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Information about Estonia. Danish Estonia. Warband. State structure of Estonia

Official name- Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik). Located in northeastern Europe. Area 45.2 thousand km2, population 1.423 million people. (2001). The official language is Estonian. The capital is Tallinn (500 thousand people, 2001). Public holiday - Independence Day February 24 (1918). The monetary unit is the crown (equal to 100 centimes).

Member of the UN (since 1993), Council of Europe (since 1993), EU (since 2004), NATO (since 2004), etc.

Sights of Estonia

Geography of Estonia

Located between 22° and 28° east longitude and 60° and 58° northern latitude, on south coast Gulf of Finland, washed by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga. The length of the land border is 637 km, in the south with Latvia (343 km), in the east with the Russian Federation (294 km). The closest northern neighbor is Finland. The coastline is highly indented - 3794 km. More than 1,500 islands, the largest are Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Muhu.

Estonia is located within the East European Plain, which gradually rises from the coasts of the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Finland in the eastern and southeastern directions. The average height is 50 m above sea level, the highest point is 318 m - Suur Munamägi hill in the south of the country.

Estonia has a dense river network. Rivers: Narva, Pirita, Kazari, Pärnu, etc. The longest river - Pärnu (144 km) flows into the Gulf of Riga. The most abundant rivers are the Narva and Emajõgi.

There are more than 1,150 lakes (mostly of glacial origin) and St. 250 ponds. The lakes occupy approx. 4.8% of the territory. The largest of them, Chudskoye (or Peipsi), is located in the east and forms a natural and historical border with the Russian Federation (of the lake's area of ​​3555 km2, 1616 km2 belong to E.). The largest inland body of water is Lake Võrtsjärv (266 km2).

More than 48% of the territory is covered with mixed coniferous-deciduous forests (pine, spruce, warty and downy birch, aspen, as well as oak, maple, ash, elm, linden). The low-lying coastal strip is occupied by coastal meadows with specific flora that tolerate soil salinity.

Counts approx. 1560 species of flowering, gymnosperm and pteridophytes. A wide variety of mosses (507 species), lichens (786), fungi (approx. 2500), algae (more than 1700). Available approx. 60 species of mammals. These are: moose, roe deer, hares, wild boars, foxes, pine marten, badger, squirrels, etc. More than 70 species of fish live in fresh reservoirs and coastal waters (carp, salmon, burbot, trout, crucian carp, tench, carp, herring, sprat , cod, flounder, whitefish, eel, etc.).

Estonia has a fairly variegated soil cover from sod-podzolic, carbonate to podzolic stony. In general, wetlands occupy more than half of the country's area, and swamps - approx. 22%.

Minerals: shale tar (kukersite), oil shale and phosphorites (explored reserves are estimated at 3.8 billion tons, projected reserves are approximately 6 billion tons), peat, amber, limestone, clay, phosphates, dolomite.

The climate is transitional from maritime to continental, the average July temperature is approx. +17°C, February from –4°C on Lake Saaremaa to –8°C in Narva.

Population of Estonia

According to estimated national statistics, at the beginning of 2003 the population of Estonia was 1356 thousand people, decreased by 20.7 thousand people. compared to 2000 census data.

The population in Estonia is decreasing due to both negative natural growth and emigration. From 1995-2001, the mortality rate steadily increased (from 11.9 to 13.5‰), and the birth rate decreased (from 13.9 to 8.7‰), while the infant mortality rate also decreased (from 18.7 to 12 .6 people per 1000 newborns). Average duration life 69.7 years, men 63.7, women 76 years. In 2001, 17% of the population was under 15 years of age, 15% were over 15 years of age, 68% were St. 65 years old. Men make up 47% of the population, women - 53%. 67.1% of the population lives in cities. The retirement age since 2002 is 65 years for men, 60 years for women.

Ethnic composition: Estonians - 65.1%, Russians - 28.1%, Ukrainians - 2.5%, Belarusians - 1.5%, Finns - 1%. 75.1% of the permanent population (almost all Estonians) have Estonian citizenship, 6.2% have Russian citizenship, and do not have any St. 12%.

The Estonian language belongs to the Baltic-Finnish branch of the Finno-Ugric family of languages.

Among believers, Lutherans predominate (80-85%), there are Orthodox (including Estonians), Baptists, Methodists, Seventh-day Adventists, Catholics, and Pentecostals. 8 churches, 8 parish unions and 66 private parishes are registered.

History of Estonia

The scattered Estonian tribes inhabiting the territory of modern Estonia were mainly engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding and fishing. German advance eastward in the 12th century. influenced the fate of the Estonians in the 13th-16th centuries. their lands were conquered by German crusaders and included in Livonia. The southern part of the country in 1224 was divided between the Livonian Order, Dorpat and Ezel bishops, the northern part belonged to Denmark in 1238-1346. The country was dominated by the Teutonic knights, the landowning aristocracy and local bishops of the Catholic Church, who were supported by city merchants. As a result of the war (1558-83), the Livonian Order collapsed: the northern part of Estonia came under the rule of the Swedes, the southern part - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The island of Saaremaa remained with Denmark. Since 1645, the entire territory of Estonia became part of Sweden. In the beginning. 18th century Russia's interests in the Baltic region collided with the interests of Sweden. After Sweden's defeat in the Northern War (1700-21), Estonia was annexed to Russia and divided into two provinces. The Estonian province was formed on the territory of northern Estonia, and the southern part (Pärnu, Viljandi and Tartu) became part of the Livonia province.

Under the influence of the events of the February Revolution of 1917, Councils of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies were created in Tallinn and other cities. In April 1917, the Estonian lands became an autonomous province. The first elections to the Estonian parliament took place on July 7-8, 1917. On February 24, 1918, the Provincial Land Council declared the independence of Estonia. The units of the Red Army and Estonian riflemen who entered contributed to the proclamation of the Estonian Soviet Republic (Estonian Labor Commune) on November 29, 1918, which existed until June 5, 1919, and on May 19, 1919, the Constituent Assembly proclaimed the formation of the independent Estonian Republic. On February 2, 1920, a peace treaty was signed with the RSFSR. In 1934, a coup d'état was carried out, a dictatorship was established, parliament was dissolved and political parties were banned.

On September 28, 1939, Estonia and the USSR signed an agreement on mutual assistance, which provided for the deployment of part of the Soviet troops on the territory of Estonia, and on June 17, 1940, in connection with the threat of fascist aggression, they were introduced. On June 14-15, elections to the State Duma were held, and on July 21, 1940, the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed, and in August 1940 it became part of the USSR. In 1941-44 E. was occupied Nazi troops. In the fall of 1944, after heavy fighting, Estonia was liberated by units of the Red Army.

In December 1988, the Popular Front of Estonia was created, as well as a number of other political organizations (including the Independence Party), which put forward demands for separation from the USSR. In November 1988, the Supreme Council of Estonia, led by communist reformers, adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of the Estonian SSR. On May 8, 1990, the Republic of Estonia was proclaimed, and on September 6, 1991, the independence of Estonia was recognized State Council THE USSR.

State structure and political system of Estonia

Estonia is a parliamentary republic. The Constitution of 1992 is in force. Administrative division-15 counties (maakonds), 207 volosts, 47 cities. Largest cities (thousand people): Tallinn, Tartu (115), Narva (68.5), Kohtla-Jarve (55), Pärnu (45).

State power in accordance with the Constitution is exercised by the Riigikogu, the President and the Government.

The highest legislative body is the Riigikogu (unicameral parliament), consisting of 101 deputies elected by universal, direct, secret ballot for 4 years on the basis of proportional representation (over 20 parties and political organizations are registered in Estonia). The Riigikogu elects the president, discusses legislation, approves or rejects the prime minister appointed by the president, and forms the government of the country.

The elections of the next (10th) Riigikogu, held on March 2, 2003, demonstrated the previous tendency towards the predominance of right-wing conservative, nationally oriented forces. In total, approx. took part in the elections. 58% of the Estonian electorate, or 40% of the country's residents. Almost 25% of the population, mostly Russian-speaking residents who do not have the status of citizens, were not allowed to participate in the elections. Of the 11 registered parties, only 6 entered parliament. Russian-speaking parties - the United People's Party of Estonia and the Russian Party of Estonia did not receive the required minimum votes. The center-right party "Res Publica" won (28 seats), in second place was the social democratic Center Party, led by the mayor of Tallinn E. Savisaar (28), in third place was the Reform Party with leader S. Kallas (19), the only party from " triple alliance" (reformists, moderates and the Fatherland Union), which has broad support after the right-wing government, since it managed to move away from the unpopular decisions of this government and actively condemned its partners, then the People's Union (13), the Isamaalit Fatherland Union (7) and the Party moderates (6 seats).

The head of state is the president, elected by the Riigikogu for 5 years, but not more than two consecutive terms, approves laws, appoints a candidate for the post of prime minister, and performs representative functions. Arnold Rüütel won the presidential election on September 21, 2001, replacing Lennart Mary.

The highest body of executive power - the Cabinet of Ministers - is formed by the Riigikogu. The composition of the country's new coalition government was approved on April 7, 2003. The ruling coalition included representatives of the Res Publica party, the Reform Party and the People's Union. The leader of the Res Publica party, Juhan Parts, became the new Prime Minister of Estonia, replacing the leader of the reformist party, Siim Kallas.

The primary tasks of the new government were: continuation of the active campaign against corruption (rejection of personal and expensive cars of ministers and other officials), reduction of expenses for the maintenance of the state apparatus; struggle for a balanced budget, reduction income tax up to 20% and establishing a tax-free level of personal income up to 2000 thousand crowns per month from January 1, 2004; tougher penalties for drug-related crimes. In the field of foreign policy - Estonia's accession to the EU (in the referendum held on September 14, 2003, 66.9% of voters who took part voted for joining the EU) and NATO, further development of Estonian-Russian relations, cross-border cooperation between Estonia and Leningrad, Pskov and other regions of the Russian Federation, as well as cooperation within the framework of projects of the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS).

