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What is quince and how to eat it - beneficial properties and uses of the fruit. Growing quince: tips for gardeners Quince bush or tree

Chaenomeles or Japanese quince is a shrub with beautiful flowers and healthy fruits. Previously, the species was grown for its luxurious red-orange buds covering the branches; later, breeders developed many varieties with large fruits of an unusual yellowish hue.

The plant is often called "northern lemon". Japanese quince is often found in gardens in various regions. Growing shrubs has some features that flower growers and amateur gardeners will learn about from the article.

Japanese quince: types and varieties for open ground

A little useful information about a beautiful flowering and fruiting plant:

• family Rosaceae, genus Chaenomeles;
• deciduous shrub, average plant height is about 3 m;
• homeland of Japanese quince - Country Rising Sun. Cultivated species have taken root well in different regions China and European countries;
• spatulate or ovate leaves, size - from 3 to 5 cm;
• young shoots are initially green, darken with age, becoming almost black;
• some varieties have thorns (especially wild varieties). Breeders have rid many cultivated varieties of sharp thorns on the stems;
• the buds are bright, orange-red, scarlet or deep pink with multiple stamens;
• the fruit resembles an apple with sharper edges, the seeds are brown. In cultivated varieties, the quince size reaches 8 cm in diameter or more, in wild varieties it is smaller: about 4 cm;
• Fresh fruits are tart and tough, but after heat treatment acquire a pleasant taste and delicate aroma;
• on a personal plot, Japanese quince is grown as an ornamental plant and to produce fruits rich in vitamins, minerals, and other valuable substances;
• With proper care, chaenomeles grows in one place for a long time - 30-40 years or more.

Japanese quince, photo, varieties for the garden:

• Nivali.
• Gayardi.
• Nikolai.
• Vitamin.
• Ellie Mossel.
• Pink Lady.
• Clementine.
• Citrine.
• Likhtar.
• Milardi.
• Umbilicata.
• Krasnoplodny and others.

Planting in open ground

Japanese quince tolerates replanting well if you properly prepare the soil and choose a strong seedling. The timing of placing a new specimen on the site is also different: spring and autumn.

How to choose a seedling

It is useful to contact a well-known garden center or nursery, where selection and breeding of quince have been carried out for many years, and there is a sufficient basis for growing strong, healthy plants. It is important to find a variety suitable for the conditions of a particular region.

• a good option is to buy a plant in a container;
• root system the seedling should be well developed;
• The optimal period for purchasing a decorative species is spring or autumn, before planting on the site. In May or June, experienced gardeners do not advise buying mature bushes on which buds and leaves have formed;
• a thorough examination of the roots is a mandatory step. The elements must be dense, healthy in appearance, without rot, with multiple root hairs;
• Many nurseries sell plants in which the underground part is treated with a clay “matter”.
• if there are large quantities of damaged, rotten elements on the roots, then you need to select another seedling. If there are few low-quality elements, then be sure to cut off the problematic roots with a sharp knife.

Landing dates

Quinces are planted at different times:

• end of March, until the seedlings have buds and greenery. It is important that the snow melts and the soil warms up a little. With the active movement of juices, the beginning of the growing season and flowering, the root system consumes more reserves nutrients, which interferes with rooting. Many gardeners approve of this particular method of planting chaenomeles, in contrast to the second method (autumn);
• in September, with the beginning of leaf fall, so that the bush has time to take root in a new place. It is not advisable to plant quince closer to winter: the seedling will be quite weak and poorly rooted after transplantation, which can lead to the plant freezing.

Choice of location and lighting

Japanese deciduous shrub grows and blooms well in open, sunny areas. Light partial shade is acceptable, but in this case the buds will probably be smaller.

Almost any soil with a slightly acidic reaction is acceptable, with the exception of peat soils. It is important that there are no drafts in the area. Japanese quince does not like harsh winds and swampy conditions.

The best option is to plant a bush with luxurious flowers on the south side of the house. The southwest direction is also suitable.

Note! Chaenomeles at good care It grows, reaches a height of 2.5-3 m, and enough space is needed in the future, when a small bush with multiple root shoots appears from a small seedling near a building.

Landing rules

Quince seedlings take root well on the site after planting, subject to the following rules:

• the plant has a closed root system;
• two-year-old specimens take root better than very young bushes and adult plants;
• with proper planting and good care, quince grows in one place for 40 years or more;
• when planting, be sure to fertilize not only the main soil mixture for filling the roots, but also place superphosphate, ash, saltpeter and humus in the hole for the seedling;
• the best option is to make sure that the root collar coincides with the ground level;
• for large seedlings with a developed root system, a large hole is needed so that the ends of the roots do not break off;
• For optimal quince growth and preservation of the nutrient medium, a distance of at least 50 cm is left between the bushes.

Soil preparation

It is useful to decide when you plan to plant the quince: if in the spring, then the soil is cultivated in the fall; if the tree appears on the site in September, then the substrate is prepared in the spring. You need to know the basic measures that will make the site an optimal area for growing highly ornamental plants with useful fruits.

Action algorithm:

• decide on a suitable place for planting the bush: with a sufficient level of lighting, not in a draft, on a soddy-podzolic or slightly acidic substrate, not in a lowland;
• remove all weeds with roots from the area. Before planting, make sure that harmful plants do not appear again, and if necessary, weed;
• shortly before planting the quinces, prepare a large hole: depth - 50-100 cm, width - 60 cm. It is important that the roots are freely located in the recess and do not bend in a narrow space;
• What should I cover the seedling with after planting? Of course, enriched soil. Ingredients are added to the garden soil: sand (for looseness) - 1 part and leaf humus(to increase fertility) - 2 parts;
• Mineral components are added to the soil mixture. For good growth and the formation of large flowers, it is useful to add phosphorus and potassium to the substrate (per 1 sq. m - 40 g of mineral fertilizers). Properly prepared soil, loose, well permeable to moisture and air, nutritious, with a slightly acidic environment.

Outdoor care

Chaenomeles is an ornamental plant that almost any owner can grow, even without experience in floriculture and horticulture. Care is simple; if you follow the rules, you can not only enjoy the luxurious flowering of quince, but also reap a rich harvest of healthy fruits.

Watering

Quince loves a moderately moist substrate. The soil should not dry out too much, but pools of water near the bush also harm the plant. Water the plant with warm water. To preserve liquid in the soil, especially in hot regions, it is useful to mulch the soil and the area near the tree trunk using organic components.

Feeding and fertilizer

Note:

• Most experienced gardeners advise adding a complex of mineral and organic substances directly into the hole before planting and enriching the substrate with which the roots of the seedling are sprinkled.
• With a competent approach to soil fertilization, the supply of useful ingredients lasts for a long time: the next fertilizing can be carried out only in the third year, early spring, after the snow melts. During this period, mineral components are scattered or organic matter is added in moderate quantities.
• During the period of active growing season, flowering and fruiting (summer), liquid fertilizers will be needed for plants from the Rosaceae family. You should not overfeed the bush: If there is an excess of nitrogen, brown spots appear on the leaf blades or the root system rots.

Care during and after flowering

Anyone who has ever seen the blossoming buds of a Japanese quince will remember the fantastic sight for a long time. The branches are covered with scarlet flowers, with a delicate orange or crimson tint. Large buds (up to 4 cm in diameter) open gradually, unevenly, the flowering period lasts from 2 to 3 weeks. Each shoot contains dozens of large, bright elements. In the absence of rain, bees actively pollinate flowers and the ovary forms.

During the period of bud release, the bushes are fed with fertilizers that contain increased potassium and phosphorus content. It is important that the plant receives enough light: for this reason, planting Chaenomeles in a shaded area is not a suitable option. It is useful to regularly water the bushes, periodically loosen the soil, and make sure that weeds do not sprout. If the tree trunk circle is mulched on time (in May), then drying out of the substrate and the growth of weeds is observed much less frequently.

Bush formation

Agrotechnical measures are permitted for Japanese quince upon reaching the age of 5 years. Pruning is carried out annually, then the crown will have a neat, elegant crown.

Important details:

• be sure to preserve the central shoots, horizontally located;
• root shoots and thickened branches are elements that should be removed;
• for good growth you need annual, strong shoots (at least three units);
• news growing vertically, broken branches, shoots bending to the ground are useful to trim;
• Rejuvenation of the bush is performed when the Japanese quince is eight years old. During this period, the growth of branches slows down, and it is necessary to remove old shoots that take up a lot of juice. In the spring, not only hygienic pruning is carried out, but also shoots that are five years old or more are removed;
• The event is held on a cloudy day, in the absence of rain and strong wind. The preparations Zircon, Epin, Fitosporin reduce stress levels and help the active restoration of Chaenomeles after pruning the plant. Biostimulants and immunomodulators are used according to the instructions: before or after the procedure.

Mulching

A simple agrotechnical measure maintains optimal soil moisture in the tree trunk circle. Inexpensive, high-quality organic matter is used as mulch: peat, sawdust, pine bark, crushed nut shells.

The thickness of the layer is about 5 cm. Spring mulching is carried out in May, while the soil is well saturated with water, but has already warmed up sufficiently.

In autumn, a layer of mulch is used to prepare plants for winter, after the end of the leaf fall period. To protect the roots from freezing, fallen leaves are used, a layer of about 10 cm.

