Poisonous plants used in medicine. Medicinal and poisonous plants. Crow's eye four-leaf
It's no secret that the natural world is extremely diverse and multifaceted. We use the gifts of our Earth, plants, every day. However, we should not forget that among the representatives of the flora living on different corners planet, there are a huge number of potentially dangerous to human life and health. Don't underestimate possible harm from encountering poisonous herbs, berries, mushrooms.
Belladonna's yellow and black berries are especially poisonous, however, the stems and leaves also contain poison.
From Belladonna they obtained the chemical substance atropine, which has a fairly strong effect on the central nervous system, for example, under its action the pupils dilate.
This property of Belladonna made it a favorite “beauty” potion among Italian women in the old days, which is where the name of the plant came from, which translated means “ beautiful woman" Atropine is now used in traditional medicine. The action of such modern drugs However, it can hardly be called absolutely safe.
The first signs of Belladonna poisoning may be:
Hallucinations and confusion are possible.
The first aid in this case will be emergency gastric lavage with potassium permanganate.
Hogweed
This name of a poisonous plant is familiar to many, because more than 40 species of Hogweed grow in our country alone (not all of them are poisonous).
It is not difficult to recognize it: the hogweed is large and, as a rule, tall plant(can reach 2.5 meters) with small white flowers collected in “umbrellas”. Very often, Hogweed grows along country roads.
Its danger is that the plant can leave serious burn on the skin, especially on a sunny day. This is due to the substances furanocoumarins; under the influence of ultraviolet radiation they enhance their effect. Just touching the leaves of Hogweed is painless in itself, until sunlight begins to actively fall on the affected area. The consequences may be a second degree burn. Getting the plant juice into your eyes is extremely dangerous. The result may be complete or partial loss of vision.
As first aid for a Hogweed burn, you need to disinfect the affected area of skin with furatsilin or potassium permanganate and apply Bepanten ointment.
It is necessary to get rid of Hogweed by carefully cutting off the buds (strictly wearing closed clothing and gloves). The use of herbicides will also be useful.
Crow's eye four-leaf
Crow's eye is a poisonous plant, quite attractive in appearance: in the center there is a rosette of 4 leaves, and above them is one bright purple berry. All parts of the Crow's Eye pose a danger to life and health: the berry for the heart, the leaves for the central nervous system, the roots for the stomach. Children often become victims of this poisonous plant; they are attracted by unusual berries, somewhat similar to blueberries or blueberries.
Signs of poisoning, depending on the part eaten, will include severe abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions or cardiac arrest.
If you suspect poisoning with Crow's Eye, you must do an urgent gastric lavage. It would also be a good idea to take Regidron.
Let's look at 2 more poisonous plants, common throughout Russia.
Lily of the valley
It is unlikely that anyone needs a visual description of the poisonous lily of the valley plant. Many have heard about the dangerous properties of this beautiful and beloved plant, but, nevertheless, few take this information seriously. But in vain! Lily of the valley has very strong chemical properties, it is often used in minimal doses in pharmacology, and in general, it is well established as an assistant in the fight against heart disease.
However, it is worth remembering that this plant is extremely poisonous and dangerous if used rashly on its own. Two or three berries eaten by a child while walking in the forest can lead to rapid death!
If the skin is pale, heart rhythm disturbances, weakness and nausea are present, it is necessary to urgently induce vomiting and then take sorbents.
Wolf's Bast
Poisoning by the poisonous plant Wolf's Bast or Wolf's Berry, as it is also called, is extremely dangerous. Outwardly it looks like a shrub with glossy leaves and clusters of bright red fleshy berries that attract the eye. Despite its beauty, this plant is almost never used as decorative landscaping. Wolfberry contains a set of toxic substances. From one smell flowering plant You may get a headache, and if you eat more than 5 berries, death is extremely likely.
High salivation, burns, indigestion, burning in the eyes and mouth, bloody stomach discharge - this is an incomplete list of symptoms of poisoning by this most dangerous plant. If the victim can still be saved, he is nevertheless guaranteed serious lifelong consequences associated with poor heart function.
Not only harm, but also benefit
Perhaps, reading this article, many will wonder why, in fact, we need poisonous plants?
There are no unnecessary links in nature: it is unique and thoughtful. Poisonous properties individual species plants for humans is a disadvantage, while for the plants themselves it is the ability to evolve. Growth, survival, ability to adapt to changing conditions - many plants owe all this to their toxicity.
In addition, over time, man eventually learned to use harmful properties many herbs, flowers and berries for your own good. An example of this is the huge number of medications created on the basis of poisonous plants.
MEDICINAL AND POISONOUS PLANTS
For a long time people have noticed in some plants medicinal properties. True, it was unknown what they were connected with, and they were explained by magic (that’s why experts medicinal herbs and were burned at the stake in the Middle Ages as witches and sorcerers). To collect herbs, they waited for the special arrangement of the stars, fasted, bathed in dew beforehand, and recited spells.
Man also knew that some plants were poisonous. Since time immemorial the natives South America they smeared their arrows and spears with curare (arrow poison). It was obtained from plants of the loganiaceae family containing strychnine. The most famous representative of this family is chilibuha (vomit nut), growing in tropical Asia. Once in the blood, strychnine causes spinal cord paralysis and death. Europeans called curare “silent death.” One poisoned arrow could kill a jaguar. Now curare is used to deprive experimental animals of the ability to move.
But the most surprising thing was that the same plants could be both medicinal and poisonous, depending on the method of application and dose. For example, foxgloves, known for their bright (yellow, purple) thimble-shaped flowers, are poisonous but make good heart remedies.
Similar medicines are obtained from oleander (by the way, it is also a houseplant). Meanwhile, the juice of this plant is very poisonous. Once upon a time in Italy, several French soldiers roasted meat on oleander skewers. Of the 12 participants at this dinner, 8 died from poisoning. By the way, bird of prey The honey beetle, decorating its nest with green oleander branches, thus cleanses it of germs and insects.
What can be said about plants such as, for example, the South American coca bush? The alkaloid obtained from it (cocaine) is an anesthetic, but also a dangerous drug.
One cannot help but want to agree with the opinion of Paracelsus: “The dose alone makes a substance a poison and a medicine.”
