Interjections examples. Interjection in Russian. Updating of reference knowledge
In the 18th century, French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau said: “To exist is to feel.” There are special words in the language that express a wide variety of feelings. These are interjections. In this lesson you will learn all about interjections as a special part of speech. You will also learn how interjections are written and what punctuation marks are used to distinguish them.
Topic: Interjections
Lesson: Interjection as a part of speech. Hyphen in interjections
Interjection- a special part of speech, not included in either the independent or auxiliary parts of speech, which expresses various feelings and motives, but does not name them.
For example: oh, ah, hurray, ba, my God, etc.
Features of interjections:
· are not grammatically related to other words;
· do not answer questions;
· do not change;
· are not members of the proposal;
Unlike functional parts of speech, interjections serve neither to connect words in a sentence nor to connect parts of a sentence.
Based on their origin, interjections are divided into non-derivative and derivative
· Non-derivative interjections do not correlate with words of other parts of speech and usually consist of one, two or three sounds: a, oh, uh, ah, oh, oh, wow, alas. This group also includes complex interjections like ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh and so on.
· Derivative interjections formed from words of other parts of speech:
a) verbs ( hello, goodbye, guess what?);
b) nouns ( Fathers, guard, Lord);
c) adverb ( quite, full);
d) pronouns ( same thing).
Derived interjections also include words of foreign origin ( hello, bravo, bis, kaput).
According to the structure, interjections can be:
· simple, that is, consist of one word (a, oh, oh, alas);
· complex, i.e. formed by combining two or three interjections ( ay-ay-ay, oh-oh-oh, fathers of light);
· composite, that is, consist of two or more words (alas and ah; same thing; here you go; here you go again).
Types of interjections by meaning:
· emotional interjections express, but do not name feelings, moods (joy, fear, doubt, surprise, etc.): oh, oh-oh-oh, alas, my God, fathers, those times, thank God, as if it were not so, ugh and etc.;
interjections that express motivation to action, commands, orders: well, hey, guard, kitty-kiss, out, shoo, march, whoa, come on, sh-sh, ow;
· etiquette interjections are the formulas of speech etiquette: hello(those), hi, thank you, please forgive me, all the best.
Interjections include, but do not include, words denoting instant actions ( bang, clap, slap, etc.), as well as words imitating various sounds and voices of animals and birds ( tra-ta-ta; boom Boom Boom; Meow meow; Bow-wow; ha-ha-ha, etc.).
Interjections are used in colloquial speech and in artistic style to express the author's emotions or convey the mood of the hero of the work.
Sometimes interjections become independent parts of speech, and they take on a specific lexical meaning and become a member of the proposal.
For example: "Far away it thundered" hooray».
Fee – Alas And Oh.
Homework
Exercises No. 415–418. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.
Task No. 1. Read it. Pay attention to the intonation with which interjections are pronounced. Write down the sentences in the following sequence: 1) sentences with emotional interjections; 2) sentences with incentive interjections. Indicate shades of emotions and motivations.
1. Ah! Damn Cupid! And they hear, they don’t want to understand... 2. Well! Guilty! What a deal I gave to the hook. 3. Oh, the human race! it has become forgotten that everyone must climb there himself, into that little box where one can neither stand nor sit. 4. I'm sorry; I was in a hurry to see you as soon as possible, I didn’t stop by home. Farewell! I'll be there in an hour... 5. Ah! Alexander Andreich, please, sit down. 6. Eh, Alexander Andreich, it’s bad, brother! 7. Hey, tie a knot for memory; I asked to be silent... 8. The women shouted: hurray! and they threw caps into the air! 9. Ah! My God! Fell, killed! 10. He tightened the reins. Well, what a miserable rider. 11. Ah! Evil tongues are worse than a gun. 12. Hey! Filka, Fomka, well, catchers! 13. Eh! Brother! It was a nice life back then. 14. Hello, Chatsky, brother! 15. Well, I cleared away the cloud. 16. Wow! I definitely got rid of the noose: after all, your father is crazy... (A. Griboyedov)
Task No. 2. In the examples from A. S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” highlight the words, phrases and sentences that act as interjections.
1. God be with you, I remain again with my riddle. 2. Have mercy, you and I are not guys: why are other people’s opinions only sacred? 3. Prince Peter Ilyich, princess, my God! 4. And a gift for me, God bless him! 5. “I’ve finished it.” - “Good! I covered my ears." 6. And the ladies?.. May God grant you patience - after all, I myself was married.
Didactic materials. Section "Interjection"
Didactic materials. Section “Onomatopoeic words”
3. Culture of written speech ().
Culture of writing. Interjection.
Interjection. Encyclopedia Around the World.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts, 8th ed. – M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
An interjection is a special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings and motives. Interjections are not included in either independent or auxiliary parts of speech.