Loosening

After watering, you need to wait a while for the soil around the plant to dry out a little. Next, the soil is loosened by approximately 10 cm. During the procedure, oxygen access to the root system is activated and the number of weeds is reduced. After watering and loosening, it is useful to mulch the tree trunk, especially in arid regions.

Protection from pests and diseases

Quince rarely gets sick; the main problem, as for other ornamental species, is the proliferation of fungus due to excessive watering, low air temperatures and rainy weather. If a fungus is detected, the plant is treated with a soap solution and copper-containing products are applied. Spraying and watering with Fundazol gives a good effect. After treatment, it is useful to treat the soil or green mass with biostimulants Epin, Zircon, Fitosporin. The compositions normalize the condition of the plant after the use of fungicides, acaricides, and insecticides.

Reproduction

Important details:

• Cuttings are a simple method. Young branches are cut at the beginning of summer, on a hot day without rain. The cuttings are rooted in loose and nutritious soil (sand, 1 part + peat, 3 parts), in a mini-greenhouse. It is useful to treat the lower part of the cuttings with growth stimulants: Kornevin, Zircon. Rooting occurs in a month and a half. The strengthened cuttings are transplanted to the site. When propagated by shoots, varietal characteristics are preserved.
• Chaenomeles seeds are sown in the soil before winter to carry out natural stratification. Germination is good - more than 80%. Two-year-old seedlings develop a strong root system.
• In Japanese quince, shoots actively grow near the tree trunk. The root system of the shoots is poorly developed, mini-shrubs have to be grown, but in general the method can be used if there is time for additional care of the fragile plant. Grown seedlings are dug up, young shoots are transplanted to permanent place. The optimal length of shoots for transplantation is about 15 cm, the trunk is at least 5 mm thick. It is important to water the plants on time and use natural mulch.

Harvest

Japanese Chaenomeles is not only luxurious flowers and a highly decorative bush, but also healthy fruits. Quince is often called the “northern lemon.” When fresh, the pulp is tart and sour, but after processing (compote, jam, confiture, jam) quince becomes sweet and very aromatic.

Chaenomeles fruits ripen in October. The original yellow fruits are picked unripe. The fruits are stored at room temperature, wait until the fruits are ripe. For long-term storage you will need a ventilated room with a low temperature: about +2 degrees.

Nutritious, pleasant to taste, fruits contain tannins, a rich palette of vitamins, mineral components, organic acids and sugars. In any form, Chaenomeles fruits have a high content of ascorbic acid.

Autumn care, shelter

Preparations for the onset of cold weather are carried out at the end of October-November, taking into account the period of frost onset. Be sure to mulch the area around the bush, approximately 1 m in diameter. Use thick layer fallen leaves and fir branches.

It is useful to wrap the shortened branches with a special agricultural material - spunbond to protect them from frost. If the grower grows a low-growing species on the plot or the seedlings have not had time to grow, then you can create a shelter from wooden box or cardboard box.

Wintering

“Northern lemon” can withstand moderate frosts well, but it is useful to mulch the soil to avoid problems with the root system. Some species of Chaenomeles tolerate temperatures as low as -20 degrees.

Breeders have developed many frost-resistant varieties for the Middle Zone and more northern regions. How to grow quince in the Moscow region? Does Chaenomeles tolerate temperate and harsher climates? Experienced gardeners claim that if the rules are followed, problems rarely arise, the shrub blooms and bears fruit profusely, and actively grows in breadth.

Quince in landscape design

The tall shrub looks great in single plantings. In a large garden, you can plant several plants (it is important to maintain the spacing between neighboring bushes). Interesting options for landscape decoration are obtained by combining plantings of Japanese Quince with bright, reddish-orange flowers with Forsythia, which has rich yellow inflorescences. Chaenomeles is the central part of the composition, a “self-sufficient” plant, an ideal decor against the backdrop of green grass and a neatly trimmed lawn.

Planting Japanese quince on a site is carried out taking into account the advice given in the article. With proper care and a set of simple measures, the deciduous shrub has been pleasing its owners with spectacular flowering and a harvest of vitamin-rich fruits for decades. Quince with multiple root shoots - ideal option for planting on slopes that need to be strengthened.

After watching the video, you can find out more useful information about planting Japanese Quince, as well as the rules for caring for a beautiful flowering shrub:

Those who own garden plots on private territory, tries to grow a beautiful and unusual garden.

Therefore, more and more often you can find not only pears or apple trees, but exotic plants.

These include the magnificent shrub - Japanese quince.

Origin

This is a small tree that blooms luxuriantly and emits a unique aroma.

Although this plant came to us from another country, it gets along well in many regions of Russia.

Quince has another name - Chaenomelis.

Caring for quince does not require much effort, both physical and financial. The most important thing is to fertilize the bush and prune it at the right time.

Reproduction

Seeds

Quince can be propagated by seeds easily and simply.

1. To do this, prepare the land and sow in February or early March.
2. After a week and a half, the emerging sprouts are distributed into their individual containers.
3. Seedlings are planted outside in May or June.

Are there any special features of growing during the cold season?

In winter, seedlings need to be protected from frost. Or is it better to postpone planting until next spring.

Cuttings

Reproduction by cuttings or grafting has one significant advantage - the preservation of varietal qualities.

Vaccination

A Japanese quince seedling in the spring should be grafted with a varietal cutting:

1. From the second half of summer, a shoot of a varietal plant is harvested.
2. A cut is made in the bark of the seedling in the shape of the letter T, and its edges are folded back.
3. A shoot with a bud from a varietal bush is inserted into the hole.
4. The plants are squeezed tightly, tied tightly and covered with a special varnish.

Whether the plant has taken root or not will be known after 3-4 weeks. Next spring, if everything goes well, the bud will sprout. The bandage is no longer needed; it is removed.

Quince grows very strongly with the help of root children. Thanks to them, the plant will be able to stay even on a steep slope.

Therefore, it should be divided towards the end of spring and autumn. To plant a quince from the root shoots, it must be able to reach a thickness of half a centimeter and a length of 15 cm. One bush bears about 5 children.

The disadvantage of this method of propagation is the unstable root system. Seedlings can be weak and are nursed at home. Planted plants bear less fruit, but only for the first time.

Pests

The main and frequent pest of quince is aphid. It becomes a real disaster for the plant. If it does appear, the bushes are immediately treated with products intended for this problem.

If the weather is damp and cool, the quince may be attacked fungal diseases.

When fighting these diseases it is customary to use copper-soap liquid or. Some people water the plants and treat the leaves with onion infusion.

Quince in the landscape

The plant is the leader among its flowering counterparts. It is used for landscaping parks, gardens, and squares. Quince easily tolerates urban conditions; gas pollution is not a hindrance for it. It is added to rockeries, borders, and alpine slides.

IN recent years quince is gaining great popularity. Its fruits are increasingly used in various recipes. It is an excellent decoration not only for private gardens, but also for large cities.

Properties of quince: benefits and harms

The fruits of the quince plant contain a huge amount useful substances, it is for this reason that they can cause harm to the human body.

The product can be used when:

The plant has contraindications:

• The fruits should not be consumed by people whose professions involve speech, because quince worsens the condition of the larynx.
• It is not recommended to consume the fruits for people suffering from constipation.
• The fruit is contraindicated for pleurisy.

The history of quince goes back more than four thousand years. The Caucasus is considered the homeland of quince. Here it is widespread in the wild: it grows on river banks, clearings and forest edges, and rises into the mountains to a level of 1400 meters. Its habitat is also Northern Iran, Asia, Australia, America, African continent in temperate latitudes.

What is quince

Quince is the only representative of the Rosaceae family. It has the shape of a tree or bush, the branches of which rise obliquely upward.

The fruit is very similar to an apple, but beware - it may be too tough for you. The fruit is a false apple, round or pear-shaped, sometimes with blunt ribs. At the beginning of ripening it is tomentose, the ripe fruit is hard and smooth, yellow in color.

Its pulp is hard, the taste is tart and astringent, sourish-sweet.

When fresh, the fruits are little edible, but have an unusual aroma. They are consumed in the form of preserves, jams, compotes and other healthy drinks.

Wild trees have small fruits, weighing 80 grams; cultivated varieties average 300 grams, and can weigh up to 2 kg.

In the middle of the fruit there are five pockets with seeds. The seed skin is whitish and contains mucilage that swells in water. The seeds smell like bitter almonds.

Quince seeds in fruits

Quince flowers begin in May and are harvested in the fall at the end of September or October.

white quince flowers

It is believed that the fruit can only be obtained in the southern regions of Russia. However, this plant is moving further north, thanks to the emergence of new frost-resistant varieties.

Growing and care

Quince is an unpretentious plant. It has no special requirements for soil. These can be sandy or clay soils, wetlands. The reaction to each type of soil is slightly different: on sandy loam soils it begins to bear fruit earlier, on clay soils it produces high yields.

Landing

The place where the quince will grow should be warm and sunny, protected from cold winds. Planting is done in the spring, with dormant buds. In the fall, it does not have time to take root. The distance to other trees and buildings should be at least 5 meters due to the large area of ​​the root system of an adult plant.

Much attention is paid to soil preparation. The roots of quince are located close to the surface of the earth, branching out to the sides over a long distance, significantly exceeding the size of the crown.