VALERIAN
Healing or poisonous substances from plants can have completely different effects on different animals. This is perfectly illustrated by the example of valerian officinalis. For humans, valerian tincture is known to be a sedative. And for cats it is exciting. It is no coincidence that valerian is called cat root and meow! Those who have read “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain probably remember the episode when Tom gave Peter the cat valerian drops: “Peter jumped two meters in the air, let out a wild scream and rushed around the room, flying into furniture, knocking over pots of flowers and making an unimaginable noise . Then he danced in the middle of the room in frenzied joy, bowing his head to his shoulder and howling, expressing uncontrollable joy. Then he raced throughout the house, wreaking havoc and destruction in his path.”
ANCHAR
We know Anchar thanks to a poem by Alexander Pushkin:
In the desert, stunted and stingy,
On the ground, hot in the heat,
Anchar, like a formidable sentry,
It stands alone in the entire universe.
Nature of thirsty steppes
She gave birth to him on the day of wrath,
And green dead branches
And she gave the roots poison.
Poison drips through its bark,
By noon I had melted from the heat,
And it freezes in the evening
Thick transparent resin.
Not even a bird flies to him,
And the tiger is not coming: only a black whirlwind
He will run to the tree of death -
And rushes away, already pernicious.
An impressive picture, isn't it? But from a botanical point of view, this description of the poisonous anchar is not entirely accurate. It grows in South Asia and, together with mulberries and figs, belongs to the mulberry family. Its milky juice is truly poisonous, and the inhabitants of Java even poisoned their arrows with it. But even this milky juice is not fatal. And all other parts of the plant are simply harmless. And of course, birds can safely sit on its branches without fear of being poisoned.
WHAT IS THE HEALING POWER OF THE PLANT?
“The Father of Medicine” Hippocrates believed that the healing power of a medicinal plant lies in the unique mixture of its living juices. Galen, on the contrary, began to boil or infuse plants with water or wine, obtaining “galenic preparations” and releasing a “healing principle.”
Paracelsus believed that the “healing principle” is a special chemical substance, and the doctor must purify it. But such substances were discovered only in early XIX century, when substances with alkaline properties were first discovered in plants - alkaloids (which means “similar to alkalis”): caffeine and strychnine (1819), quinine (1821), etc. All of them had a strong effect on the human body (although alkaloids are not the only such substances in plants). The discovery of alkaloids in terms of its importance for botany was compared with the discovery of iron by man.
TERIAC
In ancient times, theriac was considered an antidote to any poisoning, as well as a panacea for all diseases. There is a legend that in the 1st century. BC e. King Mithridates of Pontus, fearing poisoning, consumed theriac every day. When Mithridates was defeated by the Romans, he was unable to commit suicide by poison, since no poison had any effect on him, and was forced to stab himself. The basis of theriak was snake meat, and the total number of its components reached hundreds. All these parts were ground into porridge and mixed with honey. This was sometimes done solemnly, in front of a large crowd of people. But by the beginning of the 20th century. Theriac was gradually forgotten and became part of history.
Probably every person has heard about the benefits of medicinal plants and that almost every plant that is found around us has healing properties. Our ancestors knew how to use this or that herb for therapeutic purposes, and much of their knowledge has reached us and remains relevant to this day. Among all healing plants, there is a certain group of crops that are poisonous. It would seem, what can be achieved by using plants of this kind?! But it turns out that when used correctly, they can work real miracles - cure even very serious diseases. Let's discuss the use of medicinal poisonous plants in folk medicine.
Use of poisonous plants
May lily of the valley
This medicinal plant has long found its use in folk medicine. This attractive plant is used to treat various diseases of the heart and blood vessels. It is used to correct acute or chronic heart failure, heart defects and hypertension. It has an excellent vasoconstrictor effect and improves blood circulation.
This plant also has sedative qualities, so it is sometimes used in the treatment of neuroses, epilepsy, headaches and insomnia. Sometimes healers recommend using lily of the valley in the treatment of paralysis, thyroid diseases and disorders of the urinary system.
Great celandine
This plant is one of the most popular medicinal crops. It is used externally to eliminate pimples, blackheads, burn lesions, abscesses, boils and herpes. There is evidence that celandine helps cope with fungal infections of the skin and nails, eczema, skin tuberculosis, psoriasis, seborrhea, etc.
If we talk about domestic consumption, then medicines based on of this plant It is often recommended to take it for cancers of various locations. In addition, drugs for internal use help treat tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, gastritis, whooping cough, cough, ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and inflammation of the large intestine. Celandine helps cope with diseases of the liver and gall bladder; it is recommended to be used in the treatment of gallstone disease and hepatitis. This plant is also effective for goiter, etc.
Digitalis
This is a fairly common plant that is most often used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Preparations based on it help treat chronic heart failure and severe circulatory disorders. Digitalis effectively eliminates cardiac edema and benefits patients with hypertension and tachycardia. It should be taken for the correction of acute infectious lesions, thyrotoxicosis, atrial fibrillation, etc. Healers advise using digitalis for many skin ailments; it has an excellent anesthetic effect.
A few more medicinal and poisonous plants used in folk medicine:
Lumbago or Dream-grass
This beautiful herb is widely used by healers to treat various health disorders. It helps achieve an expectorant effect, so it should be used in the treatment of whooping cough, bronchitis and pneumonia. This medicinal plant also helps to achieve an analgesic effect, eliminates inflammation and soothes. Sleep herb is used in the gynecological field; it also treats joint ailments, epilepsy, neurotic conditions, hysteria, insomnia, and sexual overexcitation. In addition, such a plant can be used externally - for the treatment of fungal diseases and as an antimicrobial agent.
Aconite
This is a well-known poisonous plant, which, nevertheless, is widely used by specialists traditional medicine. There is evidence that such a culture has a pronounced antiseptic effect, helps eliminate inflammation, helps treat tumors and neutralize spasms. Traditional medicine specialists use preparations based on aconite in the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and neuralgia. Such funds can help patients with various oncological diseases. They are recommended for use in the correction of epilepsy, headaches and hypertension. There is evidence that aconite can contribute to a speedy recovery from pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, diphtheria, etc.
This plant is also sometimes used as an anthelmintic and wound healing agent.
