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Spelling in words of different parts of speech. Soft sign after hissing ones: rules and exceptions

After the hissing ones. We will set out for you the rules that say when you should not do this and when it is strictly necessary to do it.

These rules are based on what part of speech we are talking about, in what declension and in what part of the word.

Soft sign after hissing ones - setting rule

We put a soft sign:

1. The soft sign after sibilants must be written in feminine nouns if they are singular in the nominative and

Example words: night, gap, daughter, lie, thing, baldness.

Example in a sentence: The queen gave birth that night to either a son or a daughter.

2. In verbs of the second person in the singular, subject to the present or future tense on endings after sibilants.

Example in a word: you will, you will become, you will cook, you will remember, you will believe, you will do.

Examples in sentences: If you know, if you believe, then you will be with me and will not soon stop loving me.

- xia, the soft sign is preserved. Example: you return, you strain, you intend.

3. In singular verbs, in endings after sibilants.

Example in a word: Cut! Eat it! Hide it!

Addition: If you add an ending to these verbs - xia, the soft sign is preserved. Hide! Don't be foolish!

Examples in sentences: Vadik, don’t fool around and hide!

4. In verbs that are in the imperative mood before endings - those, - those.

Example: smear - smear - smear.

Example in a sentence: Children! Do not Cry!

5. In verbs of the indefinite person, including before the ending -xia.

Example words: oven - bake, lie down - lie down.

Example in a sentence: These rivers take a long time to flow.

6. In adverbs it is necessary to enter a soft sign after the hissing ones at the end of the word.

Example: All at once, at a gallop, backhand, wide open.

Example in a sentence: He let his horse gallop, and backhanded the air with his sword.

Exceptions: I can’t bear to get married.

7. In particles with hissing endings: I mean, you see, you see, only.

Example words: I mean, just.

In a sentence: What a hooligan!

Why is it sometimes that a soft sign is not written after a hissing character?

No need to write:

1. In nominative case nouns.

Example: rook, kalach, stag, bream, knife.

Offer: A swift flew up to our window.

2. In nouns that are in the plural and genitive case.

Example: clouds, steep, shoulders, Grisha, between, puddles.

Example sentences: Unfortunately, no pears were served for breakfast today.

3. In short form.

Example: powerful, hot, good, volatile, melodious, handsome.

Offer: He was both good-hearted and handsome...

4. In pronouns with a sibilant at the end.

Examples: yours, ours.

Considering the above, the spelling of a soft sign after a sibilant differs depending on many factors - part of speech, declension, number, as well as the presence of exceptions to the rules.

Teachers junior classes Give their students rhyming versions of the rules - for easier memorization.

Rules in verse!

Nouns "many"

Nouns "my" -

We are not putting up any sign!

In verbs and adverbs

The sign is always written

And in short adjectives

We never write!

The purpose of the lesson:

1. Repeat and summarize educational material on the topic.
2. Check your level of mastery of new material.
3. Mastering algorithmic patterns of reasoning.

Equipment:

• computer,
• projection equipment,
• visibility in the form of a presentation

I. Organizational moment

II. Front work (Option 1)

1. General conversation on the studied theoretical material.

List the cases when a soft sign is written after non-sibilating consonants.

(-b is written at the end of words to indicate the softness of consonants, for example: stump, laziness [Н`])

In combination of which consonants is a soft sign written?

(- b is written in the middle of the word)

a) after a soft l, standing before any consonant, for example: sick, boy, herring;

b) after a soft consonant standing before a hard consonant, for example: Kuzma, less, struggle).

In which verbs is b written?

(- In reflexive verbs before – sya, in an indefinite form, for example: smile (verb in an indefinite form).

What do you remember about spelling adjectives?

(- In adjectives formed from the names of months with b at the end, words other than January (from January), for example: November (from November), October (from October).

How are complex numbers written?

(- In numerals denoting round tens from 50 to 80 and round hundreds from 500 to 900, after the first root, for example: seventy, six hundred).

In what combinations of consonants is a soft sign not written?

(- b is not written in a combination of consonants chn, chk, cht, chsh, nch, nshch, shchn, rch, rsch, for example: reading, chick, tip).

