Architecture and architectural styles. Presentation for the art lesson "architectural styles" Styles and types of architecture
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Ancient Egypt The most ancient buildings of Ancient Egypt are concentrated on the western bank of the Nile. The Pyramids of Giza are located in the suburbs of modern Cairo. For forty-five centuries they have been causing surprise and admiration. Already in ancient times Egyptian pyramids were considered a wonder of the world. And today these huge tombs, built to last forever, serve as symbols of Egyptian culture. The original height of the pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) was 146.59 m, Khafre - 143.5 m, Mikerin - 66.5 m. Today, the pyramid of Khufu rises above the desert by only 137 m, Khafre - by 136.6 m. For the Egyptians, life is earth was only a short moment - all their earthly life they were preparing for eternal life, the afterlife. When the pharaoh was born, they began to build a tomb for him - a house of death. Its creation took a colossal effort of the entire people. A pyramid with a regular square at its base is a unique form in the history of architecture. It is the pinnacle of the art of geometric style and at the same time an ideal embodiment of the Egyptian canon. The simplicity and clarity of the pyramid's form takes it out of historical time. This is exactly how the catchphrase should be read: “Everything in the world is afraid of time, and time is afraid of the pyramids.” It is known that the classic shape of the pyramid did not develop immediately. One of the early pyramids of Pharaoh Djoser in Saqqara has a stepped shape. The fourth dynasty pharaoh Sneferu, the father of Khufu, the builder of the tallest and most famous pyramid, departed from the stepped shape. Around the pyramids there were many other buildings - temples, mastabas, alleys of sphinxes, forming an entire city.
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Ancient Greece The peculiarity of the ancient culture of Greece is that man was understood as the center of the universe, and the mind as the basis of human behavior. The entire Greek culture is permeated with certain aesthetic categories: measure, beauty, harmony. The Greeks were the first to use the POST-BEAM system in the construction of a building, which determined a clear division of load-bearing and non-carrying parts - support and load. In the process of development of architecture, a strict system of relationships between parts of the building, between columns and ceilings was developed. Subsequently, it received the name ORDER, which means structure, order. In the Archaic era, 2 variants of the order developed: Doric and Ionic. The Doric temple embodied the spirit of heroism and carried strength and courage. The Ionian temple, embodying calm, greatness of spirit and harmonious grace, carries the idea of femininity. Later, a third order appears - Corinthian. During the classical period, a law was developed that established the difference in the number of columns on different sides of the building. So on the sides there should have been 2 times more of them than on the facade plus 1 column. The most common temples are with 6 and 13 or 8 and 17 columns.
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Ancient Rome The flourishing of Roman architecture and the creative use of the achievements of Greek architecture contributed to the development of the theory of architecture. In the field of architecture they invent the ARCH and move on to VOUCHED DOME structures. The development of these structures is driven by the need to cover huge spaces without internal supports. Such construction became possible thanks to the invention of durable waterproof concrete. The idea of the greatness of Rome is most clearly expressed in the grandiose architectural monuments created in the 1st-4th centuries. the construction pursued a specific political goal - to emphasize the generosity of the ruler and preserve his name in the memory of descendants. The use of a round CYLINDRICAL (BURCH) vault, resting with its sides on load-bearing walls, and the intersection of these cylinders, made it possible to create a completely new type ceilings - VOUCHED (CROSS). The Romans turn to the Greek order system, but understand its meaning in a new way. In Rome, the order has a decorative role, since the supporting functions are performed by the wall. The arch receives special development, since the column would not be able to cope with the powerful load of multi-story structures.
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Byzantium The culture of Byzantium combines the artistic and spiritual values of Eastern and Western cultures. It reached its brilliant peak in the 6th century. At this time, churches of two types were mainly built in Byzantium: LONGITUDINAL-BASILICAL and CENTRAL-DOME. Basilica churches were an oblong building, always stretched in length from west to east. Two rows of columns connected by arches divided the temple into 3 (sometimes 5 or more) NAVES. The nave is a long rectangular space separated from the general space of the temple by rows of columns. The entrance was located on the western side, and main part cult action - APSIDE - from the east. The apse was a semicircular niche protruding from the wall. The central nave was higher and wider than the others. Slender rows of columns united by an arcade seem to lead the visitor deeper into the space. This type of construction prevailed, with some modifications, for more than 1000 years. In a central-domed church, the weight of the dome falls on the walls, reinforced by a bypass gallery that takes on the thrust of the walls.
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Ancient Rus' Architecture of Ancient Rus' in the 11th century. adopted along with Christianity from Byzantium in the form of cross-domed churches. It is characterized by the identification of the internal structure in the external appearance of the building, a picturesque silhouette, free-standing bell towers, open bypass galleries, domes various shapes(helmet-shaped, semi-circular, etc.), which were often gilded. In the 16th-17th centuries. tented churches were built with an “octagon on a quadrangle” arrangement. At the end of the 17th century. The Naryshkin Baroque was widespread - red brick buildings with white decorative details.
