Natural resources of Buryatia. Natural resources
The Republic of Buryatia is a subject Russian Federation. The capital of Buryatia is Ulan-Ude. This land is rich in its culture and history. Two traditions are intertwined here - European and Eastern, each of which is amazing and unique. The land of Buryatia remembers the times of the great nomads of the Xiongnu, the warriors of Genghis Khan, and the Cossacks who defended the borders of Transbaikalia. Buryatia was once part of Mongolia, so the culture of this country has become an integral part of the Buryat people. The past is remembered here; it has not gone away without a trace, but has become part of the present.
Geography
Buryatia is located on the eastern shore of Lake Baikal, in the very heart of Asia. The republic's southern neighbor is Mongolia. Buryatia borders on the north, Tyva adjoins the western part, and Tyva adjoins the eastern part. Transbaikal region. The area of the republic is about 351 thousand square kilometers. The geography of Buryatia is unique. All zones of Eurasia meet here: taiga, mountains, tundra, steppes, plains, desert. There are a lot of healing springs with mineral water in Buryatia. Local residents call them Ashans and consider them sacred places.
Climate
The climate of Buryatia is influenced by many factors. The republic is remote from the oceans and located in the center of the Eurasian continent; moreover, Buryatia is surrounded by mountains. Therefore, the weather here is unique and peculiar, and it is characterized by frequent and sharp variability. It is typical for the territory of the republic. It is very Cold winter and hot (albeit short-lived) summers. Buryatia is a very sunny republic. In terms of the number of clear days, it can be compared with the Caucasus, Crimea or Central Asia.
Minerals
Buryatia is the richest territory of our country in terms of mineral reserves. More than 700 deposits have been explored here. Gold, tungsten, uranium, molybdenum, beryllium, tin, aluminum are only a small part of all minerals. And the reserves of hard and brown coal will be enough for the needs of the republic for hundreds of years. It should be noted that the subsoil of this region contains about 48 percent of Russia's balance zinc reserves. The capital of Buryatia is the center of industrial enterprises for the processing of natural resources.
Nature of Buryatia
The nature of the republic is diverse and rich: dense forests, high mountains, valleys and rivers. There are a lot of plants and animals listed in the Red Book: Brown bear, Barguzin sable, wapiti, reindeer and many others (about 40 species).
Travelers will love this amazing region. There's a lot to see here. Next will be a list of 7 natural wonders of Buryatia, a must-see for every self-respecting traveler.
Seventh place - Yukhta area (Zakamensky district). Here you will see an amazing mountain ensemble. This place is located at the confluence of the Dzhida and Yukhta rivers. The rocks resemble a fortress. like this weird shape they acquired under the pressure of rain and wind. From the tops of the mountains you can see a beautiful panorama - a valley with steep cliffs. You can admire the views not only from the top of the rocks, but also while crossing the river.
The sixth place is the Alla River gorge (Kurumkansky district). The valley of this river is cut by ancient glaciers. It flows through narrow canyon-like gorges. According to tourists, this is the most beautiful place on the planet. Everyone, without exception, is breathtaking from the incredibly beautiful and majestic panorama and the fast-moving mountain river.
Fifth place - a waterfall in the valley of the Shumilikha River (Severobaikalsky region). It is located 10 kilometers from Lake Baikal. In order to see it, you need to walk along the southern border at an altitude of one kilometer above sea level. The waterfall rushes down the bizarre rocks with a powerful roar.
Fourth place - Garginsky thermal spring (Kurumkansky district). This source has been known since the eighteenth century. It is located in the valley of the Gargi River. The source temperature is from 25 to 75 degrees Celsius. The composition of the water is considered low-mineralized, slightly alkaline with increased content radon People with various ailments come here. Water heals diseases of muscles, bones, tendons, gynecological and dermatological diseases.
Third place - Slyudyansky Lakes (Severobaikalsky district). These lakes are located 25 kilometers from Lake Baikal and are residual lakes of the Bay of Baikal. They got their name because of the mica mined in these places since the seventeenth century. They are surrounded by a pine forest, which creates an unusually beautiful view.
Second place - Mount Under Baabay (Zakamensky district). This mountain is a beautiful mountain range. An unusually picturesque view opens from the top.
The first place is Mount Barkhan-Uula (Kurumkansky district). According to Tibetan legends, Mount Barkhan-Uula is one of the five places where the main spirits live. There is a belief that a person who manages to conquer this mountain will become one with God.
What was the name of the capital of Buryatia before 1934?
The city was founded in 1666 on And it was originally called the Udin Cossack winter hut. The location of the winter hut was very successful - at the intersection of trade routes between Russia, China and Mongolia. That is why it developed at a rapid pace. By 1689, the winter quarters began to be called Verkhoudinsky fort. A year later, the fort received city status. By 1905 construction was completed railway. From that moment on, industry began to develop at a rapid pace in the region. By 1913, the population reached 13 thousand people.