Henbane black
This is a very poisonous plant, which, however, effectively treats many health problems. Traditional medicine specialists use black henbane to correct seizures, hysteria and nervous tics. This plant helps to cope with menstrual irregularities and pathological menopause. Some drugs based on it help treat bronchial asthma, spasms in the intestines and bladder. In addition, henbane extract is a common remedy for the treatment of cancer.
External use of this plant allows you to cope with joint diseases, abscesses, tumors and bone tuberculosis.
Marsh rosemary
This is another poisonous plant that is popular with healers. Ledum is used as a vasodilator; in addition, it effectively suppresses cough. Accordingly, drugs based on it help cope with bronchitis, tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, whooping cough and hypertension. In addition, this plant is recommended for patients with enterocolitis, diseases of the cardiovascular system, etc.
External use of wild rosemary helps eliminate a variety of skin diseases, joint ailments, myositis and neuritis.
There are a lot of plants that are poisonous and at the same time medicinal in folk medicine, which are not included in this description or in many others open to the general public. It is better to use poisonous medicinal plants after the approval of your doctor and only strictly adhering to the dosage. Independent use according to any schemes is categorically not advisable.
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Poisonous medicinal plants
Introduction
1. How to collect plants
2. Drying and storing herbs
Literature
Introduction
Science knows almost 500 thousand species of plants, of which only about 290 plants are described in the atlas of medicinal plants, which does not mean that the remaining plants are devoid of healing properties. An ancient legend tells how a healer sent his student into the forest with the task of bringing several completely useless plants, but the student could not complete the teacher’s task, since he did not find a single useless plant. As the American philosopher R. Emerson wrote, “any weed is a medicinal plant, the virtues of which have not yet been revealed.” Any plant is given to us by nature for our benefit, and the task of man is to correctly understand its purpose.
Researchers have found that peoples ancient world up to 21 thousand plant species were used. Already in the earliest stages of human development, plants were not only a source of food for people, they helped people get rid of diseases. The oldest medical treatise that has reached us is a tablet found during excavations of a Sumerian city (III millennium BC). In 145 lines in the Sumerian language, 15 recipes are given.
The culture and knowledge of the ancient Sumerians was inherited by the Babylonians, who used licorice root, dope, henbane, flaxseed, etc. for medicinal purposes. The Babylonians noticed that sunlight had a negative effect on healing properties some plants, so they dried them in the shade, and some herbs were even collected at night. Plants were widely used in China, India, and Tibet. Back in 3216 BC. e. Chinese Emperor Shen-nong wrote a work on medicine, Ben-tsao (Herbalist), which mainly described herbal remedies. Chinese medicine has used more than 1,500 plants.
Ancient Indian medicine, set out in Ayurveda (1st century BC), used about 800 plants, which are still used today. From the 3rd century n. e. The cultivation of medicinal plants began in India.
Tibetan medicine arose on the basis of Indian medicine, and in the treatise on Tibetan medicine “Zhud-Shi” there is a large section devoted to the use of medicinal plants.
Avicenna's book "The Canon of Medical Science" describes about 900 plants and methods of their use.
In the Eber Papyrus, dating back to the 6th century BC, the Egyptians collected more than 900 herbal recipes for treating various diseases. And herbal treatment came to Europe from Ancient Greece.
The effect of herbal medicines is determined by the active substances contained in various parts of the plant: alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, essential oils and others. It cannot be said that herbal preparations completely replace synthetic drugs, but nowadays herbal medicine (treatment with medicinal plants) is experiencing its rebirth.
Scientific medicine began its development in Ancient Greece. The founder of scientific medicine was Hippocrates (460-370 BC). In his medicinal practice, he used about 200 medicinal plants and used them without processing. Hippocrates believed that medicinal substances are found in nature in optimal form and medicinal plants in raw form and in the form of juices have the best effect on the human body. The ancient Greek physician wrote that “medicine is the art of imitating the healing effects of nature.”
In ancient Rome, medicine developed under the strong influence of Greek medicine. Doctors still use the famous recipes of herbal medicines of the Roman physician Galen, and it is not for nothing that pharmaceutical production using plant raw materials is called galenopharmaceutical. Galen's works were great value not only for ancient Roman medicine, but also for the subsequent development of medicine and pharmacy. Highest value have two of his herbalists, which describe more than 300 herbal remedies. Gallen, in contrast to Hippocrates, believed that plants have two principles: one of them has a healing effect on a sick organism, the other is useless or even harmful. The active principle prefers the liquid to the dried plant, so it is easy to separate it from the useless one. To do this, the medicinal plant should be infused or boiled with water, wine, or vinegar. Gallen introduced the technology for obtaining dosage forms such as tinctures and extracts. Extracts from medicinal plants quickly gained popularity in all European countries. Galen had his own pharmacy in Rome, where he himself prepared medicines for the sick. He described the production of powders, pills, ointments, plasters, mustard plasters, and preparations. poisonous medicinal plant treatment
It's no secret that in recent years Interest in herbal preparations has increased significantly. Returning to the experience of traditional medicine, in this case herbal medicine, people strive to avoid many side effects inherent in antibiotics and other synthetic drugs. During the existence of mankind, considerable experience in the use of herbal medicines has been accumulated, and correct use herbal preparations have a milder effect, are less toxic than synthetic ones and do not cause addiction or allergies. Moreover, plants not only do not suppress the body’s defenses, but, on the contrary, are active against many strains of microorganisms that have already become resistant to antibiotics, and are able to strengthen a person’s immunity, thereby helping him cope with the disease. However, it should be noted that all this is true only if they are used competently and correctly.
Unfortunately, there is an opinion among people that herbal medicine is absolutely safe and harmless, and accordingly it can be used without restrictions and medical supervision. If, when purchasing a chemically synthesized drug in a pharmacy, most patients are at least wary of it (which, in general, is correct), then the same people can take a decoction from a collection of medicinal plants on the advice of a neighbor almost without hesitation.
