The role of natural factors in the life and development of society. All objective and subjective factors in the development of society
1. The influence of the heliophysical factor on biological and social life on Earth. :c. 415-418; :c. 423-427.
2. Heliobiology and heliosociology of A.L. Chizhevsky. 11 – summer solar cycles and social processes (“historical cycles”). : With. 416-418; :c. 593-597; :c. 427-428; :c. 89-92.
3. Geographical determinism. The influence of geographical factors on social processes and phenomena. :c. 425-427.
4. Theory of ethnogenesis by L.N. Gumilyov. :c. 427-428; :c. 93-97.
5. Phases of ethnogenesis. :c. 197-198; :c. 597-601.
6. Ethology is the science of animal behavior: p. 164-180, 389-479; :c. 341-352.
7. The relationship between biological and social factors in the nature of man and society. :c. 123-125; :c. 532-534; :c. 69-73.
Topic 13. Theory of consciousness and creativity in the era of computerization
1. Modern science about the brain and higher nervous activity person. :c. 440-448; :c. 203-208.
2. Concepts of scientific psychology about consciousness. :c. 208-213; :c. 331-334.
3. Consciousness, subconscious and unconscious. :c. 159-164; :c. 213-214.
4. Psychophysiological problem. :c. 164-167; :c. 76-81.
5. Functional asymmetry of the brain and the functioning of consciousness. :c. 529-531, 546-547; :c. 73-76.
6. Human performance. :c. 554-555; :c. 388-396.
7. The secret of creativity. Conscious and unconscious in human creative activity. :c. 551-554; :c. 365-370.
8. Structure of the creative process. Nature of invention. :c. 370-374.
9. Computers, information networks, knowledge banks as amplifiers of human creativity. :c. 107-108; :c. 228-244, 560-571.
10. Man as a factor of the noosphere. :c. 621-625.
Topic 14. Modern Sciences about human health and bioethics
1. Medicine and human health. :c. 555-560; :c. 375-376.
2. Dependence of health on life parameters. :c. 242-245.
3. The problem of human norm and pathology. :c. 560-561; :c. 376-379.
4. Physical, mental and moral health of a person. :c. 380-388.
5. Cosmic rhythms, ecology, economics, social relations and human health. :c. 563-566.
6. The beginnings of bioethics. Ethical rules and human rights when conducting biomedical research and human experiments. :c. 390-393; :c. 243-246; :c. 566-573; :c. 341-362.
Topic 15. Modern natural science picture of the world and its place in culture
1. Modern natural science picture of the structure of the world and the general laws of its development. :c. 229-231; :c. 538-540.
2. Sciences are leaders and defining discoveries in the structure modern natural science. :c. 177-178.
3. Natural science as the basis of social, humanitarian and technological knowledge. :c. 10-16; :c. 20-26.
4. Natural science in the cultural system. :c. 579-581; :c. 5-6.
5. Harmony of science and culture. :c. 6-10.
LITERATURE
Main
1. Bondarev V.P. Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook. village M.: Alfa-M, 2003.
2. Gorbachev V.V. Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook. village M., 2003.
3. Gorelov A.A. Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook. village M.: Center, 1998.
4. Gorelov A.A. Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook. village M.: VLADOS, 1998.
5. Grushevitskaya T.G., Sadokhin A.P. Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook. village M.: UNITY-DANA, 2005.
6. Dubnischeva T.Ya., Pigarov A.Yu. Modern natural science, Novosibirsk, 1998.
7. Kanke V.A. Concepts of modern natural science. Textbook for universities. M.: LOGOS, 2002.
8. Karpenkov S.Kh. Basic concepts of natural science: Teaching. village for universities, M.: UNITI, 1998, 208 p.
9. Karpenkov S.Kh. Concepts of modern natural science: Handbook. M.: Higher. School, 2004.
10. Concepts of modern natural science: 100 exam answers/Under the general editorship of S.I. Samygina. Rostov n/d, 2002.
