Safety rules when performing masonry work. Occupational health and safety during masonry work. Compliance with safety precautions during repair and construction work
6.5. Safety requirements for execution stone works
6.5.1. When performing masonry work, measures must be taken to prevent workers from being exposed to hazardous and harmful production factors, such as:
a) location of the workplace at height;
b) moving machines and mechanisms;
c) moving structures;
d) collapsing structures;
e) neuropsychic stress associated with the monotony of work.
6.5.2. When laying the walls of a building at a height of up to 0.7 m from the working floor and at a distance from the level of the masonry on the outside of the wall to the surface of the ground (floor) of more than 1.3 m, it is necessary to use fencing devices, and if it is impossible to use them, safety belts.
6.5.3. It is not allowed to lay the walls of the next floor without installation load-bearing structures interfloor coverings, as well as platforms and marches in stairwells.
6.5.4. Maximum height of construction of free-standing stone walls(without laying floors) must be determined in the work design and must be no more than those indicated in Table 5.
6.5.5. It is not allowed to lay external walls up to 0.75 m thick while standing on the wall.
If the wall thickness is more than 0.75 m, it is allowed to carry out masonry from the wall using a safety belt attached to a special safety device.
6.5.6. It is allowed to remove the temporary fastenings of the cornice elements, as well as the formwork of the brick lintels, after the mortar has reached the strength established by the project.
6.5.7. When moving and feeding bricks, small blocks, etc. materials at workplaces using lifting equipment, pallets, containers and load-handling devices should be used to prevent the load from falling.
6.5.8. When laying industrial brick pipes, it is not allowed to work on the top of the pipe during a thunderstorm, with a wind speed of more than 15 m/s.
Table 5
Masonry height of free-standing stone walls depending on wall thickness, masonry density and wind load
|
Wall thickness, |
Volumetric mass (density) of masonry, |
Permissible wall height, m, with high-speed wind pressure, N/m 2 (wind speed, m/s) |
|||
|
From 1000 to 1300 | |||||
|
From 1300 to 1600 | |||||
|
More than 1600 | |||||
|
From 1000 to 1300 | |||||
|
From 1300 to 1600 | |||||
|
More than 1600 | |||||
|
From 1000 to 1300 | |||||
|
From 1300 to 1600 | |||||
|
More than 1600 | |||||
|
From 1000 to 1300 | |||||
|
From 13 00 to 1600 | |||||
|
More than 1600 | |||||
6.5.9. Above the loading area of the lift, at a height of 2.5 - 5 m, a protective double flooring made of boards with a thickness of at least 40 mm must be installed.
6.5.10. The laying of walls below and at the level of the ceiling, constructed from prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs, must be carried out from the scaffolding of the underlying floor.
6.5.11. It is not allowed to install floor slabs without a pre-bricked edge two rows above the level of the slabs being laid.
6.5.12. The filling of voids in floor slabs must be carried out before they are delivered to the floors.
6.5.13. The jointing of the external joints of the masonry should be done from the floor or scaffolding after laying each row. Workers are not allowed to be on the wall while this operation is being performed.
6.5.14. When laying walls more than 7 m high along the perimeter of a building (structure) under construction, a dangerous zone must be marked out with a panel fence 1.2 m high in accordance with the requirements of GOST 23407-78.
6.5.15. The boundary of the danger zone is established for the entire period of construction of the object according to the highest height value in accordance with Table 1 of the Rules.
6.5.16. Masonry of walls up to 7 m high can be carried out with the designation of a dangerous zone along the perimeter of the building (structure) with a signal fence in accordance with the requirements of GOST 23407 - 78 and safety signs in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.4.026 - 76.
6.5.17. If it is impossible to identify a dangerous zone (cramped conditions), organizational and technical measures must be developed in the work project to ensure occupational safety.
6.5.18. Entrances to a building (structure) under construction must be protected:
from above - horizontal or with a rise to the wall of the building of 15 - 20° with a continuous canopy;
on the sides - solid wooden shields.
The width of the canopy must be no less than the width of the entrance to the building and in any case - no less than 1.8 m, height - no less than 2.2 m, length - from the wall of the building (structure) to the border of the danger zone. The end of the canopy is equipped with a side board with a height of at least 0.15 m.
6.5.19. Over the entrances to the staircases, when laying walls from internal scaffolding, canopies with a plan size of 2 x 2 m should be installed.
When performing stone work, provisions must be made
measures to prevent workers from being exposed to hazardous
and harmful production factors, such as:
a) location of the workplace at height;
b) moving machines and mechanisms;
c) moving structures;
d) collapsing structures;
e) neuropsychic stress associated with the monotony of work.