The first thing to start with is to dig up the soil and apply fertilizer. Dig it up with 1 shovel bayonet, using fertilizers:

• 10–20 grams of potassium chloride;
• 40–50 g of superphosphate.

A hole for the seedling is dug to a depth of 40 cm with a diameter corresponding to the root system of the seedling; the following is placed at the bottom:

• 50 g wood ash;
• 150 g superphosphate;
• 1 bucket of humus.

All this must be mixed with the soil, watered and left for 1-2 weeks, after which planting begins. When installing a seedling, you must ensure that the grafting site is above the soil; the root collar should not be buried. After filling with soil, the seedling needs to be compacted a little and watered.

Feeding quince

Young trees that have begun to develop need constant feeding. In the spring, when pruning trees and loosening the soil, nitrophoska is added to it in the amount of 50 grams per 1 square meter. In spring, young plants need nitrogen fertilizers.

In the fall, after the fruits are collected, potassium and phosphorus fertilizers are applied:

• potassium chloride - 20 g;
• superphosphate - 20 g.

Organic fertilizers are applied in the fall once every 2 years.

Quince transplant

There are times when the quince needs to be transplanted to another place. Of course, it is possible to transplant, but the result may not always be positive. It makes sense to replant only young, three to four year old trees. Over the years, it is very difficult for a 15-year-old tree to take root; it is easier to take cuttings from it and plant young tree.

To transplant quince in the spring, the pit is prepared; the plant's spine decreases and it is difficult to maintain the integrity of the root system. Corsenho. Its dimensions must correspond to the crown of the tree being transplanted. The pit is filled with fertilizers in the same way as during planting and watered. In the spring, they dig up a tree, trying to cause the least damage to the roots, place it in a hole in the center, cover it with soil, water it and mulch it.

Quince pruning

Young trees undergo formative pruning in the spring. After planting, the seedling is immediately pruned, leaving 7–8 buds. Two tiers will be formed from them. The next year, the central branch of the quince is cut to the outer bud, and lower tier growths are shortened to 50–60 cm to form second-order branches.

Competitors of the conductor and branches that thicken the central part of the crown are pruned from the side branches.

It is necessary to remove root shoots.

The crown of a quince is formed in the form of a bowl, formed by four to five skeletal branches on a trunk no more than half a meter high.

quince crown formation

After five years, when the crown is already formed, its shape is maintained every spring.

In the fall, remove all damaged branches that thicken the crown. This sanitary pruning is carried out after leaf fall.

Video: how to trim quince

Quince grafting

What can be grafted onto quince? A pear has been grafted onto it for a long time and successfully. This method allows you to grow a dwarf pear that is easy to care for and harvest from.

Fruiting of such a pear begins in the third or fourth year, and growth stops at this time. Such a tree does not sprout, which leads to an increase in fruits and an improvement in their taste. Angers and Provence quinces are well suited as rootstocks.

On quince you can graft rowan, hawthorn, chaenomeles, which fits very nicely into the tree and acquires good support.

For the quince itself, it is good to use quince seedlings as a rootstock. They can be obtained within a year, since quince seeds have high germination and a short stratification period.

The variety of the rootstock must match the one being grafted to eliminate possible incompatibility.

A good option is a rootstock obtained from a quince cutting; fruit crops can be combined with such a rootstock better than with a seedling.

Quince is grafted onto cotoneaster, shadberry, and chokeberry.

Grafting quince onto an apple or pear tree is carried out in very rare cases; this is only possible with certain knowledge and skills.

Grafting quince onto rowan is also a rare occurrence. To do this, first the shadberry is grafted onto the mountain ash, and after they grow together, the quince is grafted onto the shadberry.

Quince propagation

Quince can be propagated by seeds and vegetatively.

Propagation by seeds

Seed propagation often leads to the loss of varietal characteristics, but this method makes it possible to obtain winter-hardy varieties and use them as rootstocks for grafting of the same variety.

At spring sowing Preliminary stratification of seeds is carried out for 50–60 days. Sowing begins in mid-April - early May.

It is more preferable to sow in autumn. In this case, sprouts appear at the end of April.

Propagation by cuttings

Cuttings are taken in the fall from annual shoots, which are cut into cuttings 25–30 cm long and stored in a damp place. They are planted in early spring at a distance of 10 cm from each other and 40 cm between rows. One bud should remain on the surface. Constant humidity is maintained in a greenhouse or hothouse, and watering is carried out regularly in open ground.

In a greenhouse, the survival rate is the highest - up to 95%, in open ground - 30–40%.

Quince diseases and the fight against them

Quince is quite resistant to diseases, but under unfavorable conditions it can also be affected by diseases such as powdery mildew, fruit rot, ovary rot, rust, gray rot of fruits and other diseases. These diseases lead to damage to leaves, branches, fruits and loss of harvest.

With a fungal disease such as moniliosis, spores begin to penetrate through the flowers. The flowers dry up, then the leaves begin to dry up, and the branches dry up.

To prevent this disease at the beginning of flowering, the drugs Horus and Skor are used. They are not dangerous to pollinators.

To prevent the spread of the disease, diseased branches should be immediately cut off along healthy tissue and burned.

All fallen ovaries and fruits must be immediately removed from under the tree. In the fall, it is recommended to treat the soil with iron sulfate.

Video: quince moniliosis

Quince pests and their control

Quince can be affected by pests of pome crops. Common quince pests are:

1. Apple codling moth. It multiplies very quickly, forms several generations over the summer and damages many fruits. You can get rid of it with the drugs Lepidocid, Dendrobacillin.
2. Larvae of leaf miner moths. The affected leaves lighten, then fall off, and the quince yield decreases. You can get rid of them with the help of the drug Fundazol.
3. The fruit mite, red or brown, sucks juices from young shoots and buds. Their presence is characterized by the appearance of sticky spots of juice on the plant. Spraying the tree with 7% urea in the fall helps to avoid their appearance.
4. Aphid. Sucks juices from the plant and transfers dangerous viral diseases that are not cured. To combat it, use a soap solution (50 grams laundry soap dissolve in a bucket of water) or insecticidal preparations.

Treatment of quince from diseases and pests

fruit mites

Preventive treatment of quince with chemicals will increase its immunity and protect it from pests.

To destroy insects overwintering in the bark and soil, use preparation No. 30 by spraying quince on dormant buds in early spring. Tree trunks are whitened with lime.

Before and after flowering, 2 more preventive treatments are carried out:

• spraying with Abiga Peak or 1% Bordeaux mixture against fungal diseases;
• in May for buds - Horus for fungi and Kemifos for leaf rollers.

After flowering, the quince is treated together with the drugs IntaVir and Strobi against codling moths and fungi.

In June, spraying with Lepidocid and Skor is carried out.

In July, quince are treated against fungal diseases and second-generation codling moths with Strobi and Kemifos.

During fruit ripening, they are at risk of subcutaneous spotting, which causes rapid rotting of the fruit. It is not difficult to cope with it - you need to spray the tree crown with the following preparations:

• solution boric acid- 2 grams per 1 liter of water;
• solution of zinc sulfate - 2 grams per 1 liter of water.

Features of growing quince in different regions

In central Russia, frost-resistant varieties can be grown. They can be formed either in the form of a bush or in the form of a small tree about two meters high.

In Siberian conditions, quince freezes above the snow level. You can only grow low-growing quince up to 1 meter high - Chaenomeles Mauleya. It needs to be planted where there is a lot of snow on the site in winter and it is always sunny. For the winter, it is wrapped with covering material and spruce paws on top. It is better to pick the fruits just before frost, they become sweeter and less sour.

In northern Ukraine, quince is often grown as a bush from seeds. Seedlings tolerate frost better than grafted plants.

Main varieties and types of quince

1. Common quince. It grows as a shrub or tree 2–3 meters high. This variety is distinguished by short leaf petioles, blooms in mid-May, and fruits ripen in October. Resistant to frost and drought.

   

   Ordinary

2. Golden - low-growing quince with large apple-shaped fruits weighing up to 400 grams, ripening at the end of September. Productivity up to 60 kg per bush.

   

   Golden

3. Kubanskaya is a low-growing quince with medium-sized fruits, the shape of the fruit is round-cylindrical, the ripening period is 1–2 ten days of October. The fruits are juicy with creamy pulp.

   

   Kubanskaya

4. Muscat is a medium-sized variety with large fruits with dense felt pubescence, round-cylindrical with light, rough flesh. Fruit ripening - late September - early October, yield 30–45 kg per tree.

   

   Muscat

5. The productive Kuban quince is a medium-sized quince with large fruits weighing up to 500 g. The pulp is juicy and can be consumed raw. Ripening in October, yields up to 100 kg per tree. Winter-hardy and drought-resistant, not susceptible to fungal diseases.

   

   Harvest Kuban

6. Juicy - low-growing, low-growing quince with sweet, very juicy medium-sized fruits. The harvest from a tree reaches 50 kg.

   

7. Lemon quince is a winter-hardy and drought-resistant quince that ripens at the end of September. It is distinguished by large pear-shaped fruits covered with delicate felt. The pulp is very tasty and aromatic, can be consumed raw, but is mostly used for processing.

   

   Lemon

8. Volgograd soft-fruited is a winter-hardy and drought-resistant variety. The tree has a bush shape with a flat-round crown. Fruit ripens in September, harvest is annual. The fruits are pear-shaped, ribbed with a sweet and sour taste and strong aroma. The fruits are suitable for raw consumption and processing. The shelf life of the fruit is up to a month.