In what forms of the verb b is not written?

(- b is not written in reflexive verb 3l., unit, plural. numbers n.b. time).

Lesson option.

Students prepare the topic “Spelling b after consonants (except sibilants)” with homework.

The class is divided into two teams, which include children with different levels mastering the material. During the game, teams exchange tasks and solve them in the allotted time. Each question of the opposing team is answered by the member of the answering team whom the opponents choose. The team is interested in the knowledge of each of its students, which means that the strong pull up the weak. (Prepared questions are previewed by the teacher).

2. Performing exercises to consolidate the spelling of b after consonants (except for sibilants).

Selective dictation. From the text, select words with spelling and place them in two columns: one with b, and the other without b.

Our estate is especially beautiful in spring. Lilac branches cover the weight... house. On a June evening, clusters of white flowers stand out against the dark greenery. If you get up early... you can go and meet... the dawn. I get the greatest joy from communicating with nature. Every twig, every familiar path brings joy to the heart.

3. Summarizing the repetition.

III.Repetition and generalization educational material on the topic “Soft sign after sibilants in different parts of speech”

1. Preparing students for active cognitive activity in order to generalize theoretical material.

Creative task. Guess the words of the metogram

(Greek meta-“transition” + gramma-letter) replacing one letter in a word with another: gender – count – mole – ox – dol – goal.

From the third letter of the alphabet
I treat the sick.
And from the fourth
I'll fly back in the spring.

IN further work We use small genres of literature: riddles, proverbs, word games.

Guess the riddles, divide the answers into two columns

1. I am very passionate at work...
   If you touch me with your hand -
   At least cry...
2. If you give her a job... -
   The pencil was in vain...
3. Low and prickly...
   Sweet and fragrant...
   Pick the berries...
   You'll rip off your whole hand...
4. Day and night... - day and night...
5. To get married... is not to drink honey, but to shed tears.

On what basis did you divide the words into two columns?

(Words are distributed based on the presence or absence after hissing b at the end of the word)

2. -And now that we have found out that b is written after sibilants in some cases and not in others, let’s write down the topic of the lesson “Soft sign after sibilants”

3.Working with the table.(Sample of filling out the table)

4. Summing up. Graphic diagram. Generalization of the rule

Oral formulation of the rule by the teacher:

1. If you work with a verb, always write b after sibilants;
2. If it is a noun, check immediately: it must be in the nominative singular case. numbers and belong to the 3rd class, i.e. to be f.r. - write b;

1. If you have a short adjective in front of you (what?), don’t write b;
2. If you have an adverb for hissing, write b, but remember the exceptions in which there is no b: already, married, unbearable.

IV.Input of the algorithm.

What step should you take first?

(- determine what part of speech this word is).

Second step?

(-for a noun, find out which declension this noun belongs to)

If the noun is 1st and 2nd declension?

(-after a hissing b is not written, for example: clouds (1st declension noun). Rook (2nd declension noun).

If the noun has 3 declension?

(-after the hissing b we write, for example: night (3rd declension noun).

What if the word is a short adjective?

(-we don’t write after a hissing b, for example: prickly (except for an adjective).

What if it's a verb?

(-in any case, in a verb after sibilant b).

If this is an adverb (except: already, married, unbearable)

(- after a hissing word we write b, for example: away, backhand (adverb).

Generalized algorithm.

3. How can you formulate a pattern of reasoning?

Oral argument sample

Well... the sky was breathing in autumn, the sun was shining less often, the days were getting shorter (A.S. Pushkin).

(-Uzh-adverb is an exception; therefore, b is not written after w.

Graphic justification: already (?) - adverb, excl., b no

Koluch is a short adjective, therefore, after h
b is not written.

Graphic justification: mighty (?) – cr., adj., - b no

V. Consolidation.

1. Vocabulary dictation with commenting using an algorithm

Daughter..., see..., creaky..., wide open..., eat..., ray..., puddle..., stick..., beach..., pencil..., married..., supine..., guard...