11. Concepts of modern natural science. Under. Ed. S.I. Samygina, Rostov n/D:, 2003.
12. Naydysh V.M. Concepts of modern natural science. Textbook. M., 2005.
13. Fundamentals of natural science knowledge for lawyers. Textbook for universities on the course “Concepts of modern natural science” / Ed. E.R. Rosinskaya. M., INFRA-M, 1999.
14. Ostapenko V.S., Popov E.V. Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook. village Voronezh, 1999.
Additional
On topic 1
1. Abdeev R.F. Philosophy of information civilization. M., 1994
2. Kedrov B.M. Classification of sciences. /M., 1989. T. 1,2.
3. Porshnev B.F. About the beginning of human history./ M., 1974
4. Poincare A. About science. / M., Nauka, 1983.
On topic 2
1. Bazhenov L.B. Structure and functions of natural science theory. M., 1978.
2. Ruzavin G. I. Methodology scientific research./M., 1999
3. Gaidenko P.P. Evolution of the concept of science./ M., 1980
On topic 3
1. Snow C.P. Two cultures./ M., Progress, 1973
2. Fainberg E.L. Two cultures. Intuition and logic in art and science. / M., 1998.
3. Philosophy and methodology of science./ Ed. IN AND. Kuptsova M., 1996.
On topic 4
1. Bukhbinder I.L. Fundamental interactions //Soros educational journal. No. 5. 1997.
2. Jemer M. Evolution of the concepts of quantum mechanics / Transl. from English M., 1985.
3. Landau L.D., Kitaygorodsky A.I. Physics for everyone. Molecules./ M.: Nauka, 1982
4. Landau L.D., Kitaygorodsky A.I. Physics for everyone. Physical bodies./ M.: Nauka, 1982
5. Mostepanenko A.M. Space and time in the micro-, mega- and macrocosm./ M., 1974
6. Oppenheimer R. Flying trapezoid: Three crises in physics. / M., 1967
7. Pauli V. Physical essays. / M.: Nauka, 1975
8. Prigogine I., Stengers I. Time, chaos, quantum. / M., 1994
9. Poincaré A. About science. / M., Nauka, 1983.
10. Rosenthal I.L. Elementary particles and the structure of the Universe. / M., 1984.
11. Feynman R. The nature of physical laws. / M.: Nauka, 1987
12. Einstein A., Infeld L. Evolution of physics. / M., 2006
On topic 5
1. Vasiliev A.N. Evolution of the Universe // Soros educational magazine. No. 2. 1996.
2. Gnedin Yu.N. Modern astronomy: new directions and new problems // Soros educational journal, No. 7, 1996
3. Klimashin I.A. Discovery of the Universe./ M., 1987
4. Kocharov G.E. Thermonuclear boiler in the depths of the Sun and the problem of solar neutrinos. // Soros educational journal, No. 10, 1996.