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Romanesque style At the beginning of the 11th century, primarily in areas adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea, the first Romanesque buildings appeared. They had a characteristic masonry of small, roughly hewn stones. The Romanesque style is the earliest independent style of medieval Europe (11th-12th centuries). The Romanesque style arose in the era of constant wars. The new architecture embodies the idea of stern power and stuns with its dynamics, conveying the brutal character of the era. Powerful monastery ensembles were characteristic of life at that time. The center of such an ensemble is the temple. The temple is formed on the basis of a Roman basilica. In plan, it is a Latin cross, the shape of which is formed at the intersection of longitudinal halls-NAVES (usually from 3 to 5) with transverse ones-TRANSEPTS. The naves, unlike Roman basilicas, are of the same height. The intersection of the naves, the transept, is crowned by a pointed tower. The central nave is closed by a semicircular asp. The entrance to the temple with perspectively decreasing semicircular arches embedded in the thickness of the walls is a PORTAL. The main achievement of the architecture of the Romanesque period is the invention of stone VOLT-arched supporting structures, which replaced fire-hazardous wooden beams. Powerful stone arches require thickening the walls and replacing the columns with massive pillars. The main load of the semicircular arch falls on the girth arches. The arches rest on pillars reinforced with massive buttresses. The main motif of the architecture is the semicircular arch. It is used both for constructive purposes and as decoration.
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Gothic The growth of cities and the development of social relations in Western Europe leads to the emergence of a new, more progressive, compared to the Romanesque, style - GOTHIC. Church construction becomes the responsibility of the townspeople. The leading architectural type was the city cathedral: frame system Gothic architecture (pointed arches rest on pillars; the lateral thrust of the cross vaults, laid out on ribs, is transferred by flying buttresses to the buttresses) made it possible to create cathedral interiors of unprecedented height and spaciousness, cutting through the walls with huge windows with multi-colored stained glass windows, creating a unique, unique atmosphere of mystery in the temple. The upward aspiration of the cathedral is expressed by giant openwork towers, lancet windows and portals, curved statues, and complex ornaments. The Gothic cathedral seems to float above the city. With each tier of the facade of portals, windows, and sculpture galleries, a powerful upward movement increases. Interior space the temple becomes unified and easily visible. The naves are separated from each other by through arcades. This gives the temple a special lightness.
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Renaissance Basics distinctive features: secular character, humanistic worldview, appeal to the ancient cultural heritage, a kind of “revival” of it. Humanistic ideals are reflected in buildings that have a clear, harmonious appearance, buildings whose proportions correspond to the scale of a person. The Renaissance was characterized by the construction of secular buildings: palaces, public buildings, houses. Leading architects erect monumental buildings full of harmony and calm grandeur. The ancient order system is returning. The palace's plan is a large rectangle, which includes a smaller rectangle - a courtyard. Stairs are placed in the corners of the building. The appearance of the building is characterized by a clear division into floors with emphasized horizontal cornices, creating a sense of balance. The distinctive features of the culture of the era were most fully manifested in the art of Italy. The greatest masters of the Italian Renaissance: F. Brunelleschi, L. Ghiberti, Donatello, A. Verrocchio, Masaccio, Filippo Lippi, A. del Castagno, Pierro della Francesca, A. Mantegna, Leonadro da Vinci , Raphael, Michelangelo, Giorgione, etc.
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Baroque A stylistic expression of the centralized power of 17th century monarchs. became the Baroque style. He embodies new ideas about the world and man. The world is changeable, complex, diverse. Baroque has complex, intricate forms, and is characterized by psychology. Architecture becomes the main art of the Baroque style. Baroque castles are luxurious, quaint palaces. The gigantic palace ensembles of European countries amaze with their pomp and splendor. The facade of the palace with relief wings spreads solemnly and widely. In the architecture of the facade, straight horizontal lines almost disappear, and if they remain, they are necessarily drowned out by diverse elements that weaken their effect. New architectural elements appear: a “torn” pediment, cartouches, oval rosettes and windows, decorative balustrades (railings made of figured posts), carved balusters (turned railing posts). The building appears to be cast from one giant piece, more sculpted than built. The effect of grandeur and theatricality is achieved through the masterful use of light, as well as the creation of huge spaces. Baroque architects break ties with the order system. The building is not divided into components, but is a single whole. In buildings there is only one continuous plastic mass with elements gently flowing into each other. Main idea facade - a wavy line.