NATO membership is one of the main goals of Estonia's foreign and defense policy. In 2002, 2% of GDP was spent on defense. The preparation and reform of the national defense system is carried out in accordance with NATO standards. The regular Armed Forces number approx. 4500 people All of Estonia is divided into 4 military districts and 14 defense regions. The ground forces consist of 8 battalions: reconnaissance, security, peacekeeping and 5 infantry, as well as an artillery unit. They are armed with 32 armored personnel carriers, up to 60 mortars of various calibers, approx. 20 towed artillery guns and St. 400 recoilless rifles, 100 anti-aircraft guns and approx. 15 anti-tank guided missile launchers. The Air Force has 110 personnel. and consist of 2 An-2 aircraft and 3 Mi-2 helicopters. The country's Navy - 300 people, one frigate, 2 patrol boats, 4 mine-sweeping ships, 2 auxiliary vessels. There is also a border guard, numbering approx. 300 people on 30 patrol boats.

Estonia has diplomatic relations with the Russian Federation (established on October 9, 1991).

Economy of Estonia

Estonia is a state with an industrial-agrarian economy. Industry employs 33% of the economically active population. The main industries: oil shale mining and processing, light industry, food processing, woodworking, metalworking, mechanical engineering and construction materials production. Industrial enterprises in the country are concentrated in large cities. Tallinn is home to metalworking, machine-building and instrument-making factories, and light industry enterprises. In Narva there is a famous large cotton mill (Krenholm Manufactory), in Sillamae there is a plant for the production of rare metals (Silmet). The cities of Kohtla-Jarve, Sillamäe and Narva have the main fuel and energy complexes. Small enterprises in the food and wood processing industries are evenly distributed throughout the country. The industry is experiencing crisis phenomena associated with structural changes and reorientation towards the production of competitive products that meet the requirements of the world market.

St. is involved in agriculture. 12% of the economically active population, agricultural land area 2.57 million hectares. The main directions are meat and dairy farming, bacon production. They grow potatoes, vegetables, grains and fruit crops. Agriculture remains the most backward sector of the economy, despite the measures taken. Estonia has lost the market for agricultural products in the east, and exports of products to the west are limited by various quotas. Only 1/3 of livestock and pig products are exported. The slow pace of privatization also had a negative impact on the state of the industry. In the last decade, the area of ​​arable land has been declining; arable land occupies 25% of the country's territory, pastures - 11%.

Industry in 2002 accounted for 19.7% of GDP (including manufacturing - 18.6%), transport and communications - 15.9, trade - 14.6, services - 12.6, construction - 6.4 , other areas of activity - 30.8%.

There is a fairly developed and extensive transport network. The total length of the broad-gauge railway is 1018 km (privatized in 2001), highways - 49,480 km (10,935 km paved, 38,545 km unpaved), navigable waterways - 320 km, gas pipelines - 420 km. There are year-round sea (ports and harbors: Haapsalu, Kunda, Muuga, Tallinn) and air connections (5 airports, the largest in Tallinn).

Estonia consistently carries out coordinated efforts by the IMF and the World Bank economic reforms and is a market economy country seeking to join the EU to strengthen economic security. One of the main conditions for joining the EU is membership in the WTO (Estonia joined this organization in 1999). Other important condition- macroeconomic stability.

Over the years of its sovereign existence, the country has experienced a fairly long (5 years) and deep economic recession. In 2000, GDP in Estonia was 85% of the 1990 level, industrial production decreased by 35%. The development of the Estonian economy was negatively impacted by the Russian monetary and financial crisis of 1998. The reorientation of foreign economic relations to the West to some extent mitigated its consequences, but could not completely replace the vast Russian market. Every sixth company, exporting primarily food, chemical products, building materials, and computers, was affected. Many Estonian enterprises were forced to reduce production volumes by almost 2 times (in the processing industry - by 40%, in the electronics industry - by 55%). The volume of exports to the Russian Federation decreased by 59%, and to EU countries increased by 10%. The sharp decline in food exports to the Russian Federation led to the development of a crisis of food overproduction in Estonia. Unemployment has increased. Slow growth in industrial and agricultural production began in 2000.

GDP dynamics in Estonia in the 1990s. followed a trend common to all transition economies: a strong decline was replaced by unsustainable growth. At the same time, exports and foreign investment remained the main sources of growth in conditions of limited domestic demand.

The volume of GDP (in constant prices) in 2002 amounted to 96.9 billion crowns, an increase compared to 2001 - 5.8%. Industrial output increased by 4.5%. The volume of production in the mining and processing industries amounted to 939.7 million crowns (an increase of 10.6%), in the manufacturing sector - 16,746.4 million crowns (9.8%). The greatest growth was observed in the production of computers and office equipment (24.7%), electric machines(20%), in the paper (20.3%) and textile (14.7%) industries.

The volume of construction work increased by 14.7% and amounted to CZK 5,551 million, and the volume of retail and wholesale trade increased by 10.1% (CZK 12,896 million). Revenues from the service sector increased (restaurant and hotel services - by 12.7%, financial activities- by 8.5%).

In agriculture and hunting in 2002, a decrease in production of 4.7% was recorded. In the livestock industry, 92 thousand tons of meat were produced, 1% more, eggs (247.3 million pieces) - 11% less, milk (620.7 thousand tons) - 9% less. In crop production: 543.7 thousand tons of grains were collected (a decrease of 2.7%), potatoes - 285.7 thousand tons (6.7% less).

The volume of Estonia's foreign trade turnover in 2002 compared to 2001 increased by 3%, amounting to 136.4 billion kroons; exports accounted for 42% (56.9 billion kroons), imports - 58% (79.8 billion kroons). Exports of Estonian goods decreased by 2.1%, imports increased by 6%. Estonia's foreign trade deficit amounted to 39.7% of exports (in 2001 - 33%). EU countries accounted for 68% of exports and 58% of imports, CIS countries - 5 and 10%, respectively. The main export partners were: Finland (24.8%), Sweden (15.3%), Germany (9.9%), Latvia (7.4%), Great Britain (4.8%), Denmark (4. 4%), and for imports - Finland (17.2%), Germany (11.2%), Sweden (9.5%), Russia (7.4%), China (5.2%), Italy ( 4.6%). The negative balance in trade with the EU countries amounted to 5.6 billion crowns, the CIS - 5.1 billion crowns.

The unstable dynamics of the global economy and negative trends in the development of EU countries (slowdown of economic growth) have had an impact on the Estonian economy in recent years. This is directly related to the shrinking export opportunities and the constant increase in imports. Estonia managed to partially compensate for losses in the EU markets by entering the markets of the CIS countries, mainly in the Russian Federation. In 2002, exports to the Russian Federation increased by 39.5% compared to 2001. Major export items are mechanical engineering products (approx. 60%), food products. Almost 50% of imports from the Russian Federation are mineral products (oil, petroleum products, gas, mineral fertilizers). Large import items are metals (mainly ferrous and aluminum) and products made from them, as well as chemical products, forest and paper products, primarily wood for the production of lumber exported to the West.

There are no large investments from the Russian Federation in Estonia; shareholders from legal entities and individuals are registered in 266 Estonian companies. RAO Gazprom made relatively large investments in the petrochemical enterprise Nitrofert in Kohtla-Jarve. On the basis of the Nitrofert gas processing enterprise, with the participation of large Western companies and banks, work is underway on a project to create a modern high-tech chemical production facility. The products of this enterprise (fertilizers, methanol, etc.) will be exported to the markets of Western countries.

The transit of Russian cargo remains an important element of the Estonian national economy. The volume of these services significantly exceeds commodity exports to the Russian Federation in value terms. The Russian Federation is provided with services for the transportation and transshipment of oil and petroleum products, fertilizers, metals and a number of other goods. Revenues from the transit of these goods account for up to 25% of the Estonian budget.

The reduction in demand in foreign markets had a downward impact on the dynamics of consumer prices. The trade deficit has increased significantly. The increase in the balance of payments deficit was counteracted by a very significant influx of investment from abroad. Volume accumulated at the beginning 2002 direct foreign investment(FDI) amounted to $2.7 billion, or $1.8 thousand per capita. The largest foreign investors - Finland and Sweden - invested St. 2/3 of all foreign investments, Germany - 10%.

Estonia's economic development in 2003 will continue to be determined by the dynamics of demand on the domestic market. Some growth in consumption will be possible due to an increase in wages and expanded opportunities for obtaining loans from commercial banks.

The Estonian banking system consists of the Bank of Estonia and a network of commercial banks (7), whose assets amounted to USD 3.78 billion (September 2002). Hansapunk is one of the largest banks in the country. According to the Bank of Estonia, the country's balance of payments deficit in 2002 amounted to 13.3 billion kroons ($930 million), or 12.5% ​​of GDP, 2 times more than in 2001. The increase in the deficit is caused by the constantly increasing import of services, indicating for active investment activities. Estonia's external debt is at stake. 2002 amounted to 12.3 billion crowns, or 11.6% of GDP (in 2001 - 9.2 billion crowns, or 10% of GDP, respectively).

In 2002, GDP per capita reached 5 thousand euros, which is 37% of the EU average. The average monthly wage was $337, the minimum wage was $103, the average pension was $92, and the average family income per person was $131. Food accounted for 32% of all expenses.

The number of employees in 2002 amounted to 586 thousand people, increased by 1.4% compared to 2001. 67.2 thousand unemployed were registered (in 2001 - 83.1 thousand). The unemployment rate remains quite high, but there is a downward trend from 13.6% in 2000 to 10.6% in 2001 and 10.3% in 2002.

Science and culture of Estonia

In Estonia, the share of those with primary, basic (9 grades) and secondary education in the economically active population is 35.6%, secondary specialized (vocational) education - 35.3% and higher education - 29.1% (2000).

At the beginning of the 2001/02 school year, 207.6 thousand people were studying in general education schools in Estonia. (26.2% - in Russian), in vocational educational institutions - 29.8 thousand people. (35.3%) and in universities - 60.4 thousand people. (11.2%). In the field of vocational and higher education, a significant share of state funding remains. The number of higher education students has increased sharply due to paid education (both in public and private educational institutions).

Since 2002, a new financing system began to operate budget places in higher education. It provides for the conclusion of agreements between the Ministry of Education and the university for the entire nominal period of budget education (up to graduation, obtaining a master's or doctorate degree) for a certain number of places.

The country has 6 public and 8 private universities, 34 universities. The largest and most famous of them are: the University of Tartu (founded in 1632), Tallinn Technical University, Tallinn Pedagogical University, Estonian Agricultural Academy in Tartu, Tallinn University of the Arts, Estonian Music and Art Academy in Tallinn.