5. Hoyle F. Galaxies, nuclei and quasars. / M., 1968
6. Hoyle F. Infinity and the Universe. / M., 1969
7. Chizhevsky A.L. On the shore of the Universe. Years of friendship with Tsiolkovsky. Memories. / M.: Mysl, 1995
8. Chizhevsky A.L. Echo of solar storms./ Kaluga, 1924
9. Shama D. Modern cosmology / Transl. from English M., 1973
10. Shklovsky I.S. Universe, life, mind./ M., 1987
On topic 6
1. Koronovsky N.V., Yakushova A.F. Fundamentals of Geology. M., 1991.
2. Rapatskaya L.A. General geology. M., 2005.
3. Yakushova A.F. General geology. M., 1979.
On topic 7
1. Glinka N.L. General chemistry. /M., 2004
2. Guzey L.S., Kuznetsov V.N., Guzey A.S. General chemistry. /M., 1999.
3. Kuznetsov V.I. General chemistry. Development trends. / M.: graduate School, 1989
4. Nesmeyanov A.A., Nesmeyanov N.A. Organic chemistry. T. 1,2. M., 1969-1970.
5. Soloviev Yu.I. History of chemistry. / M.: Education, 1976
6. Soloviev Yu.I., Kurashev V.I. Chemistry at the crossroads of sciences, the historical process of development of the interaction of natural science knowledge. / M., 1989
7. Fremantle M. Chemistry in action./ M., Mir, 1991. – T.1 and T.2
On topic 8
1. Wiener N. Cybernetics. / M., 1968.
2. Knyazeva E.N., Kurdyumov S.P. Foundations of synergetics./ M., 2002.
3. Concepts of self-organization: the formation of a new image scientific thinking./ M., 1994.
4. Prigogine I., Stengers I. Time, chaos, quantum. / M., 1994
5. Haken G. Synergetics./ M., 1989
On topic 9
1. Altukhov Yu.P. Species and speciation. //Soros educational journal, No. 4, 1997
2. Bukhar M.I. Popular about microbiology./ M., 1989
3. Green N., Stout W., Taylor D. Biology. T. 1,2,3.
4. Darwin Ch. Origin of species by natural selection. / M., 1986.
5. Leshchinsky I.. Genetic engineering. Mechanisms of regulation of gene activity during transcription. //Soros educational journal, No. 1, 1996.