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Rococo By the 20s 18th century at the French court takes shape new style– Rococo. The word rococo comes from the French rocaille, which refers to an ornamental motif reminiscent of a sea shell. Rococo is lightness and grace, love for the exotic, refined and brilliant taste. In contrast to the pathos of Baroque, Rococo turns to chamber themes. The predominant type of building becomes not a palace, but a mansion designed for one family. The Rococo style was clearly manifested in interior decoration and all kinds of decorative and applied arts.
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Classicism Translated from Latin, “classicism” means “exemplary”. Antiquity becomes the model for the art of this era. In this regard, the concepts of beauty, reason, and harmonious are returning. The main thing is a rational principle, and feelings should be restrained and majestic. The impact of rationalistic educational ideas of the 18th century. leads to the fact that public attention begins to be attracted by the rigor and clarity of ancient architecture. Clarity of plans, clear symmetry, and strict proportions are back in fashion. One comes to the full conviction that all of them have already been found and in order to comprehend them one must turn not to nature, but to ancient architecture. Antique orders and ornaments are widely used. Classicism is characterized by rhythmic coordination of groups: pilaster - window - pilaster - and complete coincidence of the external division of the facade with the internal boundaries of the floors. Pilasters are flat vertical projections on the surface of the wall, having the same proportions as the column. Decorativeness goes away: columns, entablatures, pediments return to their constructive meaning. The facade is completed on both sides by projections located symmetrically with respect to the central axis of the building - risalits or small porticos. A new type of palace is emerging - a grandiose ensemble, but thought out to the smallest detail, built according to the laws of reason. The building plan is particularly clear and symmetrical.
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Art Nouveau Art Nouveau, Art Nouveau, Art Nouveau style in European and American art of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Affirming the unity of the style-forming principles of the entire human environment - from the architecture of the home to the details of costume, the representatives of the style gave the leading role to architecture as the basis of the synthesis of arts they were looking for. It was expressed most clearly in the architecture of private mansion houses, in the construction of business, industrial and commercial buildings, train stations, and apartment buildings. Fundamentally new in the architecture of the style was the rejection of the order system or the system of facade and interior decoration eclectically borrowed from other styles. The facades of buildings in most cases have dynamic and fluid forms, sometimes approaching sculptural or reminiscent of organic natural phenomena (buildings by A. Gaudi in Spain, V. Horta and van de Velde in Belgium, F. O. Shekhtel in Russia). One of the main expressive means in Art Nouveau art there was an ornament of characteristic curvilinear outlines, often permeated with expressive rhythm and subordinating the compositional structure of the work.
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Constructivism Constructivism is a movement in Soviet art of the 1920s. (in architecture, design and theatrical decorative art, posters, book art, artistic design). Proponents of constructivism, having put forward the task of “designing” an environment that actively guides life processes, sought to comprehend the formative capabilities of new technology, its logical, expedient designs, as well as the aesthetic capabilities of materials such as metal, glass, and wood. Constructivists sought to contrast the ostentatious luxury of everyday life with the simplicity and emphasized utilitarianism of new object forms, in which they saw the embodiment of democracy and new relationships between people (the Vesnin brothers, M. Ya. Ginzburg, etc.). The aesthetics of constructivism largely contributed to the formation of Soviet artistic design (A. M. Rodchenko, V. E. Tatlin, etc.). When applied to foreign art, the term is conditional: in architecture, it is a movement within functionalism.
Development of a lesson "Architecture Styles" for 8th grade on MHC.
The purpose of the lesson: to systematize and clarify students’ knowledge about styles in architecture.
The material contains full summary a lesson that allows you to consolidate knowledge about architectural styles in the context of cultural and historical periods. The presentation for the lesson is quite complete and has a textual content of the topic. The presentation is divided into 4 parts. After downloading, the parts need to be connected. This is done in order not to compress the drawings, as this degrades their quality.
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Subject : Architecture styles.
Objective of the lesson: systematize and clarify students’ knowledge about styles in architecture.
Tasks:
- To consolidate knowledge about architectural styles in the context of cultural and historical periods.
- Develop an interest in architecture as the basis of all arts.
- Develop skills to work with information.
Equipment: multimedia projector, screen, computer.
TsOR: presentations “Architectural styles”.
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Architectural styles
Contents 1. Unity of functional content and artistic image 2. The birth of architectural styles and their successive changes in the history of mankind 2.1 Canonical style of Ancient Egypt 2.2 Classic style architecture of Ancient Greece and Rome 2.3 Romanesque style of Western European architecture of the Middle Ages 2.4 Gothic style of architecture 2.5 Architectural style of the Renaissance 2.6 Baroque style 2.7 Rococo style 2.7 Classicism style in architecture 2.8 Empire style as the style of the Napoleon Empire 2.9 Eclecticism 2.10 Art Nouveau style - a qualitatively new stage in the development of architecture 2.11 Architectural constructivism
Construction is one of the most ancient types of human activity, which means that many millennia ago the foundations for all further development of architecture were laid.