Expenditures on science amount to 0.7% of GDP (2001). The country's leading scientific center, the Estonian Academy of Sciences, was reorganized into a personal academy, and its 19 institutes were transferred to universities. A major center of science is the University of Tartu, where special attention is paid to research in the field of Estonian philology and literature, history, ethnography and medicine.

Of the country's 114 museums, the largest is the Estonian National Museum, established in 1909 in Tartu, which has a rich collection of ethnographic materials. In Estonia there are approx. 600 libraries. The largest of them are the Tartu University Library, the National Library in Tallinn and the Estonian Academic Library in Tallinn.

Estonian culture was formed under strong Scandinavian and German influence. In the beginning. 19th century Estonian literature began to emerge. The publication in 1857-61 by F. Kreutzwald of the national epic “Kalevipoeg” (“Son of Kalev”) was a significant event. Poetry developed in the 2nd half. 19th century The most famous were L. Koidula (the founder of Estonian drama), A. Reinwald, M. Veske, M. Under and B. Alver. In the beginning. 20th century the poet G. Suits led the cultural movement “Young Estonia”; poets such as P. Rummo (the play “Cinderella’s Game”) and J. Kaplinsky became famous.

The greatest achievement of prose in the 20th century. is the five-volume epic novel by A. Tammsaare “Truth and Justice”, written in 1926-33. The historical novels of the most famous Estonian writer J. Cross reveal the moral problems of Estonian society. The national writer of Estonia is Juhan Smuul (1922-71).

Folklore plays an important role in Estonian culture, inspiring writers, artists, sculptors, and musicians. Among the founders of the Estonian national visual arts can be attributed to the artist J. Köhler and sculptor A. Weizenberg, Estonian graphic artists T. Vint, V. Tolly and M. Leis. Among the Estonian composers, the most famous are E. Tubin (1905-82), A. Pärt (b. 1935), conductor N. Järvi (b. 1937)

It is an Estonian tradition to hold song festivals (in recent decades the number of performers has reached 30 thousand people, and listeners and spectators up to 300 thousand people).

In Estonia there are approx. 30 large and small theaters - state, municipal and private (National Opera House Estonia, State Russian Drama Theatre, Vanemuine Theater, etc.). Famous singers - Georg Ots (1920-75), Anne Veski.

Republic of Estonia.

The name of the country comes from the ethnonym of the people - Estonians.

Capital of Estonia. Tallinn.

Estonia area. 45227 km2.

Population of Estonia. 1.311 million people (

Estonia GDP. $26.49 billion (

Location of Estonia. The Republic of Estonia is a state in the northwest of Eastern Europe. In the north it is washed by the sea, in the west. In the east the country borders with Russia, including on, in the south - with. Estonia owns more than 1,500 islands, the largest of which are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa.

Administrative divisions of Estonia. Estonia is divided into 15 maakunds (counties) and 6 centrally subordinate cities.

Form of government of Estonia. Parliamentary republic.

Head of State of Estonia. President, elected by parliament for a 5-year term.

Supreme legislative body of Estonia. The Sejm, whose term of office is 5 years.

Higher executive agency Estonia. Government.

Major cities in Estonia. Tartu, Narva.

Official language of Estonia. Estonian.

Religion of Estonia. 70% are Lutherans, 20% are Orthodox.

Ethnic composition of Estonia. 61.5% - , 30.3% - Russians, 3.2% - , 1.8% - , 1.1% - Finns.

The history of Estonia begins with the oldest settlements on its territory, which appeared 10,000 years ago. were found near Pulli near modern Pärnu. Finno-Ugric tribes from the east (most likely from the Urals) came centuries later (probably in 3500 BC), mixed with the local population and settled in what is now Estonia, Finland and Hungary. They liked the new lands and rejected the nomadic life that characterized most other European peoples for the next six millennia.

Early history of Estonia (briefly)

In the 9th and 10th centuries AD, Estonians were well aware of the Vikings, who seemed more interested in trade routes to Kyiv and Constantinople than in conquering the land. The first real threat came from Christian invaders from the west. Fulfilling papal calls for crusades against the northern pagans, Danish troops and German knights invaded Estonia, conquering Otepää Castle in 1208. The local inhabitants put up fierce resistance and it took more than 30 years before the entire territory was conquered. By the mid-13th century, Estonia was divided between Danish in the north and German in the south by the Teutonic Orders. The crusaders, rushing east, were stopped by Alexander Nevsky from Novgorod on the frozen Lake Peipsi.

The conquerors settled in new cities, transferring most of the power to the bishops. By the end of the 13th century, cathedrals had risen above Tallinn and Tartu, and Cistercian and Dominican monasteries had been built to evangelize and baptize the local population. Meanwhile, Estonians continued to rebel.

The most significant uprising began on the night of St. George (April 23), 1343. It was started by Danish-controlled Northern Estonia. The history of the country is marked by the plunder of the Cistercian monastery of Padise by the rebels and the murder of all its monks. They then besieged Tallinn and the bishop's castle in Haapsalu and called on the Swedes for help. Sweden did send naval reinforcements, but they arrived too late and were forced to turn back. Despite the determination of the Estonians, the uprising of 1345 was suppressed. The Danes, however, decided that they had enough and sold Estonia to the Livonian Order.

The first craft guilds and merchant guilds appeared in the 14th century, and many cities, such as Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi and Pärnu, flourished as members of the Hanseatic League. Cathedral of St. John's in Tartu with its terracotta sculptures is evidence of wealth and Western trade connections.

Estonians continued to practice pagan rites at weddings, funerals and nature worship, although by the 15th century these rites became associated with Catholicism and they received Christian names. In the 15th century, peasants lost their rights and by the beginning of the 16th they became serfs.

Reformation

The Reformation, which originated in Germany, reached Estonia in the 1520s with the first wave of Lutheran preachers. By the mid-16th century, the church was reorganized, and monasteries and churches came under the auspices of the Lutheran Church. In Tallinn, the authorities closed the Dominican monastery (its impressive ruins remained); The Dominican and Cistercian monasteries in Tartu were closed.

Livonian War

In the 16th century, the greatest threat to Livonia (now Northern Latvia and Southern Estonia) came from the east. Ivan the Terrible, who proclaimed himself the first Tsar in 1547, pursued a policy of expansion to the west. Russian troops led by ferocious Tatar cavalry attacked in the Tartu region in 1558. The fighting was very brutal, the invaders left death and destruction in their path. Russia was joined by Poland, Denmark and Sweden, and periodic hostilities were fought throughout the 17th century. Short review The history of Estonia does not allow us to dwell on this period in detail, but as a result, Sweden emerged victorious.

The war placed a heavy burden on the local population. In two generations (from 1552 to 1629), half the rural population died, about three-quarters of all farms were deserted, diseases such as plague, crop failure, and the ensuing famine increased the number of victims. Apart from Tallinn, every castle and fortified center of the country was plundered or destroyed, including Viljandi Castle, which was one of the strongest fortresses in Northern Europe. Some cities were completely destroyed.

Swedish period

After the war, Estonia's history was marked by a period of peace and prosperity under Swedish rule. Cities, thanks to trade, grew and prospered, helping the economy quickly recover from the horrors of war. Under Swedish rule, Estonia was united under a single ruler for the first time in history. By the mid-17th century, however, things began to deteriorate. An outbreak of plague and later the Great Famine (1695-97) killed 80 thousand people - almost 20% of the population. Sweden soon faced a threat from an alliance of Poland, Denmark and Russia, which sought to regain lands lost in the Livonian War. The invasion began in 1700. After some successes, including the defeat of Russian troops near Narva, the Swedes began to retreat. In 1708 Tartu was destroyed, and all survivors were sent to Russia. In 1710 Tallinn capitulated and Sweden was defeated.

Education

The history of Estonia as part of Russia began. This did not bring anything good to the peasants. The war and plague of 1710 claimed the lives of tens of thousands of people. Peter I abolished the Swedish reforms and destroyed any hopes of freedom for the surviving serfs. Attitudes towards them would not change until the Enlightenment at the end of the 18th century. Catherine II limited the privileges of the elite and carried out quasi-democratic reforms. But only in 1816 were the peasants finally freed from serfdom. They also received surnames, greater freedom of movement, and limited access to self-government. By the second half of the 19th century, the rural population began to buy farmsteads and earn income from crops such as potatoes and flax.

National awakening

The end of the 19th century marked the beginning of a national awakening. Led by the new elite, the country was moving towards statehood. The first Estonian language newspaper, Perno Postimees, appeared in 1857. It was published by Johann Voldemar Jannsen, one of the first to use the term “Estonians” rather than maarahvas (rural population). Another influential thinker was Karl Robert Jacobson, who fought for equal political rights for Estonians. He also founded the first national political newspaper, Sakala.

Insurrection

Late 19th century became a period of industrialization, the emergence of large factories and an extensive network of railways connecting Estonia with Russia. Dire working conditions sparked discontent, and newly formed labor parties led demonstrations and strikes. Events in Estonia mirrored those in Russia, and in January 1905 an armed uprising broke out. Tension grew until the fall of that year, when 20 thousand workers went on strike. The tsarist troops acted brutally, killing and wounding 200 people. Thousands of soldiers arrived from Russia to suppress the uprising. 600 Estonians were executed and hundreds were sent to Siberia. Trade unions and progressive newspapers and organizations were closed, and political leaders fled the country.

More radical plans to populate Estonia with thousands of Russian peasants thanks to the First World War were never realized. The country paid a high price for participating in the war. 100 thousand people were called up, of which 10 thousand died. Many Estonians went to fight because Russia promised to grant the country statehood for the victory over Germany. Of course it was a hoax. But by 1917, this issue was no longer decided by the tsar. Nicholas II was forced to abdicate the throne, and the Bolsheviks seized power. Chaos engulfed Russia, and Estonia, seizing the initiative, declared its independence on February 24, 1918.

War for independence

Estonia faced threats from Russia and Baltic-German reactionaries. War broke out and the Red Army advanced rapidly, capturing half the country by January 1919. Estonia stubbornly defended itself and, with the help of British warships and Finnish, Danish and Swedish troops, defeated its longtime enemy. In December, Russia agreed to a truce, and on February 2, 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed, according to which it forever renounced claims to the country's territory. For the first time, fully independent Estonia appeared on the world map.

The history of the state during this period is characterized by rapid economic development. The country used its Natural resources and attracted investment from abroad. The University of Tartu became the university of Estonians, and the Estonian language became the language of international communication, creating new opportunities in the professional and academic spheres. A huge book industry emerged - between 1918 and 1940. 25 thousand book titles were published.