Examples of interjections: au, ah, oh, well, ah-ah, alas.
Interjections can express various feelings and moods: delight, joy, surprise, fear, etc. Examples: ah, ah, ba, o, oh, eh, alas, hurray, fu, fi, fie, etc. Interjections can express various motives: the desire to drive out, stop talking, encourage speech, action, etc. Examples: out, shh, tsits, well, well, well, hey, scat, etc. Interjections are widely used in conversational style. In works of fiction, interjections are usually found in dialogues. Do not confuse interjections with onomatopoeic words (meow, knock-knock, ha-ha-ha, ding-ding, etc.).
Morphological characteristics
Interjections can be derived or non-derivative. Derivatives were formed from independent parts of speech: Drop it! Sorry! Fathers! Horror! etc. Compare: Fathers!
Oh my God! (interjection) - Fathers in service (noun). Non-derivative interjections - a, e, u, ah, eh, well, alas, fu, etc.
Interjections do not change.
Examples of interjections
Oh, my head is burning, all my blood is in excitement (A. Griboyedov).
Ay, guys, sing, just build the harp (M. Lermontov).
Bah!
All familiar faces (A. Griboyedov).
Alas, he does not seek happiness and does not run from happiness (M. Lermontov).
Well, master,” the coachman shouted, “trouble: a snowstorm!” (A. Pushkin).
Hey, coachman, look: what’s that black thing there? (A. Pushkin).
Well, well, Savelich! That's enough, let's make peace, it's my fault (A. Pushkin).
And there, there: this is a cloud (A. Pushkin).
Syntactic role
Interjections are not parts of sentences. However, sometimes interjections are used in the meaning of other parts of speech - they take on a specific lexical meaning and become a part of the sentence:
Oh honey! (A. Pushkin) - the word “ah yes” in the meaning of the definition.
Then there was an “ay!” in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - the word “ay” in the meaning of the subject. Morphological analysis
Interjections are peculiar signs indicating certain feelings. What distinguishes them from significant parts of speech is that they express emotions and expressions of will, but do not name them.
“Bah! All the faces are familiar!” - Chatsky exclaims, seeing the whole company in full force. Interjection “Bah!” expresses the surprise of the hero who, many years later, finds the same people with the same views on life and the same attitude.
Interjections - examples
Most often, interjections are morphologically unchangeable complexes of sounds, which are short cries (or screams) pronounced by a person involuntarily: ah! Ouch! O! eh! etc. It is the nature of these words that allows us to attribute their appearance in people’s speech to the most early periods in the history of mankind, when our ancestors, having united into a certain group, decided to exchange opinions. Numerous studies by linguists indicate this.
So, Vinogradov V.V. in his fundamental work “Russian Language”, he argues that interjections, although they do not have the function of naming, have “a semantic content realized by the collective.” This means that each interjection in a given language community has a strictly defined meaning. Each interjection has its own lexical meaning and expresses a certain feeling or expression of will.
For example, the word “Tsyts!” expresses a prohibition, an order to stop something, and “wow!” - astonishment. In addition, the “antiquity” of the origin of interjections is indicated by the fact that they are not included in the system of parts of speech and there are no syntactic connections between them and other words in sentences.
Tatiana ah! And he roars. (Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”).
It is very interesting to trace the appearance of interjections in works of ancient Russian literature: in the “Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh” there is a “Letter to Oleg Svyatoslavich”, which begins with the words: “O I, long-suffering and sad!” But this is the 11th century! In “The Tale of the Murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky,” during the murder itself, Bogolyubsky, addressing his enemies, exclaims: “Oh, woe to you, dishonorable ones!...”. In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (translation by D.S. Likhachev), both the author of the chronicle, Prince Igor, and Yaroslavna use the same interjection “Oh!” in various situations.
And Igor said to his squad:
“Oh my squad and brothers!
It’s better to be killed..."
O Boyan, nightingale of old!
O Russian land! You're already over the hill!..
Oh, moan to the Russian Land,
Remembering the first times
And the first princes!..
Yaroslavna cries early in Putivl on her visor, saying:
“Oh wind, sail!..”
Consequently, we are dealing with quite ancient linguistic units when talking about interjections, as ancient as the first chronicles in which interjections were used. The following examples can be given.
1. By meaning, three main groups of interjections can be distinguished: emotional, imperative, interjections associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech. Let's consider them in accordance with this classification.
Emotional interjections express the speaker’s emotional reaction to what is happening or to the speech of his interlocutors, his attitude to perceived impressions and their assessment. In the story “Men” by Chekhov A.P.: “My fathers!” - Olga was amazed when they both entered the hut.” This group of interjections is the most numerous; it is accessible even to the smallest (in height and age) native speakers. A child who has barely learned to pronounce sounds, unpleasant smell will say: “Ugh!”; when he feels pain, he will say: “Oh!” The hero of the famous comedy “The Diamond Arm” on a narrow street in the Turkish capital had to fall and say the password: “Damn it.” This is also an emotional interjection. How often do we use the following phrase: “Ugh, I wish I could jinx it!”, where the word “ugh” is an emotional interjection. This group of interjections represents the most primitive linguistic construction.