Ulan-Ude - the capital of Buryatia
In 1934 the city was renamed Ulan-Ude. And in 1957 it received the status of the capital of the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Today the population of Ulan-Ude is oldest city in Siberia is 421,453 people. The capital of Buryatia is an administrative, cultural and economic center. In addition, it is included in the list " Historical cities Russia."
Guests of Ulan-Ude always note how big and beautiful the capital of the Republic of Buryatia is. There are four higher levels in the city educational institutions, five drama theatres. Much attention is paid to sports. Various sports clubs, sections and schools operate here. The capital of Buryatia has 10 sister cities. Currently, the city is actively developing. There are many enterprises here that ensure the development of the entire region.
2011. The capital of Buryatia celebrates its 345th anniversary. The city authorities decided to celebrate such a milestone date on a grand scale: concerts, festivities, fireworks and fireworks.
Is Buryatia a seismically active region?
The republic is located in a seismically active zone. Therefore, the question remains very acute: “How many points will the capital of Buryatia withstand?” Unfortunately, according to experts, buildings, both new and old, will not withstand large earthquake amplitudes. City authorities should pay attention to this and tighten control over the construction of buildings.
INTRODUCTION 3
1. Description of the region and its natural resources 4
2. Modern economy of Buryatia 6
3. Food potential of the region 8
4. Industry of Buryatia 9
5. Unconventional mineral fertilizers 10
6. Water resources of the Republic 11
7. Agro-industrial and forest resources of Buryatia 12
CONCLUSION 15
REFERENCES 17
INTRODUCTION
In order to develop the economy of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to implement an extensive set of measures to further strengthen the material and technical base of industry and Agriculture.
Successful solution of the assigned tasks can only be achieved through further study of natural conditions and resources.
The purpose of the work is a comprehensive study of the natural resources of the Republic of Buryatia, as a subject of the Russian Federation.
Dividing Russia into subjects is necessary in order to have a clear understanding of the problems, disadvantages and advantages of each region. Such a division will help to obtain in the future a clear and clear picture of the state of natural resources throughout the Russian Federation, to reveal areas of the country that are promising for further development and have already exhausted themselves.
As a method for comprehensive study of natural resources of this region It is advisable and necessary to use statistical data, on the basis of which an in-depth understanding of the patterns of distribution of mineral resources, the hydrosphere, biosphere, vegetation and soil cover, climate change, and meteorological phenomena is formed.
Resolving issues of economic organization is impossible without comprehensive consideration and long-term assessment of natural resources, studying the impact of human activity on environment. Integrated natural resources research (INR) is designed to help identify hidden and little-studied natural resources, their quantitative and qualitative assessment for the purposes of rational use, conservation and reproduction.
1. Description of the region and its natural resources
The Republic of Buryatia was founded in 1923, its area was 397.5 thousand square meters. kilometers, population - 435.5 thousand people, including Buryats - 55.5%, Russians - 44.2%.
The republic is located between latitudes 49 55 and 57 15 north and longitudes 98 40 and 116 55 east, in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, south and east of Lake Baikal. The territory of the republic is 351.3 thousand square meters. km and in size is approximately equal to the area of 10-12 regions of the Central European part of the Russian Federation. Population 1059.4 thousand people. In the south, Buryatia borders on the Mongolian People's Republic, in the southwest - on the Republic of Tuva, in the northwest - on the Irkutsk region, in the east - on the Chita region. The republic is 5 time zones away from Moscow.
Buryatia occupies a favorable geographical position. Two railways pass through its territory - the Trans-Siberian and the Baikal-Amur, connecting the central parts of Russia with the regions of the Far East and the countries of Southeast Asia - China, North Korea, Mongolia, Japan and others. Administratively, the republic is divided into 21 districts, has 6 cities, 29 urban-type settlements. The capital of Buryatia is the city of Ulan-Ude. The city's territory covers an area346,5 sq.km.. The city currently has more than 390.0 thousand residents
The republic is located in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, at the pole of the moderately cold climate of Siberia, in the transition zone between the taiga spaces of Eastern Siberia and the vast steppe regions of Mongolia.
The natural conditions of Buryatia differ sharply from other regions of the country located within the same latitudes. Its remoteness from the seas and oceans affects it. Of no small importance is the “cold breath” of the Arctic Ocean and the “barrier” of the Himalayas and Tibet, which prevents the penetration of warm air masses from equatorial latitudes deep into Central Asia. The location of Buryatia almost in the center of the Asian continent, at a great distance from the softening influence of the seas, determines a number of features of the region. IN winter period Throughout the republic, calm and clear weather prevails with frosts up to 50°C. In the summer, the territory of Buryatia warms up greatly and at the same time the formation of the region occurs low pressure, reaching 750-755mm in July, which is 5-10mm below normal. At this time, the air temperature sometimes rises to 38-40°C. The climate of Buryatia is sharply continental. Winter is the longest season of the year; in the southern regions of the republic, it also has little snow.