However, the political sphere was not so rosy. Fear of communist subversion, such as the failed coup attempt of 1924, led to right-wing leadership. In 1934, the leader of the transitional government, Konstantin Päts, together with the commander-in-chief of the Estonian army, Johan Laidoner, violated the Constitution and seized power under the pretext of protecting democracy from extremist groups.

The fate of the state was sealed when Nazi Germany and the USSR entered into a secret pact in 1939, essentially handing it over to Stalin. Members of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation organized a fictitious uprising and, on behalf of the people, demanded that Estonia be included in the USSR. President Päts, General Laidoner and other leaders were arrested and sent to Soviet camps. A puppet government was created, and on August 6, 1940 it granted Estonia’s “request” to join the USSR.

Deportations and World War II devastated the country. Tens of thousands were conscripted and sent to work and die in labor camps in northern Russia. Thousands of women and children shared their fate.

When Soviet troops fled under enemy pressure, the Estonians greeted the Germans as liberators. 55 thousand people joined self-defense units and Wehrmacht battalions. However, Germany had no intention of granting Estonia statehood and viewed it as occupied territory of the Soviet Union. Hopes were dashed after the execution of the collaborators. 75 thousand people were shot (of which 5 thousand were ethnic Estonians). Thousands fled to Finland, and those who remained were drafted into the German army (about 40 thousand people).

At the beginning of 1944, Soviet troops bombed Tartu and other cities. Complete destruction Narva was an act of revenge against the “Estonian traitors.”

German troops retreated in September 1944. Fearing the advance of the Red Army, many Estonians also fled and about 70 thousand ended up in the West. By the end of the war, every 10th Estonian lived abroad. In total, the country lost more than 280 thousand people: in addition to those who emigrated, 30 thousand were killed in battle, the rest were executed, sent to camps or destroyed in concentration camps.

After the war, the state was immediately annexed by the Soviet Union. Estonia's history is marred by a period of repression, with thousands tortured or sent to prisons and camps. 19,000 Estonians were executed. Farmers were brutally forced into collectivization, and thousands of migrants poured into the country from different regions of the USSR. Between 1939 and 1989 the percentage of native Estonians decreased from 97 to 62%.

In response to repression, a partisan movement was organized in 1944. 14 thousand “forest brothers” armed themselves and went underground, working in small groups throughout the country. Unfortunately, their actions were not successful, and by 1956 the armed resistance was virtually destroyed.

But the dissident movement was gaining strength, and on the day of the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Stalin-Hitler Pact, a large rally was held in Tallinn. Over the next few months, protests escalated, with Estonians demanding the restoration of statehood. Song festivals have become powerful means of struggle. The largest of them took place in 1988, when 250 thousand Estonians gathered at the Singing Field in Tallinn. This attracted great international attention to the situation in the Baltic states.

In November 1989, the Supreme Council of Estonia declared the events of 1940 an act of military aggression and declared them illegal. In 1990, the country held free elections. Despite Russia's attempts to prevent this, Estonia regained its independence in 1991.

Modern Estonia: history of the country (briefly)

In 1992, the first general elections were held under the new Constitution, with new political parties. The Pro Patria Union won by a slight margin. Its leader, 32-year-old historian Mart Laar, became prime minister. Started recent history Estonia as an independent state. Laar began to transition the state to a free market economy, introduced the Estonian kroon into circulation and began negotiations on the complete withdrawal of Russian troops. The country breathed a sigh of relief when the last garrisons left the republic in 1994, leaving devastated lands in the northeast, contaminated groundwater around air bases and nuclear waste at naval bases.

Geographical position
Estonia is located in the northeastern part of Europe, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea. The closest northern neighbor is Finland. From Tallinn to Helsinki it is only 87 km by sea. A little further, 401 km northwest of Tallinn, is the capital of Sweden - Stockholm. The Narova River and Lake Peipus serve as a watershed between Estonia and Russia. Southern Estonia shares land borders with Russia and Latvia.
The area of ​​Estonia is 45215 km2. The population is about 1.4 million people. Four hundred thousand people live in the capital, Tallinn. Estonia is the smallest Baltic state. The length of the territory from north to south is just over 300 km; from west to east - about 400 km. However, Estonia is larger in area than Belgium, Holland, Switzerland or Denmark.
Estonia is a maritime state. The heavily indented coastline, including the islands, is 3,794 km long. There are more than 1,500 islands in Estonia, the largest of which are Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Muhu, Vormsi, Naissaar, Aegna, Prangli, Kihnu, Ruhnu, Abruka and Vilsandi. Sea islands make up 9.2% of the territory.
Estonia is a flat country. Most of the territory lies at an altitude of 50 m above sea level. The highest point - 318 m - is Suur Munamägi hill in southern Estonia. This is the highest point in the Baltic. There are more than 1000 lakes in Estonia. Lake Peipus, or Peipsi in Estonian, - 3555 km2 - is the fourth largest in Europe.

Climate and nature
Estonia has a temperate maritime climate. The favorable season for tourism is from early May to mid-October. In the summer months the air temperature is 15-25°C. Thanks to the shallow water, the water in the sea and lakes quickly warms up and reaches 20-24°C in July. The swimming season lasts from the beginning of June to the end of August. Estonian beaches are a great place for a family holiday with children. In shallow and warm water with a clean sandy bottom, there is not the slightest danger for vacationers. On natural beaches stretching for tens of kilometers, you can relax in complete privacy.
Winter in Estonia is good for skiing. The best month for this is February.
Estonia is almost half covered with forests. The most common types of trees are pine, spruce and birch. The forests are rich in wildlife; it is estimated that they are home to approximately 11,700 moose, 50,000 roe deer, 17,000 wild boars, 17,000 beavers, 800 lynxes, 600 bears, 100 wolves. Estonia, as well as Finland and Sweden are the most forested countries in Europe. The forestry and wood processing industries constitute a significant part of the Estonian economy. Almost a third of forests have been taken under protection. In these protected areas you can find types of virgin forest that have long disappeared in the rest of Europe. These are, for example, the virgin forests of Järvselja in Tartu County and Poruni in Ida-Virumaa County.
Much more grows in the meadows various plants than in Western Europe. In summer, tourists in rural areas can enjoy the beauty of colorful wildflowers growing in roadside meadows. Forest meadows have the greatest diversity of plant species. On one square meter of the Vahenurme forest meadow in Pärnu County, you can count 74 different species. Such botanical abundance is very rare in Europe. Several centuries ago, forested meadows also existed in southern Finland, Sweden, and other parts of Europe. Today they are only here.
Estonia is a country of a thousand lakes. The largest of them is Lake Peipus, which is the fourth largest freshwater lake in Europe. Most Estonian lakes are small and mainly located in the southern part of the country. Large lakes such as Chudskoe and Võrtsjärv have large fish populations. Lake Peipsi is inhabited by such rare species, like vendace and smelt. Võrtsjärv, in turn, is famous for fishing for pike perch and eel, which are considered a delicacy fish.
Estonia also has many rivers, but only ten of them are longer than 100 kilometers. The most important rivers are Emajõgi and Pärnu.
There are 11,800 bogs in Estonia. Their total area is 9150 km2, which is over 20% of the territory. Most of them are located in the central and eastern parts of the country. Of interest are the drumlin landscapes of Vooremaa and Kõrvemaa, waterfalls on the rivers Jägala, Keila, Narova and karst springs. But the best place to visit the swamps is Soomaa National Park in western Estonia. Soomaa is translated from Estonian as “marsh land”; most of the park is made up of huge raised bogs, the thickness of the peat layer in some places reaches 7 meters.
There are more than 1,500 islands in Estonia. The largest is Saaremaa, 2,900 square kilometers. Hiiumaa is a little smaller, followed by Muhu and Vormsi. The islands and the coast of the mainland are interesting because they are located directly on the migratory path of water birds. Twice a year - in spring and autumn - hundreds of thousands of birds stop in these areas. The barnacle goose, swans (mute and whooper), eider and many other bird species are under protection.
Thanks to its mild maritime climate and varied landscape, Saaremaa is rich in flora and fauna. Rare plants grow on the island beautiful views orchids and is home to many rare animals, including seals.
The highest point in Estonia is the Suur Munamägi hill, the peak of which is 318 meters above sea level. Estonians are proud that Suur Munamägi is also the highest point of the entire Baltic region. One of the most beautiful forms of relief in Estonia is the flagstone coast of the Gulf of Finland, the height of which in some places reaches 50 meters. Near the Baltic Sea you will not find such an impressive limestone ledge anywhere else. In the northern part of Estonia there is a limestone plateau, the northern edge of which forms a steep ledge - the North Estonian Klint, stretching along the entire northern coast from Narva to Cape Pakri. In some places the cliff gently descends to the sea itself (Cape Pakri) or suddenly moves away and becomes a steep cliff (the highest height in Ontika is 56 m). On the limestone plateau, covered with only a thin layer of soil, there are unique fields of juniper thickets. Flagstone is also the national stone of Estonia.
The numerous lakes and hills of Otepää, Haanja and Sakala give the southern part of Estonia its uniqueness and attractiveness. High-lying rivers flow through the ancient valley, unexpectedly revealing outcrops of reddish Devonian sandstone.

