clay - not only did it form a ball, but it was rolled out into a sausage, which is easy to put into a bagel;
- loamy - a sausage from the ground rolls out well, but a bagel does not always turn out;
- sandstones - you don’t always get even a ball, the earth simply crumbles in your hands;
- It may be possible to form a ball out of sandy loam, but it will have a rough surface and nothing further will work. The soil does not form into a sausage, but crumbles;
- the supposed chernozems are squeezed in a fist, after which a dark greasy stain should remain on the palm;
- limestone, depending on the structure, can be soaked and made into a donut from a sausage, but they are easily identified by color and lumpy components in the soil;
- Peaty-boggy soils are determined by the location of the site.
Using our own methods of cultivating each type of soil, good harvest Can be obtained on any type of soil. The main thing is to follow the agricultural techniques of growing and caring for plants, timely weeding, fertilizing and watering.
The diversity of soils on the earth's surface is very great, which is due to the history of soil formation and the variety of combinations of soil formation factors: rocks, vegetation, etc.
The distribution of the main types of soils can be found on the soil map in geographical atlases.
Arctic soils are formed in the Far North, where the soil is frozen almost all year round. Rare mosses and lichens practically do not provide organic matter for the formation of humus, so the humus horizon does not exceed 1 cm.
Tundra soils are a set of soils in the tundra zone of the Northern Hemisphere. Tundra soils are thin, contain up to 5% humus, often with signs of permafrost phenomena.
Podzolic soils are the soils of taiga and mixed forests.
Podzolic soils are formed under continental and temperate continental climates with excessive moisture and constant leaching by infiltrating waters. They contain little humus (1-4%), are not fertile, and require fertilization. Distributed in the Russian Federation, in the countries of Northern and Central Europe, Canada, northeastern USA. In podzolic soils, the podzolic horizon is well defined, from which particles of humus, clay particles, iron oxides, etc. are washed out and deposited in the lower, illuvial horizon. In mixed forests, where there are more grasses in the forest litter, the humus horizon is better developed, and soddy soils are formed there. podzolic soils.
Brown forest soils are a type of soil in broad-leaved and coniferous-deciduous forests in a warm-temperate, humid climate. Brown forest soils contain 5-10% humus, have a brown color due to the accumulation of clay minerals and iron oxides in all horizons, are usually slightly acidic, and have good structure. Brown forest soils are common in Western, Central and Eastern Europe, in the Caucasus, the Far East of the Russian Federation, as well as in China, Korea, and the USA.
Chernozems - soils of the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the temperate zone, are the richest in humus, the content of which is 6-9%, which is why the soils have an intense black or brown-black color. The thickness of the humus horizon is from 40 to 120 cm. Organic matter accumulates in the upper part of the profile, the illuvial horizon is enriched with calcium. Chernozems are common in Russia, Western and South-Eastern Europe, Kazakhstan, China, USA, Canada, Argentina, and Chile.
Chestnut soils are soils of dry steppes and semi-deserts of the temperate zone. The humus horizon of chestnut soils is less thick than that of chernozems (humus content 1.5-4.5%), which explains the lighter (dark chestnut, chestnut and light chestnut) color of the soils. Organic matter is replenished by abundant grass cover, which develops over a short period of time as long as there is sufficient moisture in the soil after winter.
Chestnut soils are quite fertile, but require irrigation. They occupy significant areas in the south of Ukraine, the Russian Federation, Northern Mongolia, China, Turkey, the USA, and Argentina.
Gray soils are soils of semi-deserts and deserts of the subtropical zone. Gray soils are characteristic of foothills and piedmont plains composed of loess. They are weakly divided into horizons: at the top there is a light gray humus horizon, at the bottom there is a compacted carbonate illuvial horizon. The parent rock (loess) often contains gypsum. Humus in light gray soils is 1-1.5%, in dark ones - 2.5-4.5%. Humus, as in other arid areas, accumulates mainly due to spring herbaceous vegetation.
In general, gray soils have good water permeability and other properties favorable for agriculture and are fertile with sufficient irrigation. Distributed in Central and Western Asia, North America, Australia.
In tropical latitudes, red-yellow, red, red-brown and brown-red soils are common. The reddish color is due to the high content of iron, aluminum and manganese oxides formed as a result of chemical weathering.
Mountain soils are a group of soils formed in mountainous terrain. Most mountain soils are characterized by gravelly, low thickness and richness in primary minerals, which is primarily due to the position of these soils on slopes of considerable steepness.
