Soils of Crimea. Map of the distribution of the main soil types. Soils of Crimea briefly
The origin, properties, and changes of the soils of Crimea as natural historical formations, objects of labor and means of agricultural production are peculiar. They are associated with the peculiarities of historical, lithological and relief processes of soil formation under conditions of transition from moderate soft steppe to sub-Mediterranean climate properties.
The mountainous Crimea, due to the diversity of its geological and relief structure, is characterized by a complex composition and a high rate of change in the soil cover.
And the plain Crimea generally has a simpler soil composition. Due to the ancient and relatively intensive economic development of the lands of Crimea, changes associated with human activity have superimposed on the natural process of soil formation here, which often makes it difficult to classify many varieties of soils as units of their classification.
Plain Crimea is located in the subzone of turf-grass dry steppes with southern chernozems and dark chestnut soils.
However, due to the softness climatic conditions peninsula (especially in winter), Crimean chernozems and dark chestnut soils differ from typically zonal soils in a number of properties. The chernozems closest to the zonal ones in the central part of the peninsula have a small (60-80 cm) thickness of humus horizons and a relatively low (3-4%) humus (humus) content, which is why they, unlike the zonal ones, are called weakly humus-rich.
In the mountainous Crimea, on the northern and upper parts of the southern macroslope of the Main Range of Mountains, as well as on other southern mountains - the Carpathians, the Caucasus, brown mountain forest soils are common, and on the summit part (yayla) - mountain-steppe and mountain-meadow chernozem-like soils.
The southern coast and partly the southwestern part of the mountainous Crimea are characterized by brown soils, formed under sub-Mediterranean dry forests and bushes.
Conditions for the formation of soils in Crimea
The main energy factor of soil formation is solar energy.
Climate influences the process of soil formation both directly and indirectly, influencing other factors: soil-forming rocks, groundwater, plant and fauna. The climate directly forms the thermal and water regimes soil. These modes determine the characteristics of the movement of substances during the weathering of rocks and soil formation. Wind patterns cause salts and soil solids to move through the atmosphere.
Soil temperature greatly affects the intensity of chemical reactions, the speed of which increases 2-3 times with every 10° C increase in temperature.
In this regard, in the physical-geographical regions of Crimea, which have significantly different temperature conditions, the rates of chemical reactions in soils are also different. To others an important condition processes occurring in the soil is the presence of moisture. In Crimea, the main source of soil moisture is precipitation. Along with their quantity, the distribution of precipitation from place to place and the intensity of precipitation throughout the year are important.
The climate in general determines the duration and intensity of biological processes soil formation and determines the basic pattern of soil geography - their latitudinal zonation.
Types and types of soils in Crimea
In Crimea, the following subtypes of chernozems are distinguished: ordinary, southern, leached.
Soil types are determined by the properties of soil-forming rocks, chemical composition groundwater or signs of other previous soil formation processes. So, for example, in the composition of southern chernozems there are genera of soils formed on loess-like loams and on red-brown clays, and among them are solonetzic, carbonate and other genera.
Soil types are distinguished by the degree of intensity of the soil-forming process: the degree of humus content, solonetz content, salinity, etc.
Soil varieties are determined by the mechanical composition of the soil-forming rocks of their upper humus horizon (loamy, clayey, sandy loam, etc.).
Since the name of each variety includes all the listed characteristics up to and including the type, it is very cumbersome.
For example: southern carbonate, low-humus, heavy loamy chernozem on loess-like loams.
The characteristics and properties of zonal soil types are determined by those that were formed on loams and under conditions of only atmospheric moisture.
Soils of this type of moisture (automorphic) are formed in the watershed areas of the zone. They are distinguished from hydromorphic soils, in the process of formation of which, in addition to atmospheric moisture, water additionally participates surface runoff or shallow soil.
Mountain soils are further divided into groups: mountain-slope, lowland, mountainous and intermountain, and mountain-valley.
Chernozems of Crimea
In Crimea, the most common zonal soils are chernozems.
They are developed in the steppe and partly in the foothills of Crimea on over 1,100 thousand hectares, which is more than 45% of the peninsula’s area. In the steppe Crimea, southern chernozems predominate, formed on loess-like rocks of an elevated undulating plain. They occupy 456 thousand hectares (more than 38% of the area under chernozems).
This soil subtype includes the following genera: ordinary, mycelial-carbonate, mycelial-high-carbonate, residual-solonetzic, medium- and weakly-solonetzic, and poorly developed.
These soils are among the best on the peninsula, including for irrigated agriculture. Currently, over 75% of their area is plowed. All zoned agricultural crops, including garden crops with irrigation, are successfully grown on them.
Large areas are occupied by vineyards.
Over a large area of Crimea, under the conditions of the vegetation of the southern steppe subzone, chernozems were formed, close to the southern ones in structure and thickness on non-loess-like rocks, differing from loess-like ones primarily in their different air and water permeability.
In the southwestern and western parts of the peninsula, chernozems formed on Pliocene red-brown clays are widespread. They occupy 113 thousand hectares. Due to their relatively high agronomic qualities, they are used for growing all zoned crops.
On the Kerch Peninsula, on Maikop and Sarmatian clays, and in the foothills, also on the Aptian Cretaceous system, solonetzic, merged, residually saline clayey chernozems were formed.
They are distributed over an area of over 64 thousand hectares. When wet they are viscous and sticky, when dry they are dense and have little porosity. With increasing salinity, these soil properties unfavorable for plants intensify. Their reclamation requires deep plantation plowing and gypsum.
In the southern and western parts of the Crimean plain, on the Tarkhankut upland plain and in the northeastern part of the Kerch Peninsula, carbonate, low-humus, heavy-loamy and light-clayey chernozems, to varying degrees, gravelly and pebbly, are widespread on weathering products of carbonate and carbonated rocks.