Story
The first settlements in what is now Estonia arose approximately 10,000 years ago, as the glaciers retreated. By the 10th-12th centuries, the structure of early feudal society had developed, where elders and leaders of military squads stood at the head of the lands.
XIII century
The beginning of the crusades against the Livs, Estonians and Latvians. Estonia was incorporated into Christendom at the beginning of the 13th century under the pressure of rival Teutonic and Danish crusaders. In 1228, the Estonian resistance to the conquerors, which lasted almost three decades, ended. Southern Estonia fell into the hands of the Teutonic Order, then its branch - the Livonian Order. Northern Estonia fell to the Danes in 1219. Tallinn (Revel) received city rights in 1248.
In 1285 Tallinn became part of the Hanseatic League. Trade affairs were carried out mainly by German merchants. Subsequent generations of Germans, who finally settled in Estonia, built family estates throughout the country. The Baltic Germans had a huge influence on both Estonian and Russian culture.
XIV century
In 1343, the St. George's Night Uprising occurred, as a result of which Denmark ceded Northern Estonia to the Teutonic Order, which reigned supreme over Estonia and Latvia until the Livonian War. The trading Hanseatic League, which included several Estonian cities, played an important role in these centuries.
First half of the 16th century
The Reformation reached Estonia in 1525, which since then has become part of the Lutheran religious and cultural space. In the same year, the first book in Estonian was published.
Second half of the 16th century - 17th century
Since 1558, Estonia has become a battlefield in Livonian War, in which Denmark, Sweden, Russia and Poland participated (the Livonian Order collapsed already in 1561). In 1583, the Livonian War ended with the victory of Sweden and Poland, which in turn ceded Southern Estonia to Sweden half a century later. Estonia remained part of Sweden until the beginning of the 18th century. King Gustav Adolf founded the first university in Estonia, the University of Tartu (1632).
XVIII century
As a result of the Northern War (1700 - 1721), Estonia became part of the Russian Empire (1721). Estonia became Peter the Great's window to Europe.
19th century
A wave of national movements took place throughout Europe. An era of national awakening began in Estonia, the peak of which was the first all-Estonian song festival, held in June 1869. In 1862, the Estonian national epic Kalevipoeg (Son of Kalev) was published.
1918 G.
On February 24, the Republic of Estonia was proclaimed. Independence was achieved in the battles of the Liberation War of 1918-1920. The Tartu Peace Treaty was concluded between Estonia and Soviet Russia, by which the two states mutually recognized each other and established diplomatic relations. This document was also a border agreement between Estonia and Russia.
1918-1939
During the first period of its independence, Estonia became a member of the League of Nations and entered into diplomatic relations with other states. Impressive progress has been made in economics and culture. The signing of a pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in August 1939 was fatal for Estonia's independence.
1940-1991
After being forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940, Estonia was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941-1944. and again by the Soviet Union in 1944. A significant part of the Estonian population fled abroad, many residents were arrested and deported to Siberia. All spheres of life were subjected to Sovietization.
Late 20th century
Estonia managed to regain its independence during the “singing” revolution, which began in 1988.
The decision “On the state independence of Estonia” was adopted on August 20, 1991.
2004
Estonia became a member of NATO on 29 March 2004 and a member of the European Union on 1 May 2004.

Culture
Estonia's geographical position between Western and Eastern Europe is also reflected in its cultural life; it also remains a border or, more accurately, a crossroads of different cultural trends. Our traditions have both Western and Eastern elements, but mainly Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people and have spiritually linked themselves to Scandinavia. It is in the culture of the outskirts and border regions that the most interesting phenomena and combinations are born, and in this sense, Estonia is now a country of dozens of possibilities. Estonian culture today, despite its seemingly small size, consists of many different facets, which are often difficult to bring to a common denominator.
One of the calling cards of Estonia in the world is undoubtedly modern serious music. Composers Arvo Pärt, Veljo Tormis, Erkki-Sven Tuir obviously need no introduction to music lovers, as do conductors Neeme Järvi, Eri Klas, Tõnu Kaljuste and the increasingly popular Anu Tali, who work with numerous orchestras and choirs. The role of music and song in preserving Estonian identity has remained important for centuries, and the tradition of song festivals, which began at the peak of the national movement in the 19th century, remains one of the most distinctive phenomena of local culture. In recent years, one of the most popular events of the year among both young and older audiences has been the Viljandi Folklore Festival, which preserves and interprets traditional music of different nations. An inspiring circle of jazz artists has paved the way for the spring concerts of the Jazzkaar festival, and the Hea Uus Heli (Good New Sound) festival aims to explore experimental and alternative music. Albums by Estonian alternative musicians Rulers of the Deep, Dave Storm, Galaktlan and others managed to achieve recognition in the USA, Great Britain, Germany, etc., representatives of Estonian pop music (Vanilla Ninja, Maarja) have their audience in the West and took places in the local charts. Estonian singers Dave Benton and Tanel Padar won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001.
The most long-awaited and important event in the cultural life of Estonia was undoubtedly the opening of the new main building of the Kumu Estonian Art Museum in Kadriorg at the beginning of 2006. The building, designed by Finnish architect Pekka Vapaavuori, who won an architectural competition more than 10 years ago, has itself earned international attention, but for the local public, of course, what is more important is what can be seen in the building. For the first time in its almost 90-year history, the Art Museum has the opportunity to exhibit a permanent exhibition of Estonian fine art, covering the period from the beginning of the 18th century to the 1990s. Post-war art is exhibited in a volume comparable to the classics, including works by avant-garde classics Leonhard Lapin, Hulo Sooster and others, as well as local public favorites Jüri Arrak and Enn Põldroos. In addition to the permanent exhibition, Kumu has a contemporary art gallery and a large exhibition hall in which both Estonian and foreign art is exhibited. Kumu's goal is to become one of the artistic centers of the Baltic countries and an important meeting place in the artistic life of the Nordic countries and throughout Europe.
Although visual art knows no language barriers, Estonians' entry into the world stage in this field has been more difficult than in music. Since 1997, the Venice Biennale has played an important role in the presentation of Estonian artists, where Estonia was represented by the most internationally famous artists Jaan Toomik and Ene-Liis Semper, as well as Marko Laimre, Kaido Ole, Marko Mäetamm and others. Of the foreign Estonian artists, the most Mark Kalev Kostabi and his Kostabi World in New York gained great fame.
Due to Protestant traditions, Estonian culture is often considered logocentric rather than visual, and the importance or even primacy of literature is emphasized over all other forms of art. The picture of modern literature is kaleidoscopic, and in it one can find a number of completely different directions. We continue to be delighted by the new works of the living classic of Estonian literature, the chronicler of the history and fate of our people, Jaan Kross; the work of the versatile prose writer, poet, essayist and translator Jaan Kaplinsky also has an undoubted influence. Over the past decades, the works of Tõnu Õnnepalu have been vividly perceived, and the texts of Hasso Krull have played an important role in understanding culture. Viivi Luik writes prose and poetry that sensitively integrate personal and historical experience, a tradition of strong female poetry carried on by Doris Kareva. One of the most popular writers in his homeland was Andrus Kivirähk, who draws material for his books from sometimes comical Estonian mythology, as well as Kaur Kender, who describes modern early capitalist society. Active young poets united in several creative groups; The poetry of our compatriots and closest neighbors is presented at the Nordic Poetry Festival, which takes place every spring. In addition, the activity of translators as classicists now has a key position. fiction, and basic texts of world culture. Issues of preserving, developing and changing the language spoken less than a million man, creating a dictionary for all spheres of life in our increasingly open society sounds more and more relevant. The same role is played by the press covering cultural issues, the number of readers of which, compared with the size of the entire population, is quite large.
Theater, compared to individual creativity, is a more complex system, and changes in this area have turned out to be slower and more difficult. After a slight decline in the early 1990s, the halls are again filled with people. Tartu Vanemuine Theater has retained its versatility, combining dramatic, musical and ballet repertoire. Along with the Estonian Drama Theater and the National Opera House Estonia, the Tallinn City Theater also comes to the fore, primarily thanks to its strong director Elmo Nyganen. The von Krahl Theater, led by director Peeter Jalakas, is consistently looking for alternative approaches to theatrical art. The late writer and director Mati Unt played an important role in the introduction of postmodern strategies and tactics into the theater and in the formation of corresponding audiences. Tiit Ojasoo's productions and experiments exploring the boundaries and essence of theater in the youngest Estonian theater NO99 have earned the attention and interest of the public. The summer theater has become a kind of phenomenon and magnet for the public, which from year to year opens up new venues and opportunities for staging both entertainment and serious plays outside the traditional theater stage. Next to the large state theaters, small free troupes have proven their vitality, and a active circle contemporary dance artists with their troupes, agencies and festivals.
Like theatre, film production, which requires significant financial and creative resources, is rising to its feet, and along with experienced masters (Jüri Sillaert, Peeter Simm), a new generation of film directors is growing up (Andres Maimik, Jaak Kilmi, etc.). The main event of the cinematic year is undoubtedly the Tallinn International Film Festival “Dark Nights”, which brings together film lovers from Estonia and neighboring countries; the Pärnu Documentary and Anthropological Film Festival, created by cinematographer and mediator of different cultures Mark Soosaar, also has its audience. But animation remains the trademark of Estonian cinema, and its calling card is still Priit Pärn as a world-class director.
Along with the spiritual space, the living environment of Estonians has also changed over the past decades. Architecture and urban planning have become hot topics of debate, especially in the capital Tallinn, where the old town, a UNESCO world heritage site, and an ultra-modern city with glass high-rise office buildings, banks, hotels and shopping centers stand side by side. also in Lately monuments often became the subject of conversation, both as monuments to the complex and sometimes contradictory history of Estonia, and as works of art and elements of urban space. In addition to the spiritual and physical environment, the role of the third, virtual space in the everyday and cultural life of Estonians is increasingly growing. New technical means leave their mark on the development of visual art, they also influence other areas of culture, for example through online magazines and other home pages. Openness to new opportunities expresses the mobility of a small culture, its readiness for change while maintaining its essence.

Society:
The official language is Estonian, which belongs to the Finno-Ugric group of languages ​​along with Finnish, Hungarian and Udmurt. However, you will not have any problems if you want to communicate in Russian, English, or Finnish.
Estonia is a parliamentary republic, the highest legislative authority in Estonia is the Riigikogu - a unicameral parliament proportionally elected by the people for a period of 4 years, consisting of 101 deputies. The head of state is the president. The President has primarily representative functions, but also some executive functions. The President has the right of veto to delay the adoption of certain laws, his signature is required when appointing members of the government cabinet, his powers include submitting a number of candidates for parliamentary approval senior officials, the President is the Commander-in-Chief of the National Defense Forces. The President is elected by the Riigikogu for a term of 5 years. If it is impossible to obtain the required majority of votes for election, the president is elected by an electoral assembly, which includes, in addition to parliamentarians, representatives of local government bodies.
The executive branch - the government reports to the Riigikogu. The appointment of the head of government, as well as the dissolution of the government, is within the competence of the Riigikogu. The government also has a stabilizing guarantee - the ability, with the help of the president, to dissolve parliament and hold new elections if the parliament declares a vote of no confidence in the government. The government is headed by the prime minister.
The day of the proclamation of the Republic of Estonia on February 24, 1918 is a national holiday - Independence Day.
The national flag of Estonia is a blue-black-white tricolor, the coat of arms is three lions on a golden shield, the national flower is the cornflower, and the bird is the swallow.
Although Estonia has never had a “state” church, Lutheranism has a long history here. The second largest community is Orthodox. Currently, freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Constitution, there are about 500 communities belonging to various faiths, but according to statistics, only 16% of the inhabitants of Estonia belong to a church community.