Imperative interjections express an expression of will, a call or encouragement to action. As a rule, this is an appeal to the interlocutor with a proposal to perform this or that action, used in the imperative mood:
Here, take this (hands him a cap and a cane) - Khlestakov in N.V. Gogol’s comedy “The Inspector General.”
Tsits! - Grandfather Grishak knocked. (Sholokhov M.A. “Quiet Don”).
Only the call denotes the imperative interjection “Hey!” And the interjection “well” in combination with the accusative case of the pronoun you expresses disdain and the desire to get rid of something: “Come on!” This type of impulse is used in relation to animals: kitty-kiss, chick-chick, atu, which indicates the primitiveness and some kind of primitiveness of interjections.
The third group of interjections associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech includes remarks containing generally accepted greetings, formulas of gratitude, apologies: thank you, hello, goodbye, sorry, etc.
"She ran to the gate
- Goodbye! - she shouted. (Chekhov “House with a Mezzanine”).
2. The last group of interjections is of particular interest in connection with compliance and non-compliance with the norms of speech etiquette. In everyday life, in the school environment, in virtual communication and when using mobile communications, the norms of speech etiquette are changing imperceptibly but surely.
In order to prove this, I conducted a survey among my peers - ninth graders, in which 32 people participated.
To the first question of the questionnaire, “Do you often use interjections in your speech such as “oh”, “hey”, “Lord”, “fu”, “damn it” and others?” absolute number respondents answered: “Often” (18 people – 56%);
The use of emotional interjections in the speech of my peers is associated with various school situations. So, I invited the guys to play up the situation of getting a good grade - such a pleasant event! How do ninth graders react to it?
In first place in terms of frequency of use is the interjection “hurray!”, used by 11 people (34%);
In second place is the English “yes!”, this barbarism is very popular in expressing Russian emotions (4 people - 12%).
In third place is our native “wow!” (3 students - 9%).
But below the “prize pedestal” are the words “nice”, “wow!”, about which Mikhail Zadornov makes satirical comments. Quite often you can hear these words from the lips of students. I asked the teacher in English, what they stand for turns out to be a statement with special agreement.
The words “cool”, “cool”, “super”, which are heard, including on TV screens, are also included in the vocabulary of my peers. But this is already a bias towards slang; I have a negative attitude towards such words.
But the answers to the next question smack of our local flavor; the typical Transbaikal word “but” sounds like a positive answer to any question.
Have you prepared your homework?
- But…
-Have you cleaned the room?
- But…
12 people answer this way, although they know that they should say “yes” in this case; both “yes” and “but” - 3 people; only “yes” - 16 people.
Imperative interjection “Hello!” (meaning “speak, I’m listening to you”) is often used in oral speech, but many do not know how to write it: at my request, the guys had to write “hello”: 9 people made mistakes (that’s 28%). Consequently, one must be able not only to pronounce interjections, but also to write them correctly.
Of particular interest to me was the use by my peers of interjections associated with the use of etiquette norms in speech. These words, together with gestures, are like windows through which we can not only hear each other, but also see each other. It’s easy to see how difficult it is to vigorously stamp your foot on the floor and say a friendly “hello” or, waving your hand hopelessly, to say an enthusiastic “ah!”
Thus, gesture as a means of communication is of interest to the researcher. We can often determine a person’s mood by the intonation of a greeting.
So, coming to school in good location spirit, our ninth-graders say “hello” - in 29 cases (out of 32), “where necessary, I always say” - 1 person, “rarely” - 2 people. In the same question, other interjections of this group were also mentioned: “thank you”, “goodbye”. As follows from our survey, the norms of speech etiquette are fully used by my peers.
And one more, in my opinion, interesting fact– along with observing etiquette standards, the guys use the interjection “hey!” — 4 people without explanation of the situation; 7 people do not speak or speak rarely; and here most of(21 people! 66%) readily describe situations when this interjection is used. “The interjection hey!, which we hear from a person who knows you, but does not want to call you by name, already sounds like an insult,” wrote theater theorist N.V. Kasatkin. This is exactly how this interjection is used when addressing their friends, relatives, acquaintances who did not catch their name, 14 people. (Therefore, after processing the questionnaires, I had to explain to the guys that they were doing the wrong thing). When addressing a stranger their age, 7 guys say “hey”.
Thus, when conducting such a survey, I was able to verify that it is impossible to imagine live speech without intonation. The role of intonation is especially enhanced in interjections, which are devoid of lexical meaning.