   

   Volgograd soft-fruited

Hybrid quince varieties

Quince hybrid Pink Lady is a low bush, erect and prickly. Its crown is wide. An ornamental plant with very beautiful pale pink large flowers in spring and bright yellow edible fruits in autumn.

Planting among dark-leaved and coniferous trees emphasizes its beauty.

Quince Pink Lady

Hybrid quince Crimson and Gold is a shrub up to 1 meter high with beautiful dark red flowers of medium size and shiny dark green leaves.

The fruits are small, round, weighing 40–80 grams with thin pulp, edible.

They are frost resistant. In very severe frosts, the tops of shoots located above the snow can freeze.

The plant is used for borders and other decorative compositions.

quince Crimson and Gold bush

The fruits of this quince are yellow when ripe and aromatic.

quince Crimson and Gold fruits

Quince varieties for different regions

Moscow region. For this region, breeders recommend the following varieties:

• Nutmeg;
• Nikitskaya;
• Northern;
• Teplovskaya.

All these plants are resistant to frost and high temperatures, which is especially important when choosing a plant. Of these, the earliest variety is Nikitskaya, the most unpretentious to the weather is Severnaya. Muscat quince is self-fertile and has high resistance to cold. The fruits of Teplovskaya quince ripen late, but are stored for a long time.

Ukraine. In the southern regions of the country, varieties developed by breeders of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden are cultivated:

• Excellent student;
• Selena;
• Success;
• Crimean aromatic.

For the northern regions of Ukraine, varieties developed in the National Botanical Garden are used:

• Maria;
• Pear-shaped Shaidarova;
• Darunok onuku;
• Academic;
• No. 18 Kashchenko.

Rostov region. The Mir variety, which does not freeze at all, and other frost-resistant, self-fertile varieties are popular here:

• Dessert;
• Abundant;
• Crimean;
• Firstborn;
• Renetnaya;
• Stepnyachka;
• Steppe beauty;
• Success.

Volgograd region. The following quince varieties are grown in the Volgograd region:

• Volgograd soft-fruited;
• Crimean aromatic - self-fertile variety;
• Excellent, has a long shelf life of fruits;
• Abundant, not susceptible to subcutaneous spotting of fruits;
• Collective;
• Krasnoslobodskaya - low-growing, with large fruits, juicy and very fragrant;
• Teplovskaya - medium-sized, with fruits similar to apples. The pulp is dense, aromatic, and contains stony cells near the core. The fruits can be stored for up to four months;
• Kaunchi-10;
• Ilmennaya;
• Rumo;
• Skorospelka.

Siberia. In Siberian conditions, it is possible to grow low Japanese quince, or Chaenomenes Mauleya.

Japanese quince

This type of quince is especially popular among summer residents. Its bushes are compact and do not take up much space, being a wonderful decorative element. Bright flowers decorate the garden

The small fruits of Japanese quince have a sour taste and are hard, making them unsuitable for consumption raw. They are used as a flavoring for jams and preserves, and dried for medicinal purposes.

Japanese quince seedlings are drought-resistant and tolerate frost well middle zone Russia and Moscow region. Bushes can be subjected to decorative pruning, giving the crown a beautiful appearance.

flowering bushes of Japanese quince

Thanks to the developments of breeders, more and more cultivated varieties of common quince, resistant to frost and drought, are appearing, and it is moving further north. And growing Japanese quince, or Chaenomeles, is already possible in any region. In addition to the wonderful decorative properties, this quince has beneficial fruits. And although they are small and practically inedible fresh due to their hardness, preparations made from them have an extraordinary taste and aroma, and contain many vitamins and beneficial microelements. Fruit slices in sugar can be stored until the next harvest.

Common quince, or oblong quince (lat. Cydonia), is a monotypic genus woody plants of the Rosaceae family, widespread in nature in Central Asia, Transcaucasia and the Caucasus, as well as in temperate regions of Asia, Central and Southern Europe, where it grows on forest edges, clearings and clearings, along the banks of rivers and streams, in the lower belt of mountains. Quince prefers loose, moist and fertile sandy, heavy loamy, red and chernozem soils.

In cultivation, quince is cultivated not only in the hot climates of South Africa, Australia and Oceania, but also in the Americas and even in cool areas such as Scotland and Norway. The quince has been known to mankind for more than 4,000 years - it was its fruit, believing that the quince was a type of apple tree, that was given to Aphrodite, who defeated other contenders in a dispute about beauty.

• Landing: in spring or autumn - at the end or beginning of the dormant period.
• Bloom: May-June.
• Lighting: bright sunlight.
• Soil: any, but preferably loose and heavy.
• Watering: regular, 4-5 waterings per season. Young seedlings require frequent watering. The first watering of a fruit-bearing quince is before the start of flowering, the second - during flowering, the third - after the excess ovaries fall off, the fourth - during the period of shoot growth, the fifth - during the period of fruit growth. Young trees stop watering at the end of August, and mature trees at the beginning of September. When watering a young tree, about 400 liters of water are consumed, and an adult tree – up to 800 liters. The soil should be wet to the depth of the roots - 80-100 cm.
• Feeding: organic matter is added to the tree trunk soil once every 2 years, minerals – three times a year: in spring, summer and autumn.
• Trimming: the main one is in early spring, before the start of sap flow. In the fall, if necessary, sanitary cleaning is carried out.
• Reproduction: seeds, cuttings, root suckers, layering and grafting.
• Pests: fruit mites, codling moths, apple aphids and leaf-mining moths.
• Diseases: fruit rot (moniliosis), powdery mildew, rust, ovary rotting, brownishness of leaves and gray rot of fruits.

Read more about growing quince below.

Quince tree - description

Quince is a deciduous shrub or tree from one and a half to 5 m high with branches that rise obliquely upward. Quince bark is scaly, thin, smooth. Old branches and the trunk of quince are dark gray or dark reddish-brown, and on young branches the bark is fleecy, gray-brown. The shoots are also tomentose, gray-green in color. Quince leaves are alternate, entire, oval or ovate, usually broadly elliptical, sometimes round, on the upper side of the plate glabrous, dark green, on the lower part glaucous with felt pubescence. The length of the leaves is from 5 to 12 cm, the width reaches 7.5 cm, the petioles are up to 2 cm long. Quince flowers, mostly solitary, regular, on pubescent pedicels, bloom in May or June.

The quince fruit is a false fleecy apple of lemon or dark yellow color, round or pear-shaped, which contains five multi-seeded nests. The diameter of the fruits of wild trees is from 2.5 to 3.5 cm, cultural forms apples can reach a diameter of 15 cm. Quince pulp is very aromatic, but hard and low-juicy, its taste is astringent, tart and sweetish. Quince fruits ripen in September-October. Quince lives on average up to 60 years, actively bears fruit for 30-50 years, and begins to bear fruit after 3-4 years of growth.

Quince is a relative of many garden trees– apple trees, pears, plums, cherry plums, medlars, hawthorns, rose hips, almonds, serviceberries, mountain ash, chokeberries and other cultivated plants. Quince fruits are used to make jam, jelly, marmalade, compotes, drinks; it is eaten as a seasoning for meat. Traditional medicine widely uses quince to treat constipation, colitis, flatulence, uterine bleeding, respiratory diseases and gastrointestinal diseases. Blooming quince is an amazing sight, so it is often used landscape designers for the design of public gardens, parks and public gardens.

We will tell you about how to plant and care for quince, how to grow quince on a personal plot, how to feed quince to stimulate abundant fruiting, what diseases and pests of quince can cause you trouble, how to treat quince when it gets sick, how to graft quince, how to form a quince by pruning - you will find this and many other information in our article.

Planting quince

When to plant quince

Quince is thermophilic, it tolerates drought well, in addition, it does not even tolerate monthly floods, so it grows well in places with shallow groundwater. The best place for quince is an open area on the south side. Despite the fact that quince grows on any soil, it bears fruit best on well-loosened heavy soils, and on light sandy loam soils, quince, although it will begin to bear fruit earlier, will produce more modest harvests and will live shorter. Quince should be planted during the dormant period - in spring or autumn.

Planting quince in autumn

If you purchase annual quince seedlings for planting, you can buy planting material with an open root system, but if the seedlings are older, then choose those with an open root system so that you can assess its condition. When planting quince, keep in mind that the roots of an adult plant can occupy an area several times larger than the crown projection area, so place pits for planting quince at a distance of at least 5 m from other trees and buildings.

Anyone who decides to plant a quince in the fall should start preparing the site for it in the spring: dig the soil to the depth of a spade bayonet while simultaneously adding 50 g of superphosphate and 20 g of potassium salt per m². After digging and applying fertilizer, the area is lightly watered. When it’s time to plant quince, dig a hole in the area about 40 cm deep and with a diameter of 45 to 90 cm - the width of the planting hole depends on the size of the root system of the seedling. Drive a peg into the center of the hole to secure the tree, place a layer of clay on the bottom, then fill a third of the remaining depth with fertile soil mixed with 50 g of wood ash and 150 g of superphosphate.