According to the relief features, Buryatia is divided into 4 large regions: the Eastern Sayans, the Baikal mountain region, the Selenga Dauria and the Vitim Plateau. The predominance of the mountainous terrain of the republic places it among the most active seismic regions of the planet. Large and small earthquakes are quite frequent on the territory of Buryatia.
In terms of wealth, reserves and diversity of mineral resources, Buryatia occupies one of the leading places in Russia. However, mineral wealth is still far from being fully exploited. About 30 coal-bearing areas are known. There are coal-bearing depressions - Udinskaya, Dzhidinskaya, Pribaikalskaya. Gusinoozerskaya and others. Of the 11 coal deposits, Gusinoozerskoye, Tugnuiskoye, Sanginskoye, Daban-Gorkhonskoye, and Okino-Klyuchevskoye are most intensively developed.
On the territory of Buryatia there are also ores of tungsten, molybdenum, and nickel. The largest deposits of tungsten ores include Kholtosonskoye and Inkurskoye; molybdenum - Orekitkanskoye, Maloyonogorskoye, Zharchikhinskoye; nickel - Chayskoye, Baikalskoye. The republic has also explored reserves of non-ferrous metals - beryllium, lead, zinc and tin. The most promising for industrial development are: for tin - Mokhovoye; for beryllium, tantalum-beryllium ores - Okinsky district; for strontium - Khalyutinskoye.
Most large deposits for lead and zinc - Ozernoye and Kholodninskoye. Since pre-revolutionary times, large reserves of gold (ore and placer) have been explored and developed in the northern regions of Buryatia.
There are also non-metallic minerals: phosphates, apatites, fluorspar. Fluorspar deposits have been identified - Naranskoye and Zgitinskoye; phosphorites - Ukhogolskoe and Kharanurskoe; Apatity - Oshurkovskoe. Reserves of fluxes and refractories have been explored: dolomite limestone, refractory clays, quartz and quartzites, graphite. Large deposits of asbestos have been found - Molodezhnoe, Ilchirskoye, Zelenoe; bauxite - Boksonskoe. Buryatia has unique deposits of potassium-alumina ores - Sannyrskoye; nepheline syenites - Mukhalskoe, Nizhne-Burgultaiskoe.
The Republic has a variety of deposits building materials- brick and expanded clay, sand and gravel mixture, building stone, carbonate rocks for building limestone, for cement, for perlites and zeolites.
Buryatia is rich in fresh, mineral and thermal waters. Operating resources for water supply and irrigation amount to 21 million cubic meters. m/day. On the basis of mineral and mineral-thermal waters there are resorts of Russian significance - Arshan and Goryachinsk, and local resorts - Nilova Pustyn, Khakusy, Kuchiger, Goryachy Klyuch and others.
2. Modern economy of Buryatia
The economy of Buryatia largely depends on Russian transfers, which in 2004 amounted to 865.6 billion rubles. with an annual plan of 13895 billion rubles.
In Buryatia, for 11 months of 2004, the volume of gross regional product (GRP) amounted to 9143 million rubles. Production volumes increased in non-ferrous metallurgy (gold mining), in mechanical engineering (helicopters, electric motors, Appliances), in the forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, flour and cereal and feed milling industries. In the industry of the Republic of Belarus, 15 enterprises are classified as monopolists, their specific gravity in total production amounted to 51% for 9 months of 2004. For 9 types of products, full concentration remains at 1 enterprise (cement, slate, cardboard, particle boards, electric kettles and electric boilers, flour, cereals, alcohol).
Investment activity is carried out mainly at the expense of the own funds of business entities - 75.8%, federal budget funds amounted to 19.8%, funds from the consolidated republican budget - 4.4%. In housing construction, 88.9 thousand square meters were commissioned. meters with a plan of 102 thousand square meters, more than half (57%) was built at the expense of individual developers.
The republic's agricultural products consist mainly of grain, potatoes, vegetables, and meat.
Six enterprises (U-U LVRZ, JSC "TSM", JSC "Buryatenergo", Selenga Central Control and Processing Plant, JSC "Timlyuisky ACI", JSC "Livona") form 37% of the profit in the republic. Four enterprises (Livona OJSC, Baikalfarm OJSC, Emilia JV, Gyan LLC) provide excise tax revenue.
The republic's major exporters are the Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant, Concern "Arig Us", JSC "Tonkosukonnaya Manufactory", LVRZ, JCCC. Among the major importers are AOZT "Motom", Trading House "Mav", Severobaikalsky AOZT "Gilyuy", Tugnuisky coal mine.