F. Delsarte argued that in terms of richness of intonation, interjection ranks first among all parts of speech. It is precisely the underestimation of the role of intonation that explains the fact that for a long time interjections were mixed by some linguists with reflexive cries (reaction to pain, fear, surprise, etc.).
3. And the real treasury of interjections, in addition to living (everyday) speech, is, of course, literature. Works of art are replete with interjections, which are a fact of direct live communication and are therefore short and concentrated. They give the characters’ speech emotionality, naturalness and national flavor.
Even the great Cicero said: “Every movement of the soul has its natural expression in the voice...” The space of interjections in the works of Gogol N.V., Tolstoy L.N., Chekhov A.P., Ostrovsky A.I., Gorky A. is infinitely rich. M. - you can’t count them all.
I decided to analyze the use of interjections in a comedy that I recently studied and which I really liked - “The Minor” by D.I. Fonvizin.
The ambiguous interjection “ah” adorns almost every page of the comedy. Having learned that Mitrofan “languished” until the morning, Prostakova, blinded by maternal love, exclaims: “Ah, Mother of God!” And during the lesson, when Mitrofan insults Tsyfirkin, Prostakova remarks: “Oh, Lord, my God!” In the mouth of this “despicable fury”, a man without a soul and heart, these interjections sound blasphemous.
Having learned that the serf girl is sick and is lying down, the same Prostakova conveys her indignation with the same interjection: “Lying down! Oh, she’s a beast!” Having rushed at Mitrofan as a rival in the acquisition of Sophia’s capital, his uncle Skotinin growls: “Oh, you damn pig!” The interjection “ah,” as old as the world, in this context, conveying all of Skotinin’s indignation, gives his phrase a completely bestial connotation.
Interjection “Oh! Ouch! Ouch!" and “ah! ah! ah!” flashes in the speech of the foreigner Vralman, who is not strong in the Russian language.
The outdated interjection “ba” is pronounced by Skotinin quite often: “Bah! What does this one equal?”, “Bah! Bah! Bah! Don’t I have enough light rooms?” In the mouth of the arrogant and arrogant Skotinin, this word sounds denoting bewilderment, with a tinge of sarcasm on the part of the author.
Mitrofan, as befits a darling to whom everything is allowed, often uses imperative interjections that contain the command: “Well! And then what?" - Mitrofan answers his mother, who asks him to learn “at least for show.” In the speech of Sophia, Starodum, Pravdin, Milon, the interjection “a” is often found in different meanings: "A! you are already here, my dear friend!” - says Starodum, seeing Sophia who is waiting for him. And the interjection expresses the joy of meeting. Having received a letter from Count Chestan, Starodum again pronounces the interjection “a” in the sense of “it’s interesting what he writes.” In a dialogue with Pravdin, he says: “Oh, how great a soul should be in the state...”, conveying with this interjection wisdom in understanding the role of the tsar to improve the lives of his subjects.
We managed to count 102 interjections in a comedy so small in volume. In general, in the Russian language, interjections constitute a large and very rich layer of words in terms of the range of sensations, experiences, volitional impulses, and moods they express.
According to the “Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language”, in the modern Russian language there are 341 interjections - more than prepositions (141), conjunctions (110), particles (149). This intonation wealth must be used skillfully, because the interjection can not only be heard, but also... seen.
So, in the painting by Petrov V.G. “Hunters at a Rest”, an attentive person can hear the intonations of the drawn people, even guess the interjections they use, expressing the surprise of the young hunter; distrust, skepticism, irony of the mean; enthusiastic, boastful exclamations of a hunter - an old man.
In the same way they show us certain life situations paintings by Repin, Kramskoy, Surikov and other masters of the brush.
An amazing part of speech is the interjection, if you can even draw it. And even in the artificial language of the future Esperanto there are interjections - they are not superfluous in the vocabulary of a well-mannered person: bonan tagon! (good afternoon!), bonan vesperon (good evening!), bonvenon! (welcome!), bonvolu (please!) All people at all times in everyday life, on the stage, at school and in the army, in large audience and in private they will use interjections. After all, they are part of our life. And it is impossible to exist without interjections.
Petrukhina Oksana Vladimirovna,
Priezhikh Tatyana Pavlovna
Literature:
1. Vartanyan E.A. "Journey into the Word", M., 1980.
2. Gvozdev A.N. “Modern Russian literary language”, M., “Prosveshchenie”, 1973.
3. Collection of “Tales” Ancient Rus'", M., "Fiction", 1986.
4. Sereda E.V. Article “Ah, intonation!”, Journal “Russian Literature” 6, 2006.
5. “Modern Russian literary language”, edited by Lekant P.A., M., “ graduate School", 1982.