Then place the seedling in the hole, straighten its roots, fill the hole with soil, tamp it lightly and water the seedling generously - at least 2 buckets of water will be required for one tree. When the water is absorbed, tie the seedling to a peg and mulch the tree trunk circle with a thick layer of humus or peat.

How to plant quince in spring

Quince is planted in the ground in the spring in the same order as in the fall, however, the site is dug up with the application of fertilizers in the fall, and the layer of mulch in the root circle after planting may not be as thick as on the eve of winter - not 10, but 5 cm.

Quince care

Caring for quince in spring

In early spring, before the start of sap flow, sanitary pruning quinces, removing dry branches broken under the weight of snow and diseased branches. After this, you can carry out formative pruning of young trees or rejuvenating pruning of old ones. At the beginning of bud bloom, carry out a “blue” spraying of the quince - treatment with a three percent solution Bordeaux mixture. Just don’t be late - if the buds have already opened, the Bordeaux mixture can damage them. At about the same time, the trunks and base of the quince skeletal branches should be whitened with lime and a complete mineral fertilizer should be added to the soil.

For a pink bud, quince is treated against aphids, sawflies, moths, moths, leaf rollers, as well as against powdery mildew with a solution of 3 ml of Fastak or a similar preparation in 10 liters of water.

Before flowering and immediately after it, it is necessary to water the quince abundantly, adding complex compounds to the water. mineral fertilizers.

Ten days after flowering, in May, preventive treatment of quince against sawflies, leaf-eating pests, scab and fruit rot should be carried out with Topaz or its analogues.

Caring for quince in summer

In June, quince are treated against codling moths, lacewings, aphids, moths and leaf rollers with a solution of 6-8 ml of Sonnet in 10 liters of water. In the future, throughout the summer period, in order not to abuse pesticides, quince treatments are carried out selectively and only as necessary.

Quince in the summer, just like in the spring, needs weeding and loosening of the soil in the tree trunk circle and between the rows. If the tree trunk circle is mulched, then you will have less work. In July, quinces are fertilized with complete mineral fertilizer.

Quince in August and September ripens, so treatments against diseases and pests should be stopped a month before harvest.

Caring for quince in autumn

At the end of September, in October or November, the fruits are removed from the quince, and after harvesting, the trees are treated with a five percent urea solution against scab. In autumn, water-recharging watering of quinces is carried out. After leaf fall, when the trees enter a dormant period, thinning, rejuvenating and sanitary pruning of trees is carried out. In November, quinces are prepared for winter.

Quince processing

Even if the quince in the garden is completely healthy, annual preventative treatments against pests and diseases will help it maintain health and strengthen its immunity. The first treatment is carried out on still dormant buds with preparation No. 30 in order to destroy insects that have overwintered in the bark and in the soil. The second and third preventive treatments are carried out before and after flowering: the green cone of the quince is sprayed against fungi with Abiga-Peak or one percent Bordeaux mixture, and in May, on the buds, the tree is treated against leaf rollers with Kemifos, and against fungi with Horus. After flowering, quince are treated jointly against codling moths and fungi with Strobi and Inta Vir.

In June, during fruit growth, the trees are sprayed with Skor and Lepidotsid, and in July quinces are treated against fungi and the second generation of codling moths with Kemifos and Strobi.

A month and a half before harvest, it is advisable to stop all treatments, and only late varieties of quince are sprayed with Kemifos, if necessary.

In the fight against insects, drugs such as Karbofos, Metafos, Actellik, Aktara, Decis, Zolon, Arrivo, Fufanon, Confidor have proven themselves well. And fungicides such as Bayleton, Quadris, Maxim, Oxychom, Ridomil, Strobi, Topaz, Tiovit Jet, Topsin, Falcon, Fundazol, Fitosporin and others are effective against fungal diseases.

Watering quince

Growing quince requires regular moisture - 4-5 waterings per season. Young seedlings are watered frequently, but mature, fruit-bearing quinces require the first watering only before flowering, especially if there is no rain in spring. The second watering is carried out during flowering, the third - after the ovaries fall off, the fourth - when the shoots begin to grow, and the fifth - when the fruits are formed and begin to grow.

Young quince stop watering at the end of August, and mature trees - at the beginning of September. The soil in the area with quince is moistened to the depth of the roots - 80-100 cm. Water consumption for young trees is 400 liters per watering, and for adults - 800 liters. Quince can tolerate both drought and flood, but both have a bad effect on the quality of its fruit, so regular and sufficient watering of quince is the key to a successful harvest.

After watering, it is very convenient to weed out the grass and loosen the soil in the tree trunk circle and in the rows to a depth of 8 cm.

Feeding quince

The fertilizers placed in the soil during planting should be enough for the seedling to last a year. If you added organic matter to the soil in the form of humus or compost, then next time organic fertilizers It will be necessary to apply it in two years, and mineral fertilizers are applied three times annually - in spring, summer and autumn.

In spring they scatter around the tree nitrogen fertilizers, after flowering, the soil around the quince is watered with a solution of potassium-phosphorus fertilizers at the rate of 200-300 g per 10 liters of water, and in August the quince is fed at the rate of 30-40 g of potassium and phosphorus fertilizer per m². In addition, every spring and every autumn the tree trunk circle is mulched with a layer of peat or compost at least 5 cm thick.

Wintering quince

The danger of winter cold for quince is that its root system is located horizontally at a very small depth and can be damaged by frost. Therefore, it is advisable to cover the area of ​​land around the tree and the lower part of the trunk with humus or dry leaves for the winter. When the snow falls, try to throw a snowdrift under the tree, and then you won’t have to worry about the quince until spring. In areas with very cold winters, quinces are additionally insulated by wrapping them in lutrasil or spunbond, and then tied with spruce branches.

Quince pruning

When to prune a quince

The main pruning of quince is carried out in early spring, before the sap begins to flow. Dry and disease-affected branches are cut out and burned, thinning and rejuvenating pruning is carried out on old trees, and trees up to five years old are subjected to formative pruning. In the summer, in August, the ends of the rapidly growing quince shoots are pinched. Quince in the fall, after leaf fall, when the trees enter the dormant period, only needs sanitary and thinning pruning.

How to prune a quince

The crown of a tall quince is formed like a bowl with an open center, from 4-5 skeletal branches located at a distance of 15-20 cm from one another, and in low-growing varieties they form a sparse-tiered crown of 8-10 branches, on which lateral branches are evenly placed . The height of the trunk of a quince tree should not be large - only 40-50 cm, otherwise pruning a quince is very similar to pruning an apple tree.

Pruning quince in spring

The first pruning of a spring seedling is carried out immediately after planting, and if you planted a quince in the fall, cut it next spring to a height of 50-60 cm, leaving 7-8 buds, from which the lower tier will be formed - four or five branches growing at a distance of 10- 15 cm from each other, and the next, second tier of branches, located 30-40 cm higher.

A year later, next spring, the conductor (the central branch of the quince) is cut at a height of 20-30 cm from the level of the skeletal branches to the outer bud, and the annual growths on the lower tier are shortened to 50-60 cm, thereby forming second-order branches. Do not cut off side branches, except those that thicken the center of the crown or those that compete with the conductor. Remove all root shoots. By the beginning of fruiting, that is, by 3-4 years, the crown is usually already formed.

Pruning quince in autumn

From the fifth year of growth, quince only needs to maintain the shape of the crown - it is better to continue doing this in the spring. And in the fall, after the leaves fall off the quince, it is subjected to sanitary pruning - diseased, drying and broken branches during fruiting or harvesting are removed, as well as those that thicken the crown or grow in the wrong direction.

Quince propagation

How to propagate quince

Quince is propagated by seeds, cuttings, layering, root suckers and grafting. Moreover, unlike other crops, the simplest method of propagation is by seed.

Propagation of quince by seeds

From ripe quince fruits, collected no more than a month ago, remove the brown seeds, rinse them in warm water, place them indoors on a dry cloth or paper and dry. These seeds are suitable for sowing for six months. You can sow them before winter, or you can do it next spring, but then within winter period they must undergo stratification - store them until spring, mixed with sand in a ratio of 1:3, in the vegetable drawer of the refrigerator, after soaking them in water for 5-6 hours.

If you decide not to delay sowing until spring, in October, sow the seeds in open ground to a depth of 2-3 cm, and mulch the crop with peat or humus on top. The distance between the rows should be 20-25 cm, and the density of sowing seeds per 1 linear meter of land should be no more than 100 seeds. In the spring, wait for the seedlings to emerge and thin them out twice: the first time, leaving 10 cm between seedlings, and the second time – 15-20 cm.

If you put the seeds in the refrigerator in February, then in April you can sow them directly into open ground using the method we have already described. But if you placed the seeds for stratification in December, then at the end of February or beginning of March you need to sow them 2-3 pieces in peat pots to a depth of 2-4 cm and grow them like any seedlings. With the onset of warm weather, the seedlings are gradually hardened and then planted together with the pots in pre-dug to the depth of a shovel and moistened soil at a distance of 10-15 cm from each other.

After planting, the area is watered and then mulched. In the development phase of two true leaves, the seedlings are thinned out, and after three weeks, repeated thinning is carried out.

In the fall, seedlings that have reached a height of 40 cm are transplanted to a permanent place.