The modern economy of the Republic of Buryatia is an industrial and promising national economic complex. The republic's share in volume industrial production East Siberian region is 5.4%. The Republic of Buryatia occupies a prominent place in a number of important types of products. It specializes in the production of aircraft, electric motors with power over 100 kW, various devices, bridge structures, agricultural equipment, tungsten concentrate, window glass, cardboard, cellulose and lumber, slate and cement, washed wool, knitwear, woolen fabrics, meat products and some other types of products.
The main tasks in the economy of the republic are related to the development of the fuel and energy complex, light and food industries, and the construction complex. In addition, it is planned to deepen the processing of agricultural raw materials, organize the production of wool and half-woolen yarn, leather shoes, and fur products.
3. Food potential of the region
The overall results for the main indicators of livestock farming have a positive trend, although over the past few years there has been a steady decline in production volumes.
One of the priority areas for the development of the agro-industrial complex is the food and processing industry, which has a significant impact on the socio-economic standard of living of the population of the republic.
A significant increase in production volumes in comparable prices was provided by OJSC Moloko (156.8%), Kabansky Creamery (2.1 times), INPO Baikalpharm (1.8 times), OJSC Buryakhlebprom (110.8%) , OJSC "Bread Ulan-Ude" (147.7%), OJSC "AMTA" (112.1%).
Along with joint stock companies, small enterprises and individual entrepreneurs, primarily in rural areas, have developed widely in the food industry of Buryatia. Currently, 7 mini-dairies, 105 mini-mills, 140 mini-bakeries, 5 workshops for the production of soft drinks produce food products. They produced products worth 163 million rubles. The increase in the volume of commercial products due to individual entrepreneurs amounted to 15.7%.
INTRODUCTION........................................................ ........................................................ .. 3
1. Description of the region and its natural resources.................................................... 4
2. Modern economy of Buryatia.................................................... ............... 6
3. Food potential of the region.................................................... ....... 8
4. Industry of Buryatia.................................................... ........................... 9
5. Non-traditional mineral fertilizers.................................................... . 10
6. Water resources Republics........................................................ ................... eleven
7. Agro-industrial and forest resources of Buryatia.................................................... 12
CONCLUSION................................................. ............................................ 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................ ........................... 17
INTRODUCTION
In order to develop the economy of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to implement an extensive set of measures to further strengthen the material and technical base of industry and agriculture.
Successful solution of the assigned tasks can only be achieved in the process of further study natural conditions and resources.
The purpose of the work is a comprehensive study of the natural resources of the Republic of Buryatia, as a subject of the Russian Federation.
Dividing Russia into subjects is necessary in order to have a clear understanding of the problems, disadvantages and advantages of each region. Such a division will help to obtain in the future a clear and clear picture of the state of natural resources throughout the Russian Federation, to reveal areas of the country that are promising for further development and have already exhausted themselves.
As a method for a comprehensive study of the natural resources of a given region, it is advisable and necessary to use statistical data, on the basis of which an in-depth understanding of the patterns of distribution of mineral resources, the hydrosphere, biosphere, plant and soil cover, climate change, and meteorological phenomena is formed.
Resolving issues of economic organization is impossible without comprehensive consideration and long-term assessment of natural resources and studying the impact of human activity on the environment. An integrated study of natural resources (CINR) is designed to help identify hidden and little-studied natural resources, their quantitative and qualitative assessment for the purposes of rational use, conservation and reproduction.
1. Description of the region and its natural resources
The Republic of Buryatia was founded in 1923, its area was 397.5 thousand square meters. kilometers, population - 435.5 thousand people, including Buryats - 55.5%, Russians - 44.2%.
The republic is located between 49 55 and 57 15 northern latitude and 98 40 and 116 55 east longitude, in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, south and east of Lake Baikal. The territory of the republic is 351.3 thousand square meters. km and in size is approximately equal to the area of 10-12 regions of the Central European part of the Russian Federation. Population 1059.4 thousand people. In the south, Buryatia borders on the Mongolian People's Republic, in the southwest - on the Republic of Tuva, in the northwest - on the Irkutsk region, in the east - on the Chita region. The republic is 5 time zones away from Moscow.
Buryatia occupies a profitable geographical position. Two railways pass through its territory - the Trans-Siberian and the Baikal-Amur, connecting the central parts of Russia with the regions of the Far East and the countries of Southeast Asia - China, North Korea, Mongolia, Japan and others. Administratively, the republic is divided into 21 districts, has 6 cities, 29 urban-type settlements. The capital of Buryatia is the city of Ulan-Ude. The city's territory covers an area of 346.5 sq. km. More than 390.0 thousand residents currently live in the city
The republic is located in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, at the pole of the moderately cold climate of Siberia, in the transition zone between the taiga spaces of Eastern Siberia and the vast steppe regions of Mongolia.