6. Shansky N.M., Tikhonov A.N. “Modern Russian language”, part 2, M., “Enlightenment”, 1987.
10th grade
"Unfortunate misunderstanding",
or Interjections
Lesson objectives: to awaken students' interest in interjections, to teach the appropriate use of interjections in speech, to form an attentive and thoughtful attitude to ongoing linguistic processes, and the ability to analyze linguistic phenomena.
DURING THE CLASSES
Teacher's opening speech.
Interjections are the least studied class of words in the modern Russian language. Academician L.V. Shcherba called the interjection “an unclear and foggy category”, “an unfortunate misunderstanding,” meaning the confusion of views on this part of speech. In the history of the study of interjections, two opposing concepts can be distinguished.
The first concept is associated with the name M.V. Lomonosov. It was she who laid the foundation for the scientific interpretation of interjections. A.Kh. subsequently worked in this direction. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov. These scientists consider interjections to be words, recognize these words as part of speech, study their structure, functions in speech, and the history of education. Academician V.V. made a great contribution to the study of interjections. Vinogradov. He believed that the study of interjections is important in terms of studying the syntax of living oral speech. The originality of interjections by V.V. Vinogradov saw that they serve as a subjective means of expressing emotions, feelings and are functionally close to different classes of words, occupying a special place in the system of parts of speech: this is neither a significant nor an auxiliary part of speech.
N.I. Grech, D.N. Kudryavsky, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A.M. Peshkovsky are supporters of the opposite concept, who do not consider interjections to be words and exclude them from parts of speech.
In the school course of the Russian language, interjections are considered as a special part of speech.
Updating basic knowledge. – What is the name of the section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech?
(Morphology.) – What does the concept mean?? parts of speech
(Parts of speech are the main lexical and grammatical categories into which the words of a language are distributed based on certain characteristics.) – What are these signs? (Firstly, this is a semantic attribute (generalized meaning of an object, action, state, attribute, etc.); secondly, morphological characteristics
(morphological categories of words); thirdly, syntactic features (syntactic functions of the word).) – What two groups are parts of speech divided into?
(Parts of speech are divided into independent (significant) and auxiliary.) – Which part of speech occupies a special place, not relating to either independent parts of speech or auxiliary ones?
(This is an interjection. Interjections do not name objects, signs, or actions and do not serve to connect words. They convey our feelings.)
Studying the topic of the lesson. (An interjection is a part of speech that includes sound complexes that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses. Interjections are on the periphery of the grammatical and lexical systems of the language and differ significantly from both independent and auxiliary parts of speech in their semantic, morphological and syntactic features.)
– How do you understand the expression sound complexes? (An interjection is a class of grammatically unchangeable words and phrases, which is why the concept uses the expression sound complexes.)
– So, interjections are devoid of nominative meaning. However, Academician V.V. Vinogradov noted that interjections “have a semantic content realized by the collective.” How do you understand the words of V.V. Vinogradova? (This means that each interjection expresses certain feelings and emotions, which, with the support of intonation, facial expressions and gestures, are understandable to both the speaker and the listener. For example, an interjection fi expresses contempt, disgust (Fee, what disgusting!), interjection ugh expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust (Ugh, I'm tired!) interjection hey expresses disbelief, ridicule (Hey, how tired of you!).)
– Right. The attachment of a certain content to one or another interjection is convincingly expressed in M. Tsvetaeva’s poem “Rumor”:
More powerful than an organ and louder than a tambourine
Word of mouth - and one for everyone:
Oh - when it’s difficult and ah - when it’s wonderful,
But it’s not given - oh!
What is the difference between interjections and functional parts of speech? (Unlike conjunctions, interjections do not perform the function of connecting members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence. Unlike prepositions, they do not express the dependence of one word on another. Unlike particles, they do not add additional semantic shades to words or sentences.)
– Name the morphological and syntactic features of interjections. (From a morphological point of view, interjections are lexical units that do not have inflectional forms. The main syntactic feature of interjections is that they do not interact with other words in a sentence, but can act as independent sentences. As part of a sentence, interjections always remain separately, which is emphasized by placing a comma or exclamation point on the letter.)
– Analyze the following two groups of interjections: ah, eh, oh, ha; Fathers, that's it, however. What do you think: what is their difference? (The first group of interjections are non-derivative lexemes, and the second are derivatives, i.e. formed on the basis of other parts of speech.)
– Give linguistic commentary to the following examples:
1) Oh oh oh; Oh well;
2) wow, ege-ge;
3) ooh-ho-ho;
4) wow, wow, come on.
1) Repetitions are an important grammatical means of forming interjections.
2) The repetition may be incomplete.
3) In the first part of the interjection, there may be a reversal of the vowel and consonant.
4) Individual interjections can be combined with a pronominal you, imperative plural ending those, with a verb particle -ka.)