The distribution of mountain soils is subject to altitudinal zonation: depending on changes climatic conditions with height, from the latitudinal and sectoral position of the mountains, the exposure of the slopes, mountain-tundra, mountain-taiga, mountain-meadow, mountain meadow-steppe, mountain-steppe and other soils are formed.
Meadow soils- type of soils formed under meadow vegetation under conditions of increased surface moisture and/or constant connection with groundwater. Meadow soils are characterized by the presence of a gley horizon in the lower part of the profile, a well-developed humus horizon, and are often saline and carbonate.
Swamp soils are soils formed under conditions of prolonged or constant excess moisture (swamping) under moisture-loving vegetation. Typically, bog soils form in the forest zone of temperate zones. After drainage, crops are grown on the swamp soils and peat is extracted. Swamp soils are common in the Russian Federation, Belarus, Ukraine, Canada, USA, Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia, etc. Swamp soils are divided into peat and peat-gley soils.
Saline soils are soils in arid zones with a high (more than 0.25%) content of easily soluble mineral salts in water: chlorides, sulfates, sodium carbonates, calcium and magnesium.
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Type is the main unit of soil classification. It is allocated in accordance with the profile of the earth. V.V. Dokuchaev first classified the types in 1886.
Soils that arose during the cultivation of areas that were previously unsuitable for development agriculture, belong to a special group.
Some species do not form groups (zones) and are found in separate areas within zones. This is largely due to the characteristics of the rocks, moisture, and terrain.
Zonal soil types are considered the most common. They (together with plant and other landscape elements) form natural areas.
Soil types
- Swamp lands. are formed during prolonged or excessive constant moisture (swamping). As a rule, they form in forest areas of temperate zones.
- Brown forest. These soil types are mainly found in areas with warm-temperate, humid climates.
- Brown semi-desert, desert-steppe. These types of soils are formed in areas with a dry climate, in the temperate zone, under desert-steppe plant species.
- Mountain. They are a group formed in mountainous areas. Almost all types of soils included in this category are characterized by gravelly, low thickness and the presence of primary minerals.
- Chestnut. Distributed in semi-deserts and steppes of the temperate zone.
- Meadow soils are formed under meadow plant species, in areas of high surface moisture or areas exposed to continuous influence of groundwater.
- Salted. They are common in arid areas with a high concentration (more than 0.25%) of mineral salts that are easily soluble in water - magnesium, calcium, chloride carbonates.
- are formed in mixed forests and taiga, under temperate continental and continental climates. They experience excessive moisture and are constantly washed by seeping water.
- Gray soils are common in the subtropical zone.
- Confluent soils are formed in subtropical, tropical soils. In their profile they have a confluent horizon, which when wet swells greatly and acquires high plasticity; when dry it remains hard and dense.
- Tundra. They are a combination of soils in the Northern Hemisphere and its tundra zone. This category includes tundra humus-carbonate, soddy, podzolic and other soils.
- Chernozems. These soils are common in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the temperate zone.
An important indicator when classifying soil is its composition.
Light - sandy - soils include a large amount of sand, a small proportion of humus, and a small volume of clay particles. Soils are more high density belong to the heavy category - clay soils. They do not crumble during processing; on the contrary, they form large lumps, which makes digging very difficult.
Rocky soils They are common on the slopes of mountains or hills and are not very fertile. Most of they include
The basis is largely organic matter. They are rich in nitrogen, contain little potassium and very little phosphorus. However, there are also peat-vivianite soils, in which, on the contrary, there is a high concentration of phosphorus.
Sandy loam soils endowed with many of the properties of sand with a more balanced ratio of components, they belong to the intermediate variety. These soils are considered favorable in all respects for plant cultivation.
1. Soil formation conditions.
2. Main types of soils in Russia.
3. Mountain soils.
Soil formation conditions
Dokuchaev V.V. called the soil "a mirror and a work of landscape." Soil formation is influenced by all components of nature, especially climate, vegetation and underlying rocks.
In the northern part of the country, the development of soil-forming processes is limited, i.e. constrained by energy resources. An increase in heat to the south leads to an increase in organic matter and the number of microorganisms. Optimal soil-forming processes are created in a zone of neutral balance of heat and moisture, and chernozems are formed. With further advancement to the south, soil formation begins to be hampered by moisture deficiency. There are several types of soil water regime: leaching, periodically leaching, non-leaching, effluent. These types of soil water regime are subject to zonality in their distribution. Depressed forms of relief (low) are characterized by a stagnant regime (in a humid climate), while permafrost areas are characterized by a permafrost regime.