They are distributed over an area of over 240 thousand hectares. The share of arable land here is reduced to an average of 60%. In the main area, chernozems were formed on weathering products of limestones, carbonate sandstones, and in the south of the steppe, also on red-brown clay-pebble deposits.
The conditions for the use of these chernozems depend on the proportion of crushed stone, pebbles, gruss in their profile and the depth of the dense bedrock layer.
Chernozems with a moderate content of rock fragments and a depth of bedrock of at least 50 cm are used for grain crops, 150 cm for vineyards, and 200 cm for orchards. Due to excess carbonate content, alkalinity and therefore low activity in the movement of iron compounds, horticultural crops and grapes on these soils often grow slowly and suffer from chlorosis and other metabolic ailments.
In the steppe Crimea, mainly in the strip between the southern chernozems and the dark chestnut soils of the northern lowland Crimea, there are residual-solonetzic chernozems, as well as medium- and slightly solonetzic soils formed on loess-like rocks.
Their area is about 58 thousand hectares. Their agronomic properties are worse than those of non-solonetzic chernozems. To improve them, gypsuming and plantation deep plowing are recommended.
In the forest-steppe foothills, piedmont carbonate, leached and solonetzic chernozems are common.
In general, these chernozems are developed on an area of 242 thousand hectares. On the products of weathering of limestones and marls of the Inner and External Cuesta ridges, predominantly carbonate chernozems were formed, and on the loamy-clayey products of weathering of conglomerates and sandstones in the meadow steppe conditions of the External Interquesta Depression - mainly leached chernozems, transitional to forest soils.
On the clays of the Paleogene and Cretaceous systems of the foothills there are solonetzic chernozems. Foothill chernozems are close to the southern subtype, and they are called foothill chernozems due to the structural features of the vertical profile formed in foothill conditions.
In general, foothill chernozems are rich in nutrients for plants.
The poorest soil varieties are washed away, thin and with a large content of coarse rock fragments. To increase the fertility of foothill chernozems, it is necessary first of all to apply phosphorus fertilizers.
The way these soils are used is influenced by the thickness of their humus horizon, the depth of occurrence of dense rocks, the proportion of admixture of coarse rock fragments, the degree of erosion, salinity and solonetsity of their profile.
Meadow-chernozem soils of Crimea
On the floodplain terraces of large rivers, in the depressions of the foothills of Crimea, in places where groundwater is at depths of 2-8 m, meadow-chernozem soils are developed.
They were formed on loess-like and alluvial river rocks, as well as on red-brown and especially Maikop dense clays. They are distributed over an area of over 66 thousand.
ha. At the same time, the share of carbonate varieties of these chernozems, often saline from a depth of 100-200 cm, accounts for about 57 thousand hectares.
Meadow-chernozem soils are classified as semi-hydromorphic, since although they are formed under the influence of soil-capillary waters, they nevertheless still retain the features of zonal chernozem soils. These soils are favorable for growing crops. For gardens, the best of them are light clay and deeply saline varieties, in which the salts lie at depths of more than 150 cm.
Chestnut soils of Crimea
On the territory of the North Crimean Lowland and the plains of the Kerch Peninsula, chestnut soils were formed under wormwood-fescue-feather grass dry-steppe communities on flat interfluve spaces.
The soil-forming rocks of the North Crimean Lowland are light clays and heavy loams, on the Kerch Peninsula - saline dense Maikop clays. Due to the widespread saline nature of chestnut soils, their development in combination with solonetzes, and the dry climate, the biological productivity of plant communities here is low.
This causes less accumulation of humus than in chernozems and less deep leaching of salts by atmospheric moisture.
Chestnut-type soils in Crimea are represented by two subtypes: dark chestnut and chestnut. The area of the former is over 225 thousand hectares, and the latter - only 8 thousand.
Soils of Crimea. Distribution map of main soil types
Subtypes are distinguished primarily by the richness of humus: dark chestnut and meadow-chestnut.
The most widespread (about 195 thousand hectares) are dark chestnut, weakly and moderately solonetzic soils and their combinations with steppe solonetzes. They are formed on loess-like rocks and are suitable for field and forage crops. Their varieties with salt depths of more than 100 cm, 120 and 140 cm are used respectively for salt-tolerant grape varieties, stone fruit and pome fruit crops.
In the ravines, hollows, and depressions of the lowest parts of the North Crimean Lowland and the Kerch Peninsula, meadow-chestnut solonetzic soils and their combinations with meadow-steppe solonetzes are common.
They belong to semi-hydromorphic soils of the chestnut type and are formed in places with increased moisture due to both surface runoff and soil-capillary waters.
Solontsy
On the low-lying coast of the Karkinitsky Bay, in the Sivash region and on the Kerch Peninsula, solonetzes and solonchaks are common. Solonetzes are often formed as a result of desalinization of salt marshes. They are divided according to humus content into chernozem and chestnut (automorphic), according to the degree of influence of groundwater on their development - into meadow-chernozem and meadow-chestnut (semi-hydromorphic) and into chernozem-meadow and chestnut-meadow (hydromorphic).
The first of them are common in depressions among tracts of chernozem and chestnut soils on saline rocks and where the depth of groundwater is more than 5 m.
In addition, depending on the thickness of their supra-solonetz horizon, deep (if the layer is more than 15 cm), medium (5-15 cm) and shallow (less than 5 cm) solonetzes are distinguished. And according to the depth of the salt horizon, solonchakous (30-80 cm) and solonchakous (0-30 cm) solonetzes are distinguished.