– What phonetic features of interjections are evidenced by the following examples: yeah, wow, shoo, kys-kys, um, shh, whoa. (In interjections yeah, wow pronounced alien to the literary language [] fricative. In interjections shoo, kys-kys there is a combination alien to the Russian language ky. In interjections hmm, shh there are no vowel sounds. In interjection Whoa there is a combination of three consonants.)
– Although interjections occupy a separate position in the language system, they retain a connection with other elements of this system. How is it shown? Give examples. (Interjections can arise on the basis of significant and function words. And on the basis of interjections significant words can be formed: gasp, akanye, gasp, nook, nook etc.)
– According to semantics, scientists distinguish two categories of interjections. Try dividing the interjections below into two groups and establishing a certain pattern: bis, oh, ah, damn, ba, oh, wow, down, bravo, brr, march, let's go, fie, hurray, fathers, hello, Lord, shh, fi, away. (Interjections oh, ah, oh, wow, ah, ugh, fathers, Lord, fi, damn, bravo, hurray, brr, ba express various emotions, both positive and negative, and serve to identify a person’s attitude to reality and to the speech of the interlocutor.
Interjections bis, down, march, let's go, hello, shh, away express Various types and shades of motivation to action.)
- Right. Interjections belonging to the first group are emotional interjections; those belonging to the second group are motivating interjections. Incentive interjections also have other names: imperative, imperative. Try comparing two emotional interjections: Ouch And ba. (Interjection Incentive interjections also have other names: imperative, imperative. ba Incentive interjections also have other names: imperative, imperative. unambiguous, but interjection And ambiguous. Depending on the situation of speech and intonation, the interjection
can express a complex range of feelings: pain, fear, surprise, admiration, regret, warning, grief, joy. That's enough, well, let's go, march. (These are incentive interjections.)
– Try to guess whether the same interjection can express both emotion and motivation. Try to include interjection in various speech situations Well. (Yes maybe. Well, get out of here! Well, flowers!
In the first example, the interjection expresses motivation, in the second - surprise, admiration.) – Some linguists identify well-known sound complexes as a special category of interjections – etiquette ones: hello, goodbye, thank you, goodbye, good night, happy holidays, good health, all the best etc. The main argument of these scientists: these sound complexes convey the corresponding content in the most general, undivided form. Let's try to challenge this point of view. Let's start by thinking about whether these expressions have the semantics inherent in interjections.
(These sound complexes do not express feelings and motives, which means they do not have the semantics inherent in interjections. The main feature of interjections is the absence of a nominative meaning. Expressions like see you, all the best, good night, good morning
retain the direct nominative meanings of their components. Expressions goodbye (those), forgive (those), sorry (those), hello (those) are verbs in the imperative mood. Only in special cases, for example, the word Hello
expresses surprise, dissatisfaction:
– I won’t go to the cinema today.
- Hello, you promised. Let's take the floor Sorry). This word can express protest or disagreement:)
Should I go to the store again? No, sorry. - Well done! And now I will name several verbal complexes. You've certainly heard them: Lord my God, Mother Queen of Heaven, please tell me... What do they express?
(Feelings and emotions.) – Scientists note their structural division, phraseology, and semantic integrity. Try to continue this series of examples.
(My father, my God, the devil knows what, that’s it, it’s a waste of time, that’s a miracle, damn it, pray tell, that’s a pound, etc.)
– Make up sentences using these examples. Prove that interjections serve the purpose of saving linguistic resources. (For example, you did not expect to see or meet your friend in some place. Surprise about this can be expressed in sentences: And are you here?, How did you get here? You didn't intend to come here. Who do I see?!, or maybe with one interjection:
Bah! You can call for silence and calm down with the following sentences: Quiet please, I can't hear anything Shh!)
Practical part of the lesson.
Exercise 1. Vocabulary dictation crossword puzzle on the topic “Feelings”. The teacher reads the lexical meaning of the word, students write down the word corresponding to this lexical meaning.
Supreme satisfaction, delight. – Delight.
Feeling of strong indignation, indignation. – Anger.
The impression of something unexpected and strange, incomprehensible. – Astonishment.
A state of doubt, hesitation due to the inability to understand what is going on. – Confusion.
Feeling of irritation, displeasure due to failure, resentment. – Annoyance.
A feeling of annoyance caused by the well-being or success of another. – Envy.
A feeling of joy from pleasant sensations, experiences, thoughts. – Pleasure.
A strong objection to something. – Protest.
Expression of disapproval, condemnation. – Censure.
Task 2 . Insert suitable interjections into the table opposite the indicated values. Students were given sheets of paper with a table in which the second and fourth columns were not filled in. Interjections to choose from: ehma, chur, uh, fu, uff, oh, sha, chu, uh, uh, hy, chick, eh.