Reproduction of quince by root suckers

Root shoots are root shoots that you are constantly being told to fight. It is worth knowing that quince grown from root suckers usually produces small fruits and has a less developed root system. To grow good seedlings from offspring, take into account our advice: if you have formed basal shoots at least 5 mm thick and 15-20 cm high, hill them higher so that the soil fits tightly to the shoot. After three weeks, repeat the hilling. In the fall, separate the shoots from the mother bush and plant them. For the winter, mulch the soil around them with wood chips or humus.

Reproduction of quince by layering

Quince is also propagated by arcuate or horizontal layering. The difference between these types of layering is that when propagated horizontally, the entire shoot, except for the tip, is buried in a furrow 10 cm deep, and it is fixed in this position in the furrow every 15 cm, and the arcuate layer is immersed in the furrow only with the middle part.

You can grow vertical shoots from lateral buds, and when they reach a height of 15-20 cm, they are hilled up to half their height, watered all summer, protected from weeds, and after leaf fall they are separated from the mother plant and planted in a permanent place.

Quince propagation by cuttings

In June, in the morning, before the heat sets in, green cuttings are cut so that each has 1-2 internodes with a heel up to 1 cm long. The lower cut of the segments is treated with Kornevin, after which the cuttings are planted at an angle in a mixture of sand and peat in ratio 3:1 at a distance of 5-7 cm from each other. It may take 30 to 40 days for cuttings to root at a temperature of 20-25 ºC. As soon as rooting occurs, the cuttings can be planted in a permanent place.

You can also use lignified cuttings 25 cm long for propagation, in which the lower cut passes immediately under the bud, but they need to be rooted in the same sand-peat mixture in a greenhouse.

Quince propagation by grafting

As a rootstock for grafting cultivated quince cuttings, seedlings or hawthorn rootstocks grown from quince seeds are used. The best varieties Provencal and Angers quinces are considered for growing rootstocks. Quince budding is carried out on a one-year-old rootstock in the first two weeks of August. However, more often quince is used as a rootstock for other crops, and not vice versa, so it is better to propagate quince not by grafting, but by other methods described by us. If you still decide to try budding a quince, find a section on the website about how to graft an apple tree.

Quince diseases

Most often, quince is affected by fruit rot, or moniliosis, powdery mildew, rust, rotting of the ovaries, brownishness of the leaves and gray rot of the fruit.

Moniliosis- a fungal disease that spreads in temperate zones in damp and humid spring, as well as in the first half of summer. First, the disease affects fruits that have mechanical damage: brown spots form on them, quickly increasing in size, their flesh becomes loose, loses its taste, as a result, the fruits fall off, but some of them turn blue, harden, but remain on the branches.

Control measures. Against fruit rot, quince is treated with Abiga Peak, Bordeaux mixture, copper sulfate, Rovral, Teldor and other fungicides of similar action.

Brownish leaves manifests itself as many brown round spots on quince leaves. As the disease progresses, the leaves dry out and fall off prematurely.

Control measures. After flowering, treat the quince with a one percent solution of Bordeaux mixture. Collect and burn fallen leaves.

Powdery mildew appears at the ends of annual young shoots as a whitish or reddish coating, which, with the development of the disease, turns into a dense brown film with black dots - the fruiting bodies of the fungus. The shoots stop developing, the leaves become deformed, the ovaries crumble, and the quince dries out at the growing points.

Control measures. Immediately after flowering, the quince is treated with fungicides; after two to three weeks, spraying is repeated.

Rust– The symptoms of this fungal disease appear as orange-brown bumps on the upper side of quince leaves, and oval or round pustules form on the underside. Over time, the spots turn into stripes, the leaves turn yellow and fall off prematurely.

Control measures. Treatment of quince from rust involves treating the tree twice with fungicides after the leaves bloom, with an interval of 2 weeks.

Rotting of the ovaries– this disease is also fungal in nature: first, dark spots appear on the leaves, gradually spreading over the entire leaf, and during flowering, pathogenic spores penetrate the buds and flowers, destroying the ovaries.

Control measures. As a preventive measure, sanitary pruning of diseased and broken branches, as well as the destruction of dry fruits, is considered. Good results are obtained by treating quince with a solution of Fundazol during flowering and immediately after it.

Gray rot manifests itself as necrosis - rapidly increasing brown spots on shoots and leaves. During periods of high humidity, the affected areas become covered with a fluffy coating. The causative agent of the disease is omnivorous and easily moves from one plant to another.

Control measures. In the fight against the disease, quince treatments with Kuproksat, Oxyx, Champion, or Topaz are effective.

In order to prevent quince disease, it is enough just to follow the agricultural practices of the crop:

• keep the soil under the crown clean;
• after harvesting, carry out preventive treatment of trees with a solution of Bordeaux mixture or copper sulfate;
• in early spring, using preventive treatment with the same copper-containing preparations, destroy pathogenic microorganisms that have overwintered in the soil around the tree trunk or in the bark of trees.

Quince pests

Quince is very resistant to pests, and usually a healthy tree does not have problems with insects. But still, sometimes quince can be occupied by fruit mites, apple moths, apple aphids and leaf-mining moths.

Control measures. After flowering ends, the quince is treated with a one percent solution of Fundazol or a one and a half percent solution of Dipterex. And, of course, it is necessary to keep the tree trunk area clean.

Fruit mites– brown and red – dangerous for almost all fruit crops. Their larvae oppress young shoots and buds, feed on their juices, and as a result the garden begins to “cry” - secrete juice from the wounds.

Control measures. Treating the tree during leaf fall with a seven percent urea solution prevents the appearance of mites on quince.

Aphid omnivorous and harmful to any plant. It feeds on the sap of leaves and young shoots, causing them to curl and become deformed, their growth stops and a black coating of sooty fungus forms on them. The worst thing is that aphids are carriers of viral diseases, for which there are no drugs yet.

Control measures. Aphids can be controlled by any of the insecticides listed in the article. There are also time-tested folk methods of combating this pest, for example, a solution of a grated piece of laundry soap in a bucket of water, which needs to be used to treat not only the top side of the leaves, but also the bottom. Folk remedies for fighting aphids are good because they can be used often without any harm to the plant.

codling moth It can even gnaw through a walnut fruit. Her butterflies fly out of the ground immediately after the quince blooms. They are very prolific and manage to breed two or three generations in one season. Each codling moth caterpillar can damage several fruits during its life.

Control measures. Treatment of quince with biological preparations is effective against this pest, for example, a solution of 40-80 g of Bitoxibacillin or 20-30 g of Lepidocide, or 30-50 g of Dendrobacillin in 10 liters of water.

To avoid having to resort to treating quince with pesticides during the period of active growth, to protect the plant from invasion harmful insects it is enough to follow the agricultural practices of the crop - for example, regularly weed and remove carrion from the area, mulch the tree trunk with peat or humus, use trapping belts that do not allow crawling insects to approach the tree crown, and also carry out sanitary pruning of disease-affected branches and shoots in early spring with their subsequent burning .

And, of course, spend it in early spring and late autumn preventive treatment of quince with a seven percent urea solution.

Quince varieties

Among the cultivated varieties of quince, a distinction is made between oblong quince, or common quince, and Japanese quince. Both of these plants belong to the Rosaceae family, but are not species of the same genus, since Japanese quince belongs to the genus Chaenomeles, and, therefore, we will not talk about it today. Quince oblong, or common, being a monotypic genus, is represented a large number varieties that can be divided into early, mid-ripening and late according to ripening time.

Early quince varieties

The most famous early ripening quince varieties include:

• Oiler early– this variety ripens at the end of September. The fruits of Maslenka early are large, yellow-lemon in color, weighing from 190 to 350 g, round-conical, ribbed, smooth. The pulp has a strong aroma, medium density, fine-grained and juicy, sweet and sour taste, white with a yellowish tint. During storage, the fruits become sweet and their astringent properties disappear;
• Crimean aromatic- a productive frost-resistant variety, resistant to subcutaneous spotting and ripening in the third ten days of September, with apple-shaped, smooth lemon-yellow fruits of medium size. The pulp is yellowish in color, juicy, and has a sour taste;
• Juicy– a winter-hardy and drought-resistant productive variety with medium-sized fruits weighing up to 250 g with yellow juicy pulp with a sour-sweet taste;
• Harvest Kuban– a high-yielding, winter-hardy, drought- and disease-resistant variety with very large fruits weighing up to 500 g with creamy, juicy pulp with a sweet and sour taste;
• Skorospelka– a high-yielding and disease-resistant variety for technical purposes with fruits not large size with sweet and sour pulp of mediocre taste, which are not consumed fresh.

In addition to those described, the following are popular early ripening varieties quinces such as Aurora, Anzherskaya, Zolotistaya, Gold of the Scythians, Rumo, Nikitskaya, Golden Ball, Collective, Krasnoslobodskaya, Podarochnaya and others.