Meadow-chernozem and meadow-chestnut solonetzes are common at even lower altitudes above sea level and in combination with meadow-chernozem and meadow-chestnut soils, respectively, where the groundwater level is at a depth of 3 to 5 m.
Chernozem-meadow and chestnut-meadow solonetzes are found in relief depressions, where mineralized soil-ground waters are located at depths of only 1 - 3 m.
In these soils, in addition to solonetz soils, gley (under conditions of waterlogging and poor air permeability) and solonchak soil-forming processes occur.
Solonetz soils are unfavorable for growing crops.
The arable layer in them floats when wet, the dried layer becomes covered with a dense crust and cracks. When plowing, dense large blocks are formed. Their solonetz horizon swells in the spring and becomes waterproof, which is why water lingers on the solonetz patches for a long time, which prevents timely field work on them. Before the start of irrigation over large areas in the steppe Crimea, solonetzes were distributed over an area of 02.6 thousand hectares.
Salt marshes
Solonchak soils are saline soils in which readily soluble salts (more than 1%) are contained throughout their entire profile. This concentration of salts is generally harmful to plants.
Salt marshes are formed on lake, lagoon, and estuary silts, as well as on river sediments and bedrock clays.
On the coastal salt marshes, the most common salt marsh meadow communities are found. There are no plants on the saline silts or “droughts” that have recently emerged from under the waters of Sivash. Salt marshes are unsuitable for use in agriculture. Before the start of irrigation over large areas, salt marshes in Crimea occupied 15.7 thousand hectares.
Meadow soils of Crimea
Meadow soils are found in all regions of Crimea.
They are formed under meadow vegetation under the influence of fresh groundwater, mainly in river valleys and ravines, and low-mineralized water in the depressions of the North Crimean Lowland and the Kerch Peninsula.
A common feature for them is hydromorphism. In river valleys they have a layered profile due to alternation of pebble and loamy deposits.
Power of well-developed fertile meadow soils in river valleys it reaches 80-120 cm, and in underdeveloped young ones - 20-50 cm.
Among the chernozem massifs of the plain and foothill Crimea, there are areas of chernozem-meadow soils. There are carbonate, solonetzic and solonchak types of these soils. In the foothills, high-carbonate varieties are found on the weathering products of marls. Depending on the depth and degree of mineralization of groundwater, transitional variants of these soils are distinguished: meadow-chestnut, as well as solonetzes and solonchaks.
Chernozem-meadow and chestnut-meadow soils are close in structure and agronomic properties to meadow-chernozem and meadow-chestnut soils.
Their solonetzic and saline varieties can be improved by adding gypsum and washing fresh waters with mandatory groundwater drainage.
Meadow-bog soils are relatively rare (6.0 thousand hectares) in Crimea. Subject to a decrease in groundwater, they are suitable in river valleys for placing gardens and vegetable gardens. In the Sivash region they are highly saline and solonetzic. Here they are used for rice crops and meadow-pasture crop rotations.
Soddy soils of Crimea
In the mountainous Crimea, soddy (humus) and mainly soddy-carbonate soils are widespread on thin weathering products of bedrock.
They occupy about 170 thousand hectares. These are mainly underdeveloped gravelly soils formed on the weathering products of dense limestones, marls, as well as sandstones, shales, conglomerates and other rocks.
The most widespread soddy-carbonate soils are in the foothills under shiblyak thickets, sparse low-growing forests and partly under steppe communities.
On slopes where the erosion of loose rocks is highly developed, the cover of soddy and soddy-carbonate soils is broken by outcrops of bedrock to the surface.
Areas where such rock outcrops do not exceed 50% of the area can be used for strictly regulated grazing. Areas exceeding this norm are unsuitable for agricultural purposes. Places with continuous soil cover can be used for grazing and as part of meadow-pasture crop rotations.
Forest soils of Crimea
Significant areas in the mountainous Crimea are occupied by brown mountain forest gravelly soils.
They formed under beech, oak, mixed and pine forests on the upper, middle and partly northern lower parts of the slopes of the Main Range of Mountains, as well as within the Internal Cuesta.
The soil-forming rocks are the weathering products of limestones, shales, sandstones, conglomerates and other rocks. This group also includes brown steppe soils of the forest-steppe belt of the mountainous Crimea.
The humus-accumulative horizon of these soils has a lumpy structure and brown or dark gray color, and the humus horizon of leaching of substances is lumpy-nutty and brownish-brown in structure.
Brown mountain forest soils are used mainly in forestry.
In areas that have been deforested for a long time with better soils, gardens are placed among the forest, tobacco and fodder crops are grown, and hay is cut.
Mountain meadow soils of Crimea
On yailas in a cool, humid climate under meadow and steppe vegetation, mountain meadow and meadow-steppe chernozem-like soils were formed on the weathering products of prokarst Upper Jurassic limestones.
The composition of mountain meadow soils is divided into dark-colored ones with a high (10-25%) humus content and secondary ones, formed under meadow vegetation in place of forest ones.
In addition, these soils, depending on the thickness of the humus horizon, are divided into thin (less than 20 cm), medium-thick (21-40 cm), thick (41-80 cm) and super-deep (more than 80 cm).
Mountain-meadow chernozem-like soils, in contrast, have a more durable granular and granular-lumpy structure. These soils are divided into typical, leached, formed in depressions, and carbonate, less powerful and gravelly.
On the ridges of local elevations, mountain meadow-steppe chernozem soils with a gray and dark gray humus horizon are common.
They consist of ordinary and dark-colored soils with a better granular structure. They contain 6-13% humus.
Yayl soils are rich in nutrients for plants, well permeable to water and air. Excessive grazing of livestock, plowing of soils and removal of their top turf layer in the past led to the development of erosion processes over large areas of yayla.
In this regard, the use of yayls for grazing and agricultural crops is now generally prohibited, and in a number of places it is limited.