2. Copy proverbs and sayings, find and graphically justify the spelling of words with the desired spelling.

1. It is not worth it…
2. Eat bread and salt... but tell the truth...
3. Good... roll... while it's hot...
4. Whatever you wish for people... you will get it yourself...

3. Selective dictation

Fill out a table consisting of 4 columns (by type of spelling) with words from the vocabulary dictation.

The class is divided into 2 groups:

4. Creative task

Form words with the desired spelling from these words by changing the form or choosing a word with the same root:

1 in: nouns; 2 in: adjectives; 3 in: verbs; 4 in: adverb.

6. Additional task:

make a logograph with words

crying - cry;

mascara - mascara

Logogryph (Greek logos - “word” + griphos - “riddle”) - the search for a hidden word and the formation of new ones from it by rearranging or throwing out individual syllables or letters: the whole is part of a tree, without one letter - a river, without two - a pronoun, without three - a preposition (crown - Rona - she - on).

Summarizing

VI. Homework:

1. Write the words in the table;
2. Learn to reason using an algorithm.

Just, you know, you see, you see

Examples for spelling warm-up: Re h b , young h and , We h w Re h , di Re h , But Re h , full Re h , before Re h , ne , We h , retu , We h , su Re h , those , We , you b. , We Kama , comrades , di , young sch , young , pay , We , headlights Re , feces , comrades , boron , young , gara , young , monta , We ,gro Re , traction Re , obru , comrades , le , comrades , ovo , comrades , pla , pla h, Re Yes , comrades , ro , comrades , matured , comrades , fire , We , roof Re , meet Re , thousand , young Sve , young , prigo , young , pogo , young , entry , young , similar , young , not good , young , similar , young , ry , young , bests , young , du , young , awkward Re , broad-shouldered Re , oho Re , lol Re , singing Re , I live Re , I'll jump Re , traction Re , I'm taking , bad luck h. , We h Teach , We h , teach Xia , We h Xia , We h , teach , wear , We h , wear , We h , carrying xia, , We h losing , We h , teach , losing , We h , sleep , We h , carrying , get some sleep familiar h m those familiar h , teach , familiar ; bro h With ; bro h , teach With ; bro h m With ; bro h bro hang on , young , you ; otre , We h Splo Re h , sunday Re h , about Re h , for example Re h , That Re h -in-th Re h , backwards , young h , Nastya , We h , naotma Re , you

, nevmo

discover

Exercise No. 2. Put these nouns in R.P. pl. h, make up phrases with the subordinating connection management.

glib

Exercise No. 4. Write down the nouns in R.P. pl. numbers

suitable occasion.

get some sleep

Exercise No. 7. Find a correspondence between phrases and synonymous adverbs with hissing, indicate the spelling.

Exercise No. 8. Fill in the columns of the table (indicate only word numbers)

1) lubricate_ 2) married_ 3) youth_4) supine_ 5) tractor_ 6) treasure_ 7) sushi_ 8) pursue_ 9) mighty_ 10) already_ 11) enter_ 12) hide_ 13) thing_ 14) fresh_ 15) skinny_ 16) violinist_ 17) completely_ 18) save_ 19) quiet_ 20) kalach_ 21) awkward_ 22) good_ 23) cottage_ 24) trifle_ 25) hidden_ ​​26) lie down_ 27) brooch_ 28) timing_ 29) hot_ 30) hard-working_ 31) luxury_ 32) brought_ 33) 34 ) speech_ 35) patronage_ 36) omniscient_ 37) electric oven_ 38) dry_ 39) pay off_ 40) false_ 41) prestige_ 42) revenge_ 43) kleish_ 44) sick_ 45) strongman_ 46) medical doctor_ 47) arbitration_ 48) brilliant_ 49) ish_ 50) smelly_

The letter ь is written to indicate the softness of a paired consonant at the end of words, For example: dove, leave, notebook, dirt, sorry, seven, horse, kitchens, apple trees, embankment, beast, paint, drink, shipyard.

Letter h , which ends the first part of a compound or compound word, is written to indicate the softness of a consonant before any letter, vowel or consonant, beginning the second part, for example: village executive committee, village council, salvage raw materials, costutil, robber army, quarter century, quarter finals, Dalenergo, Svyazinvest, Tyumen? oil.