The entire diversity of soil types is determined by the relationship between the main soil-forming processes: gley, podzolic, soddy (humus accumulation), salinity, peat accumulation. In general, soils on the plains are distributed zonally.
Main soil types in Russia
Arctic soils form on low plateaus and low shores of Arctic islands. They are underdeveloped, very young and fragmented. They are characterized by a poorly differentiated shortened profile. The upper horizons contain mobile iron compounds. There is almost no leaching. Gleyization is not typical for these soils.
To the south, Arctic soils are replaced by tundra soils, which are represented by four subtypes: 1) tundra-gley (typical); 2) arctic-tundra gleyic; 3) tundra illuvial-humus podzolized; 4) peat-gley. The most common are tundra-gley soils, which form on clay and loamy rocks under closed vegetation. Cryogenic phenomena (solifluction, etc.) disrupt genetic horizons, and the soil profile becomes poorly differentiated. At the same time, the gley process is clearly pronounced, and the decomposition of plant litter with the formation of coarse humus is slowed down. The gleyed arctic-tundra soils that form to the north are minimally waterlogged and gleyed. Under conditions of stagnant moisture, peat-gley soils are formed. In places where drainage conditions are better (sandy rocks), illuvial-humus podzolized soils are formed. But these soils are usually characteristic of forest-tundra. All tundra soils are thin, contain little humus (2-3%), and the reaction of the soil solution is acidic.
Podzolic soils are the most common type of soil in Russia. They are formed under coniferous forests under conditions of excess moisture (k >1). The predominance of precipitation over evaporation ensures a leaching regime during a significant part of the growing season. Intensive removal occurs chemical elements from the upper soil horizons; therefore, podzolic soils are characterized by an leaching horizon (A2). Easily soluble compounds are carried beyond the soil profile, and less mobile compounds accumulate in the lower part of the profile, where a washout horizon (illuvial) is formed. Typical podzolic soils are formed under the canopy of the dark coniferous middle part of the taiga. They are characterized by low power humus horizon (A1) – no more than 1-3 cm – and acidic reaction of the soil solution. With temporary, highly excessive moisture, the podzolic process is complicated by the gley process. Under such conditions, gley-podzolic soils are formed, which are more typical for the northern part of the taiga. In areas of permafrost, taiga-permafrost soils develop under coniferous forests. They are formed in conditions low temperatures soils, which helps slow down the processes of chemical weathering and decomposition of organic residues. In this regard, coarse humus accumulates in the upper horizons. The permafrost serves as a water-resistant layer, so through washing of the soil does not occur. These soils have no leaching horizon (podzolic A2). Due to annual freezing, the soil profile is poorly differentiated. The soils are waterlogged, so they exhibit gleying. Under conditions of constant moisture, swamp soils are formed.
Soddy-podzolic soils are common in mixed forests and southern taiga, where plant litter increases noticeably. During their formation, the turf horizon is superimposed on the podzolic process; therefore, the humus horizon (A1) is better developed.
Under the coniferous-deciduous forests of the south Far East, under the broadleaf forests of the south Kaliningrad region, brown forest soils are formed in the Caucasus. They are formed under flushing conditions in warm and humid summers. Iron compounds give soils a brown tint. They are characterized by gleying, i.e. the process of formation of secondary clay minerals.
The profile of brown forest soils is poorly differentiated into genetic horizons.
Gray forest soils form under the broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia and under the forest-steppes. The moisture balance is close to neutral (k~1). Here the process of removal weakens chemical compounds and the turf process intensifies. Unlike soddy-podzolic soils, these soils are richer in humus. In the northern part, under forests, they are light gray, and in the southern part, under forest-steppes, the soils are dark gray. Their regime is periodic washing, the reaction is close to neutral.
Chernozem soils dominate the steppe zone. They stretch in a continuous strip from the western borders of the country to Altai. The turf process plays a leading role in the formation of chernozems. Water mode These soils are non-leaching, and the humus content in them is the highest of all soil types. The accumulation of humus is facilitated by annual grass litter. Chernozem soils are divided into subtypes: podzolized, leached, typical, ordinary, southern chernozems. They replace each other from north to south as moisture deficit increases. In podzolized and leached chernozems there are signs of leaching. In typical chernozems, a completely turfy process occurs and the humus content reaches 12% or more. In ordinary and southern chernozems, the humus content quickly decreases. Among chernozem soils and soils more southern regions solonchaks, solonetzes, and solonchaks may occur.