On the southern coast up to an altitude of 300-500 m, as well as in the western part of the foothills in the belt between chernozems and mountain forest brown soils, brown mountain soils of dry forests and shrub thickets of the sub-Mediterranean type are common.
They were formed on weathering products of limestones, marls, shales, sandstones, conglomerates, and igneous rocks. Their total area in Crimea is 48.5 thousand hectares.
As a result of the weathering of limestone, soils acquire a reddish tint, which is why they were previously called red-brown or red soils. This type of soil is most widespread on the so-called Massandra red rocks.
Brown soils of Crimea
In Crimea, there are non-carbonate, carbonate and saline brown soils.
The non-carbonate genus was formed mainly on the products of weathering of clay shales in the most humidified areas. The carbonate type of these soils is most common in Crimea.
It was formed on weathering products of both carbonate and non-carbonate rocks, but in relatively dry conditions. In the eastern part of the Southern Coast, mainly on the Kopselskaya plain near Sudak, saline and saline brown soils were formed on saline clays and the products of their weathering.
They are light gray in color and contain little (less than 1.5%) humus.
The humus content in the humus-accumulative horizon of other types of brown soils ranges on average from 1.8 to 3.7%, but often exceeds 6%. The soils have a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction, due to which microbiological processes actively occur in them. They contribute to the formation of relatively large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients in a state accessible to plants.
Brown soils are most suitable for growing grapes, tobacco, essential oil crops, and drought-resistant tree and shrub species.
Soils of Crimea
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Brown rubble of the South Bank
On the southern coast, brown gravelly soils of dry forests and shrubs are developed up to an altitude of 300-500 m.
They are represented by carbonate, non-carbonate and solonetzic varieties.
Brown soils were formed in a dry Mediterranean climate under low-growing tree and shrub vegetation - fluffy oak, hornbeam, wild pistachio, juniper, pine tree and other xerophytic species on parent rocks of different properties (limestone, shales, conglomerates, marls, sandstones, their clayey - crushed eluvium and mixed colluvium).
The thickness of the humus layer in brown soils averages 70-80 cm; sometimes it decreases to 40-50 cm.
Their genetic horizons are clearly visible in their profile. The thickness of the accumulative-humus horizon varies between 5-20 cm. It has a granular-silty structure and a brown or brown-gray color. The humus-illuvial horizon is developed to a depth of 40-50 cm, has a lumpy-nutty structure and a brownish-brown color.
The underlying humus transition horizon is observed to a depth of 70-80 cm.
Soils that formed on limestones and their weathering products are often reddish in color, which is why they were previously called red-brown soils or red soils on limestones. Small areas of these soils are found throughout the South Coast west of the village. General's.
What soils are common in Crimea
Their largest areas are in the Nikitsky area botanical garden, on Cape Ai-Todor, near Miskhor, Big Lighthouse, Gaspra. They are also found on the Chersonesos peninsula, the outskirts of Sevastopol and Balaklava.
Sometimes among brown soils there are saline varieties formed mainly on clay deposits. Such soils have a limited distribution and are found only in the eastern part of the South Coast (near Cape Meganom, village.
Sunny Valley, east of Sudak). It was here that in the depressions of the relief, solonetzic-saline soils were formed, among which one can see minor spots of solonetzes and solonchaks.
Soil salinity is caused by the presence of easily soluble salts in colluvial sediments and shallow groundwater.
On hot summer days, whitish salt efflorescences appear on the surface of saline soils, mainly from Na2SO4. These salts are formed by pyrite (FeS2) and other sulfur minerals. The same efflorescence of salts can be seen in places where saline groundwater comes to the surface.
Soils are characterized by a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction. This promotes active microbiological activity, ensuring the formation in the soil of a sufficient amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients in a form available to plants.
Thanks to these properties, the brown soils of the South Coast do not require additional moisture or fertilization.
They are most suitable for growing grapes, in particular muscat varieties, yellow tobacco (Dubec), essential oil crops, drought-resistant tree species etc.
Due to collapses and landslides, intense washout processes and, especially, centuries-old economic activity man, the soil cover on the South Coast has changed significantly.
Deep loosening and plantation plowing were accompanied by constant mixing of soil layers, changes in the structure of genetic horizons and their mechanical and chemical composition, which led to the formation of cultivated soil types.
Soils of Crimea
It is known that the quality of soils and their fertility are largely determined by the physicochemical properties of the parent, or soil-forming, rock. In the plain Crimea among maternal various types rocks are dominated by Quaternary yellow-brown clays and loams; only in the southernmost part of the steppe are they replaced by pebble-clay sediments of proluvial (i.e.
e. carried out by water flows) of origin, which in some places are covered with loess-like deposits. In Ukraine, the soils of Crimea in the foothill zone of the peninsula are represented by parent rock types, such as eluvium and colluvium (“washed out” and “washed away” deposits), limestones, marls, clays, sandstones, conglomerates, and in the mountains, including on the Southern Coast - clayey shales and sandstones of the Tauride formation, as well as Jurassic limestones, igneous rocks and their weathering products.
The complexity of the geological structure, properties and composition of soils is explained by a large range of soil-forming rocks, heterogeneity of climate and vegetation, which determine the exceptional diversity of the soil-forming process. Therefore, it is best to characterize the soils of Crimea taking into account the properties of the plant-climatic zones of Ukraine.
In the zone of arid steppes, which includes the northern and central parts of the peninsula, including the Kerch Peninsula, the most widespread are southern chernozems on loose sedimentary rocks, meadow-chernozem steppe soils, and southern carbonate chernozems on dense rocks.