Meanwhile, such carelessness is dangerous, because among medicinal plants, even those widely used, there are many poisonous ones. And sometimes it is precisely this fact of toxicity that makes them medicinal, and their beneficial or harmful effect is determined by the dosage and, moreover, a fairly accurate one. Another thing is that in plants, unlike synthetic drugs, the active substances are in balanced complexes, and this fact, of course, softens and optimizes their effect. However, any drug, including a natural one, has both its indications and contraindications, and in case of an overdose, its therapeutic effect is replaced by a toxic one.
Thus, when using medicinal herbs for treatment, it is necessary to take into account everything said above. The optimal course is treatment by a professional herbalist, which is not always possible, therefore, using prescriptions for medicinal preparations yourself, and using background information, necessary:
strictly follow the dosage indicated in the prescription when mixing medicinal raw materials;
prepare a dosage form (infusion, decoction, tincture, etc.) accurately following the technology of its preparation;
follow the rules for storing the prepared form;
strictly adhere to the dosage when taking the finished medicine;
carefully study the contraindications of all components included in the collection and correlate them with the present diagnosis, as well as the patient’s past illnesses.
Only this approach will ensure optimal effect and safety of treatment using medicinal herbs. Below is a list of the main, most potent medicinal plants, the use of which requires special caution, as well as their main contraindications.
1. How to collect plants
Collecting herbs is a wonderful, exciting activity for the whole family, which gives a person the opportunity to observe nature, comprehend its essence, and this alone brings a person closer to nature, making his life healthier and more harmonious. In order for plants to truly give people healing, it is necessary to follow a few simple rules.
1. Plants should only be collected when good places- this means that for medicinal purposes, plants should be collected far from industrial centers (20-25 km), away from roads (at least 100-150 m); you cannot collect medicinal plants near fields treated with herbicides and pesticides; You should not collect medicinal plants near landfills.
It is safest to collect plants in places far from human habitation (where you can’t hear the crow of a rooster), or high in the mountains.
2. Plants must be collected on time; this means that it is best to collect plants in the morning after the dew has dried. You cannot collect plants after rain - when dried, they will lose color and smell.
3. Plants must be collected kind person With good mood wanting to help people and himself. Collecting medicinal herbs is a whole ritual. Many folk healers, when collecting herbs, read prayers, apologize to the plant that is being plucked, and ask that it serve people with its healing power.
It is very important to know which parts of a given plant are the most healing and when it is time to collect them.
For many medicinal plants The entire greenery is used, i.e. the entire above-ground part. If the word “grass” is written in the collection recipe, this means the entire above-ground part: flowers, stem, leaves. In many plants, for example: wormwood, St. John's wort, motherwort, it is recommended to pick only the flowering tops - 10-15 cm.
From many medicinal plants, only the flowers are collected.
Flowers and "grass" are collected at the beginning of flowering, when the plant is at its zenith vitality. At the end of flowering, some of these forces will already be lost. The umbrellas of umbrella plants are torn off. In some plants, only the petals break off (mullein, blue cornflower).
Sometimes only the leaves of the medicinal plant are used. Leaves should be collected before flowering or at the beginning of budding. The leaves of spring plants used fresh for salads (nettle, birch, dandelion, primrose) are best collected when they have barely blossomed, soft, tender green - they already contain all the active ingredients in maximum concentration. The leaves are torn off by hand, usually the developed basal, low and medium stem leaves are collected. Leaves that are faded, wilted, eaten by insects or infected with fungi should not be collected. When collecting leaves, remember that you cannot remove more than 25% of the leaves from the plant so that the remaining leaves are enough for the normal life of the plant.
Plant roots are dug out very carefully in the fall or early spring, i.e. after the death of the above-ground part, when all the vital energy of the plant is in the root. Rhizomes and roots are first shaken off the ground and then washed in running water. The washed roots are laid out on a linen and dried in the sun. The roots of galangal, serpentine, burnet are dried in the sun; Valerian roots are only ventilated in the sun, further drying is done in the shade.
The seeds and fruits are collected when they are ripe.
The bark of trees and shrubs - oak, viburnum, buckthorn, aspen - should be collected in the spring during the period of increased sap production. At this time, the bark is easily separated from the wood. Later, when growth stops, the bark is not removed. To remove the bark, ring-shaped cuts are made on young branches with a sharp knife at a distance of 25-50 cm from one another, connected with one or two longitudinal cuts, and then removed in the form of grooves. If the bark is covered with lichen growths, then they must first be thoroughly cleaned with a knife, otherwise the raw material will be spoiled and it will not be possible to obtain a full-fledged medicine from it. In buckthorn, the bark is removed from the trunks and branches, and in oak only from young lateral branches. Buckthorn bark can be used as a laxative after 1 year of storage. Fresh bark is poisonous and causes vomiting. The nauseating effect of the bark can be destroyed by heat treatment (heat for 1 hour at 100 °C).
Buds of, for example, birch, pine, spruce, poplar, and currant are also used as medicinal raw materials. The buds are collected in early spring, when they have swollen but have not begun to grow, usually in March-April. Large buds (pine) are cut off with a knife, small ones (birch) are threshed after drying the branches. The kidneys should be dried long time and only in a cool, ventilated room, because in a warm room they will begin to grow. Or you need to keep the buds in the cold for 10 days, then dry them at a temperature not exceeding 30-35 oC.
A significant part of the medicinal herbs used in medicine today are bred for commercial purposes. Chemical composition of herbs and quantity active substances differ from indicators wild plants, because these properties depend on the area and natural growing conditions. As is known, plants grown in the mountains or in the harsh climate of the Urals and Siberia contain more biologically active substances, i.e., where there are significant differences in day and night temperatures, summer and winter. But commercial breeding of plants with correct and reasonable agricultural technology is completely justified, since it guarantees a certain quality and protection of plants from environmental poisons, and also promotes the preservation and breeding rare species plants, the collection of which in natural conditions can lead to their complete destruction.
When collecting plants, leave at least 30% of the plants untouched; this is necessary for their normal reproduction in nature.
2. Drying and storing herbs
Properly collecting medicinal plants is not everything. Subsequent drying is no less important. Almost all medicinal plants must be dried, regardless of whether they are handed over to a pharmacy, processed at a pharmaceutical plant, or left by a collector for home use. Drying medicinal plants is not as simple as it might seem at first glance: drying in a damp or poorly ventilated area, as well as belated or premature collection of plants, can spoil the raw materials and turn out to be just a waste of time, effort, labor and money.