Come up with examples of using interjections in speech.
| Upon completion of the work, the table will look like this. | Interjection | No. Expressed |
interjection meaning Examples use |
| 1 | in speech | Sha | An exclamation meaning “it’s time to end, that’s enough” |
| 2 | Let's run - and sha! | Hey | Expresses distrust and ridicule |
| 3 | Hey, what did you want! | Chu | Expresses a call to pay attention to a low, unclear or distant sound |
| 4 | Chu! Something crackled in the garden. | E | Expresses bewilderment, surprise, distrust and other various feelings |
| 5 | Eh, how did you end up here? Eh, I don't agree. | Wow | Expresses surprise, appreciation, admiration and other similar feelings |
| 6 | Wow, fidget! Wow, you'll get it from your grandmother! | Chur | 1. An exclamation that demands compliance with some condition. 2. An exclamation (usually in children's games), which is forbidden to touch something or go beyond some limit. |
| 7 | Just don't touch me! It's not me! | U | Expresses reproach or threat, as well as surprise, fear and other emotions |
| 8 | Wow, how tanned you are! Ooh, shameless! | Tsyts | A shout expressing a prohibition, an order to stop something or be silent |
| 9 | Tsits, Valentin! | Eh | Expresses regret, reproach, concern |
| 10 | Eh, what can I tell you after everything! | Ugh | Expresses tiredness, weariness, or relief |
| 11 | Phew, how hard! | Ehma | Expresses regret, surprise, determination and other similar feelings |
| 12 | Ehma, I didn't expect this. | Ugh | Expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust |
| 13 | Ugh, I'm tired of it! | Oh | Expresses regret, sadness, pain and other feelings |
Task 3. Determine the part-speech affiliation of the highlighted words.
1) Justify your answer. AND I won't give you a penny. 2) AND, complete! 3) Hopes arose And
he became cheerful again. 1) Write with a pen, A not with a pencil. 2) A, 1) Write with a pen,?
Gotcha! 3) Let's go for a walk, Task 4. In offer Hurt!
try inserting various interjections.
(Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts!) Task 5. Make a linguistic commentary on the following examples:
Come on, come on, let's go to the river, go to the room. Many motivating interjections are close to forms of the imperative mood; this closeness is confirmed by the fact that interjections can acquire a plural indicator-those(completeness). Interjections can be combined with a particle-ka(take that), able to manipulate other words
(come on, go to the river, go to the room). Task 6.
Remember proverbs that contain interjections.
It’s too much for one to give it to anyone.
Ay-ay, the month of May is warm but cold.
Oh, oh, but there’s nothing to help with.
Oh, what melancholy! I wouldn’t let go of the piece from my hands, I would eat everything and sing songs.
Oh-ho-ho-ho-honnyushki, it’s bad for Afonushka to live. Task 7.
Determine what syntactic functions interjections perform in the following sentences. Comment on your answer. 2) If the guy in the mountains doesn’t Oh, if you immediately become limp and down, step onto the glacier and wilt...
(V. Vysotsky) 3) All these hee hee, ha ha, singing, cowardly talk - an abomination!
(A. Tolstoy) 4) He could not remain silent, could not smile condescendingly or get away with his disgusting"A!" – he had to say something.
(Yu. Kazakov) 5) What happened to the people -! ah-ah
(D. Furmanov) Answer.
The interjection is not syntactically related to other elements of the sentence. But in these examples, interjections act as various members of the sentence. Examples 1, 2 – predicate, example 3 – subject, example 4 – object, example 5 – adverbial. If the interjection acts as a subject and an object (examples 3, 4), then it gains the ability to have a definition. Task 8.
Linguistic scientists distinguish three groups of interjections among emotional ones:
a) interjections expressing satisfaction - approval, pleasure, joy, admiration, etc., a positive assessment of the facts of reality;
b) interjections expressing dissatisfaction - reproach, censure, protest, annoyance, anger, anger, etc., a negative assessment of the facts of reality;
Try to give as many examples as possible for each group of interjections.
A) Aha!, ay!, ah!, bravo!, oh!, hurray! etc.;
b) a!, ah!, here's another!, brr!, fie!, fu!, eh! etc.;
V) bah!, fathers!, mothers!, well, well!, so cranberry!, just think!, alas!, hmm! etc.
The same interjections, depending on the expression of emotions, are included in different groups. These are interjections a!, ah!, ay!, oh!, oh!, fu!, eh! and etc.
Find interjections in the following sentences and determine their belonging to one group or another.
1) Someone, driving her, said over her ear: “Oh, my eyes!” singing, cowardly talk - an abomination!
2) Oh, turn them back! – the nervous lady moaned. - Ugh, how stupid you all are! (A. Kuprin)
3) Fathers! – the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! (A. Chekhov)
4) Panteley Prokofievich busily looked at the black head sticking out of a heap of diapers, and not without pride he confirmed: “Our blood... Ek-hm. Look!" (M. Sholokhov)
5) - That's it! – Romashov widened his eyes and sat down slightly. (A. Kuprin)
Sentences 1, 4 – interjections ah, ek-um express satisfaction (admiration, pleasure) - which means they belong to the first group.