The coastal territories of this soil zone are represented by solonetzes and solonchaks, as well as meadow-steppe complexes of chestnut soils. The foothill steppe is dominated by such Crimean soils as southern foothill chernozems and soddy-carbonate soils, and in the foothill and mountain forest-steppe - foothill types of chernozems, soddy-carbonate and brown steppe soils.
In the zone of mountain forests, brown mountain forest soils develop under oak and beech forests, and mountain forest soils develop under pine forests.
On the yailas, that is, in the zone of mountain steppes and meadows, mountain-steppe leached chernozems, humus-carbonate and mountain-meadow chernozem-like soils, which are distinguished by their fertility, are common. An extremely varied picture of soil composition is observed in the coastal zone of the southern slope of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains. However, the most widespread here are brown, brown-solonetzic and brown steppe soils on clay shales, as well as brown and brown steppe and brown solonetzic and solonchak soils.
There are also brown mountain-forest soil types. Crimea has the richest and fertile soils- These are southern chernozems on loose soil-forming rocks, their defining characteristic is the deep occurrence of the salt horizon, as well as meadow soil types. The poorest in composition are considered to be underdeveloped rocky ones at the outcrops of dense rocks and salt marshes.
Girsky Krim occupies a small territory, but
The diversity of the climate increases the diversity of its soil.
I'll twist it.
In the Peredgirsky districts and on the Girsky skhila we graze up to the height
400-450 m above the level of the sea is wider sod-carbonate girsko-
forest-steppe soils. The complex with them is wider siri girsko-li-
Sostep soils, which were formed under chagarnik and herbal
that vegetation on the skhila of the flooded and flooded expo-
tions.
The main type of primers of the Girsky Krim is important: storms
Gorsko-forest soils. The stinks were formed on the deluvium and eluvial vapors.
nyakiv.
What is the condition of Crimean soils?
clayey shales, sand rocks and other rocks and occupy
belt of beech, oak and moss forests from 400 to 800-850 m above
equal to the sea.
On the coast of the Black Sea (PBK) on skhila up to an altitude of 300-
350 m above the level of the sea and at sunset in the area of Sevastopol in the minds of the subtropical climate were formed brown soils, like ma-
there is a great supply of living speeches and friendly physical authorities -
vosti.
They are used for the cultivation of subtropical crops,
grapes, tyutyun, efirool and other crops.
On the plateaus (yayls) of the head skein of the Crimean mountains under
molded by the rays of girsko-rayon black earth
ground, how to use vicor to lose thinness.
Carpathian brown earth-forest province has a vertical ter-
I appreciate the clarity, which sums up the vertical zonality of the alpine
and ground cover.
Occupy the largest area in the province brown soils are sour, For
which is characteristically low in the presence of removed bases (4-8 mg-eq per
100 g of soil) and high acidity (pH = 4.6-4.8).
In tsikh soils
The nitrification process is not carried out and therefore is low in nitrogen.
The world has an increase in absolute altitude and is warm (lower mountain)
to the cold alpine zone (up to 1800 m above the sea level)
Instead of humus it increases from 2 to 9%.
The main approaches to the increase in the productivity of brown earth soils
є watering, adding mineral supplements, feeding
of all leguminous crops, the system of protierosic inputs
The middle of acidic burozems is wider sod-brown earth soils,
which emerge from the first appearance of the turf horizon and
more instead of humus.
On the plots of the humpbacked Peredkarpattya (Chernivetska, Ivano-
Frankivsk, Lviv region) in the minds of the vastly warm zone
have taken shape brown-podzolic soils. In the profile of this soil there is clearly
a white eluvial horizon is visible.
All soils of Peredkarpattya are acidic (pH = 4.4-5.4), dark
national water, physical, thermal and agrochemical power.
By method
improvement of their capacity to carry out drainage robots, vaping,
fertilization with organic and mineral fertilizers,
You can combine it with leguminous herbs.
In Transcarpathia and other areas of the Carpathians (at an altitude of up to 450-
500 m) wide Podzolic-brown earth acidic surface gleyed
ground. The stench is also due to high acidity (pH = 4.2-4.8), low
saturation with basics (30-60%), low content of humus (2-
3%) and living elements (div.
map diagrams at the station 238-240).
Rozdil 21
SOIL OF GIR REGIONS
Georgian landscapes are found on all continents of the earth
coolies According to B. G. Rozanov (1977), the Georgian territories occupy
30.65 million km2 or 21% of land. The largest share is in Asia (47%) and Southern America (45%). Significantly less in Africa (24%), Pivden-
from America (23%) and Europe (20%). In Australia and on the islands
Ocean mountains occupy less than 9% of the territory.
Formation and expansion of soils in the Girsky districts in a row -
forged by the law of vertical zonality - soil zones grow-
Vanya at the sight of the belts.
The variety of relief forms, lithological composition of surface sediments, as well as climatic conditions and vegetation, combined with centuries-old human activity, have led to the exceptional diversity of the soil cover of Crimea.
In the steppes, under fescue and forb-feather grass vegetation on loess and loess-like loams, southern chernozems were formed. The total thickness of the humus horizon of chernozems is 55 – 70 cm; of which 25–40 cm falls on the upper humus-carbonate horizon. The humus content in the arable layer does not exceed 3% on average. These soils are the best on the peninsula.
Currently, the southern chernozems are irrigated and used for all zoned agricultural crops, including orchards and vineyards.
In the southwestern and western parts of Crimea, chernozems formed on Pliocene red-brown clays are widespread. In their structure and thickness they are very close to southern chernozems. The humus content in them is also about 3%. The high agricultural production qualities of these soils allow them to be used for growing crops.
In the steppe Crimea, mainly in the transition zone from the Sivash lowlands to the elevated central steppe, solonetsic chernozems formed on loess-like rocks. Most often they are found in flat areas, less often in depressions and on gentle slopes. The humus content in them ranges from 2.3 to 3.7% with an average value of 2.9%.