Before drying, plant raw materials are sorted, removing accidental parts of other plants or parts of the same plant that were not included in the preparation (for example, leaves in floral raw materials), as well as browned and damaged parts and other debris.
The process of drying the collected plants is the most significant moment in the harvesting process. There are several ways to dry plant materials: air-shade, air-solar and thermal with artificial heating.
Air shadow drying is used for herbs, leaves and flowers, which are under the influence of direct sun rays fade, turn brown, lose their natural color and proper appearance; quantity active ingredients in such substandard raw materials is reduced. Such drying is carried out in well-ventilated rooms or attics, and in good weather - in outdoors, but in the shade, under a special canopy, and better in the wind; enclosed spaces can be equipped with racks with retractable frames covered with mesh. You can also dry the raw materials on gauze hammocks, hanging them in the attic between the rafters. In hammocks, the gauze is pulled over spacers so that it does not wrinkle or tangle: hammocks are very convenient for drying, since in this case the raw material is ventilated not only from above, but also from below and from the sides, so drying is faster.
Air solar drying is used for root and rhizomatous raw materials containing tannins and alkaloids, as well as for juicy fruits.
With both drying methods, the raw materials are laid out in a thin layer (from 1 to 3 cm) and turned over at least once a day; at solar drying raw materials are removed into the room at night, and in the case of shade, the doors and windows of the room in which the raw materials are located are closed at night.
Thermal drying with artificial heating is optimal for all types of raw materials, but temperature regime is specified for each type. Herbs, leaves, flowers, roots, rhizomes and bulbs are dried at a temperature of 50--60°, fruits and seeds - at 70--90°, all raw materials containing essential oils - at 35--40°C. Special dryers are used for this. In their absence, the raw materials are dried in Russian ovens. The oven should not be very hot, otherwise the raw materials will burn. To check the temperature of the oven, you need to throw a piece of paper into it: if it does not char or turn yellow, the raw materials can be placed. In the first 1-2 hours the pipe is not closed; the valve should be placed on two bricks and the upper edge should be bent so that it retracts outside air, and went down the drain warm air, saturated with moisture of raw materials. IN lately drying of raw materials began to be carried out in gas ovens and electric stoves. Flame gas burner should be minimal (electric oven heating regulator at mark “I”), the oven door is slightly open.
Dry fruits and seeds lose moisture even before threshing and require almost no drying. If necessary, they are dried outdoors or indoors.
The buds should be dried very carefully - for a long time and in a cool room, since they quickly bloom in warmth. Large buds (pines, poplars) are cut from the shoots directly on the spot, and small ones (birches) are harvested along with shoots 50-60 cm long and only threshed after drying; threshed shoots are used to make brooms. Harvesting of buds is carried out in concentrated cutting areas, along the way they are collected during sanitary fellings and thinnings, as well as in plantings, but in this case - exclusively from the lower shoots.
When harvesting bark, young plants or shoots are cut down or cut down, and then the smooth bark is completely removed from them (the old cracked bark contains a lot of cork and few active ingredients). Partial harvesting of bark (that is, not from the entire shoot, but only from one side), which was practiced until recently, cannot now be recommended, since damaged plants become a breeding ground for phytodiseases that spread to surrounding plants; this contributes to the development of unsanitary conditions in the plant community. Harvesting bark, like buds, accompanies various cuttings in forestry, but is also possible under the forest canopy, as well as in regenerating cutting areas. Heat drying is preferable for bark, since during its harvesting it is still too cool and damp to dry the raw material in air. During drying, it is necessary to ensure that the pieces of bark, bent into grooves, do not fit into each other, otherwise they will mold and rot from the inside. The bark can be stored for 3 to 5 years.
When harvesting leaves, only the lower ones should be plucked so as not to damage the flowering and fruiting of plants. Thick and juicy petioles slow down drying, contain few active substances, so they are removed (in trifoli, or watch, coltsfoot). When collecting nettle leaves, the plants are first mowed down, and when the leaves wither and lose their pungency, they are torn off. It is unproductive to pick off small leathery leaves (of bearberry, lingonberry) by hand, so first the plant shoots are dried, and then the leaves are torn off from them, combing the branches, or they are threshed, discarding the stem parts. Final cleaning is carried out on grates. Leaves with thin leaf blades dry unevenly: the leaf blades dry out, but the veins and petioles remain soft. Therefore, such leaves are dried until the petioles become brittle. After drying, the leaves are raked into a pile and left for several days: due to their hygroscopicity, they are slightly moistened and crumble less when packed. Leaves are stored from 1 to 3 years.
The term “herbs” in pharmacognosy refers to the leafy and flowering stems of herbaceous plants - either the entire aboveground part, or only the tops of the stems: for some species (thyme, sweet clover), the term “grass” means a mixture of leaves, flowers and small stems, and sometimes and the entire plant along with the roots (for example, marsh grass). Herbs are collected by cutting off the entire above-ground part at the level of the lower leaves with a knife, sickle or pruner. Do not touch bare stems. If the plant forms clean thickets, it is mowed with a scythe, and foreign impurities are removed before drying. For plants with rigid stems (wormwood, string, sweet clover), leaves and flowering tops are collected separately. When harvesting grass, the raw material must be cut and not plucked, so as not to uproot the entire plant. At home, herbs are usually dried in thin bunches, hanging them on ropes. In general, conventional drying is recommended for grass - shade drying, or heat drying with artificial heating. The grass is stored for 1-2 years.
Flowers should be collected at the beginning of flowering plants. If collected untimely, they lose color or become crushed more than usual during drying. The term “flowers” means not only individual flowers, but also their parts (from mullein, for example, only the corollas are collected) and even entire inflorescences (baskets of chamomile, marigolds or linden inflorescences along with the covering leaf, etc.) When harvesting, flowers are torn off without pedicels , and baskets of asteraceous plants are collected by combing during collection, after which the pedicels are torn off. When collecting chamomile, special scoop combs are used. Compositae baskets are collected in the phase horizontal arrangement reed flowers, and those plants that have only tubular flowers - at the beginning of the blossoming of marginal flowers. Increased grinding of dried flowers reduces the quality of medicinal raw materials or makes them unsuitable for consumption. When collecting flowers from trees and shrubs, sticks with hooks are used to bend down branches, and pruners or loppers are used for cutting. Flowers are the most delicate parts of the plant, so they should not be packed tightly in a closed container. It is best to collect them in baskets and, after collecting, dry them immediately, spreading them out in a 1 cm layer and without turning them over, so as not to fray. You can only stir up baskets of Asteraceae - tansy, chamomile, calendula, etc. The shelf life of flower raw materials is up to 2 years.