6. Mendel G. History of biology from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present day. / M., 1975
Oparin A.I., Fesenkov V.G. Life in the Universe./ M., 1956
8. Severtsov A.S. Basics of the theory of evolution. / M., 1987.
On topic 10
1. Balandin R.K. Bondarev L.G. Nature and civilization. M., 1988.
2. Vernadsiy V.I. Biosphere and noosphere./ M., Nauka, 1989
3. Vernadsky V.I. The beginning and eternity of life./ M., Republic, 1989
4. Kuznetsov G.A. Ecology and the future./ M., 1988
5. Razumikhin N.V. natural resources and their protection./ L., 1987
6. Sochava V.B. Introduction to the study of geosystems./Novosibirsk, 1978.
7. Odum Yu. Ecology./ M., 1994
On topic 11
Matyushin G.N. At the origins of humanity./ M., 1988
2. Porshnev B.F. About the beginning of human history./ M., 1974
3. Teilhard de Chardin. Human phenomenon. / M., 1973
4. Shklovsky I.S. Universe, life, mind./ M., 1987
5. Schrödinger E. What is life? From the point of view of a physicist./ M., 1972
On topic 12
1. Gumilyov L.N. Ethnogenesis and biosphere of the Earth. L., 1989.
2. Menning O. Animal behavior. Introductory course./ M.: Mir, 1982.
3. Chizhevsky A.L. On the shore of the Universe. Years of friendship with Tsiolkovsky. Memories. / M.: Mysl, 1995.
4. Chizhevsky A.L. Echo of solar storms./ Kaluga, 1924.
On topic 13
1. Biryukov B.V., Gutchin I.B. Machine and creativity./ M., 1982
2. Venitsian G.L. Brain and behavior./ M., 1990
3. Gorbatenko A.S. Systemic concept of psyche and general psychology./ Rostov-on-Don, 1994
4. Dubrov A.P., Pushkin V.P. Parapsychology and modern natural science./ M., 1990
5. Kramarenko et al. Human intelligence./ Voronezh, 1990
6. Ponomarev Ya.A. Psychology of creativity./M., 1976
7. Sergeev B.F. Paradoxes of the brain (Revealing the secrets of the psyche)./ M., 1985
8. Teilhard de Chardin. The phenomenon of man./ M., 1973
9. Freud Z. Psychology of the unconscious./ M., 1989
On topic 14
1. Adler A. The Art of Living. / M., 1992.
2. Biomedical ethics./ Ed. IN AND. Pokrovsky. M., 1997
3. Zikmund V. Are diseases a consequence of civilization? / Bratislava: Veda, 1987
4. Favorova O.O. Genetic treatment – fiction or reality? //Soros educational journal, No. 2, 1997
On topic 15
1. Belik A.P. Culturology. Anthropological theories of cultures. /M., 1998
2. Grigoriev V.I. Science in the context of culture. /M., 1981
3. Philosophical problems of natural science. Ed. S.T. Melyukhina M., 1985
QUESTIONS FOR COURSE CREDIT
1. Natural science as a set of sciences about nature. Key Stages and patterns of development of natural science.
2. Methodology of modern natural science. Concept scientific method. Categorical structure of science.
3. Physics is a fundamental branch of natural science. The formation of a modern physical picture of the world.
4. Fundamental interactions in nature.
5. Hierarchy of structures in the micro-, macro-, mega-world.
6. The principle of relativity and invariance.
7. Properties of space - time and conservation laws.
8. Newton's classical concept.
9. The concept of space and time in the special and general theory of relativity of A. Einstein. The concept of space-time continuum.
10.Modern ideas about the structure of the atom.
11.Quantum numbers, their physical meaning.
12. Corpuscular - wave properties of light.
13. Corpuscular-wave properties of microparticles. Principles of uncertainty and additionality.
14. Probabilistic approach in modern physics.
15.Principles of causality and correspondence.
16.Evolution chemical knowledge. Development of the doctrine of the composition of matter.
17. The doctrine of periodic changes in the properties of elements.
18. Problems of structural chemistry.
19. Synthesis of new materials. Chemistry of extreme states.
20. Evolutionary chemistry as highest level development of chemical knowledge.
21.Model of the expanding Universe
22. Birth and stages of development of the Universe.
23. Formation of the Solar System.
24. The birth and evolution of stars.
25. Synergetics – theory of self-organization.
26. Spontaneous processes. Second law of thermodynamics. The concept of entropy.
27.Features of the biological level of organization of matter.
28. The essence of living things, its main characteristics.
29.Principles of reproduction and development of living systems. Heredity, variability, natural selection.
30. The cell is like the first brick of life. Properties of the cell. Metabolism. Homeostasis.
31.Principles of biological evolution. Works by C. Linnaeus, C. Darwin, G. Mendel.
32.Modern problems of genetics.
33.Molecular foundations of genetics. The role of DNA in the transmission of hereditary information. Discovery by D. Watson and F. Crick.
34. Man and the biosphere. Biogeocenoses. Works by V.I. Vernadsky.
35. The relationship between space and wildlife. Works by A.L. Chizhevsky.
36. Vernadsky’s teaching on the noosphere.
37. Contradictions in the system: nature – biosphere – man.
38. Theory of ethnogenesis by L. Gumilyov.
39.Modern science about the brain and higher nervous activity of humans.
40.The concept of artificial intelligence. Computers, information networks, knowledge banks as amplifiers of human creative abilities.
41.Health problem modern man. Diseases of modern civilization.
42.Modern natural science picture of the structure of the world and the general laws of its development.
ABSTRACT TOPICS
1. The role of natural science in the formation of professional knowledge.
2. Natural history and environment.
3. Science and mathematics.
4. The pace of development of science.
5. Anti-scientific trends in the development of science.
6. Natural science and morality.
7. A rational and real picture of the world in the formation of a worldview.
8. Art as a way of understanding the world: about the unity and opposition of science and art
9. The origins of creative insights and the problem of compatibility between science and religion
10.Advantages and disadvantages of views on the structure of the world of natural philosophers of the 6th-3rd centuries. BC.
11. The significance of Aristotle’s teachings for the development of scientific knowledge. The genius and inconsistency of his teachings.
12. Concepts of matter, motion, space and time.
13. Fundamental principles and laws of physics.
14.Newton's classical concept.
15.Statistical and thermodynamic properties of macrosystems.
16. The principle of the inexhaustibility of matter.
17.Nucleonic level of matter organization.
18.Laser technology is the most important branch of modern natural science
19. Hypotheses of Professor N.A. Kozyreva on new properties of time
20. The first models of atoms and the modern point of view on the structure of the atomic nucleus
21. Manifestations of the correspondence principle in physics
22. The golden ratio is one of the most striking manifestations of harmony in nature
23. Great mysteries of modern natural science. Origin and evolution of the Universe. Big Bang concept.
24.History of the modern calendar
25. Problems of the origin and development of the Earth
26.Development of chemical knowledge.