When laying the walls of a building at a height of up to 0.7 m from the working floor and at a distance from the level of the masonry on the outside of the wall to the surface of the ground (floor) of more than 1.3 m, it is necessary to use fencing devices, and if it is impossible to use them, safety belts.
It is not allowed to lay the walls of the next floor without installing load-bearing structures of the interfloor ceiling, as well as landings and flights in staircases. The maximum height for the construction of free-standing stone walls (without laying floors) must be determined in the work project. It is not allowed to lay external walls up to 0.75 m thick while standing on the wall. If the wall thickness is more than 0.75 m, it is allowed to carry out masonry from the wall using a safety belt attached to a special safety device. It is allowed to remove the temporary fastenings of the cornice elements, as well as the formwork of the brick lintels, after the mortar has reached the strength established by the project. When moving and feeding bricks, small blocks, etc. materials at workplaces using lifting equipment, pallets, containers and load-handling devices should be used to prevent the load from falling.
8.5. Safety requirements when performing installation work.
Installation building structures refers to work with increased danger. Workers performing installation work, must undergo a medical examination, special training, pass an exam and receive a certificate to carry out work. Before starting work and during operation, lifting machines and rigging equipment must undergo technical inspection in accordance with the requirements of Gosgortekhnadzor. Inspection of lifting machines and mechanisms is carried out monthly. Traverses are inspected at least once every 6 months, pincers - after 1 month, slings - every 10 days. External inspection steel ropes should be carried out daily, guided by the standards for discarding worn ropes. Rigging devices during inspection, they are tested with a load that is 25% greater than the design load capacity. The test date and load capacity are indicated on tags attached to the gripping devices. Cranes should be installed in accordance with the work project, and it is necessary to ensure safe distances of the cranes from power lines, pit slopes, dimensions of buildings and structures.
Scaffolding and scaffolding must have fences at the workplace level of at least 1 m. For installation work, standard inventory scaffolding and scaffolding are used. Scaffolding and lifting cradles must have passports from the manufacturer.
Installation of structures is carried out in accordance with the work project. It must include basic safety measures. Slinging of structures is carried out using slings or special lifting devices according to the schemes provided technological map, using semi-automatic devices for unslinging from the ground. When installed freely, the raised elements must be kept from swinging by guy ropes. Structures that do not have sufficient rigidity must be strengthened according to the design. Unslinging of mounted elements is carried out only after reliable fastening. Before final fastening, their stability must be ensured with the help of temporary connections, braces, conductors, etc.
It is prohibited to combine installation work on one vertical section with other work on the lower floors when the building is less than five floors high. These works can be combined only in exceptional cases.
Installers must be located outside the contour of the structures being installed on the side opposite to their supply. Assembly operations at height are carried out from special scaffolds or cradles. Climbing installers must have special clothing, non-slip shoes and safety belts. To move from one structure to another, stairs, walkways and gangways must be provided.
The site where installation is carried out is a dangerous area and it is prohibited to be on it. The boundary of the danger zone is determined by a circle outlined with a radius equal to the reach of the crane boom hook, plus 7 - 10 from the contour of the load being lifted (a load can fly off at a distance of 7 m when lifted to a height of up to 20 m and by 10 m when lifted to a height of up to 100 m ).
Only one person should supervise the lifting of structures - the foreman of the installation team or the team leader. The command “Stop” can be given by every worker who notices the danger.
Installation work is prohibited in wind force 6 (10 -12 m/s) or more at a height of open places, during icy conditions, heavy snowfall and rain. When using tower cranes, the latter must be carefully secured. Before starting installation work, the ropes and slings used are systematically inspected. Ropes with broken wires per lay step in an amount of more than 10% at cross and 5% | with one-sided laying, should be removed from use. All gripping devices are tested and labeled prior to use, indicating their permissible load capacity. Test results are recorded in special journals. Before lifting the elements, the installer must carefully inspect the condition of the mounting loops, gripping devices, and the correctness of the slinging. It is not allowed to use a crane to remove loads that are frozen to the ground, covered with soil, or cluttered with other elements. When installing structures, you can approach them and begin installation in the design position only after the element has been lowered to a distance of no more than 30 cm from the installation site. During breaks in work, it is prohibited to leave the load hanging on the crane hook.
The most dangerous jobs are at heights. Climbers are considered to be work that is performed at a height of more than 5 m from the surface of the ground or working floor. Installers working at height must use helmets, safety belts, and non-slip shoes. Carabiners of safety belts are fastened to stable elements or specially tensioned ropes. All installation work at height is performed from scaffolds designed to withstand the load from people, tools and auxiliary materials.