Fruits and seeds should be collected when fully ripe, with rare exceptions. In plants with extended flowering, the fruits ripen several times, and while some of the fruits are not yet ripe, the ripe ones are already falling off - this leads to large losses. In this case, the tops of the plants are cut off at the moment when half of the fruits are ripe, then the plants are tied into bunches and hung to ripen all the fruits in a dry room. When ripe, the fruits fall off, they can be easily collected, and the dry sheaves can be threshed. Umbelliferous fruits (anise, fennel, caraway) should be collected early in the morning when there is dew or in damp weather. After drying, all dry fruits are sifted out from dust and foreign impurities, and finally cleaned on a winnowing machine.
3. Precautions when handling poisonous plants
Among even well-known medicinal plants, many are poisonous, but successfully used for medicinal purposes. Therefore, you cannot self-medicate without an accurate diagnosis of your disease by your attending physician and without his recommendation or advice on the possibility of using folk remedies at home.
Remember that any herb that is the most beneficial and harmless for others may turn out to be a powerful allergen for you. Hay fever is a very serious condition, caused only by the smell of herbs, but not the worst when, under the influence of an allergic reaction, swelling of the airways occurs too quickly. Therefore, even the herb approved for your treatment needs to be checked to see if it is compatible with your body. Herbalists always warn patients that the minimum dose should be used at the first appointment. And if you feel worse, if a rash appears on your face and hands, under no circumstances try to be treated with this particular herb again. In the arsenal of both scientific and traditional medicine there are enough other herbs of life that are very similar in chemical composition for the treatment of the same diseases.
So, rule one: “don’t hurt yourself!” Find out if this herb is right for you.
Rule two: you cannot be treated endlessly with the same herb. Find out from your doctor how many days you can take this medicine, and after how many days you should resume herbal medicine. Firstly, the body becomes “accustomed” and secondly, the body can become oversaturated chemicals, which were contained in the grass and helped you cope with the disease. But in large quantities, these same substances can cause irreparable harm to your body. Practitioners have noted cases where the uncontrolled and long-term use of such wonderful plants as, for example, St. John's wort, tansy, wormwood, lilac, immortelle, toadflax, pink clover, brought harm to the patient instead of relief.
To collect herbs, be sure to take scissors and a knife with you.
When collecting plants, try not to pick poisonous herbs with your bare hands; You cannot let their juice or dust from them get into your eyes and nose.
After collection, the poisonous herb should be dried in a place that is inaccessible to children and pets.
Raw materials containing toxic and potent substances should be stored in locked cabinets or pantries.
Be sure to label jars and boxes of herbs with the name of the herb and the time of harvest.
Notes
1. To collect medicinal herbs, be sure to take scissors and a knife with you. You will not only significantly speed up the collection and make the work easier, but also save the life of the plant.
2. Do not put different herbs in one bag and dry them separately. Remember that a mistake can harm you.
Literature
1. Great medical encyclopedia.
2. Reference book on folk and alternative medicine. Tula: Ariel, 1996.
3. Danikov Nikolay Illarionovich Your herbalist: M.: RIPOL, 1996.
4. Home herbalist. Smolensk: Rusich, 1999.
5. Home pharmacy. M: Eksmo-Press: Lik press, 2001.
6. E.T. Mikhailenko, V.E. Radzinsky, K.A. Zakharov. Medicinal plants in obstetrics and gynecology. K.: Zdorov, I, 1984. 136 p.
7. V.E. Radzinsky, H.A. Anneev, O.A. Anneeva. Medicinal plants of Turkmenistan in obstetrics, gynecology and pediatrics. Ashgabat, 1994, 175 p.
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Poisonous medicinal plants
Avran officinalis. Taking higher doses causes uncontrollable vomiting. The plant is very poisonous, which is why it is not recommended to take it at all.
Adonis in spring. Poisonous plant. The dosage must be observed.
Calamus (roots). If there is increased gastric secretion, do not take the roots.
Aloe (agave). The use of aloe preparations causes a rush of blood to the pelvic organs.
Agave is contraindicated for liver and gallbladder diseases, uterine bleeding, hemorrhoids, cystitis and pregnancy.
Aralia Manchurian. It is necessary to avoid the use of drugs from aralia for hypertension, insomnia, and increased nervous excitability.
Mountain arnica. Arnica montana is a poisonous plant, therefore, when using it, it is necessary to follow the exact dosage.
Marsh wild rosemary is also poisonous; its internal use requires great caution, since the wrong dosage can cause inflammation of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.
Lesser periwinkle is a poisonous plant. Follow the dosage exactly.
Anise, or common anise, can cause contact dermatitis when eaten fresh.
Black henbane is a highly poisonous plant; extreme caution must be used when using it.
Birch warty. Due to the irritating effect on the kidneys, the use of infusion, decoction and tincture of birch buds as a diuretic is permissible only under the supervision of a doctor. Do not take for a long time.
Immortelle (Tsmin sandy) – increases blood pressure. Do not use if you have hypertension.
Budra is ivy-shaped. Internal use of budra as a poisonous plant requires caution. The dosage must be strictly observed.
Valerian, roots. Do not use for a long time or in large quantities. In such cases, it has a depressing effect on the digestive organs, causing headaches, nausea, agitation and disrupting the activity of the heart.
Blue cornflower. Due to the content of blue cornflower, highly active compounds with a cyanogen component, you must be careful when using raw materials.
Basil. Take only as directed by a doctor, the plant is poisonous.
Field bindweed (birch). When using large quantities of the plant, gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and general malaise may occur.
Pepper knotweed, kidney knotweed, bird knotweed. Has a strong blood clotting effect. Patients with thrombophlebitis should not take.