27. Variety of chemicals.
28. Chemical technologies and economics.
29.Means for controlling chemical processes.
30.Determination of complex molecular structures.
31. Transformation of organic and inorganic compounds.
32.Modern catalysis.
33. Symmetry of crystals
34.Inventories and consumption of raw materials.
35.Metals.
36. Non-metallic raw materials.
37. Chemical processes and energy.
38.Natural energy resources.
39. Sources of electrical and thermal energy.
40. Development of Mendeleev’s periodic system of elements.
41.Radioactive isotopes and their application.
42.Polymer materials.
43.Heavy-duty and heat-resistant materials.
44.Optical materials.
45.Materials with electrical properties.
46.High-temperature superconductors.
47. Materials for the dissociation of organometallic compounds.
48. Thin film materials for information storage devices.
49.Ecology and the modern world.
50. Natural science knowledge and the environment.
51.Harmful substances and real danger.
52. Preservation of the ozone layer.
53. Acid precipitation.
54.Greenhouse effect.
55.Saving water resources.
56. Disposal of radioactive waste.
57.Natural and anthropogenic ecosystems
58. Structure and functions of proteins.
59.Carrier of genetic information.
60. Functions of proteins.
61.Structure and types of cells.
62.Modern idea of the origin of life.
63.V.I. Vernadsky about the biosphere and living matter
64. Noosphere - the future of humanity
65. The role of Tsiolkovsky and Chizhevsky in establishing the Man-Space connection
66.Valeology - science and health of soul and body
67.Population growth and food supply.
68.Improving soil fertility and livestock products.
69.Modern biotechnologies.
70. Genetic engineering.
71.Biotechnology and medicine.
72. Problems of cloning.
73.Human genome.
74. Real benefits of genetic technologies and potential risks.
75. Synergy - a new concept of culture
76.Russian cosmism
77.Russian cyclism
78.Artificial intelligence and evolutionary modeling
To begin with, let us turn to the analysis of the initial concepts - “nature” and “society”.
The concept "nature" is used in two senses. Nature in a broad sense– everything that exists, the whole world, the Universe, i.e. everything around us, including humans and society. Nature in the narrow sense– the natural environment in which the life of man and society takes place (the surface of the Earth with its special quality characteristics: climate, minerals, etc.).
Society is an isolated part of nature, which emerged into an independent, sociocultural reality as a result joint activities of people. The phenomena of culture and civilization are artificially created, second nature. Nature is much older than society, but since the existence of mankind, the history of people and the history of nature have been inextricably linked with each other: society is not isolated from nature, not protected from the influence of natural forces, both positive and negative.
The relationship between nature, society and man has always attracted the attention of philosophy.
Ancient philosophy gave priority to nature, to the Cosmos as a living, ordered whole. The ideal for man, understood as a part of the Cosmos, was considered to live in harmony with nature.
IN Middle Ages nature was placed lower than man, for the latter was thought of as the image and likeness of God, as the crown of creation and the king of earthly nature. It was believed that nature embodied the Divine plan.
IN Renaissance man discovered beauty in nature. The unity of man and nature was affirmed, but man is already striving to subjugate nature.
This aspiration becomes the leading one in New time when nature becomes an object of scientific knowledge and active transformative activities person.
Over time, such a utilitarian-pragmatic attitude towards nature began to dominate in all technogenic civilizations down to the present day. As opposition to this approach, an awareness of the need for human cooperation with nature and an equal dialogue with it is maturing.
Considering the fact of interaction between nature and society, we will focus in this issue on the role of nature in the life and development of society. It is clear that nature, forming the natural environment for humans, constitutes necessary condition existence and development of society.
The most important component of nature is geographical environment- a part of nature involved in the sphere of practical human activity. In more specific terms, it means the totality geographical location, surface structure, soil cover, fossil resources, climate, water resources, flora and fauna on the territory of the Earth on which a certain human society lives and develops. In other words, the geographical environment is represented by such components of nature as: lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
Plays a particularly important role in it biosphere- the living shell of our planet, the area of interaction between living and nonliving things, which, with the advent of people, passes, according to Vernadsky, into a qualitatively new state - the noosphere.