In the most depressed part of the Sivash region, meadow-chestnut soils were formed. All of them are solonetzic and occur in complexes with solonetzes. Among them there are weakly, medium and strongly solonetzic varieties.
On the surface of floodplain terraces and elevated areas of ancient deltas, as well as in depressions where groundwater is at depths of 3–8 m, meadow-chernozemic soils have formed. They are underlain by sandy-clayey alluvial deposits, loess-like anthropogenic and Pliocene red-brown clays. These soils are characterized by a large thickness of the humified part of the profile, reaching 80–150 cm. The average humus content in it is 3.4%, with fluctuations from 2 to 6%. Down the profile its quantity decreases, but it penetrates relatively deeply (up to 150 cm).
The water-physical properties of these soils are quite favorable for growing crops.
Chernozem soils are quite diverse in their mechanical composition. Among them there are medium loamy, light clayey, medium clayey, and among the foothill chernozems the largest area is occupied by carbonate chernozems - over 110 thousand hectares. About 14 thousand hectares are occupied by leached chernozems and less than 10 thousand hectares are occupied by solonetzic chernozems. The latter formed on heavy saline clays. The thickness of the humified part of the profile in them can reach 90–100 cm. Solonetz chernozems are characterized by high total alkalinity and low water permeability. When wet they are viscous and sticky and can float, but when dry they compact, crack and spray. To increase fertility and improve the water-physical properties of these soils, it is advisable to add organic and mineral fertilizers, as well as gypsum, which reduces alkalinity.
In some places, brown underdeveloped skeletal soils have formed in the foothills. Their thickness does not exceed 20–30 cm.
Brown mountain steppe soils are used for orchards and vineyards, essential oil and field crops, tobacco, etc. Areas with poorly developed skeletal soils and bedrock outcrops serve as pastures.
In the river valleys - the main areas of intensive fruit growing in the foothills - meadow chernozem-like soils have formed. The soil-forming rocks in river valleys are alluvial clay or loamy deposits, which intersperse with pebbles and sands. These soils are characterized by high potential fertility, significant thickness of the humus horizon with a humus content of 2.8 to 4.9%. The easily soluble layers in them are highly leached. Salinization is observed only in areas where mineralized groundwater emerges.
Thanks to the high potential fertility and favorable conditions irrigation without preliminary reclamation measures, these types of soils are the best for the development of gardening in the foothills. All the river valleys here are surrounded by greenery of gardens and vineyards.
On a large area, alluvial-meadow and meadow-chernozem soils for a long time were left under black fallow and occasionally sown with grasses, which worsened their structure and reduced the amount of organic matter. To restore the fertility of these soils, it is necessary to add organic fertilizers or sow grass (with irrigation). The best mineral fertilizers for them are nitrogen and phosphorus.
On the southern coast of Crimea, brown gravelly soils of dry forests and shrubs are developed up to an altitude of 300 - 500 m. They are represented by carbonate, non-carbonate and solonetzic varieties.
Brown soils were formed in a dry Mediterranean climate under low-growing tree and shrub vegetation - fluffy oak, hornbeam, wild pistachio, juniper, pine tree and other xerophytic species - on parent species of different properties. Soils that formed on limestones and their weathering products are often reddish in color, which is why they were previously called red-brown soils or red soils on limestones. Small areas of these soils are found throughout the South Coast west of the village. General's. Their largest areas are located in the area of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, on Cape Ai-Todor, near Miskhor, Bolshoy Mayak, and Gaspra. They are also found on the Chersonesos peninsula, in the outskirts of Sevastopol and Balaklava.
Sometimes among brown soils there are saline varieties formed mainly on clay deposits. Such soils have a limited distribution and are found only in the eastern part of the Southern Coast (the area of Cape Meganom, the village of Solnechnaya Dolina, east of Sudak). It was here that in the depressions of the relief solonchak soils were formed, among which one can see minor spots of solonetzes and solonchaks. Soil salinity is caused by the presence of easily soluble salts in shallow groundwater. On hot summer days, whitish salt efflorescence appears on the surface of saline soils, which is formed by pyrite and other sulfur minerals. The same efflorescence of salts can be seen in places where saline groundwater comes to the surface.
Due to landslides and landslides, intense erosion processes and, especially, centuries-old human economic activity, the soil cover on the South Coast has changed significantly. Deep loosening and plantation plowing were accompanied by constant mixing of soil layers, changes in the structure of genetic horizons and their mechanical and chemical composition, which led to the formation of cultivated soil types.
The soil cover of Crimea is highly diverse. This is due to the specific manifestation of horizontal and vertical zonation of soils under a complex combination of geological, geomorphological, hydrological and climatic conditions. Zoning in the lowland Crimea has the opposite character, which is associated with a general increase in terrain and a change in climatic conditions towards the south.
The broad zones on the plain include the dry North Crimean steppe, the Southern Crimean steppe, and the Southern Kerch steppe.
Dry North Crimean steppe. It includes Krasnoperekopsky, Dzhankoysky, most Razdolnensky, the northern part of Pervomaisky, the Sivash part of the Nizhnegorsky, Sovetsky and Kirovsky districts.
The soil-forming rocks in most of the territory are heavy yellow-brown loess-like loams and light clays of aeolian-deluvial origin.
In the southern, more elevated part of the zone, dark chestnut, weakly and moderately solonetzic soils predominate, which are found in continuous massifs and in the form of complexes with solonetzes. These soils, most common in the dry steppe zone, contain 2.1-2.2% humus in the arable layer. On planted soils, the amount of humus in the upper horizon is reduced to 1.6-1.8%. The granulometric composition is predominantly light clayey, coarse silt-silt. The reaction of the soil solution in the humus horizon is neutral or slightly alkaline, and in the illuvial-carbonate horizon it is alkaline. In terms of the depth of the salt horizon, dark chestnut soils are mostly deeply saline. Salinization is of a calcium sulfate nature.