Slide 2
For masonry work, brick is often used. The most famous are three types of bricks: adobe - made of clay and filler; ceramic (clay, red) - made of baked clay; silicate, consisting of sand and lime
Slide 3
Safety requirements before starting work 7. Before starting work, masons are required to: a) present a knowledge test certificate to the work manager safe methods work; b) put on a helmet, overalls, and special footwear of the established type; c) receive an assignment to perform the work from the foreman or work manager and undergo training at the workplace, taking into account the specifics of the work performed. After receiving the task from the foreman or work manager, masons are required to: a) prepare the necessary tools
personal protection
, check their serviceability;
b) check the workplace and approaches to it for compliance with safety requirements;
Safety requirements during work When laying buildings, masons are required to: a) place bricks and mortar on the floors or scaffolding in such a way that there is a passage of at least 0.6 m wide between them and the wall of the building and the working flooring is not allowed to be overloaded; b) use collective protective equipment (fences, catching devices) or a safety belt with a safety rope when laying walls at a height of up to 0.7 m from the working floor, if behind the wall being built there is a distance of more than 1.3 m to the surface of the wall (floor);, platforms and other products) masons are required to stay outside the danger zone that arises when moving loads with cranes.
Approaching the specified elements is allowed only at a distance of no more than 0.5 m after they are lowered above the installation site in the design position. When accepting elements of prefabricated building structures, you should not stand between the accepted structural elements and the nearest edge of the outer wall. Elements of prefabricated building structures should be installed without shocks or impacts on the mounted elements of building structures. When installing floors, it is necessary to spread the mortar with a long-handled shovel. A trowel should not be used for this purpose. When performing work on punching grooves, adjusting bricks and ceramic stones by chipping, masons are required to wear safety glasses. When manually feeding materials into pits or to underlying workplaces, masons are required to use inclined chutes with side boards. Materials lowered through the chute should be accepted after their descent has stopped. Dropping materials from heights is not permitted. When working with solutions with chemical additives, masons are required to use the protective equipment provided for in the technological map for performing the specified work.
All tools and equipment must be used in accordance with their intended purpose. Before work, make sure that the tools are in good working order: they are correctly and firmly mounted on the handles, the working surfaces of the tools are smooth, without burrs; Damaged or deformed instruments must not be used.
Brickwork is made from the floors of inventory scaffolding or scaffolding. Scaffolding and scaffolding are installed on clean, leveled surfaces. Particular attention is paid to ensuring that the racks of the tubular scaffolding are correctly installed on the ground; the ground must be tightly compacted. It is prohibited to install racks on ground that is not cleared of snow and ice. To distribute pressure evenly, wooden pads are placed under the posts perpendicular to the wall being built (one pad under two posts). Scaffolding and scaffolding must not be overloaded with materials in excess of the design load established for a given scaffolding or scaffolding structure. Concentration of materials in one place should be avoided. Materials are laid so that they do not interfere with the passage of workers and transportation of materials. A working passage at least 60 cm wide is left between the stacks of materials and the wall.
Floorings from inventory boards, sewn with slats, on scaffolding and scaffolding must be smooth and without cracks. The gap between the wall of the building under construction and the working flooring of the scaffolding should not exceed 5 cm. This gap is needed so that, by lowering the plumb line below the scaffolding, it is possible to check the verticality of the masonry being built.
All floorings of scaffolding and scaffolding with a height of more than 1.1 m, with the exception of continuous paving scaffolding, are fenced with railings at least 1.1 m high, consisting of posts and attached to them with inside(at least three) horizontal elements: a side board 150 mm high, installed close to the flooring, an intermediate element and a handrail. If the handrail is made of boards, it must be planed. A side board is installed to prevent any objects from falling from the scaffolding. To lift workers onto the scaffolding, stepladders with guardrails (railings) are installed.
The condition of scaffolding and scaffolding (connections, fastenings, flooring and fences) is systematically monitored. Every day, after finishing work, the scaffolding is cleared of debris and before the start of the shift, it is inspected by the foreman in charge of the relevant area of work at a given facility and the foreman.
Bricks are lifted onto floors (scaffolding, scaffolding), usually in packages on pallets using cases that prevent bricks from falling out. In containers and packages without pallets, it is allowed to lift bricks only with the help of grips that ensure safety (subject to the use of devices that protect the package). Devices for lifting bricks (cases, grips) must have devices that prevent spontaneous opening of these devices during lifting. It is prohibited to throw empty cases, grips, and pallets from floors; they are lowered by crane.
The laying of any tier of walls is carried out so that its level after each relocation of the scaffolding is 70 cm above the level of the working floor or ceiling. Below this level, masons work in safety belts, which are fastened to structures, or the perimeter of the masonry is fenced off with protective nets.
You cannot leave materials, tools, construction garbage, as they may fall on people below.
As the masonry progresses, window and window openings are installed in the wall openings. door blocks or inventory barriers.
Cornices protruding beyond the plane of the wall by more than 30 cm are laid out from external scaffolding or from inventory scaffolding, the width of the flooring of which should be 60 cm greater than the width of the cornice. In this case, the materials are placed on internal flooring, and the masons work while on the exhaust scaffolding.