Society also has its components:
▪ anthroposphere– the sphere of life of people as biological organisms;
▪ sociosphere– the area of social relations between people;
▪ biotechnosphere– area of distribution of technological influence of mankind.
Highlight three aspects of nature's impact on society:
▪ ecological– “nature around us” (geographical environment, as well as part of the near cosmos that humans explore);
▪ anthropological– “nature is within us” (= natural-biological principle in man himself: heredity, racial characteristics, temperament, inclinations);
▪ demographic, characterizing the biological characteristics of the entire human race.
These features are expressed in terms of “ population"(= a continuously reproducing set of people living in a certain territory), its " gender and age structure», « height», « density" The laws of population (fertility, mortality, increase or decrease) are historical, biosocial in nature. It is recorded that the population of the Earth increases noticeably from era to era.
There is a concept that states that population growth is a factor determining the development of society. Within its framework there were outlined two options: 1) population growth is good for society, because stimulates the development of production ( V. Petty in England in the 17th century, M.M.Kovalevsky in Russia, XIX century) 2) population growth is evil, the source of social disasters. Thus, the English economist and priest T.R. Malthus(1766-1834) in his work “Essay on the Law of Population” argued that population growth, if it does not meet resistance, occurs in geometric progression(doubles every 25 years), and the growth of livelihoods is arithmetic. From this Malthus concludes: the main evil leading to poverty of the population is its growth.
Despite the inaccuracies in calculations and forecasts, for the first time in Malthus the question of population became the object of strictly scientific research. Moreover, the current demographic situation is characterized as “ population explosion» - a rapid increase in population growth rates due to the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America: if in 2000 the world’s population was 6 billion people, now it is already about 7 billion, in 2025 8 billion are expected, and in 2050 – 9.3 billion.
back side problems - a decrease in population growth in a number of developed countries: Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland, etc. Negative dynamics are also observed in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus. In general, maintaining the current growth rate of the Earth's population can lead to the destruction of the natural environment, economic decline, deterioration in the quality of life of people, migrant problems... To avoid this, it is necessary, at a minimum, to help reduce the rate of population growth in the countries of Asia and Africa, as well as to look for new ways to feed humanity, incl. due to the achievements of science, but this must be consistent with the solution of environmental problems.
The impact of nature on society (in its environmental aspect) received understanding within the framework geographical determinism– a direction in social philosophy, according to which factors of the geographical environment play a decisive role in the life and development of society. The foundations of this approach were outlined in antiquity ( Hippocrates), but it became especially widespread from the beginning of the 16th century. - the time of the beginning of great geographical discoveries.
One of the major representatives of geographical determinism in modern times C. Montesquieu in his book “On the Spirit of Laws” he pursued the idea that climate, soil, and terrain determine the moral and psychological appearance of the people, and through this, the laws and social system.
So, if southern peoples relaxed and lazy, then the peoples of the North, where the climate is harsh and the soil is poor, are brave and inclined to defend their freedom. As a result, despotism is more likely to develop in the south than in the north. Montesquieu's conclusion: “The power of climate is stronger than all powers!”
The geographical direction was also represented in our country. K.I.Ber(17921876) argued that the fate of peoples is determined “in advance and inevitably by the nature of the area they occupy.” L.I. Mechnikov(1838-1888) also sought to prove that the geographical environment is a decisive force for historical progress, while emphasizing the role of waterways. The development of society, according to him, proceeds from the ancient, isolated from each other, river civilizations, to the sea, and then to the oceanic ones, which begin with the discovery of America. This process, according to Mechnikov, leads to the acceleration of the development of society, to an increase in its dynamics.
Some Russian thinkers raised the question more broadly - about the influence of cosmic factors on the development of society ( Chizhevsky, L. Gumilyov, Vernadsky and etc.).