Sentence 2 – interjections ah, ugh express dissatisfaction (annoyance, anger, anger) - therefore, they belong to the second group.
Sentences 3, 5 – interjections fathers, just like that express surprise and bewilderment, therefore they belong to the third group.
Task 9. Read the interjections: ay!, let's go!, scatter!, hello!, hey!, hop!, out!, but!, guard!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh! What are these interjections?
Try grouping them. What do you think: is this possible? Incentive (imperative). These interjections can be combined into two groups: interjections expressing a command, an order, a call to some action, etc.(come on!, scatter!, hop!, out!, but!, shh!, well!, chick!, chu!, shh!), and interjections expressing a call to respond, serving as a means of attracting attention, etc..
(ay!, hello!, guard!, hey!)
Determine what the interjections in the following sentences express. (A. Chekhov)
1) – Don’t play! - the elders waved to the musicians. (A. Chekhov)
- Shh... Yegor Nilych is sleeping. 2) – Guard! They're cutting! - he shouted.
3) Guys! It's so warm, let's go for a swim. (Vs. Ivanov)
4) – Hey! - Grigoriev shouted and waved. The cart turned into a field road and soon arrived. (V. Ketlinskaya)
5) “Well,” I said, “tell me what you need?”
(K. Paustovsky) Match the following examples: Well, ball! Well, Famusov! He knew how to name guests.(A. Griboyedov). Rewrite! Quickly, come on!(Vs. Ivanov)
(D. Furmanov) In the first example, the interjection Well! is emotional, in the second – motivating.
Answer. Interjections are widely used in colloquial and artistic speech. They serve as a means of conveying a person’s varied feelings and his attitude to the facts of reality. In addition, in the works fiction they enhance the emotionality of the statement. Often interjections seem to absorb the meaning of several words, which increases the laconicism of the phrase, for example: Let it not succeed, let nothing come of it, nothing. If it succeeds - Wow! (D. Furmanov) The use of interjections conveys the characteristics of live speech, rich in emotions, gives the text liveliness, ease, and expression. Interjections play important role
in the character description.. Task 12
Have you all read the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Why do you think Repetilov’s speech is full of interjections? Repetilov, as follows from his own words, is only capable of “making noise.” His empty enthusiasm naturally results in exclamations interspersed with interjections.
(Oh! Meet him; Oh! Marvel!; ...Ah! Skalozub, my soul...)
Answer. Remember the famous Ellochka Shchukina from the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”. How many interjections does her vocabulary include? What does this indicate? Ellochka easily managed thirty words, of which three were interjections.(ho-ho!, big deal!, wow!)
. This indicates the character's linguistic and mental wretchedness. Task 13.
| Comment on punctuation marks. Students receive a table consisting of two columns. The first column contains examples. |
The second column is empty. In the second column, students write a comment. Examples
Interjections
- an important part of the Russian language. It is interjections that in many ways make speech richer, more expressive and richer - they allow you to convey emotions, feelings, and make descriptions more vivid and lively. The very definition of interjections sounds exactly like this - these are words and expressions that help express emotions, feelings and expressions of will, without defining them.
Interjections are neither independent nor auxiliary parts of speech and remain an isolated group. However, they can be classified according to several criteria.
- Derivative interjections are formed from other parts of speech and are modified forms of some words. For example, these include interjections “completely”, “tell me your mercy”, “may it be done to you”, “fathers”.
- Non-derivative interjections initially formed on their own and are not associated with any parts of speech - for example, these are “oh” and “ay”, “oh” and “ah”, “a” and “well”.
Also, interjections are usually divided according to their composition into simple, complex and compound. The meaning is very easy to understand:
- simple ones are more like sounds and consist of only one word - “oh”, “ah”, “Lord”;
- complex ones are represented by several repeated words - “oh-oh”, “well-well”, “ah-ah”;
- components include several different words and in fact they are whole expressions - “damn it”, “wow”, “please tell me”.
Another classification of interjections divides them according to their meaning in speech.
- Emotional interjections - such as “ah”, “hurray”, “oh”, “what a horror” - are needed to express certain feelings and emotions.
- Incentive interjections suggest performing some action - for example, “stop”, “have mercy”, “fly” and so on.
- Etiquette words-interjections are used in speech to express gratitude, for greetings and farewells, requests - for example, “hello” and “salute”, “merci” and “thank you”, and the like.
For derived interjections, a separate classification can be distinguished by parts of speech - depending on the word by which they are formed. There are pronominal and noun interjections, verbal interjections, interjections from conjunctions, adverbs and particles.
The peculiarity of interjections is that they are not parts of a sentence, and there are no test questions for them. These words are needed solely to emotionally express any feelings.