Medium quince varieties

Medium-ripening quince varieties include those that ripen in the first half of October. These include:

• Kaunchi 10– Central Asian productive drought-resistant variety with average winter hardiness. The pear-shaped fruits of plants of this variety are medium in size, with a smooth, sometimes slightly ribbed surface, covered with gray felt pubescence, which is easily erased. The color of the fruit is yellow-orange, the aromatic cream-colored pulp is dense and sweet;
• Kubanskaya- a fast-growing variety, but its winter hardiness, as well as its drought resistance, is average. The fruits are small, weighing up to 250 g, round-cylindrical, slightly ribbed, heavily pubescent with gray felt pile, which disappears when ripe. The color of the fruit is orange-greenish. The pulp is creamy, juicy, sweet, with low acidity, medium density, stony cells located near the seed chamber;
• Astrakhan – high-yielding variety quinces with pear-shaped fruits of light yellow color of medium size and weighing up to 200 g. The pulp of the fruits is dense, creamy-yellow, fine-grained, tart-sour in taste;
• Golotlinskaya apple-shaped– the main advantage of this early-ripening, productive variety, which is undemanding to conditions, is the small size and compactness of the crown. Flat-spherical or cylindrical, ribbed, medium-pubescent fruits of a golden-yellow and green hue reach a weight of 280 g. The light yellow hue of the juicy, tart pulp retains a strong aroma even after processing;
• Berecki– a consistently productive, partially self-fertile variety of Hungarian selection. The Champion, Ispolinskaya, and Portuguese varieties are suitable for pollination. The fruits of this variety are pear-shaped, large - weighing up to 270 g, very tasty and aromatic - they are eaten fresh, like apples. The pulp of the fruit is yellow, juicy, of excellent taste;
• Trimontium– a frost-resistant variety, the fruits of which are identical in size and medium in size and are most often used for processing.

Mid-season varieties also include such popular cultivated varieties as Limonka, Otlichnitsa, Leskovats, Shchuchinskaya, Persidskaya and others.

Late quince varieties

• Zubutlinskaya– a productive, winter-hardy, wind-resistant and disease-resistant Dagestan variety of folk selection with very large, round, blunt-ribbed felt fruits weighing up to 800 g, golden yellow in color with light yellow juicy pulp of a pleasant taste;
• Vraniska Denmark– a high-yielding, wind-resistant and disease-resistant variety of Yugoslav selection with rounded, truncated, pear-shaped, slightly woolly fruits weighing up to 270 g of greenish-yellow color. The pulp is light yellow, dense and juicy, sweet and sour taste;
• Buynakskaya large-fruited– a high-yielding, self-fertile and early-fruiting, winter-hardy and disease-resistant Dagestan variety with very large pear-shaped or cylindrical fruits, sometimes reaching a weight of 700 g. The color of the fruits is light yellow;
• Ktyun-zhum (winter quince)– a very late variety released for the North Caucasus with smooth, wide-ribbed golden-yellow fruits, often weighing 800 g. The fruit pulp is light yellow in color, with an excellent sweet and sour taste;
• Portuguese– a partially self-fertile European variety of medium winter hardiness with short pear-shaped, ribbed, slightly pubescent fruits of medium size. The pulp is aromatic, yellowish, tart.

Among the late quince varieties, Mir, Student, Ispolinskaya, Champion, Victoria and others are also popular.

Quince varieties for the Moscow region

If you, living in the Moscow region, decide to grow quince in your garden, keep in mind that it is more resistant to cold than apricot, cherry and even some varieties of pears and apple trees. Provided the root zone and lower part of the trunk are insulated, the following quince varieties can be grown in the Moscow region:

• Muscat– an early-ripening, medium-growing, high-yielding, drought-resistant and winter-hardy variety, practically not susceptible to disease. This is the best quince for the Moscow region - it is easy to cultivate on dense soils. The fruits of plants of this variety are fluffy, felt-like to the touch, the flesh is light cream, rough;
• Firstborn– an early-ripening, moisture-loving, winter-hardy, productive variety that begins to bear fruit in the fourth year. Smooth, pubescent-free fruits, weighing up to 220 g, have a round shape and a pale yellow color. The pulp is aromatic, juicy, tender, cream-colored;
• Amber– a mid-season, early-fruiting, productive variety with average winter hardiness, but high drought resistance and immunity to fungal diseases. The fruits of plants of this variety are medium in size, apple-shaped, slightly ribbed, the color of the fruits ranges from bright yellow to amber. The pulp is very aromatic, bright cream or orange-yellow, coarse-grained, juicy, sweet and sour taste;
• Success– self-fertile, late-ripening, productive, drought-resistant and winter-hardy variety with round and smooth light yellow fruits with almost imperceptible pubescence and very sweet pulp;
• Krasnodar– a mid-season, winter-hardy and drought-resistant variety with medium-sized fruits, weighing up to 200 g, apple-shaped, slightly ribbed, amber-orange or bright yellow in color. The pulp is juicy, coarse-grained, bright cream or orange-yellow, with a strong aroma and sweet and sour taste.

In addition to the varieties described, in the Moscow region you can successfully grow the varieties Aromatnaya, Stepnaya Krasvitsa, Dessertnaya, Excellent, Blagodatnaya, Ranetnaya and Gurji.

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A fruit that is not very common in Russia - quince - occupies an honorable place in world cooking and medicine. The fruit has an unusual, tart taste and a rich nutritional composition, therefore it has an antiviral and tonic effect. The product is low in calories, but it is almost never consumed fresh. But various desserts are said to be made from quince.

Plant characteristics

Quince is a plant of the Rosaceae family. It is one of the most ancient fruit crops. Its wild variety is widespread in Central Asia, the Caucasus, Crimea, Dagestan, Moldova and Ukraine.

The wildflower grows on the edges of forests and slopes. In its cultivated form, the plant can be found in gardens and summer cottages. Without proper care, a domesticated tree quickly becomes wild.

Among all existing varieties, quince is oblong, apple-shaped or pear-shaped. The fruits are the size of a large apple.

The color range of varieties is varied. Depending on the type, the fruits have a bright yellow, yellow-green or dark yellow color.

The skin is dense, hard, covered with fluff. The fruit contains creamy, white or beige pulp. The pulp tastes sour, or slightly sweet, tart, juicy. Its structure is dense and rigid. In the core area, small brown seeds form, like those of an apple.

Many people are interested in whether quince is a fruit or a berry. Considering that the fruit contains pulp and a core with seeds, it is a fruit.

Quince is a fruit, not a berry

Appearance

According to the description, the plant has the following characteristics:

• deciduous tree or shrub, reaching 1-5 m in height, depending on the variety;
• shoots grow at an angle of 60°;
• the bark is thin, burgundy, dark brown or dark gray, covered with scales;
• leaves are oval, ovoid, maple-shaped at the base, dark green in color;
• The quince tree differs from other fruit trees in its large fruit size (in some varieties the fruits reach 1.8 kg).

Bloom

Common quince blooms from May to June. The flowers are large, up to 5 cm in diameter, in a snow-white, pale pink or beige hue. The buds bloom after the leaves develop. Flowering is abundant, lushly covering the crown of the tree. That's why quince is unique decorative decoration in any garden.

During the flowering period, quince is a garden decoration

Thanks to its late flowering, it fruit plant It is not afraid of frost and almost always produces good yields.

The aroma of ripe quince is reminiscent of a sour apple combined with a floral, spicy aroma.

Features of cultivation

You can grow a tree either from a purchased seedling or using a cutting from an adult crop. There are other ways to grow a quince garden - by grafting, layering, seeds and root suckers.

Regardless of the growing method, planting this crop requires choosing a sunny location with clay soil and a low acidity level. Quince grows poorly on sandy soil - it begins to bear fruit ahead of time with small, tasteless fruits.

The method of growing quince is no different from the peculiarities of caring for pear and apple trees.

This easy-to-care tree is characterized by high yields and usefulness. Loves frequent moisture, regular feeding, tolerates pruning well and rarely gets sick.

Landing

Planting of seedlings or sprouted cuttings is carried out in spring or autumn. The advantage of spring planting is that over the summer the plants will have time to take root and get used to the new living conditions, so they are not afraid of winter frosts. At autumn planting the risk of frostbite in young trees increases.

Planting dates depend on the growing area:

• in the regions of the middle and northern zone, seedlings are planted at the end of April;
• in the south (in Krasnodar region, in Rostov) plants are planted in open ground in the first ten days of April.

For seedlings, a deep hole is dug in accordance with the size of the root system (80x80 cm). A nutritious mixture of garden soil, 5 kg of humus, 200 g of wood ash and 40 g of superphosphate is poured into the hole. The roots of the plant are placed on top, sprinkled with soil so that the root collar remains flush with the soil level. The seedlings are watered abundantly and mulched with peat.

Seedlings must be mulched with peat

Care

In the process of growth and development, young seedlings require proper and timely care:

1. Trimming. After planting, the central branch is shortened by a third of its length. The next year, the central conductor is cut again 20 cm from the top, and the side shoots are also trimmed. The crown is formed from branches of the second, third and fourth order. Every year, in early spring, the strongest shoots (3-4 pieces) are selected, and the weaker and thinner ones are cut off.
2. Watering. During the spring-autumn period, plants should be watered several times. The first moistening is carried out before the buds begin to swell, the second during the flowering period, and the next one two weeks after it. Watering is especially important during the formation of ovaries and ripening of fruits. The last moisture-recharging irrigation is carried out in the fall, when the leaves fall from the trees. It is necessary to increase the frost resistance of the tree.
3. Feeding. In the first years of life, quince is not fed, provided that it was planted in nutritious soil. In the third year, the ground around the tree trunk is sprinkled with compost or humus, then digging is done. No less important are mineral fertilizers, which increase productivity and taste qualities fruits Superphosphate and potassium salt are added in a complex one month after adding organic matter.
4. A procedure is also carried out to loosen the soil around the tree trunk in order to increase its moisture and air permeability.
5. For the winter, garden quince needs shelter. Tree trunk circle mulched with peat or humus, the crown is covered with lutrasil or spruce branches.