Geographical determinism in general is criticized for a certain metaphysical thinking, for the fact that it does not take into account the evolution of society and its reverse influence on nature. However, despite the one-sidedness of the theories considered, they reflect some important points influence of natural factors on social life.
Study of nature and specificity public life one should begin with the study of its primary element - man, man as a person. But a person is not born an individual. In the process of life activity, especially at an early age, she acquires all one way or another necessary social signs and traits that help her live and act in the social environment, perceive it and make her own influential adjustments in the process of activity.
An individual does not have the opportunity to choose where, when and how to live. He finds a certain natural and social environment and is forced to adapt and adapt to its conditions. This process of “entry” into public life is usually called socialization. Its essence lies in mastering social roles (son, brother, friend, student, buyer, passenger, etc.) and acquiring skills in appropriate role behavior. The acquisition and adjustment of such skills are stimulated by encouragement or condemnation from others, through a system of social control. Socialization begins in early childhood and continues throughout life, as the options for role behavior are endless.
So, a person constantly feels his complete or at least partial dependence on other people or is depersonalized by external circumstances. She sees that her desire and aspiration each time encounter certain obstacles, her opportunities to realize her own will and achieve her goal are, as a rule, limited. Already from childhood she gets used to perceiving the world people, as strictly normalized and determined by custom, law or someone's will. Therefore, the theory of socialization acquires decisive importance in studying the system of action of these factors.
Socialization will be the process during which a human being with certain biological inclinations acquires certain qualities necessary for life in society. In a broader definition, this concept is understood as the process of an individual’s assimilation of patterns of behavior, psychological mechanisms, social norms and values that are necessary for the successful functioning of the individual in a given society.
Socialization theory establishes under the influence of which social factors certain personality characteristics are created, and the very mechanism of the process of a person’s entry from the individual to the social. From these positions, the socialization system includes: social cognition, mastery of certain practical skills, assimilation of certain norms, positions, roles and statuses, development of value orientations and attitudes, as well as the inclusion of a person in active creative activity. Socialization includes the processes of assimilation, adaptation (getting used to new conditions), education (targeted influence on the spiritual sphere and behavior of the individual), training (mastering new knowledge) - in a word, mastering the “rules of life.” Sometimes, as derivatives, this includes maturation and maturation (sociopsychological and physiological processes of human formation). Thus, socialization is not only the acquisition of social and economic independence, but also the formation of personality. The individual is the starting point of this process, and the mature personality is the finishing point.
The process of socialization continues throughout life; several “life” cycles (stages) are distinguished in it: pre-labor, labor and non-labor. In this regard, socialization has an active character.
Depending on the age of a person, three main stages of socialization are conventionally defined: primary (socialization of a child, marginal (adolescent), persistent holistic socialization (transition to maturity). In addition, each period is characterized by certain characteristics. Thus, in adulthood, socialization is aimed at changing behavior in a new situation, and in childhood the emphasis is on the formation of value orientation. Adults leaning on own experience, are only able to evaluate and perceive them critically, and children are only able to assimilate them. In Fig. 1 shows the relationship between assimilation and acquisition social characteristics and qualities in the process of socialization and depending on age: at an early age - the process of assimilation of qualities takes place most intensively, and, as a rule, the most important vital signs, in more late age- vice versa.
Socialization- as a purposeful constructive process - should begin in childhood, when almost 70% of the human personality is formed. If you are late, irreversible processes may begin. It is in childhood that the foundation of socialization is laid; time is its most vulnerable stage. The process of acquiring certain social qualities occurs according to outside help- agents of socialization (specific people who are responsible for training and assimilation of cultural norms and social roles of institutions of socialization (institutions, institutions that influence the process of socialization and direct it). Since socialization is divided into two types - primary and secondary, insofar as agents and institutions of socialization are divided into primary (the immediate and immediate environment of a person: parents, family, relatives, friends, teachers, etc.), and secondary (all those who stand in the second, less important echelon of influence on a person: representatives of the administration of a school, institute, enterprise , army, church, law enforcement agencies, mass media, various formal organizations, official institutions).