The natural conditions of Buryatia differ sharply from other regions of the country located within the same latitudes. Its remoteness from the seas and oceans affects it. Of no small importance is the “cold breath” of the Arctic Ocean and the “barrier” of the Himalayas and Tibet, which prevents the penetration of warm air masses from equatorial latitudes deep into Central Asia. The location of Buryatia almost in the center of the Asian continent, at a great distance from the softening influence of the seas, determines a number of features of the region. In winter, calm and clear weather prevails throughout the republic with frosts up to 50°C. In the summer, the territory of Buryatia warms up greatly and at the same time a low pressure area is formed, reaching 750-755 mm in July, which is 5-10 mm below normal. At this time, the air temperature sometimes rises to 38-40°C. The climate of Buryatia is sharply continental. Winter is the longest season of the year; in the southern regions of the republic, it also has little snow.
According to the relief features, Buryatia is divided into 4 large regions: the Eastern Sayan Mountains, the Baikal mountain region, the Selenga Dauria and the Vitim Plateau. The predominance of the mountainous terrain of the republic places it among the most active seismic regions of the planet. Large and small earthquakes are quite frequent on the territory of Buryatia.
In terms of wealth, reserves and diversity of mineral resources, Buryatia occupies one of the leading places in Russia. However, mineral wealth is still far from being fully exploited. About 30 coal-bearing areas are known. There are coal-bearing depressions - Udinskaya, Dzhidinskaya, Pribaikalskaya. Gusinoozerskaya and others. Of the 11 coal deposits, Gusinoozerskoye, Tugnuiskoye, Sanginskoye, Daban-Gorkhonskoye, and Okino-Klyuchevskoye are most intensively developed.
On the territory of Buryatia there are also ores of tungsten, molybdenum, and nickel. The largest deposits of tungsten ores include Kholtosonskoye and Inkurskoye; molybdenum - Orekitkanskoye, Maloyonogorskoye, Zharchikhinskoye; nickel - Chayskoye, Baikalskoye. The republic has also explored reserves of non-ferrous metals - beryllium, lead, zinc and tin. The most promising for industrial development are: for tin - Mokhovoye; for beryllium, tantalum-beryllium ores - Okinsky district; for strontium - Khalyutinskoe.
The largest deposits of lead and zinc are Ozernoye and Kholodninskoye. Since pre-revolutionary times, large reserves of gold (ore and placer) have been explored and developed in the northern regions of Buryatia.
There are also non-metallic minerals: phosphates, apatites, fluorspar. Fluorspar deposits have been identified - Naranskoye and Zgitinskoye; phosphorites - Ukhogolskoe and Kharanurskoe; Apatity - Oshurkovskoe. Reserves of fluxes and refractories have been explored: dolomite limestone, refractory clays, quartz and quartzites, graphite. Large deposits of asbestos have been found - Molodezhnoe, Ilchirskoye, Zelenoe; bauxite - Boksonskoe. Buryatia has unique deposits of potassium-alumina ores - Sannyrskoye; nepheline syenites - Mukhalskoe, Nizhne-Burgultaiskoe.
The Republic has various deposits of building materials - brick and expanded clay, sand and gravel mixture, building stone, carbonate rocks for building limestone, for cement, for perlites and zeolites.
Buryatia is rich in fresh, mineral and thermal waters. Operating resources for water supply and irrigation amount to 21 million cubic meters. m/day. Resorts operate on the basis of mineral and mineral-thermal waters Russian significance- Arshan and Goryachinsk, local significance- Nilova Pustyn, Khakusy, Kuchiger, Hot Key and others.
2. Modern economy of Buryatia
The economy of Buryatia largely depends on Russian transfers, which in 2004 amounted to 865.6 billion rubles. with an annual plan of 13895 billion rubles.
In Buryatia, for 11 months of 2004, the volume of gross regional product (GRP) amounted to 9143 million rubles. Production volumes increased in non-ferrous metallurgy (gold mining), mechanical engineering (helicopters, electric motors, household appliances), forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, flour-grinding and feed milling industries. In the industry of the Republic of Belarus, 15 enterprises are classified as monopolists; their share in the total production volume was 51% for 9 months of 2004. For 9 types of products, full concentration remains at 1 enterprise (cement, slate, cardboard, particle boards, electric kettles and electric boilers, flour, cereals, alcohol).
Investment activity is carried out mainly at the expense of the own funds of business entities - 75.8%, federal budget funds amounted to 19.8%, funds from the consolidated republican budget - 4.4%. In housing construction, 88.9 thousand square meters were commissioned. meters with a plan of 102 thousand square meters, more than half (57%) was built at the expense of individual developers.
The republic's agricultural products consist mainly of grain, potatoes, vegetables, and meat.
Six enterprises (U-U LVRZ, JSC "TSM", JSC "Buryatenergo", Selenga Central Control and Processing Plant, JSC "Timlyuisky ACI", JSC "Livona") form 37% of the profit in the republic. Four enterprises (Livona OJSC, Baikalfarm OJSC, Emilia JV, Gyan LLC) provide excise tax revenue.