Arriving in any city, we see palaces, town halls, private cottages built in a wide variety of architectural styles. And it is by these styles that we determine the era of their construction, the socio-economic level of the country, the morals, traditions and customs of a particular people, its culture, history, national and spiritual heredity, even the temperaments and characters of the people of this country.
Architectural style is the unity of content and artistic image. Architecture is an art inseparable from everyday human life. It serves our everyday needs and various social needs. And at the same time it gives us joy, creates a mood, affects people’s feelings.
Architecture is one of the most comprehensive areas of human activity, dealing with the organization of space and solving any spatial problems.
According to the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, architecture is based on three principles: lat. firmitas - strength lat. utilitas - benefit lat. venustas - beauty - and lies in a certain harmonious relationship to the proportions of the human body.
Ancient Egypt The history of Ancient Egypt spans several millennia - from the end of the 5th millennium BC. e. until the 4th century n. e. For such a significant time in Ancient Egypt A huge number of magnificent buildings, sculptures, paintings, and decorative arts were created.
The main building material in Egypt is stone. From stone, the Egyptians carved tall, slender blocks of stone in the form of obelisks, which were symbols of the sun - the great Ra, as well as huge pillars and columns. Individual carefully hewn stone blocks were fitted to each other perfectly, dry, without mortar.
The weight of the heavy floor beams was carried by walls, pylons and columns. The Egyptians did not use vaults, although they knew this design. They laid them on the beams stone slabs ceilings The supports were very diverse; sometimes these are monolithic stone pillars of a simple square section, in other cases - columns consisting of a base, a trunk and a capital. Simple trunks had a square cross-section, more complex ones were polyhedrons and often depicted bundles of papyrus stems, sometimes having flutes (vertical grooves).
Egyptian architecture was characterized by the peculiar shape of the capitals, depicting a papyrus flower, lotus or palm leaves.
IN in some cases the capitals were carved with an image of the head of the fertility goddess Hathor
Ancient Egyptian temple. Section
Ancient art Masterpieces created by talented masters of the ancient world inspired poets, composers, playwrights and artists from all over Europe for several centuries, and today continue to give us artistic pleasure and serve as a norm and an unattainable example. Artistic heritage Ancient Greece And Ancient Rome- architecture, sculpture, painting, arts and crafts and jewelry - amazes with its richness and diversity. It clearly expressed the aesthetic ideas, moral ideals and tastes characteristic of the ancient civilization that ended its centuries-old history ancient world. The creators of ancient culture were the ancient Greeks.
Archaic period - up to V AD On the ruins of Mycenaean cities destroyed by the Doric conquering tribes, arose new culture. .The palaces and fortresses were replaced by numerous temple buildings. More majestic and luxurious dwellings were erected for the beautiful statues of the Olympian gods than for the old primitive idols. Secular construction receded into the background. During this period, a planning scheme was formed, which formed the basis for the subsequent architecture of Greek temples, which is characterized by surrounding the main volume of the temple with a colonnade.
The Doric order is associated with a masculine, heavy style (“masculine”). A strict and powerful Doric column, standing directly on a platform, without any lining, can be compared to the torso of an athlete holding a great weight on his head. From top to bottom, the column is hewn with vertical grooves - flutes. In the light of the sun, they create a play of light and shadows, thereby enlivening the stone trunk. To emphasize the upward direction of the column itself and the entire building, the top of the trunk is narrower than the base. It seems to be pulled together at the very top with horizontal grooves. Olympia, ruins of the Temple of Hera
Ionic order - associated with a soft and pampered style (“feminine”) The Ionic column was born in the Greek cities of the Asia Minor coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The pomp and luxury of the East had their influence on her. The column itself became slimmer, the flutes were deeper, it had a round base - the base, and the echin (a flattened pillow at the top of the column) received spiral curls at the edges. Temple of Nike Apteros (443-420, architect Kallikrates)
Corinthian order - appeared in the 5th century BC. the proportions were likened to a girl’s body (“maiden”) Represents a variant of the Ionic order, more saturated with decor. It is distinguished by a bell-shaped capital covered with stylized acanthus leaves. Ruins of the Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens. Started in 175-164 BC. e., completed in 129-132 AD. e.
Orders: 1 - Doric 2 - Ionic 3 - Corythian
Middle Ages The Romanesque style (from Latin romanus - Roman) developed in Western European art of the 10th-12th centuries. This artistic style is one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art. Bamberg Cathedral
The Romanesque style is characterized by a desire for complete integrity, rigor and simplicity, and the absence of decoration and ornament. Her characteristic element– arched shape of door and window openings. The outlines are dominated by vertical and horizontal lines. The complex structure looks crisp and clear in appearance. Stone temples are created with simple volumes and shapes. Chapel of Penitents, France
Thus, Romanesque buildings are characterized by: a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and conciseness exterior finishing- the building has always carefully blended into the surrounding massive nature smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals, the presence of a stone vault, thick walls cut through by small windows, a predominance of horizontal divisions over vertical ones, circular and semi-circular arches.