Southern Crimean steppe. It includes Krasnogvardeisky, Chernomorsky, Saki, the southern part of Razdolnensky, most of Pervomaisky, Nizhnegorsky, Sovetsky, the central part of Kirov and the northern part of Simferopol districts.
In the steppe zone of Crimea largest area They are occupied by southern chernozems and southern mycelial-carbonate chernozems; in the north they are replaced by southern solonetzic chernozems.
The basis of the arable fund is made up of southern chernozems. Humus in the arable layer - 2.3-2.9%. The reaction of the soil solution is neutral or slightly alkaline. The granulometric composition of southern chernozems is light clayey, coarse silt-silty. Salinization is observed from a depth of 150-200 cm and is of a sulfate-calcium nature.
Foothill steppe and forest-steppe. They include farms in the zone of Sevastopol, Bakhchisarai, Simferopol, Belogorsk and the southern part of the Kirov districts. The foothill steppe occupies most of the Outer Ridge.
The structure of the soil cover of the foothill steppe is determined by ordinary mycelial-carbonate foothill chernozems.
Ordinary mycelial-carbonate foothill chernozems contain 2.8-3.6% humus in the arable layer. The reaction of the soil solution is close to neutral. The granulometric composition of chernozems is heavy loamy and light clayey silty-silty.
The South Coast zone occupies a narrow (2-10 km) coastal strip of the southern macroslope of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains, stretched along the Black Sea coast. It includes the lands of the cities of Yalta, Alushta, Sudak and Feodosia. The soil cover of the South Coast is dominated by brown soils of xerophytic forests and shrubs. Brown cultivated soils contain humus from 1.8 to 3.7%, while under forest - up to 6.0-9.5%. The reaction of the soil solution is slightly acidic or neutral. In soils on limestone it becomes slightly alkaline.
Soils of river valleys. In river valleys, under the influence of floodplain-alluvial processes, alluvial-meadow, chernozem-meadow and meadow-chernozem soils were formed. In the lower reaches of rivers and ravines, along with non-saline soils, meadow soils of varying degrees of salinity and alkalinity are widespread. Due to the peculiarities of soil formation, the soils of valleys and gully depressions (dry rivers) are characterized by high potential fertility.
Date of publication: 07/19/2016
The variety of relief forms, vegetation, climatic conditions, as well as the lithological structure of surface sediments with centuries of human activity have given rise to the unique diversity of the soil cover of the Crimean Peninsula.
What soils are common in Crimea?
In general, the peninsula, in addition to the mountainous part, is classified as an arid region in terms of moisture content. In the mountainous part, the moisture coefficient exceeds 1 (excessive and sufficient amount of moisture), for the central part it is 0.5 -0.7 (insufficient moisture), and almost throughout the entire territory of Crimea it is 0.5 (dry climate). In the southern arid steppe, meadow, meadow-chestnut, and dark chestnut soils are common. In the southern Crimean region there are chernozems on heavy clays, carbonate chernozems on the eluvium of limestone rocks, southern chernozems. In the foothill forest-steppe zone there are brown soils, gray mountain-forest-steppe, mountain-forest-steppe and sod-carbonate soils. On the southern slopes of the coastal zone of the main ridge there are brown soils, in the mountain-meadow soils there are mountain-meadow soils, and in the mountain-forest zone there is brown soil.
On the Crimean Peninsula, according to soil and climatic conditions, the following provinces and zones are distinguished:
- Crimean mountain region (southern slope of the Crimean mountains, yayly, Crimean mountain zone, Crimean foothill forest-steppe, Crimean foothill steppe);
- Crimean southern steppe;
- Crimean southern arid steppe.
They differ in the level of agricultural use of land resources.
In the steppe part, the soil formers are forests, eluvium of carbonate rocks, in the mountainous Crimea - shales, sandstones and their weathering products, in the foothills - heavy clays, limestone, colluvium marl, eluvium. All this contributes to the diversity of soil cover, water-physical and physico-chemical properties of soils.
A small area is occupied by southern chernozems (about 28 percent). They are slightly humified and humus-rich with a profile depth of 55-70 centimeters, and have a weak alkaline reaction of the soil solution (pH7.3-7.1). Of these, more than 90% are calcium cation, 1.4 percent sodium, 508 percent magnesium. In terms of agricultural production properties, they are much better soil steppe Crimea.
What fertile soils are common in Crimea?
Carbonate chernozems occupy a much smaller area (13%). They also have high fertility potential, but due to insufficient moisture they are drier. Agricultural crops receive high yields if the soil receives sufficient rainfall.
In the Sivash plain and the southern arid steppe, large areas are occupied by chestnut and dark chestnut soils. They have a thinner humus profile (40-60 centimeters), also contain less humus (from 2 to 3 percent), are often solonetzic and have worse physical-chemical and water-physical properties than southern chernozems.
To preserve soil fertility, measures must be taken to combat soil erosion and reclamation of saline lands.
Subject . Soils of Crimea and its area. Soil protection.
Target: continue to develop knowledge about soil, talk about the soils of the Crimean Peninsula and your area; find out what processes and phenomena negatively affect the soil; determine what measures need to be taken to protect soils and increase their fertility; continue to develop interest in the subject; develop thinking, the ability to highlight the main thing in the content of the material being studied, and draw conclusions; cultivate a caring attitude towards nature.