To indicate the softness of a paired consonant before consonants, the letter “b” is written in the following cases

1. After the letter l before any consonant except l , For example: shooting, lion, foil, ice floe, slide, several, no belmes, bedroom, carefully, scalpel, waltz, coat, flatter, April, alpha, alder, mirror, boy, more, flattered .

A soft sign is not written between two l, For example: boisterous .

?sk? consonant l before the suffix – soft, so after l is written h , eg: rural, Ural, Barnaul. However, in some adjectives formed from non-Russian proper geographical names, remains solid l, and therefore h is not written, for example: Kyzyl, Yamal(along with options Kyzyl, Yamal).

2. After other consonants:

a) before letters expressing hard consonants, for example: carving, I'll take, earlier, nanny, letter, request, very, incite, witch, wedding, darkness, threshing, ugh;

Most adjectives with a suffix ?sk? consonants n And R before the suffix – hard, therefore h they do not say, for example: horse, Kazan, Tyumen, knightly, January, huntsman. However, in the following adjectives these consonants before the suffix ?sk? soft, in them after n And R is written h : day?day, June, September, October, November, December, as well as in many adjectives formed from non-Russian proper geographical names in no, For example: Tien Shan, Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun, Sichuan, Tianjin. Nouns formed with the suffix are written (and pronounced) in the same way ?ts? from the same geographical names: Kazan, Tyumen residents, But Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun and so on.

b) before letters expressing soft consonants, h it is written only in cases where in other forms of the same word or in words with the same root, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant remains soft, for example: take it(cf. I'll take it), eight (eighth), witch (witch), in the dark (dark), carving (thread), mowing (mowing), wedding (wedding), threshing (threshing), earrings (earrings), skates (skates), uncle (uncle).

3. In other cases, ь is not written after the letter representing a soft consonant, For example: perhaps, prisoner, gnaw, bones, carry, syndicate, review, early, pension, bow, if, song .

Letter h not written in consonant combinations nsch, nsch, in particular before suffixes ?chick, ?schik, ?shchin(a), for example: nurse, dandelion, cup, tip, chick; mason, bath attendant, partisan, Ryazan region.

The letter "b" as an indicator of grammatical form

Letter h written (regardless of pronunciation) in the following grammatical forms:

A) in complex numerals before ?ten And ?hundred: fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred;

In numerals fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen before ?eleven h not written.

b) in the infinitive form of the verb (infinitive) before? (same as in the infinitive of verbs without ?xia), For example: swim, have, pour, split, put on shoes, wash, laugh;

V ) in imperative forms of verbs before ?xia And ?those(same as in forms without ?xia And ?those), For example: go, weigh, back away, sit, stand, throw, meet, check ;

G) in the shape of instrumental case plural of nouns , For example: people, horses, doors, children, as well as in the form of the instrumental case of the numeral four .

After w, w, h, sch letter h written according to tradition in the following grammatical forms:

A) at the end of the nominative/accusative singular forms of feminine nouns of the 3rd declension , For example: rye, whim, mouse, falsehood, night, trifle, thing, help;

b ) at the end of the 2nd person singular of verbs of the present and future tense (after , We ), For example: carry, laugh, see, give, rush;

V) in imperative forms of verbs , For example:smear, eat, hide, cut, comfort yourself, hide, don’t wince;

G) in the indefinite form of verbs (after Re ), For example: bake, cut, pound, get carried away, get burned .

The letter ь after sibilants is also written at the end of adverbs and particles , For example: wide open, completely, backhanded, gallop, backwards, unbearably, away, completely, just, just, see, beat. Exceptions: letter h not written in adverbs married, unbearable, already, in a particle as much, and also in the preposition between .

The letter ь after sibilants is not written at the end of the following grammatical forms:

A) nominative/accusative singular nouns male 2nd declension , For example: knife, ball, ladle, raincoat;

b) genitive plural of feminine nouns of the 1st declension , For example: puddles(from puddle), clouds, galoshes, groves ;

V) short forms masculine adjectives , For example: fresh, eager, good, poor.