The republic's major exporters are the Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant, Concern "Arig Us", JSC "Tonkosukonnaya Manufactory", LVRZ, JCCC. Among the major importers are AOZT "Motom", Trading House "Mav", Severobaikalsky AOZT "Gilyuy", Tugnuisky coal mine.
The modern economy of the Republic of Buryatia is an industrial and promising national economic complex. The republic's share in the volume of industrial production in the East Siberian region is 5.4%. The Republic of Buryatia occupies a prominent place in a number of important types of products. It specializes in the production of aircraft, electric motors with power over 100 kW, various instruments, bridge structures, agricultural equipment, tungsten concentrate, window glass, cardboard, pulp and lumber, slate and cement, washed wool, knitwear, woolen fabrics, meat products and some other types of products.
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More details: Geography of Buryatia
The republic is located in the center of Asia, in Eastern Siberia, stretching from west to east between 98°40` and 116°55`E. and from north to south between 57°15` N. w. and 49°55` N. w.
A large territory, stretched from north to south in the form of a crescent, determines various conditions management and stay in the region. There is a significant distance of the republic from the capital of the country (the distance from Ulan-Ude to Moscow is 5532 km).
Relief
The Republic of Buryatia is part of a mountainous zone that occupies a significant part of the south of Eastern Siberia. The relief is characterized by powerful mountain ranges and vast, deep and in some cases almost closed intermountain basins. The area of the mountains is more than 4 times the area occupied by the lowlands. The Republic of Buryatia is characterized by a significant elevation above sea level. The lowest level is the level of Lake Baikal - 456 m in the Pacific Ocean, and the highest glacier-covered peak Munku-Sardyk in the Eastern Sayan Mountains is 3491 m above sea level.
The southern part of the republic, represented by the Selenga midlands, covers a significant part of the Selenga River basin - the largest water artery of Lake Baikal, including all its large tributaries, and is characterized by the predominance of mountains with an average height of 1000-1500 meters above sea level.
Lake Baikal is adjacent to the high ridges of the Baikal region with wide intermountain basins separating them. Their belt includes the Eastern Sayan highlands, stretching from northwest to southeast for a distance of about 1000 km with a width of 200-300 km and rising in the central part of the ridges by more than 2500-3000 m. The belt of the Baikal mountains is continued by the Khamar- Daban, Morskoy ridge, Ulan-Burgasy, Ikatsky, Barguzinsky and Baikalsky ridges. The watersheds of the Barguzin ridge represent classic alpine landforms.
In the northern Baikal region there are the ridges of the Stanovoy Highlands: Yuzhno-Muysky, Severo-Muysky, Udokan, Kalarsky.
The Vitim Plateau adjoins the northeast of the Baikal region. The entire northern Baikal region is characterized by a continuous distribution of permafrost, sometimes occurring at a depth of 0.5 meters and up to 500-600 meters thick.
Climate
The climate of Buryatia is sharply continental. Winter is cold, with dry frost. The main snowfalls occur in November-December. The second half of winter is characterized by little snow. Spring is windy, with frosts and almost no precipitation. Summer is short, with hot days and cool nights, with heavy rainfall in July and August. Autumn comes unnoticed, without sudden changes in weather; in some years it can be long and warm. The average temperature in summer is +18.5 °C, in winter -22 °C, and the average annual temperature is -1.6 °C. The average annual precipitation is 244 mm.
In general, the climate is formed under the influence of three contrasting components: the dry and cold climate of the northern regions, the hot and dry Mongolian deserts and the humid Pacific.
An essential feature of the climate of Buryatia is the long duration of sunshine - 1900-2200 hours, in terms of this indicator it is not inferior to, and sometimes exceeds, the southern regions of Russia.
Barguzinsky, Bauntovsky Evenki, Kurumkansky, Muysky, Okinsky, Severo-Baikalsky districts are equated to regions of the Far North.
Minerals
More than 700 deposits of various minerals have been explored on the territory of Buryatia. Among the identified deposits there are 247 gold (228 alluvial, 16 ore and 3 complex). The list of strategic types of mineral raw materials includes 7 deposits of tungsten, 13 of uranium, 4 of polymetals, 2 of molybdenum and beryllium each, and one of tin and aluminum. Also explored are 8 deposits of fluorspar, 10 deposits of brown coal and 4 deposits of hard coal, 2 asbestos deposits, a number of jade and construction raw materials, and, in addition, apatite, phosphorite, graphite and zeolites.
The subsoil of Buryatia contains:
- 48% of Russia's balance zinc reserves,
- 24% - lead,
- 37% - molybdenum,
- 27% - tungsten,
- 16% - fluorspar,
- 15% - chrysotile asbestos.