Customs
Without filling out a customs declaration, it is allowed to import and export from the country cash currency in the amount of 80,000 Estonian kroons (~5,000 euros). In addition to personal belongings, tourists can import duty-free industrial goods with a total value of up to 5,000 Estonian kroons (~320 euros), not including vehicles.
A passenger traveling by car can bring into Estonia 10 liters of motor fuel (in addition to the fuel in the tank) per vehicle.
Transportation alcoholic drinks and beer is allowed to persons at least 18 years of age:
2 liters of wine and 6 liters of beer and: either 1 liter of drinks with an alcohol content of more than 22%, or 2 liters of drinks with an alcohol content of less than 22%.
Persons at least 18 years of age are also allowed to import 200 cigarettes or 100 cigarillos or 50 cigars or 250 g of tobacco products.
From countries belonging to or joining the European Union, it is permitted to import any food products intended for personal consumption. The amount of food imported from third countries is 1 kg per passenger. The import of meat and dairy products in personal luggage is prohibited.
All medical care in Estonia is paid for. Only common medications, such as aspirin, can be purchased at pharmacies without a prescription. To purchase antibiotics, you need a prescription, so if you are prescribed medications that are difficult to live without, it is better to take them with you.

Tourism
Estonia is a country in which the tourism sector is rapidly developing. As a result of its friendly tourist policy, twice as many people visit Estonia every year as live here.
One of the most interesting phenomena in Estonia is the interesting interweaving of history and modernity. At first, visitors are surprised by the modern architecture, cozy hotels, friendly cafes and fashionable galleries. But a rich history also comes to life with its weather vanes, castle towers and church spiers, tiled roofs and stone fences. Already in the Middle Ages, Estonia became part of cultural map Europe, and trade through Estonian ports increased the economic wealth and fame of this region. One of these port cities with centuries-old traditions is the capital of Estonia, Tallinn, which is a unique attraction in itself.
Tallinn is one of the few cities that is still surrounded by an intact medieval city wall. The flickering of torches and lanterns on the cobblestone streets, the purple of sunset on the 16th century buildings, the view of the sea from the heights of Toompea, as well as the daily sound of tram wheels, noisy and cheerful handicraft fairs, pleasant conversation on the cafe terrace, lively festivals, memorable Old Town Days - all this is Tallinn. Old city Tallinn, just so fabulous and intriguing, with a unique spirit of antiquity, is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The number of tourists in Tallinn speaks for itself and underlines the friendly atmosphere, attractive force and hospitality of this ancient city.
If you find yourself in Estonia in the summer, do not forget that the summer capital is officially located in Pärnu. Pärnu lives and breathes summer, and sometimes it seems that the Estonian language is heard less often in the miniature but well-preserved old town of Pärnu than the Finnish, English, Swedish and Russian languages. Pärnu and Haapsalu are known as the favorite summer vacation spots of the last Russian royal couple and their entourage; the unique microclimate of these places has a healing effect on the entire human body. The resorts of Pärnu and Haapsalu offer high level mud treatment, which has a long tradition in Estonia. The favorable ratio of prices and quality of services, as well as the traditionally high level of service and hospitality, annually attract thousands of tourists to modern sanatoriums, where, in addition to medical procedures, you can find everything you need for a pleasant pastime and entertainment.
The western coast of Estonia is irresistibly beautiful with its picturesque forests, clear waters, simple and attractive thatched houses, castles and manors. The Estonian islands, mysterious, with unique nature and landscape, enchant everyone who has ever been there. The second largest island of Hiiumaa is full of myths and legends, as pirates often landed there in the old days. Today Hiiumaa is a paradise for hikers, cyclists and those who just want to lie on the beach. Untouched nature, lighthouses, ruins of ancient buildings, monuments of the Second World War are the distinctive features of this pearl of the Baltic Sea. The second, largest island - Saaremaa - is also an attraction in itself, inside of which the 14th century bishop's castle in the capital Kuressaare stands out. In addition to already being a tourist magnet, the island has also become a center for wellness and mud treatments.
The student city of Estonia is the capital of southern Estonia, Tartu. The University of Tartu, founded in 1632, has been the cradle of the Estonian national movement and its symbol for centuries. Very close to Tartu is Otepää, the winter capital and the most popular skiing center in Estonia, where the World Cup cross-country skiing event is held annually. In summer, Otepää, with its hills, 130 lakes and changing landscape, is an excellent place for hiking and active rest.

Telephone communications
The code for Estonia in the international telephone network is 372. When calling Estonia, dial 372, then the city or county code and the telephone number. When making calls within the country, just dial the city or county code and phone number.
The city and county codes of Estonia are as follows:
City Code
Valga 76
Viljandi 43
Voru 78
Jõgeva 77
Jõhvi 33
Kohtla-Jarve 33
Narva 35
Otepää 76
Paide 38
Põlva 79
Parnu 44
Rakvere 32
Rapla 48
Saaremaa 45
Tallinn
Tartu 7
Haapsalu 47
Hiiumaa 46
To call Tallinn and Harju County, simply dial the phone number. When calling abroad, you must dial 00. All telephone calls within Estonia, including those within the city, are paid. Necessary information can be obtained by calling the information number 165. You can send a telegram via the toll line 16115. By dialing 16116 you can make a free call within Estonia at the expense of the person who answered. Inquiries about telephone numbers and other useful information can be obtained through the paid lines Ekspress Hotline 1182 and Teabeliin 1188. In addition to the regular telephone tariff, a service fee is added.
From a street machine you can call anywhere at any time globe. To do this, you need to purchase a telephone card that costs 30, 50 or 100 CZK. You can call many payphones; the payphone number is indicated in the booth.
Emergency numbers are the same for all types of phones, including mobile phones.
Rescue service and ambulance 112
Police 110
If you have any problems on the road, you can call mobile phone 118 to call technical assistance.

Tallinn, the oldest capital in Northern Europe, was first marked on the map by the Arab geographer Al-Idrisi in 1154. The old part of Tallinn, the so-called The Old Town is included in the UNESCO list of world cultural heritage as the most fully preserved appearance of the medieval city. Worth admiring are the 26 defensive towers, the preserved section of the city wall (about 2 km), the Dominican monastery founded in 1246, the 600-year-old Gothic-style Town Hall, the oldest operating pharmacy in Europe on Town Hall Square and the church. The Oleviste Church with its 159-meter bell tower was the tallest building in the world at the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries. From Toompea Castle, towering in the middle of the city, as well as from the observation platforms of Oleviste Church and the Town Hall tower, unforgettable views of the city open up. In the Toompea castle of the 13th-14th centuries. Parliament is now in session, and the national flag flies on its corner tower, Long Herman.
Tallinn is in constant motion. The medieval Old Town is not an extinct museum, but the pulsating heart of the capital: on the one hand, a passenger port, and on the other, a glamorous city. The city center with cozy cafes, boutiques and galleries beckons for a walk, encourages you to look around, relax, have fun and - why not? - do shopping. Also worth attention is the museum under open air in Rocca al Mare, introducing you to the rural life of past times, the Singing Field, the park and Kadriorg Palace, the monastery in Pirita, built in the 30s of the last century among a pine forest, the romantic garden city of Nõmme, original wooden houses in Kalamaja and Lilleküla.
If you move from Tallinn towards Narva, you will certainly stop before reaching Lahemaa. On the shore of Lake Maardu in Sakha-Loo the land was cultivated already 3 thousand years ago. In Jõelähtme there is the Rebala Historical Reserve, where you can see the oldest stone burial grounds in Estonia (8th-7th centuries BC). Nearby are the Kostivere karst massif and the highest Jägala waterfall in Estonia - they make the greatest impression during spring and autumn floods. Kiiu Tower 4, a 16th-century fortress, is now a café; it sells a popular Estonian liqueur, named after the tower - “Kiiu Torn”.
Lahemaa National Park delights the eye with sandbanks, ice age boulders, pine forests and mosses. Over 200 species of birds and about 900 species of plants live here. The coastal village of Altya allows you to imagine the life of fishermen in former times. The Oandu route is laid out in the forest; it allows you to admire the well-groomed forest and breathe the cleanest air. There you can see traces of elk, bear or wild boar, springs with crystal water, dunes created by the wind and ancient waves - this is where the waves of the Baltic Sea rolled thousands of years ago.
In Käsmu, in the “Village of Captains”, where a maritime school operated from 1884 to 1931, there is a Maritime Museum located in the building of the border cordon of the tsarist era. The museum's exhibits tell stories of sea voyages and fishing, but these peaceful tales give way to a section on smuggling. In the 1920s, when Prohibition was in force in Finland, sailors on the northern coast of Estonia helped their neighbors “quench their thirst” by transporting alcohol across the bay in fast motor boats under the cover of darkness. Nowadays you can have a drink and refresh yourself in the colorful Altja tavern, in the rural tavern (18th century) in Viitna, in the folk-inspired bar “Lamba-Ada” on the coast in Vergi or in the stylish restaurant at Sagadi Manor.
The biggest attraction of Lahemaa is undoubtedly the manor houses. The Baroque Sagadi Manor houses a forest museum, and every summer an international symposium on wooden sculpture is held here. In Palmse Manor, with its magnificent swan pond and palm greenhouse, there is a visitor center of the National Park, a museum of the life and way of life of the manor, and a collection of unique cars. The surroundings of Vihula Manor, located on the shore of a picturesque lake, are beautiful, as well as Kolga Manor, the construction of which dates back to the times of Danish rule in the 13th century. Those interested in culture should visit the art museum in Viinistu, where an international art festival is held every summer. There, on the Pärsipea Peninsula, there are ten of Estonia’s hundred giant (girth at least 25 meters) glacial boulders.
Just one km from the Tallinn-Narva highway is the picturesque Viru swamp, surrounded by sand dunes covered with pine trees. There are boardwalks running through it with observation towers specially equipped for tourists.
The appearance of Kõrvemaa is formed by forests, peat bogs, mysterious forest lakes and thickets. The Nõhja-Kõrvemaa Landscape Reserve (northern part), centered in Aegviidu, which occupies the territory of a former Soviet military training ground, and the Kõrvemaa Landscape Reserve, centered in Simisalu, ensure the preservation of the landscape for the delight of tourists and nature lovers. Several protected bird species nest in Kõrvemaa, including the golden eagle, lesser spotted eagle and black stork, and there are many interesting plants.
In Nõhja-Kõrvemaa you can travel along a naturalistic educational trail along lakes Paukjärve, Juussi and Uuejärve. Observation towers have been installed near Paukjärve and on Mount Venemäe (Russian Mountain). One of the most impressive examples of untouched nature is the two-level Kakerdäja bog in Albu rural municipality in southern Kõrvemaa. Nearby, on Mount Valgehobuzemäe, there are interesting hiking and skiing routes, as well as observation towers.
In the museum of the classic Estonian literature A.-H. Tamsaare, you can get an idea of ​​farm life in Estonia in former times, and watch theatrical performances in the summer. Hiking routes around Kõrvemaa also begin here. A unique musical observatory by composer Urmas Sisask has been created at Jäneda Manor. There are also popular holiday venues here: Musta Täku Tall ("Stable of the Black Stallion") and the open-air restaurant Suurvanker ("Big Cart") - an inn built on a huge cart, specializing in fish dishes. The main building of Albu Manor, decorated with paintings, is open to tourists in the summer, and you can eat in Albu Toiduait.