Chestnut soils are formed in dry steppes and semi-deserts. In Russia, they are common in the southeast of the Russian Plain, in the Eastern Ciscaucasia and in the intermountain basins of Southern Siberia. Chestnut soils are formed under conditions of moisture deficiency and sparse grass cover. They contain much less humus than chernozems. The reaction of their soil solution is slightly alkaline. Chestnut soils are divided into subtypes: dark chestnut, chestnut, light chestnut (for semi-deserts). Brown desert soils are developed only in the south of the Caspian region, where the climate is the most arid. They are very poor in humus (less than 2%). Among these soils, solonetzes and solonchaks are often found. Their regime is effusion, the reaction of the soil solution is alkaline.
Along with the zonality of soils, their sectorality can also be traced, associated with changes in climate, vegetation, and rocks from west to east. For example, in the forest-steppe of the Russian Plain, gray forest soils are combined with podzolized and leached chernozems. In chernozem soils, in general, an increase in humus is observed from west to east (within the Russian Plain).
Mountain soils
Mountain soils in their genetic properties correspond to soil types plains But not all mountain soils have some common features, different from their corresponding types of plains: they are all thin, rocky and gravelly, rich in minerals. Only the soils of subalpine and alpine meadows have no analogues on the plains. Mountain meadow soils are formed in the cold and humid climate of the highlands, with increased solar radiation, under meadows and bushes. They are characterized by a well-defined dark humus horizon, acidic reaction and low thickness. Mountain meadow soils are found in the Caucasus, Altai, and Southern Urals.
The main pattern of soil changes in the mountains is altitudinal zonation. The higher the mountains, the better expressed it is. In addition, the further north you go, the more monotonous the soil cover, which is why in Russia the most diverse mountain soils are the Caucasus. So, at the foot of these mountains there are chernozems, higher up there are gray forest soils, then brown forest soils, even higher - podzolic and mountain meadow soils. But in the mountains of North-East Siberia, on the contrary, only taiga-permafrost and - above which - mountain-tundra soils are expressed.
The most important property of soils is their fertility. The most fertile soils are chernozems, then - to the north and south of the chernozems - gray forest and chestnut soils follow in terms of fertility. Humus reserves are closely related to the natural productivity of soils, which depends on the annual increase in biomass per unit area.
In Russia, more than 50% of arable land is located on black soil. About 15% falls on gray and brown forest soils, the same amount on soddy-podzolic and podzolic soils, and just over 10% falls on chestnut soils.
In Russia there are several main types of soils, which are located in different natural areas and differ from each other in a number of characteristics. What soils are the most fertile and how many types of soils are found in our country?
What is soil?
Soil is a natural formation that has fertility and is created under the influence of rocks, climate, vegetation, wildlife, relief, human activity and the geological age of the territory. The process of soil formation takes centuries and millennia. It begins with the destruction of rocks and the simplest organisms in them, which prepare conditions for plants and animals. Dead remains of plants and animals under the influence of microorganisms turn into humus (humus), which is capable of holding together mineral soil particles into lumps of different sizes. The soil has a number of properties: color, humidity, mechanical composition, structure, density, presence of inclusions.
Rice. 1. Humus.
Clay, sand, silt are the main components of the soil layer.
As the soil develops, its profile is divided into horizons - approximately homogeneous layers interconnected with each other. At the top there is a humus horizon, in which the basic substances necessary for plant nutrition accumulate. Below is a nutrient-poor leaching horizon, then a leaching horizon that passes into the parent rock.
Rice. 2. Arctic soils.
Soil types in Russia
In Russia, soils are diverse. The main types found in our state include:
- tundra gley soils – distinctive feature these soils are low in humus content and increased acidity. They are located south of the Arctic soils in permafrost areas.
- arctic soils – this type of soil is formed during the process of thawing permafrost. Fertile layer is no more than 2 cm. These soils are not restored and due to the harsh climate there is no vegetation on them.
- podzolic soils – a soil type characteristic of forests with a humus content of up to 4%. Due to exposure to acid, these soils are called acidic. To obtain a stable harvest, the soil must be fertilized and properly cultivated.
- gray forest soils – are formed in deciduous forests exclusively with a continental climate. Due to the calcium contained in the soil, water does not penetrate inside and does not erode it. Fertility is average, since the humus layer does not exceed 8%.
- brown forest soils – soils are common in forests temperate climate. The fertile layer is 30 cm, followed by a layer of clay of 20-40 cm. The main subtypes: podzolized, typical, gley.
- chestnut soils – common in natural areas such as steppes and semi-deserts. The fertile layer reaches 4.5%, which is an indicator of average soil fertility.
The first scientist who proposed a classification of soils was V.V. Dokuchaev
Rice. 3. V.V. Dokuchaev.