- In the Kizhinginsky district, near the village of Novokizhinginsk, there is the largest Ermakovskoe beryllium deposit in Russia. It is distinguished by uniquely high beryllium contents (more than 1%) and big amount beryllium minerals. This is the only beryllium deposit in Russia suitable for profitable development, characterized by favorable mining and hydrogeological conditions, ease of ore beneficiation and processing of concentrates, as well as the location of the deposit in an easily accessible area. Among the known large-scale beryllium deposits, it stands out for its rich ores. After its discovery in 1964, exploration and the start of development (1975), the problem of supplying beryllium to the USSR industry was successfully resolved.
- Gold mining is one of the main sources of income for the Republic of Buryatia. Geologists on its territory have identified more than 240 deposits of this precious metal. Buryatia, occupying a little more than 2 percent of the area of Russia, contains large gold potential in its depths. In terms of balance gold reserves, the Republic of Buryatia ranks 14th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In general, as of January 1, 2010, gold reserves in the republic amount to 100.7 tons, tested forecast resources ore gold is estimated at another 1311 tons. In terms of gold production, Buryatia ranks 9th in Russia and third in the Siberian Federal District.. In Soviet years gold mining was carried out almost exclusively from placers and did not exceed 1.5-2 tons per year. In 1991, with the creation of JSC Buryatzoloto, work on the development of the main ore deposits of the Republic - Zun-Kholby and Irokinda - reached a new qualitative level. With the commissioning of the Zun-Kholbinsky mine (1994), production in Buryatia increased sharply to 5.0 tons. Gold production in Buryatia in 2011 amounted to 6.1 tons.
- Coal mining in Buryatia in 2009. amounted to approx. 16.5 million tons. Of this, the Tugnuisky open-pit mine produces 8.5 million tons per year, and the Nikolsky open-pit mine produces about 8 million tons. According to geological exploration data, coal reserves at the Tugnuisky open-pit mine today amount to 230 million tons. The total area of the Nikolskoye deposit is 15 square meters. km, reserves - more than 274 million tons of coal. Brown coal production in 2010 reached 1.5 million tons. Open way Okino-Klyuchevskoye (Bichursky district), Talinskoye and Daban-Gorkhonskoye (Eravninsky district), Zagustaiskoye (Selenginsky district), and individual sections of the Gusinoozerskoye (Selenginsky district) brown coal deposits are being developed. The main lignite deposits of Buryatia are Okino-Klyuchevskoye (coal reserves at the field are 125.75 million tons), Gusinoozerskoye (explored reserves 451 million tons), Akhalikskoye (coal reserves 1.1 million tons), Zagustaiskoye (1.0 million tons). On the territory of Buryatia there are 10 deposits of brown coal and 4 deposits of hard coal on the balance sheet. This is 1.1% of Russia's balance coal reserves, but production is only 0.1% of the all-Russian total. With a fairly large fuel and energy base, Buryatia is forced to import, mainly for energy producers, about 3 million tons of coal and 1.5 million tons of brown coal annually.
- Uranium mining in Buryatia is carried out in the Bauntovsky Evenki region at the Khiagda deposit using the method of borehole in-situ leaching. In 2013, the Khiagda deposit produced 440 tons of uranium, which is 38% more than in 2012. The mineral resource base of uranium at the Khiagda deposit is about 47 thousand tons.
- The main deposits of non-ferrous metals in Buryatia are Ozernoye, Kholodninskoye, Dzhidinskoye. The Ozernoe pyrite-polymetallic deposit is located in the Eravninsky district, 450 km from the city of Ulan-Ude. Unique in terms of reserves of lead (1.6 million tons) and zinc (8.3 million tons) with their avg. ore contents are 1.2 and 6.2%. Impurity elements - cadmium, antimony, arsenic, silver, thallium. During the period 2008-2010. a mining and processing plant and the Ozernoye-Mogzon railway line were built. Kholodninskoe pyrite-polymetallic ores contain industrial concentrations of lead, zinc, sulfur and other valuable components. The Pb:Zn ratio is 1:7. A combined development system was designed: an open pit to a depth of 200-300 m with a sequential transition to underground mining. But at the same time, in 2006. By order of the government of the Russian Federation, the boundaries of the Central Ecological Zone (CEZ) of Lake Baikal were approved, in which the Kholodninskoye deposit is located, and where any economic activity. Tungsten mining at the Dzhidinskoye deposit in Zakamensk was discontinued in 1998. due to the economic crisis.
- The extraction of jade in Russia on an industrial scale began in the middle of the 19th century in the Eastern Sayan. Before this, all jade supplied to stone-cutting enterprises in Russia was purchased abroad. In the Soviet years, starting from 1964 (from the time of the creation of the Jade Party of the Irkutsk Geological Department), jade production in Buryatia ranged from 30 to 100 tons, and in some years reached 500 tons. After the 90s, the accounting is only approximate, because Most of the stone turnover is carried out on the shadow market.