A former Soviet republic and now one of the countries of the European Union, Estonia is gaining popularity among tourists. And for good reason. This country is rich in virgin forests, clear lakes, icy rivers and unique attractions. The words of the Estonian anthem “My homeland, my happiness and joy” perfectly characterize the people’s attitude towards their country. Estonians treat their cultural heritage and natural wealth with special reverence.

Estonia is an interesting country in terms of religious self-determination. It is impossible to say which religion the majority of the country's inhabitants adhere to. More than 55% of the population does not recognize any religious tradition. Of the remaining citizens, only 14% consider themselves Lutherans, 13% - Orthodox, and 6% call themselves atheists. The remaining percentages were distributed among Catholics, Baptists, Muslims, followers of the Taara religion and adherents of non-Christian traditions.

Even though Estonia is a small country, it is divided into 15 counties. The largest city in the country is its capital, Tallinn. Almost a third of the citizens of all Estonia live here. Other big cities include Tartu, Narva. Estonia's neighbors on land are Russia and Latvia, and at sea - Finland. The country's shores are washed by the waters of the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Finland.

Not many citizens of foreign countries live in Estonia, not counting Russia - 21% of all residents of the country are Russian.

Climate and weather

Estonia is a country with a unique climate. And not only because you rarely see such weather anywhere - every year here is different from the previous one. This is due to the influence of the Baltic Sea. The further from the coastline, the milder and less changeable the climate becomes.

Summer is a fabulous time. The sky is blue, rains are rare, the air heats up to +30 °C, the average temperature in summer is +14.4...+18.4 °C. The sun shines brightly and for a long time, up to 19 hours a day. White Nights are a calling card not only of St. Petersburg, but also of Estonia. The water in the sea and numerous lakes quickly warms up to +19…+24 °C. The best time for the beach season is from the beginning of June to the end of August.

Spring and autumn are a time of light but frequent rains. This is not the most better time to visit Estonia. The air temperature at this time of year ranges from 0 to +10 °C.

Winter is a period of mild frosts and crisp snow. At this time, Estonia becomes like a fairy tale: the roofs are covered with snow, residents ski and sled. The thermometer usually shows a temperature of -6...0 °C. The coldest month of the year is February. This is due not only to the air temperature (-8...-5 °C), but also to cold winds.

Nature

Estonia is a country with truly wonderful nature. Blooming spring, bright summer, lush autumn and snowy winter - each season in Estonia is beautiful and unique in its own way.

This country combines pine forests and sea sandy beaches, rich healing mud and crystal clear lakes. It is worth noting that Estonians are very respectful of the surrounding nature: land reclamation is not carried out here, and forests are not massively cut down. Therefore, the nature here is pristine and impressively magnificent.

But it is not only forests that are the untouched treasure of the Estonian people. The river system is also little changed by human activity. A special value of Estonia is its lakes. There are about 1,500 of them in this country. There are also thousands of small, neat reservoirs and marsh lakes in Estonia. The fifth largest lake in all of Europe is located here. This is Lake Peipsi. It is famous for the battle of the Russian prince Alexander Nevsky.

Estonia has a very rich world of animals and plants. Approximately 2000 years ago, the entire territory of Estonia was covered with forests. Today, forests, which provide shelter and food for animals such as bears, wolves, lynxes, squirrels, moose, and foxes, make up 30% of Estonia. The rivers shelter otters and minks, salmon and carp. The sea is rich in flounder and cod, sprat and herring, eel and salmon. Hundreds of bird species nest in Estonia. Here you can watch the life of wild animals and birds.

Attractions

Throughout Estonia there are preserved big number architectural monuments of the 12th-16th centuries: castles, fortresses, ruins of fortifications. It is rich in exquisite cathedrals, majestic churches, and luxurious churches. Each city is unique in its architectural uniqueness.

The capital of Estonia, Tallinn, is one of those cities that is worth visiting for anyone, even the most sophisticated tourist. Its Old Town, which has been rising here since the Middle Ages, is included in the list of UNESCO monuments of world importance. This part of the city is imbued with the spirit of the Middle Ages. There are no modern buildings here, and the Old Town itself is carefully protected and restored. By the way, many paintings, frescoes, bas-reliefs and sculptural decorations were covered over with a decent layer of plaster during the reign of Soviet power and restored quite recently by restorers.

The historical center of Tallinn is called Vyshgorod Castle. Dozens of buildings from the 13th–17th centuries are included in this large-scale complex. Vyshgorod Castle is interesting because it “intertwined” architectural styles of different eras. Here you can meet “representatives” of Gothic, Classicism, and Baroque. The most famous buildings of the complex are Toomkirk Dome Cathedral, fortress walls and Pikk Hermann tower. Another significant landmark of the city is the Town Hall, built at the beginning of the 15th century. It is located on Raekoja Square. The main decoration of the Town Hall is a weather vane depicting the symbol of Tallinn, Old Thomas. There are a lot of museums in the capital that can introduce an inquisitive tourist to the history of the city, traditions and culture of the country’s inhabitants.

Narva. This city stands on the banks of the Narova River on the border of Estonia and Russia. This city is a meeting place of two cultures, two worlds: Catholic Europe and the Orthodox Slavic East. Since ancient times, the city of Narva has been a center of trade and therefore many countries wanted to get it. Narva was in the possession of Denmark, Russia, and Germany. All this left its mark on history and architectural art cities.

In Narva, it is worth visiting the Narva Medieval Castle. It was built in the XIII-XV centuries by the Danes. A significant cultural monument of the city - Northern yard, which is a kind of “time machine” to the medieval city of masters. Here people wear medieval clothes, the interior and instruments are also medieval. Tourists can even be taught some of the intricacies of their favorite craft. There are many majestic Orthodox and Lutheran cathedrals here. The city's museums and monuments tell stories of its military past. The city surroundings are amazing beautiful nature. Not far from it, on the Narova River, the Narvsky waterfall, one of the largest waterfalls in Northern Europe, “seems”.

Tartu is not only the second largest city in Estonia. But also one of the oldest cities in the entire Baltic region. Tartu is an “intellectual city”. It was here that the first theater arose, many famous scientists were born and raised. By the way, one of the first universities in Europe, the University of Tartu, was built here. This city invites its guests to stroll through the Botanical Garden and visit many museums.

The islands of Estonia are a natural attraction of the country. On them you can see stone churches surrounded by rich forests, windmills in places of small settlements. The island of Hiiumaa surprises with its six-hundred-year-old lighthouse, 104 meters high. This is the third tallest lighthouse in the world.

Nutrition

Estonian cuisine is not very diverse or sophisticated. It has absorbed elements of the culinary arts of Germany, Russia, and Sweden. Its distinctive feature is that every dish has an Estonian character. So, you can order pancakes, but they will not be the same as in Russia, they will have exactly the Estonian taste.

The food in this country is simple and uncomplicated. Most often it is boiled, without spices or with a small amount of spices. Therefore, if you are a lover of spicy food, Estonian cuisine is not for you.

Potatoes have a special place in Estonian cuisine. Soups, vegetable porridges, and salads are prepared from it. Fish is also a very popular product. Due to the fact that Estonia has both access to the sea and inland river resources, you can order dishes from river and sea fish. The most popular of them are sprat and herring. It is fried, boiled, baked, salted. And here meat dishes not so varied. In addition, the meat is almost never fried here, but mostly boiled.

Sweet dishes of Estonia include jelly with whipped cream, hot casserole with apples, pancakes with sweet fillings, cream with bread. Estonia produces incredibly delicious chocolate with various fillings, as well as the famous Estonian marzipan.

Beer is the national Estonian drink. The most popular light beer is "Saku", and dark - "Saare". Mulled wine with various spices occupies a special place in Estonian cuisine.

Accommodation

In Estonia you can find the most various options accommodation at a variety of prices. There are inexpensive but cozy rooms in small hotels and luxurious rooms in luxury hotels. The cost of a room can be 50-250 € depending on the level of the hotel. In Estonia, hotels are divided according to international classification from 1 to 5 stars. But according to the law, such division is carried out at the request of the hotel owner. Therefore, not all hotels in Estonia have stars. Just because a hotel has no stars doesn't mean it's bad. It’s just that its owner decided not to undergo classification.

The high standard of the hotel means that here you will not only find a roof over your head, but also a private bathroom and toilet, internet and telephone, a minibar and a safe in the room. Many top-class hotels offer their guests spa services, a swimming pool, a sauna, gyms, and a restaurant.

Most often, the price of a room of any level includes breakfast. However, this is not the case everywhere. Therefore, it is better to check in advance whether you need to pay for breakfast separately.

Lately, guest houses have become the most popular in this country. They are much cheaper than hotels, which is due simple interior and meals for a fee. Youth hostels are another type of inexpensive accommodation in Estonia. You can accommodate a large number of people in one room for a small fee. Only in this case you will have to use a common toilet and bathroom for everyone.