Rice. 66. Bracket for installing protective visors:
1 - board 25x140 mm, 2 - steel hook
When laying walls more than 7 m high, external inventory protective canopies are installed around the entire perimeter of the building in the form of a flooring on brackets (Fig. 66). The brackets are hung on steel hooks 2, embedded in the masonry as it is erected. The width of the canopy is not less than 1.5 m, external corner lift 20°. When installing canopies, the following requirements are observed: the first row of canopies is installed at a height of no more than 6 m from the ground and left until the walls are laid to their full height; the second, made solid or from mesh materials with a cell of no more than 50x50 mm, is at a height of 6...7 m above the first, and then along the course of the masonry is rearranged every 6...7 m. Workers install protective canopies in safety belts. It is prohibited to walk on the canopies, or use them as scaffolding or for stacking materials. Without protective canopies, you can lay the walls of buildings no more than 7 m high, but at the same time, fences are installed on the ground along the perimeter of the building at a distance of at least 1.5 m from the wall.
When laying walls from internal scaffolding, permanent canopies measuring at least 2x2 m are installed above the entrances to staircases.
It is prohibited to lay out walls with a height of more than two floors without installing interfloor floors or temporary flooring along the beams of these floors, as well as without installing landings, flights and their fences in stairwells.
The seams are unstitched from the floors or scaffolds after laying each row. Do not stand on the wall while performing this operation.
Control questions
- How do masonry bonding systems differ from one another?
- Why is multi-row ligation used for laying walls, and three-row ligation for pillars?
- What operations does the masonry process consist of?
- Name the main working and control tools of a mason.
- What devices are used to transport, unload and supply bricks to the workplace?
- How are bricks laid out for spoon and butt rows?
- Why are mortar for empty masonry and with full filling of joints spread differently?
- What is the difference between the methods of laying pressed and pressed?
- What is the best way to do the backfilling and why?
- Explain the sequence of wall laying for chain and multi-row ligations.
- In what cases is it necessary to lay a joint row, regardless of the masonry dressing system?
- Describe the features of dressing and the advantages of laying pillars using a three-row system.
- Why is it forbidden to lay individual rods in adjacent rows of masonry instead of meshes when reinforcing masonry?
- How to bandage lightweight masonry?
- What are the requirements for filling joints with mortar when laying lintels?
- What is the difference sedimentary seam from temperature?
- How are materials placed at the workplace when laying brick walls and partitions?
- What are the basic rules to follow when working on scaffolding and scaffolding?
- How do they organize the work of the “two”, “three” and “five” units?
- What additional measures are provided? high quality masonry in dry weather?
- What deviations are allowed in the size and position of brick and stone masonry?
- How often and in what ways are the quality of the masonry checked?
- For what purpose and in what cases are protective visors used?
The section contains the main provisions of labor legislation, the organization of training and instruction of workers engaged in masonry work. The responsibilities of the administration to ensure safe conditions labor. Safe methods of working with machines, devices, and tools used in the production of stone work are described. Talked about individual and collective means protection, special clothing, provision of first aid in case of accidents.
For workers in construction organizations.
The profession of a mason is one of the most ancient professions on earth. The most accessible building material was for primitive man natural stone, from which he built his hearth and built his dwelling. With the development of society, production increased building materials, among which brick occupies a special place. Due to its light weight and versatility of use, brick has become extremely widespread in residential, cultural and domestic construction, as well as in the construction of monumental buildings. Widely used decorative masonry, masonry with cladding ceramic stones, reinforced concrete and other products.
Needs to be developed and applied modern methods work, improving the working conditions of the mason, the main goal of which is to make his work highly productive and safe. Workplace The mason should be organized taking into account the requirements of labor organization, with the aim of: increasing productivity, reducing fatigue, preventing accidents. In the production of stone work, modern cranes, hoists, tools and devices are used to facilitate the work of masons and make it highly productive. The combination of professions, such as mason - installer, bricklayer - concrete worker, helps to increase labor productivity by reducing downtime for organizational reasons and creates the basis for the interchangeability of workers. Nowadays, the names of the leading masons Heroes of the Socialist Grud G. A. Maslennikov, V. A. Zatvornitsky and others are well known.
The tasks of the socio-economic development of the country, set in the decisions of the XXVII Congress of the CPSU and the XVIII Congress of Trade Unions and subsequent resolutions of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, place higher demands on the vocational and technical education of youth, the quality of training of qualified construction workers and their ideological political education. Among the questions vocational training masons play an important role in ensuring high performance labor and quality of masonry work is devoted to labor safety issues, which, in conditions of self-financing and self-government, have a great impact on the economic performance of construction.