Expected learning outcomes:
Personal: increasing motivation to learn; developing interest in new material; developing the ability to evaluate one’s own work in class (carry out reflection) and evaluate the work of other students.
Subject: know what soils are found on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula and in our area; what processes and phenomena negatively affect the soil, reducing its fertility; to form a belief in the need for soil protection and restoration;.
Meta-subject (UUD, formed in the lesson):
Regulatory: be able to independently identify a cognitive goal, independently search and highlight necessary information; plan work in the lesson.
Cognitive: ability to highlight necessary information, identify cause-and-effect relationships.
Communicative: be able to justify and prove your point of view, listen carefully to your interlocutor, respect the interests of other students, and correct your mistakes.
Equipment: Soil map of Crimea, slave. Tet. "Crimean Studies" Ed. A.V. Suprychev.
Lesson type: lesson on learning new material
PROGRESS OF THE LESSON
1. Org. moment
2. Update background knowledge
Poll on the topic of the last lesson
Motivation for educational and cognitive activities
Learning new material
1. Using the soil map of Crimea, determine what soils are found on the territory of the Crimean peninsula.
2. During the lesson, fill out the table Types of soils in Crimea
| Soils | Color | Location | Fertility |
In Crimea there are more than400 types of soils , and there are several thousand varieties.
You can understand this diversity if you highlight the main factors of their formation.
The general spatial background is created by bioclimatic conditions: moisture conditions, temperature conditions, the intensity of the biological cycle.
According to these factors, from the north of the peninsula to the mountainous Crimea - from arid conditions to conditions of sufficient moisture - there is a changedark chestnut soils (Prisivashye)southern chernozems (plain Crimea), and then - foothills (Pedgorye). In the mountainous Crimea they are widespreadbrown mountain forest soils . On the southern macroslope of the mountains, as well as in the southwestern part of the Foothills (Sevastopol-Bakhchisaray),brown soils .
These types of soils can be calledzonal. They occupy large areas, elongated in stripes (in accordance with hydroclimatic and landscape zoning).
Dark chestnut soils, formed in an arid climate, they are characterized by a dark gray with a brown tint to the humus horizon and a blocky-silty-powdery structure. The humus content in these soils is low - 2-3%, which is due to the low diversity of vegetation, low biomass, weak development of microbiological processes, and rotting processes.
Hu m u s (from Latin humus - earth, soil) - humus, the main part of the organic matter of the soil, usually colored dark color. Soil fertility largely depends on the content and composition of humus.
Southern chernozems, those located to the south, in more humid landscapes, are characterized by a dark shade of the humus layer, a humus content of up to 4.5%, and a greater thickness of the humus horizon - up to 1 m.
Under natural conditions, the structure of these soils is lumpy-grained, but when plowed, it becomes blocky-silty.powdery. Agricultural use of southern chernozems, accompanied by plowing, irrigation and other active forms of impact, leads to a deterioration in their properties.
Thus, the amount of humus over the past decades has decreased to 2.5%, the structure of the soil has been disturbed, and in some areas alkalinization occurs (compaction, decrease in soil fertility, etc.).
Properties similar to southern chernozemsfoothill chernozems , common in the foothills. However, they are characterized by a slightly higher humus content and a greater thickness of the humus horizon.
INmountainous Crimeaunder beech, oak, hornbeam and other forests there arebrown mountain forest soils, having light yellow and brown shades of the humus horizon.
They are formed with sufficient moisture and a long warm period, which ensures the active decomposition of primary minerals, clay formation, and the removal of easily mobile products, including carbonates, from the profile.
The humus content varies widely depending on the type of forest and soil-forming rocks: under beech forests - up to 6-9%, under sparse oak forests - 2-4%.
Narrowcoastal strip on the south coast(from 1 to 6-7 km - up to a height of 300-400 m) occupybrown soils. They have a brownish color of the humus horizon and are relatively thick.
The zonal pattern of soil cover is complicated by other factors.
INNear Sivash, on the low-lying coast of the Karkinitsky Bay and on the Kerch Peninsulawhen groundwater occurs close to each other,salt marshes .
Dissolved salt particles rise with water to the surface, where the water evaporates and the salt remains, forming a white crust. Such processes often occur during irrigation if the amount of water exceeds the norm.
Along the river valleys formedmeadow-chernozem And meadow-chestnut soils (the latter are common in the Sivash region).
These areas were often flooded flood waters, which led to the activation of biomass growth and microbiological processes.
Meadow soils are characterized by a thick humus horizon and high fertility.
Specific soils formed oni y l a h. It has a humid and cool climate, corresponding to the landscapes of beech forests in the mountains Western Europe. However, most of the atmospheric precipitation due to karst cracks goes into the limestone strata and is not used by plants. Therefore, the actual moisture content here is much lower. This circumstance, as well as the carbonate base, contribute to the formation of steppe and forest-steppe vegetation, which is characterized bymountain meadows Andmeadow-steppe chernozem-like soils. They have a higher humus content - up to 10-15%.
3. Which of them are the most fertile?
4. What soils are common in our area?
Dark chestnut soils;
Solonetzes and solonchaks;
Southern chernozems;
5. What crops can be grown in the soils of our area?
6. What processes and phenomena have negative impact on the soil, reducing its fertility?
7. What measures can you propose to protect soils and increase their fertility?
Consolidation of the studied material:
What new have I learned?
What did you learn during the lesson?
I understand what?
I concluded that...
Lesson summary (grading)
Homework: learn notes,
Review the topic “Weather” and “Soils”, prepare for testing
Literature sources:
1. Textbook on “Crimean Studies”, grade 8, ed. A.V.Suprychev.
2. Workbook on “Crimean Studies”, grade 5, ed. A.V. Suprychev
4. http://krymology.info/index.php/Soils_of Crimea.