Gothic Gothic is a period in the development of medieval art from the 12th to the 15th centuries, which replaced the Romanesque style, gradually displacing it. Gothic style originated in the 12th century in northern France. Gothic cathedral in Coutances, France
Gothic is characterized by: arches with a pointed top, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details and multi-color stained glass lancet windows, all elements of the style emphasize the vertical. Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France
The architects of the Renaissance, in accordance with the humanistic worldview of their era, created a new style - the Renaissance, in which they used the heritage of ancient art and Greek architectural orders. they were used more freely, with deviations from ancient canons, in other proportions and sizes, in combination with other architectural elements. Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
Particular importance is attached to symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of its component parts, as clearly evidenced by surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportions of medieval buildings are replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels; asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, and niches. St. Peter's Cathedral. Rome
Baroque Baroque (Italian barocco - “strange”) is a style of European art and architecture of the 17th-18th centuries. It is born in Italy and spreads to most European countries, acquiring its own special national characteristics in each. Church of Saint Susanna in Rome
If buildings in the Renaissance style were strict in form, with clear straight lines, then buildings in the Baroque style, which replaced the Renaissance, are distinguished by an abundance of curvilinear forms. Zwinger Peppelmann, Permoser, beginning. XVIII century Germany, Dresden
There are almost no straight lines. Architectural forms bend, pile on top of one another and intertwine with the sculpture. This creates the impression of constant mobility of forms.
Rococo (1715 - XVIII century) Rococo style (French rococo, rocaille - shell, since the most noticeable external manifestation of this style was decorative motifs in the form of a shell) - replete with fancy decorations, curvilinear lines, curls, like the powdered wig of a noble lady or her gentleman / Pavilion "Skate slide" Rinaldi 1762-1774. Orannienbaum
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Empire Empire (from the French empire - empire) is a style in architecture and art (mainly decorative) of the first three decades of the 19th century, completing the evolution of classicism. Kazan Cathedral
The Empire style developed in the depths of classicism, in which the search for elegant simplicity of forms and decor is gradually replaced by the desire for their utmost lapidary and monumental expressiveness. Triumphal Gate
Eclecticism Eclecticism (eclecticism, historicism) in architecture is a direction in architecture that dominated in Europe and Russia in the 1830s-1890s. Eclecticism is inherent in the features of European architecture of the 15th-18th centuries. Eclecticism retains the architectural order, but in it it has lost its exclusivity. Private house-palace of the Beloselsky-Belozerskys in St. Petersburg
Various architecture of historical stylizations, common since the middle. XIX to the end of the XX century, is known as the architecture of the “historic period”. Stylizations at the customer's choice for classics, renaissance, baroque, rococo, gothic, etc., as well as for national styles
Modern Modern (from the French moderne - modern) is one of the architectural styles, more popular in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. His distinctive features are: rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, “natural” lines, interest in new technologies in the construction of buildings.
Modern architecture is also distinguished by the desire to create buildings that are both aesthetically beautiful and functional. Much attention was paid not only to the appearance of the buildings, but also to the interior, which was carefully worked out. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies - artistically processed.
Constructivism Constructivism is a Soviet avant-garde style, a direction that developed in 1920 - early. 1930s.
The functional method is a theoretical concept of constructivism, based on a scientific analysis of the functioning features of buildings, structures, and urban planning complexes. Each function corresponds to the most rational space-planning structure (form corresponds to function)
Conclusion: Architectural style is a set of main features and characteristics of architecture of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of its functional, constructive and artistic aspects (techniques for constructing plans and volumes of building compositions, building materials and structures, shapes and decoration of facades, decorative design interiors; included in general concept style as an artistic worldview, covering all aspects of art and culture of society in certain conditions of its social and economic development; a set of main ideological and artistic features of the master’s work.