The Republic of Buryatia It is distinguished by both large reserves of minerals and natural resources, as well as their diversity and uniqueness. Mountain ranges, dense forests, valleys with an abundance of grasses, wide steppes, a large number of bushes in which berries and nuts grow - all this creates the maximum favorable conditions home to many species of animals and birds. On the territory of Buryatia you can find a lot rare species, many of which are listed in the Red Book of Russia.
The brown bear, Barguzin sable, reindeer, and mountain goat are known throughout the world and are found on the territory of Buryatia. In addition, elk, wapiti, roe deer, squirrel, wolverine, wild boar, Baikal seal and many other species of animals also live here. Today, the territory of the republic is inhabited by 446 registered species of terrestrial vertebrates. All amphibians in this region are divided into 2 species and represented by six orders. Also, 7 species of reptiles live on the territory of the republic, which are part of one order and make up only 0.1% of all reptiles in the world. Such figures can be explained by the small number of suitable habitats and certain climatic conditions. It should also be noted that the distribution of reptiles across the territory of the republic is rather uneven. Most often they live in isolated spaces, so they are susceptible to the enormous influence of surrounding factors. Some species are on the verge of extinction or are considered rare. The most extensive class of terrestrial vertebrates in Buryatia is represented by birds. In total there are about 348 species, which are united into 18 squads. This number of birds represents approximately 4% of the world's avifauna. Of all this diversity, about 260 species regularly nest on the territory of the republic, 7 species winter here, 34 species migrate and 46 migrate periodically. These indicators are quite unstable and depend on location and some other factors.
About 85 species of mammals live in Buryatia, which are divided into 7 orders, accounting for 21-23% of the entire world's theriofauna. However, the species composition of animals in Buryatia is not so stable. Both qualitative and quantitative changes are constantly taking place here. From time to time some species appear, some others disappear. Endangered species require special attention and are therefore under constant protection.
Unfortunately, there are not so many such endangered species in Buryatia; these include 4 species of reptiles, 2 species of amphibians, 25 species of mammals and about 63 species of birds. Of all vertebrates, 40 species are listed in the Russian Red Book and 7 species in the International Red Book.
Plays great importance in the life of the republic Lake Baikal, which is a reservoir containing a fifth of the world's reserves fresh water. The lake is about 20 million years old, its length is 636 kilometers, and its width is 80 kilometers. The maximum depth of the lake is 1637 meters. About 2,500 species of fish and animals live here, of which 250 are considered endemic.
Also Buryatia is rich in mineral resources. Over the past 50 years, more than 700 deposits of various minerals have been discovered on the territory of the republic, most of them are on the state balance. Of these, 247 deposits are gold-bearing, 16 are ore deposits, 228 are placer deposits and 3 are complex deposits.
Strategic types of mineral raw materials include 13 deposits of uranium, 7 tungsten, 4 polymetals, 2 beryllium deposits and the same number of molybdenum. Also, on the territory of the republic there is one deposit of aluminum and one tin. In addition, there is a fairly large raw material base of uranium. Metallurgical enterprises of the Far East and Siberia are provided with necessary materials thanks to the state's 8 fluorescent deposits. The fuel and energy complex of Buryatia is provided required quantity coal thanks to 10 deposits of brown coal and 4 deposits of hard coal. Also, on the territory of the republic there are several jade deposits, 2 asbestos deposits, several apatite, graphite, phosphorite, zeolite and construction raw materials. In total, the subsoil of these lands contains more than 48% of the zinc reserve in Russia, 27% of tungsten, 37% of molybdenum, 24% of lead, 15% of chrysotile - asbestos and 16% of fluorspar. Most of mineral deposits are located at a distance of about 200 kilometers from the BAM and VSZD railway lines. Based on the degree of geological exploration of the subsoil, we can conclude that this area is quite promising and contains a large number of undiscovered mineral deposits. These include some new genetic types.
Development mineral resources in the depths of the republic is promising direction and plays a significant role in the economic and geopolitical space of the entire country. The simultaneous continuous development of the industrial and mining complexes provides obvious advantages and ensures a continuous production chain from raw materials to the finished product.
It should be noted that the development of deposits in Buryatia can be divided into three levels. First level– federal, which includes the Ozernoye, Orekitkanskoye and Kholodinskoye fields. This also includes the re-opening of the Inkursky and Kholtosonsky mines and the restoration of a factory for processing fluorite ores in the Kyakhtinsky district.
Second level– federal-republican. This includes the development of the Khiagdinskoye, Molodezhnoe, Mokhovoy and some other fields.
Third level- Republican. This level includes the development of deposits of coal, gold, granulated quartz, graphite, and jade zeolite. In addition, this also includes deposits of mineral waters, building materials and some non-traditional types of mining raw materials.