You can also rent an apartment or house. The cost of such housing varies, it all depends on the living conditions. You can find an apartment for 50 € or 150 €. Very often, apartments are rented out in old areas of cities, so by renting such housing, you can fully immerse yourself in the life of the city and feel its “spirit”.

An inexpensive but “healthy” holiday awaits a tourist staying at the farm. Here you will be offered not only wonderful cozy room for an overnight stay for 30-40 €, but they will also serve a traditional breakfast, tell local stories, and introduce you to the local culture.

Entertainment and relaxation

Estonia is a great place for a family holiday. This country does not have the usual amusement parks, but this will not prevent you from spending an unforgettable vacation here. There are a lot of holiday parks in Estonia. In them you can walk and ride bicycles, have a picnic and swim in the sea. The country offers a very rich selection of entertainment for children of different ages. For lovers of active recreation with a spirit of history, we recommend visiting the Viking village. Here tourists are invited to get acquainted with the buildings of the 8th-11th centuries, do archery, and go canoeing on the river. Many recreation parks are equipped with hiking trails at various heights and mini-golf courses.

Beach holidays are also no strangers to Estonia. Resorts Parnu, Toila, Haapsalu, Narva and others offer their guests amazing beaches. Sea air in combination with a pine forest they create a special unique healing microclimate. And the delicate yellow sand invites you to lie down and soak up the sun. In addition, there are volleyball courts, swimming pools for the little ones, attractions and even water parks.

Many resorts promote not only relaxation and recreation for tourists, but also health improvement. The healing muds of Estonia have been famous since Tsarist Russia. Modern spa centers will be happy to provide you with natural rejuvenation and healing services. Therapeutic beaches are located on the shores of mirror lakes Värska And Pyhajärve.

For those who prefer a ski holiday, Estonia can offer the most famous mountain resort - Otepää with its surroundings. Here you can go skiing or snowboarding. And this is at a very reasonable price.

Estonians are festival lovers. Every month in this country you can attend one of the festivals. Every year in July the Baltic Folk Festival and Beer Festival are held, in March - Estonian Film Week, in August - the International Organ Music Festival, and in February - the Jazz Festival. In Estonia you can visit festivals with elements of folklore, theatrical art and many others.

Purchases

Estonia is a true paradise for those who love shopping. Prices here are much lower than in other countries. Therefore, in Estonian stores you can meet Russians, Finns, and Latvians. Payments are accepted here both by bank transfer using Visa or Mastercard (Eurocard) and in cash.

Large shops and shopping centers are open 7 days a week from 09:00 to 22:00, small shops and traders are open from Monday to Friday, usually from 09:00 to 18:00, and on Saturday until 15:00. Most shopping centers have their own free parking, free Wi-Fi, cafes and restaurants, and banks. Some centers even offer childcare services: parents can leave their child in the playroom for a small fee.

In Estonia you can buy ancient books and icons, antique furniture and interior items, textiles and wool products self made. An excellent souvenir from Estonia will be handmade items made of fabric, wool or wood, ceramics or glass, unique chocolate, marzipan and cheese. And Estonian amber will become a vivid reminder of a unique vacation in this amazing country.

Transport

Estonia is a small country, but with very developed transport links. Here you can take a bus or train ride, see the country from a bird's eye view and go on a trip by sea.

Estonia has a number of domestic flights. They are mainly carried out from Tallinn to distant cities several times a day. Flight duration - not more than an hour. In Estonia, the airport in Tallinn has international status, and there are regional airports in Pärnu, Tartu, on the islands of Hiiumaa and Saaremaa.

Buses are the most common form of transport in the country. It is worth noting that Estonian buses are very comfortable, and the schedule is followed to the minute. Regular buses between cities are the cheapest form of transport. Trams and trolleybuses also travel around the cities.

Public transport starts at 05:30. And travels around the city until 24:00. During public holidays, public transport operates on a Sunday schedule. For intracity modes of transport, you can purchase tickets for one trip (from drivers or in special places), as well as passes for an hour or for a certain number of trips.

And here Railway Estonia is not that developed. Now trains connect major cities of the country and transport passengers several times a day. By the way, you can get from Moscow to Tallinn by train in 15 hours.

The cost of a taxi ride is low; here taxi drivers carry their passengers only according to the meter. Finding out the price list is very simple: just look at the side window of the passenger door of the car.

It is convenient to travel around Estonia by car. The roads here are good, except in rural areas. You must have an international driving license, a vehicle registration certificate, international insurance and a passport. With the same set of documents, you can rent a car. Just keep in mind that you may be required to pay a deposit.

The ferry is an interesting type of transport, popular in Estonia and not common in other countries. At the same time, it offers great opportunities for travelers. The ferry connects Tallinn with Helsinki and Stockholm. In summer, you can take a sea voyage by ferry several times a day.

An impressive sight awaits travelers when crossing the sea by ferry at night. To travel by ferry you must have your passport with you.

Connection

Telephone communications are very well developed in Estonian cities. Telephone booths are located everywhere. The call quality is excellent and the connection is quite fast. You can call from pay phones only with a special card with a face value of 30 $, 50 $ or 100 €. You can purchase such a card at any newsstand.

Mobile communications are also widespread. Three operators offer this type of communication services: EMT, TELE2 and Radiolinja. These service providers cover mobile network the entire territory of Estonia, including numerous islands and maritime areas. You can purchase a SIM card from one of the mobile operators at P-kiosks or information points in shopping centers for only 10 €.

Estonia is an “electronic” state, all documentation here is carried out in in electronic format. Almost everywhere you can get free access to the World Wide Web, be it a cafe, hotel, airport or library, where, by the way, you will be offered to use their computers completely free of charge. In large cities you can find Internet cafes. Using its services will cost 2-3 € per hour.

Post offices offer telephone services to their customers, as well as low-cost memorial cards and postage. On Saturday the post office is open, but on a reduced schedule. But on Sunday it is closed.

Safety

Despite the fact that the crime rate in Estonia is relatively low, we advise you to leave valuables, large sums of money and documents in the hotel safe. Keep in mind that pickpockets most often operate during festivals or performances, in crowded places.

Business climate

Estonia ranks 17th in terms of ease of doing business. A foreigner can open a business here in just one day. The attractiveness of doing business in Estonia is that the income tax rate is 0%. Thanks to this, all available funds can be used for development and expansion own business. An analogue of the Russian VAT - turnover tax - is paid only by organizations whose income exceeded 16,000 €. Its rate is 20%. Estonia has a highly developed banking infrastructure. All payments are made electronically, bypassing paper.

Real estate

In Estonia, foreign citizens are allowed to purchase real estate. It is worth noting that their rights when carrying out this type of transaction are not inferior to the rights of Estonian citizens. The specificity of registering the purchase and sale of a real estate property is that any document, be it a contract, preliminary agreement or power of attorney, must be signed and registered with a notary. If at least one notary signature is missing, the transaction may be terminated. In addition, any transfer of money, including the security deposit, takes place under the supervision of a notary. These services are not free: their cost depends on the complexity. The minimum amount is 100 €. All contracts are drawn up in Estonian.

Money for real estate can be paid in full at once or in parts. As a rule, the down payment is 10-20% of the cost. In addition to the real estate itself and notary services, you also need to pay a fee for making an entry in the real estate book, as well as the services of a realtor (2-5% of the price of the property).

Real estate prices in Estonia vary depending on its location and condition. You can find an apartment in a small city for 3,000 € or 70,000 € in Tallinn, a villa for both 30,000 € and 3,000,000 €.

Here are some tips for travelers to Estonia:

• Tips are usually included in the price of the service, but good service you can reward the employee.
• Pharmacies are open from 10:00 to 19:00, and the attendants are open around the clock. Regular medications can be purchased without problems, but no one will sell you medications that are dispensed only this way without a doctor’s prescription.
• Don't appear on the street drunk. In Estonia this is punishable by heavy fines.
• It is not customary in Estonia to hail a taxi while voting on the road. This is a country of advanced technology. You can order a taxi online or by phone.
• Currency exchange can be done in banks, hotels, and exchange offices. Banks are open 6 days a week from 09:00 to 18:00 on weekdays and from 10:00 to 15:00 on Saturday.
• When emergency You must call the correct emergency number. Here are the main phone numbers:

110 - police

112 - rescue service (fire service and ambulance)

1188 is a paid help service.

Follow Estonian traffic rules: the speed limit in built-up areas is 50 km/h, outside the city - 90 km/h, and on the highway - 110 km/h. In a residential area, the speed must not exceed 30 km/h. For violating these rules you will have to pay a hefty fine. Speeding can cost you between €120 and €800. For driving while intoxicated, you face a fine of 400 € to 1200 €, as well as deprivation of your driver's license for up to a year. Low beams must be on 24 hours a day all year round. The fine for non-compliance with this rule can be 200 €. It is also prohibited in Estonia to talk on the phone while driving and to drive without wearing seat belts.

Smoking in Estonia is allowed only in designated areas. The same is true for the ban on drinking alcoholic beverages.

You cannot bring undeclared amounts into or out of Estonia Money more than 10,000 €. Sometimes, when entering a country, you need to prove to the border guard that you have enough money to live in Estonia (56 € per day). It is prohibited to import meat and dairy products, honey, oysters and mussels, caviar and fish from Russia. You are allowed to take 200 cigarettes, 50 cigars, up to 2 liters of wine, and up to 10 liters of beer into Estonia duty free. You can import weapons only with the appropriate permit.

Visa information

Estonia is a member of the Schengen Agreement. Therefore, when entering this country, you must obtain a Schengen visa. Highlight the following types visas to Estonia:

• airport transit visa (type A) is issued for transit through the international transit zone of the airport;
• transit visa (type B) for transit through the territory of Estonia (up to 5 calendar days);
• short-term visa (type C) for single or multiple entries into the country;
• long-term visa (type D) for certain persons.

To obtain a type C visa, you must complete a standard set of documents. It is not possible to obtain a short-term visa without paying a consular fee of 35 €. And for those who need a visa in a short time, for urgency you will have to pay double the fee (70 €). Documents for an Estonian visa can be submitted to the consular departments in Moscow or St. Petersburg.

The consular section of the Estonian Embassy in Moscow is located at Kalashny lane, 8, tel. (495) 737‑36‑48.

Open from 08:30 to 17:00 every weekday.

In St. Petersburg you can find the consular department at the address: st. Bolshaya Monetnaya, 14, tel. (812) 702‑09‑24, working hours: 08:30‑17:00 on weekdays.