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CONTENTS ROCOCO EMPIRE ARCHETECTURE BAROQUE REVIVAL (RENAISSANCE) GOTHIC ROMAN STYLE FOR CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE “ROCOCO” STYLE PHOTO OF THE EMPIRE ARCHETECTURE PHOTO OF THE BAROQUE STYLE PHOTO OF THE RENAISSANCE STYLE PHOTO OF THE GOTHIC STYLE PHOTO “ROM” AN'S STYLE" EXIT
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ROCOCO Rococo is a style of art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century and spread throughout Europe. He was distinguished by his grace, lightness, and intimate and flirtatious character. Having replaced the ponderous Baroque, Rococo was both the logical result of its development and its artistic antipode. Rococo is united with the Baroque style by the desire for completeness of forms, but if Baroque gravitates toward monumental solemnity, Rococo prefers grace and lightness. Darker colors and lush, heavy gilding of baroque decor are replaced by light tones - pink, blue, green, with a lot of white details. Rococo has a mainly ornamental orientation; the name itself comes from a combination of two words: “baroque” and “rocaille” (an ornamental motif, intricate decorative finishing pebbles and shells of grottoes and fountains). Painting, sculpture and graphics are characterized by erotic, erotic-mythological and pastoral (pastoral) subjects. The first significant master of painting in the Rococo style was Watteau, and further development he received in the works of such artists as Boucher and Fragonard. The most prominent representative of this style in French sculpture is, perhaps, Falconet, although his work was dominated by reliefs and statues intended for decorating interiors, busts, including those made of terracotta. By the way, Falconet himself was the manager of the famous Sevres porcelain manufactory. (The factories in Chelsea and Meissen were also famous for their wonderful porcelain products). In architecture, this style found its most vivid expression in decorative decoration interiors. The most complex asymmetrical carved and stucco patterns, intricate curls of the interior decoration contrasted with the relatively austere appearance of the buildings, for example, the Petit Trianon, built in Versailles by the architect Gabriel (1763-1769). Originating in France, the Rococo style quickly spread to other countries thanks to French artists working abroad and the publication of designs by French architects. Outside of France, Rococo reached its greatest flowering in Germany and Austria, where it absorbed traditional elements baroque. In the architecture of churches, such as the church in Vierzenheiligen (1743-1772) (architect Neumann), spatial structures and the solemnity of Baroque are perfectly combined with the exquisite sculptural and picturesque interior decoration characteristic of Rococo, creating the impression of lightness and fabulous abundance. A supporter of Rococo in Italy, the architect Tiepolo, contributed to its spread in Spain. As for England, here Rococo influenced mainly the applied arts, for example, furniture inlay and the production of silverware, and partly on the work of such masters as Hogarth or Gainsborough, whose sophistication of images and artistic style of painting are fully consistent with the spirit of Rococo. The Rococo style was very popular in Central Europe until the end of the 18th century, while in France and other Western countries interest in it waned already in the 1860s. By this time, it was perceived as a symbol of lightness and was supplanted by neoclassicism. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I PHOTO OF THE “ROCOCO” STYLE
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Empire Architecture The name comes from the French empire - imperial. A style that arose in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. It is the organic completion of the long development of European classicism. The main feature of this style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of the composition. Ampir. originally developed in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. during the era of the Great French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the Napoleonic Empire, art was supposed to glorify the military successes and virtues of the ruler. This is where the passion for building various kinds of triumphal arches, memorial columns, and obelisks comes from. Important elements Porticoes become decorative decoration of buildings. Bronze casting, painting of lampshades and alcoves are often used in interior decoration. Ampir. sought to get closer to antiquity more than classicism. In the 18th century The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of the Roman peripterus, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of forms was distinguished by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (Arch of the Star) on Place des Stars in Paris (architect Chalgrin). The memorial Column Vendôme (Column of the Grande Armée), erected by Leper and Gondoin, is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian guns. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of the victorious war. Empire style. did not develop for long, it was replaced by the time of eclecticism. CONTENTS PHOTO OF AMPERA ARCHITECTURE
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CLASSICISM A style in European art of the 17th and early 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as the norm and ideal model. The name of the style comes from the Latin classicus - exemplary. Usually there are two periods in the development of culture. It took shape in the 17th century. in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. The 18th century is considered a new stage in its development, since at that time it reflected other civic ideals based on the ideas of the philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment. What unites both periods is the idea of a reasonable pattern of the world, of a beautiful, ennobled nature, the desire to express great social content, sublime heroic and moral ideals. Kazakh architecture is characterized by rigor of form, clarity of spatial design, geometric interiors, soft colors, and laconicism of the exterior and interior decoration of buildings. Unlike Baroque buildings, K.'s masters never created spatial illusions that distorted the proportions of the building. And in park architecture, a so-called regular style is emerging, where all lawns and flower beds have the correct shape, and green spaces are placed strictly in a straight line and carefully trimmed. (Garden and park ensemble of Versailles.) CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I PHOTO OF THE STYLE “CLASSICISM”