Fruit ripening and harvesting

Fruit ripening occurs in autumn - September or October, depending on the variety and region of cultivation. This fruit has good and long-lasting shelf life. In cool conditions and low humidity, quince fruits can be stored for about 6 months.

Unripe quince will ripen well at home. Fruits that have not had time to ripen are laid out on paper indoors at room temperature. In such conditions, quince ripens in 5-7 days.

Popular varieties

Today, breeders distinguish 5 varietal groups of quince.

Marble

A decorative species that differs from other varieties in its unusual leaf color. The leaf blade is dark green, covered with white dots. Bears yellow fruit.

Pyramidal

This garden group includes all decorative fruit varieties with a pyramidal crown. The fruits are apple-shaped. They are yellow with slight pubescence.

Pear-shaped

It is the only species in the Rosaceae family that bears bright yellow pear-shaped fruits. It is grown as an ornamental and fruit crop.

Apple-shaped

Planting an apple-shaped variety in private gardens is done in order to obtain a tasty harvest of fruits that resemble an apple in appearance.

Portuguese

The fruits of this variety are elongated, more like a pear with a ribbed surface. The variety has good winter hardiness and resistance to adverse weather conditions.

There are more than 400 varieties of this plant. The following are the most popular among gardeners:

1. Anzherskaya.
2. Aurora.
3. Golden ball.
4. Golden.
5. Krasnodar large-fruited.
6. Kaunchi-10.
7. Kubanskaya.
8. Nutmeg.
9. Rumo.
10. Chinese.
11. Skorospelka.
12. Japanese.
13. Teplovskaya.

Fruit composition

The pulp contains a rich nutritional composition. The lion's share is occupied by malic, tartronic and citric acids.

Quince pulp contains many nutrients

Microelements in the pulp include calcium, zinc, phosphorus, iron and pectin.

Sunny-colored fruits are rich in vitamins - A, E, C, PP. Also contain B vitamins.

High performance energy value This product is due to the increased content of essential oils, sugars, fructose and tannins.

Quince juice contains ascorbic acid, which is beneficial for our body, so quince primarily has an antiviral and tonic effect.

This is a low-calorie product - 100 g of pulp contains 39 calories. The fruit does not contain fats or sodium, so it does not increase bad cholesterol.

Use in cooking

Fresh quince is not very tasty. Usually this product is baked or boiled. Various sweets such as jam, preserves, marmalade, jam and candied fruits are prepared from the healthy fruit.

Common quince is also suitable for preparing aromatic compotes and juices. Quince fruits are rich in esters, which give this fruit an amazing aroma. They are often supplemented with boiled pieces meat dishes from beef, pork.

The canned product is an integral part of the cuisine in the Caucasus and Central Asia.

Quince fruits are used to make very tasty dried fruits. The cored pulp along with the skin is cut into slices, sprinkled with sugar, and kept for a day in a warm room. Then the slices are boiled in sugar syrup. The finished product is laid out on a baking sheet and dried in the oven.

Classic quince dessert

Wipe off ripe fruits and rinse under running water. Cut in half, cut out the core, cut off the skin in damaged areas. Cut into slices and place in a saucepan. To make sliced ​​fruit soft, it is blanched in water for half an hour. Then the water is drained and sugar is added to it. Boil the syrup for 10 minutes, then transfer the pieces into it, add 1/2 tsp. citric acid or 1 tsp. lemon juice. Cook over low heat for another 20 minutes. When cooked this way, quince slices do not fall apart and retain their beauty and amazing aroma.

After cooling, the product will thicken. It can be served with pancakes, pancakes or just with tea.

Application in medicine

A fruit tree or shrub is classified as medicinal plants. The benefits of not only the pulp and peel, but also quince seeds are noted.

Quince seeds are very useful

Benefits of seeds

The seeds contain mucous and tanning components. They are prepared by drying at a temperature of 50 °C.

The seed decoction has:

• laxative and enveloping effect;
• anti-inflammatory (helps in the treatment of cough, bronchitis, asthma);
• compresses based on seed decoction eliminate eye diseases.

Stone decoction is used in cosmetology to cleanse the skin.

A decoction of the leaves of the plant helps get rid of gray hair that appears at an early age.

Benefits of pulp

Quince fruits began to be used in the prevention and treatment of various ailments back in ancient times:

• reduces the symptoms of periodontal disease;
• eliminates pain from hemorrhoids (apply lotions or compresses based on quince juice);
• fresh and juicy pulp is good to use with low hemoglobin;
• the fruit has a slight diuretic effect, so it is indicated for use for edema;
• quince juice improves immunity, gives strength and energy;
• eliminates pain and symptoms during flu, colds and diseases of the respiratory system;
• lowers the level of harmful cholesterol in the blood;
• has an antiemetic effect;
• the pulp of the fruit helps eliminate indigestion and normalizes the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract;
• thanks to increased content fiber fruits help reduce excess weight, therefore they are often included in the diet menu;
• it is a powerful antioxidant that helps a person cope with stress, neuroses, and stabilizes the functioning of the central nervous system;
• juice-based lotions help get rid of pain and inflammation in the ears;
• The fruits should be eaten for gastroenteritis, flatulence, tracheitis and colitis.

Traditional medicine recipes

These simple quince-based medicinal recipes will help you treat some diseases:

1. For burns, stomach pain and cough, the following remedy helps: pour 10 g of quince seeds into a glass of boiling water, boil for 20 minutes. Leave for half an hour, filter, squeeze out the seeds. Take 30 ml. three times a day before meals. For burns, make lotions based on decoction.
2. For colitis, use the following composition: pour 10 g of seeds with a liter of boiled water. After 10 hours of infusion, strain and drink 1/4 glass of 50 ml three times a day on an empty stomach.
3. If you have excessive sweating of your feet, you should make a decoction from the leaves of the plant. Pour a handful of crushed raw materials with a glass of boiling water, boil, leave for an hour. Rinse your feet with the decoction daily.
4. If you have an upset stomach, the following recipe will help: chop two fruits, add water, simmer for 15 minutes over low heat, leave for an hour. Drink 1/2 glass three times a day before meals.
5. Quince juice is very good for iron deficiency anemia. Take two fruits, cut them in half, remove the core, cut the pulp into pieces. Pour water over the fruit slices and boil until soft. Filter the juice through cheesecloth and throw the pulp aside. Thick, rich syrup with pulp should be taken three times a day, 15 ml.

Contraindications

Quince fruits should not be consumed if you have a stomach ulcer, duodenal ulcer or enterocolitis. The fluff contained on the skin should be carefully removed, otherwise if it enters the body it can cause a cough.

If you have enterocolitis, you should not eat quince.

Excessive consumption of fruits causes intestinal blockage, pain and irritation of the intestinal mucosa.

Application in cosmetology

The pulp contains a large amount of fruit acids, so it is used in the manufacture of various facial and body skin care products.

Quince-based cosmetics have a regenerating, drying and antiseptic effect. The grated pulp is mixed with various vegetable oils, ground cereals, egg yolk and starch.

Masks

At home, you can use the following recipes for masks based on this fruit:

1. For aging, oily and problematic skin with acne, a simple remedy based on crushed quince pulp is suitable. The paste is applied to the face, avoiding the area around the eyes, and after a few minutes is washed off with warm water.
2. For normal and combined epidermis, the following composition is suitable: mix the finely grated pulp of one fruit with the yolk, add a couple of tablespoons of rolled oats flour. Can be used both on the face and décolleté. After a quarter of an hour, rinse your face with cool water.
3. A universal mask is suitable for all types of epidermis. Mix a handful of grated pulp with 10 g of buckwheat or rice flour, add the same amount of starch. Mix and apply to facial skin. After a quarter of an hour, rinse with warm water.

Cleansers

Quince fruits are used in the manufacture of scrubs and peelings. They exfoliate dead skin cells well, restore damaged epidermis and improve blood circulation.

To prepare the scrub, you will need completely crushed fruit with core and seeds. Mix the fruit pulp with 10 g of coarse salt. Mix both components and apply to facial skin using circular massaging movements. After a few minutes, rinse off the product with running water. This cleanser is allowed to be used no more than once every 7 days.

Lotions

For oily skin, a lotion based on quince and raw chicken yolk is perfect. Squeeze the juice of one fruit, add to it 100 ml of medical alcohol and the same amount of camphor oil. Beat the chicken yolk until foamy and add it into the resulting mixture in a thin stream. This product should be stored in the refrigerator.

Quince-based lotion removes residual oil from the skin, making it velvety and elastic.

Hand sanitizer

You can make a hand sanitizer using quince juice. Cut a small fruit in half and remove the core. Cut the pulp into slices, pour in vodka, close the lid tightly and leave in a dark place for two weeks.

Quince juice can be used to make an excellent hand sanitizer.

Add 20 g of glycerin to the filtered product.

Conclusion

Thanks to their rich vitamin and mineral composition, quince fruits are widely used in cooking, medicine and cosmetology. All of the above recipes should be used with extreme caution and taking into account contraindications. When consumed in moderation and regularly, this product will provide maximum benefits to your body.