Pomegranate (fruit). The fruit juice should be drunk, always diluted with water, since the juice contains many different acids that irritate the stomach and corrode tooth enamel.
It is necessary to use pomegranate bark carefully, as an overdose can cause dizziness, weakness, blurred vision, and convulsions.
The hernia is smooth. It must be remembered that hernia is a poisonous plant and, when used in higher doses than indicated, can cause severe poisoning.
Elecampane. Infusion and decoction are contraindicated during pregnancy and kidney disease.
Sweet clover officinalis. In case of overdose and prolonged use, it causes dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headaches, drowsiness, and sometimes damage to the liver and even the central nervous system.
Dying gorse. In case of overdose, gorse poisoning resembles nicotine poisoning. The dosage must be strictly followed.
Datura common. Poisonous plant. Do not take internally.
Common cocklebur. Poisonous plant. The dosage must be strictly observed.
Common oregano. It should not be taken during pregnancy as it has an abortifacient effect.
Smoker officinalis. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires great caution.
Ginseng (root) – use only in cold weather. The use of ginseng for a long time and in large doses causes negative effects: insomnia, palpitations, headaches, heart pain, decreased sexual potency, etc.
Larkspur is a poisonous plant. Internal use requires great care.
Zhoster is a laxative. Individual intolerance to the herb may occur. Manifestations of intolerance - nausea and vomiting - are due to the fact that the substance emodin present in the herb irritates the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.
St. John's wort. The plant is poisonous. Internal use requires great care. Long-term use causes constriction of blood vessels and increases blood pressure.
Strawberry (berry). It should be remembered that some people have an increased sensitivity to strawberries, which causes allergic reactions in them, accompanied by urticaria, or other manifestations. In this case, strawberries cannot be consumed.
Golden rod. Poisonous plant. The dosage must be strictly observed.
Viburnum common. Due to the high purine content, viburnum fruits are contraindicated for gout and kidney disease.
Cassia angustifolia. Large doses cause abdominal cramps.
Kirkazon ordinary. The plant is poisonous, so it can only be used under medical supervision. During pregnancy, it can cause miscarriage.
Common sorrel. It is a poisonous plant and the dosage must be strictly observed.
European hoofweed. Its use as a highly poisonous plant requires great caution.
Cat's paw dioecious (immortelle). A strong blood clotting agent. It should be used with caution for thrombophlebitis. Long-term use is not recommended if you have high blood pressure.
Nettle. It is not recommended to use nettle without the advice of a doctor. Preparations from this plant are contraindicated for people with increased blood clotting, patients with hypertension and atherosclerosis, and they should not be used for bleeding caused by cysts, polyps and tumors of the uterus and its appendages.
Red capsicum is hot. Internal use of the tincture can cause acute gastrointestinal disorders.
Common cross. In case of an overdose, you feel dry mouth and palpitations. All varieties of the plant contain pyrosolidine alkaloids, which have a carcinogenic effect. Contraindications: glaucoma, organic liver and kidney diseases.
Buckthorn brittle (bark). Poisonous plant. You should use bark that has been aged for at least a year in a dry place or heated at 100 °C for 1 hour. Otherwise, the use of bark is associated with the risk of poisoning (nausea and vomiting occur).
The egg capsule is white. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.
The egg capsule is yellow. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.
Corn silks. A strong blood clotting agent. Do not use if there is increased blood clotting.
European swimsuit. Poisonous plant, especially the roots. Application requires great care.
Kelp. Should not be taken if you have kidney disease.
May lily of the valley. Poisonous plant. The use of lily of the valley preparations is contraindicated in cases of sudden organic changes in the heart and blood vessels, acute myocardial infarction, endocarditis, and severe cardiosclerosis.
Leuzea safflower (maral root). The drug is used as directed and under the supervision of a physician; it is contraindicated for people with severely high blood pressure or fundus disease.
Schisandra chinensis. It is used as prescribed by a doctor and under his supervision; it is contraindicated in cases of nervous excitement and overexcitation, insomnia, high blood pressure, and severe cardiac dysfunction.
Onion. Onion tincture is contraindicated for patients with heart and liver diseases, as well as kidney diseases.
Common toadflax. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution and precise dosage.
Flax-seed. Contraindications are cholecytitis and hepatitis. Long-term use of flaxseed is not recommended.
Lovage officinalis. It can cause hyperemia of the pelvic organs, so it should not be used during pregnancy due to the risk of abortion.
Samosae poppy (wild). High doses are poisonous.
Madder tinting (krapp). It has an irritating effect on the gastric mucosa and increases the acidity of gastric juice. Contraindications: acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, peptic ulcer, hyperacid gastritis (with high acidity).
Common juniper. Juniper (berries) should not be used for acute kidney inflammation. Internal use of berries requires precise dosage and is contraindicated during pregnancy.
Euphorbia of any variety. The internal use of euphorbias as highly poisonous plants requires great caution.
Carrots for sowing, gardening. Root vegetables, the upper parts of root vegetables that are above the surface of the earth and have green. Negatively affects the activity of the heart.
Sea kale (kelp). You should not use seaweed if you have pulmonary tuberculosis, kidney disease, furunculosis, hemorrhagic diathesis, urticaria, or during pregnancy, when the use of iodine preparations is contraindicated.
; Common soapwort. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.
Field and forest mint. When taken orally, it interferes with reproductive function. This does not apply to garden or cultivated mint.
Foxglove purple. A highly poisonous plant, although valuable cardiac remedy. The use of digitalis requires great caution and mandatory medical supervision.
Greek obvoinik. Periplocin, contained in the plant, is a strong toxic compound, and its use even in small doses can cause poisoning, so you need to be careful when using this plant. It can only be used for treatment under the direct supervision of a physician.
Comfrey officinalis. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution and strict dosage.
Mistletoe. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.
Walnut, hazelnut (hazelnut). When ingesting walnut and hazelnut kernels and some other nuts, it is often necessary to observe the dosage, that is, take in small quantities, since a slightly excess amount is enough, and a person will soon begin to have headaches in the front of the head. This is explained by the fact that taking nut kernels causes cerebral vascular spasm.
Sedum is caustic. Poisonous plant. The dosage must be followed exactly. The juice of fresh grass causes inflammation and blistering on the skin.