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BAROQUE A style of art that developed in European countries in the XVI-XVII (In some countries - until the middle of the XVIII century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - bizarre, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: this is what Dutch sailors called rejected pearls. For a long time, baroque tin carried a negative assessment. In the 19th century. the attitude towards the Baroque changed, which was facilitated by the work of the German scientist Wölfflin. If during the Renaissance art glorified the power and beauty of man, then at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries these ideas gave way to reflections on the complexity and imperfection of social relations, thoughts about the disunity of people. Therefore, the main task of art has become to reflect the inner world of a person, to reveal his feelings and experiences. This is how the main features of B. were determined - dramatic pathos, a tendency towards sharp contrasts, dynamism, expression, and a tendency towards pomp and decorativeness. All these features are also characteristic of the architecture of B. The buildings were necessarily decorated with fancy facades, the shape of which was hidden behind the decorations. The ceremonial interiors also acquired a variety of forms, the whimsicality of which was emphasized by sculpture, modeling, and various ornaments. Rooms often lost their familiarity to the eye rectangular shape. Mirrors and paintings expanded the true dimensions of the rooms, and colorful lampshades created the illusion of the absence of a roof. B.'s architects paid attention to the street, which began to be viewed as an integral architectural organism, as one of the forms of the ensemble. The beginning and end of the street were marked by squares or spectacular architectural or sculptural accents. A curved line becomes dominant in the composition of the building, volutes return, and elliptical surfaces appear. PHOTO OF THE BAROQUE STYLE CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I
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REVIVAL (RENAISSANCE) At the beginning of the 15th century. In Florence, a new architectural style was created - the Renaissance (from the French revival) based on the ideologies of rationalism and extreme individualism characteristic of its ideologies. In the era of R., the personality of the architect in the modern sense of the word took shape for the first time, as opposed to the dependence of the medieval architect on the mason guild. There are early and high R.; the first developed in Florence, the center of the second was Rome. The architects of Italy creatively rethought the ancient order system, which introduced proportionality, clarity of composition and convenience into the appearance of the building. The first architect of R. was Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446). His work most clearly reflected the main achievements of this era. He was the first to create a palace (palazzo), which formed the basis for all subsequent architecture, including ours. The main achievement of the Renaissance palace is the final design of the floor as a horizontal spatial layer intended for human life and activity. The wall is interpreted for the first time in the modern sense of the word, i.e. as a geometrically correct partition of constant thickness between the internal architectural space and the space outside the building. The windows are interpreted as the eyes of the building, the façade as the face of the building; those. the outside expresses the interior architectural space. High R. is associated in architecture with the name of Bramante (1444-1514). His Tempietto, of all R.'s buildings, is closer to ancient architecture in its organic fullness of forms and harmonious completeness, based on the golden section of proportions. The main achievement of R. architecture is the humanization of the proportions of buildings. PHOTO OF THE REVIVAL STYLE CONTENTS
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GOTHIC From the Italian gotico - Gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was introduced by Renaissance humanists who wanted to emphasize the “barbaric” character of all medieval art; in reality, the Gothic style had nothing in common with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strong influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But Gothic art developed under new conditions, the main one of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type of Gothic architecture became the city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which was made possible thanks to a system of flying buttresses that transfer the pressure of the vault to external pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized the rush to heaven; Its rich decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained glass windows - should have served the same purpose. PHOTO OF THE “GOTHIC” STYLE CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I
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ROMAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art of the 10th-11th centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially strong and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle, becomes the tower - the donjon. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, composed of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinctive element of the building's roof is the semicircular arch. PHOTO OF THE “ROMAN STYLE” CONTENTS OF CHAPTER I
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CONTENTS STYLE "ECLECTIC" STYLE "HIGH-TECH" STYLE "FUNCTIONALISM" STYLE "ORGANIC" STYLE "NEOCLASICISM" STYLE "MODERN" TO CHAPTER I PHOTO OF THE STYLE "ECLECTIC" PHOTO OF THE STYLE "HIGH-TECH" PHOTO OF THE STYLE "FUNCTIONALISM" PHOTO OF THE STYLE "OR" GANIKA" PHOTO OF THE STYLE “NEOCASSICISM” PHOTO OF THE STYLE “MODERN” AUTHOR EXIT
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Eclecticism Eclecticism is not a separate architectural style. This is a combination of several, earlier styles of architecture, from which only some elements are taken, with their subsequent harmonization due to texture and color. Eclecticism has become a completely natural phenomenon in some countries. After all, the Empire style, so beloved by some monarchs and in which entire cities were built, caused quite understandable protest, which is not surprising. After all, the Empire style is a ceremonial style. Cities built in this style were faceless, without their own unique architectural monuments. N.V. Gogol, who, by the way, had a very good understanding of architecture, harshly criticized the Empire style. All the houses built in this style resembled, in his words, barns, or barracks, and were so similar to each other that they merged into one solid wall. In eclecticism, the style and shape of buildings were almost directly determined by its practical function. For example, the style of K.A. Tona was recognized as official for the construction of temples, but was almost never used in the design of private mansions. In addition, the main difference from the Empire style, which dictated the conditions for the construction of any type of building, eclecticism offered a choice. That is, the final appearance of the building was dictated by the selected styles, its functional purpose, as well as the desire of the customer. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE “ECLECTIC” STYLE
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High Tech in Architecture Technological progress in the 70s of the 20th century began to have a fairly significant impact on architecture. He personified the entry into the age of high technology. Although high-tech resulted in a separate architectural style, it differed from them only in the methods of architectural design and materials used. Constructivism was distinguished by the use of structures based on glass and reinforced concrete. And high-tech uses various combinations of metal and glass, suggesting the use of engineering and technical structures of a building for decorative purposes. The use of different colors for painting pipelines and ventilation shafts allows them to look like structural and decorative elements of the building, which complement it functionally and aesthetically. By the 90s of the 20th century, one of the directions became dominant. There is a very noticeable departure from the complex compositions characteristic of the high-tech style of the 70s. One of the most striking examples of a high-tech composition is the building that now houses the European Court of Human Rights (Strasbourg). CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF “HI-TECH” STYLE
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Functionalism At the beginning of the 20th century, the architectural style of functionalism began to develop rapidly. Architects who designed in this genre used the thesis “form must correspond to purpose.” It was considered tasteless to install any decorations if they had no practical use. A significant contribution to the development of functionalism was made by Charles Edouard Jeanneret, also known as Le Corbusier. He formed five basic principles for designing buildings in the functionalist style. In addition, he found various functional and aesthetic solutions that have been widely used in building design for several decades. And some of his solutions are still used today when designing buildings in the functionalist style. In addition, some of the principles of functionalism could be used in almost any country, adapting them to national characteristics. So, for example, in England the city center was built up with multi-storey buildings, and cottages were preserved on the outskirts, while in Berlin and Paris they preferred to build multi-storey buildings on the outskirts of these cities. Several other architectural movements developed in parallel with functionalism, but they did not have any significant impact on the development of architecture as a whole. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO STYLE “FUNCTIONALISM”
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Organics The use of organics in architecture, at first, causes confusion. What does this science have to do with building construction? The most direct. Whereas a building typically consists of finished blocks, a building designed based on organic architecture consists of many different blocks that are completed only as part of the building. In addition, organic architecture implies a rejection of strict geometric shapes. When designing each building, the type of surrounding area and its purpose are taken into account. In addition, in such a building everything is subordinated to harmony. The bedroom here will be the bedroom and the living room will be the living room. Each room has its own purpose, which can be guessed at first glance. If you want to understand the difference between organic architecture and any other, just compare an ordinary multi-story building and, say, the hobbit hut in the movie "The Lord of the Rings", although it only uses external design. The ideas of organic architecture have found extraordinary popularity recently. Partly due to the presence of new construction materials, allowing you to create the most bizarre architectural forms. Another reason that gave impetus to the development organic architecture, there was a feeling of unity with nature that such a building gives. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF “ORGANIC” STYLE
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Neoclassicism This architectural style was popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It clearly shows an attempt to return to some “eternal” values, contrasting them with an alarming reality. Ancient Greek buildings, which had not been studied by anyone until then, were chosen as a starting point in the architecture of neoclassicism. Despite the fact that different architects studied the same buildings, they drew quite different conclusions, which led to the different development of neoclassicism in different countries. Thus, in France, the neoclassical style was used mainly in the construction of public buildings. Such a building, for example, was the Petit Trianon in Versailles, which was considered the most perfect creation of Jacques Ange Gabriel. The British, on the contrary, saw in neoclassicism a return to light, openwork forms. In accordance with these ideas, houses and private estates were built. Neoclassicism was practically not used for public buildings. The most famous English architects of the neoclassical style were William Chambers and Robert Adam, who played very important roles in the development of English neoclassicism. The ideas of neoclassicism influenced the various countries, such as Russia (and later Soviet Union), Scandinavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, etc. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO STYLE “NEOCASSICISM”
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Art Nouveau The desire to create equally aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings at the beginning of the 19th century led to the emergence of the Art Nouveau architectural style. It contrasts sharply with other architectural styles. The most prominent representatives of this style were Victor Horta, a Belgian by nationality, and the Frenchman Hector Guimard. But Antonia Gaudí stands out the most. The buildings erected according to his designs are so perfect and fit so organically into the surrounding landscape that it seems as if nature created such a masterpiece. Distinctive features of the Art Nouveau style are the patterned cladding of building facades, the use of stained glass, as well as various decorative details made of wrought iron. For windows and doorways characterized by complex geometric shapes that contribute to the creation of a holistic style, functional and beautiful at the same time. In the Art Nouveau style, dachas, country villas, expensive high-rise buildings and city mansions are built and decorated. CONTENTS OF CHAPTER II PHOTO OF THE “ROCOCO” STYLE
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WORK COMPLETED BY: STUDENT OF MOUGYMNASIUM No. 2 Orekhov Kirill Slideshow on the topic “architecture styles” EXIT TO THE VERY BEGINNING TO CHAPTER I TO CHAPTER II