Male fern. A highly poisonous plant. Fern preparations are contraindicated in case of heart failure, liver and kidney diseases, gastric and duodenal ulcers, acute gastrointestinal diseases, during pregnancy, severe exhaustion, anemia and active tuberculosis.
Bittersweet nightshade (black nightshade). Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.
Shepherd's purse. Preparations from shepherd's purse are contraindicated for people with increased blood clotting.
The step is white. It should be noted that steppe is a poisonous plant. An overdose of it can cause bloody diarrhea and nephritis.
Common tansy. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution and precise dosage.
Common pikulnik. When taking large quantities of the plant, signs of intoxication may occur, expressed by severe muscle aches. Signs of poisoning can begin when eating meat from animals (most often pigs or birds) that were fed the seeds of this plant. Complaints last from 3 to 10 days, depending on the severity of intoxication, after which they disappear spontaneously.
Peony evasive. A highly poisonous plant. Internal use requires great care and precise dosage.
Ivy. The plant is poisonous. May cause poisoning; more sensitive people experience dermatitis upon contact with raw materials. Ivy fruits are especially toxic.
Wormwood (silver). Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution and precise dosage. Long-term use should be avoided. It can cause seizures, hallucinations and even mental disorders. The use of wormwood during pregnancy is contraindicated. Cannot be used for peptic ulcers.
Wormwood citvar. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution and medical supervision.
Kidney tea (orthosiphon). Removes large amounts of water from the body. Care should be taken to avoid dehydration.
Meadow lumbago (sleep-grass). Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution and precise dosage.
Rhodiola rosea (golden root). It is necessary to strictly observe the dosage; in case of overdose, side reactions from the nervous system may occur in the form of insomnia, headaches, palpitations, and increased irritability. It is necessary to be treated under the supervision of a doctor. Taking the medication is contraindicated in case of severe symptoms of nervous diseases, depletion of the cortical cells of the brain, hypertension, atherosclerosis, as well as hypotension caused by vegetative-vascular dystonia.
Rhubarb. When taking drugs containing rhubarb, urine, milk and sweat are colored yellow. In an alkaline environment the color is red. It should be avoided in patients with gout and patients suffering from kidney stones with oxalate stones. Due to the fact that rhubarb can cause bleeding from the rectal veins, its use for hemorrhoids is not recommended.
Radish seeding. Internal use of radish is contraindicated for heart and liver patients, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.
Golden rhododendron. Poisonous plant. In case of an overdose, poisoning may occur, the signs of which are: severe salivation, vomiting, severe pain along the digestive tract, intoxication, depression of the cardiovascular system and breathing, and decreased blood pressure. Plant preparations have an irritating effect on the urinary tract. Contraindicated for kidney disease.
Rue is fragrant. Poisonous plant. The fresh plant is especially poisonous. Requires caution when dosing.
Ordinary beets. When drinking fresh beet juice, a strong spasm of blood vessels occurs. Therefore, freshly squeezed juice is allowed to stand for 2–3 hours so that harmful fractions evaporate. After this, the juice can be used.
Common lilac. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.
Licorice is naked. With prolonged use of licorice, an increase in blood pressure, fluid retention up to the appearance of edema, disturbances in the sexual sphere - weakening of libido, development of gynecomastia, limitation or disappearance of hair growth, etc. are observed.
Ergot (uterine horns). A highly poisonous plant, the use of ergot requires great caution and medical supervision.
Prickly tartar, or common tartar. Should not be used if you have high blood pressure.
Thermopsis lanceolata. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution. In case of hemoptysis, oral administration is contraindicated.
Common bearberry. Cannot be used for long! Some authors do not recommend using the leaves in decoction form, as this irritates the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.
Yarrow. Poisonous plant. The internal use of all types of yarrow as a poisonous plant requires caution. Long-term use of the plant and overdose cause dizziness and skin rashes. The dosage must be strictly observed.
Tricolor violet, pansies. Long-term use of violet preparations and overdose can cause vomiting, diarrhea and an itchy rash.
Common physalis, bladder cherry, field cherry. It must be remembered that the plant contains substances with severe toxicity. The fruits should be used without a bubble cup, as it contains toxic substances.
Horsetail. A poisonous plant, use is contraindicated in acute inflammation of the kidneys, dangerous even with slight irritation. Internal use requires precise dosage.
Hop. Poisonous plant. Requires precise dosage; overdose should be avoided when taken orally.
Common horseradish. You should be careful about taking horseradish orally in large quantities.
Thai ki tea. Excessive consumption of tea can lead to increased excitability. Strong tea is contraindicated for heart diseases, peptic ulcers and neuroses.
Hellebore. Hellebore and all preparations prepared from it are very poisonous. External use of hellebore can also cause severe, even fatal, poisoning.
Common bird cherry. The plant is poisonous. Internal use of bird cherry requires caution (especially bark, fruits, leaves).
Cheremsha. Patients with gastritis and stomach ulcers should avoid using wild garlic.
Blackroot medicinal. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires great care, especially in dosage.
Garlic. Garlic should not be consumed by patients with epilepsy, congested people and pregnant women.
Chistets forest. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution.
The cleanliness is great. All parts of the plant, especially the roots, are poisonous. Internal use requires great care and precise dosage. Should only be used under medical supervision. Excessive and prolonged use causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and depression of the respiratory center.
Rose hip. After ingesting rosehip infusion, be sure to rinse your mouth with plain warm or soda water. The acids contained in the infusion corrode tooth enamel.
Sorrel is sour. Contains purine substances and oxalic acid. It is not recommended to use sorrel in case of impaired salt metabolism (rheumatism, gout) and related diseases, intestinal inflammation and tuberculosis.
Ephedra two-spikelet. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires caution in case of hypertension, atherosclerosis, severe organic heart disease and insomnia.
Common ash. The plant is poisonous. Internal use requires caution.
Fraxinella. Contact with the plant, especially during flowering, can cause severe skin lesions, similar to burns, that are painful and difficult to heal. It has been proven that poisoning can occur when inhaling vapors essential oil ash tree
Woodruff fragrant. Poisonous plant. Internal use requires great caution; in case of overdose, vomiting, headache, dizziness and even death occur.