Socialization goes through stages that coincide with the so-called life cycles. They mark important milestones in the biography of each person. Life cycles are associated with changes in social roles, acquisition of a new status, changes in lifestyle, and the like. This is the basis for one of the mechanisms of socialization - the so-called cyclical theory of socialization (according to the stages or cycles of individual human development). According to this theory of personality formation, there are respectively 8 stages, with each of which a characteristic mechanism of perception and mastery of the social environment occurs:
This theory has socio-psychological and age-related aspects of human formation.
The process of socialization sometimes changes significantly. This is usually associated with a person’s transition to a new stage in life, a new life cycle. A person has to relearn a lot: to move away from previous values, norms, roles, rules of behavior - (desocialization) by learning and assimilating new values, norms, roles, rules of behavior to replace the old ones (resocialization). All these subprocesses are included in the structure of the multifaceted mechanism of socialization.
Sociology studies socialization in different aspects: socialization of generations in specific historical conditions, individuals in certain socio-economic conditions, age socialization in the conditions of a particular society. But it will be more complete if we begin to study social phenomena from the conditions of their formation: natural, economic, cultural. This is the so-called evolutionary (complex) level of the socialization mechanism (Fig. 2. Factors in the formation of social relations).
Natural. Let's start with the fact that “social life” is a complex of phenomena that arise from the interaction of individuals and groups. “Publicity” manifests itself in both the plant and animal worlds. In plants, this is a natural process of evolution, adaptation to the environment, direct dependence on conditions, and there is no conscious action or intentions in them. An animal has connections, an awakening, which people also have, using the example of uncoordinated associations (cockroaches) of high-type cohesion (ants, bees, wolves, lions, monkeys). And since these connections are no longer determined by any factors, but only by natural ones, their influence on people can also be detected.
The initial foundations of social life are biological - these are the characteristics of the human body, biological needs, physiological processes. The main ones, thanks to which human culture was formed, are:
■ straight walking;
■ hands, fingers (until today universal tool human activity);
■ dependence of children on parents, care of the latter;
■ plasticity of needs, habits, developed adaptation;
■ stability and specificity of behavior (in particular, sexual "), connections.
There are various anthropological theories, according to which natural conditions are interpreted as the main factor in the development of society.
Geographical conditions- this is the second set of natural conditions. Man, as a “zoological species,” lives on land, where there is an influence of geographical conditions on its activities (relief, climatic and weather conditions). The specifics of these conditions reflect the placement of people, resettlement, and health status. (Example: comparison of the specifics of geographical and social conditions inhabitants of the tundra, desert, forest zone). There is a direction in sociological theory - geographical determinism, which explains the human psyche as a reaction to natural geographical conditions. (Example: comparison of the character of a Spaniard and a Swede). But man is a creative being, she changes, subordinates, adapts the environment. Dependence on geographical conditions was felt mainly only in primitive society. Therefore, the geographical environment, although it forms the basis, does not determine the course of social life.
Natural conditions can also include demographic foundations: these are the phenomena of fertility, natural increase, population density; the relative composition of a certain type of population (youth, older people). All this affects economic and social processes and phenomena (production, standard of living). The demographic process also determines certain frameworks for social life. A rationally regulated and hygienically healthy population is an important factor in social development.
Social theories that study the problem of social development, the size and quality of population, are defined as the concept of demographic determinism. Natural conditions are a necessary basis for social life, but are not decisive.
Another group of conditions-factors of social life is economic conditions. As a biological source, man depends to a certain extent on nature, but this dependence is not decisive. Man is essentially a creator - he adapts, subordinates the elements of the natural environment, and works. The process of a person’s purposeful influence, during which he transforms elements of the natural environment into means of satisfying his needs, into material goods necessary for life, is called labor. It's permanent and necessary process, and therefore the production of material goods determines the basic processes of social life. In order to transform an element of nature into a specific and necessary, worthy form for use and consumption, a person brings into action all his natural forces: hands, fingers, head. Acting on nature, it also changes socially. The production process itself includes:
■ purposeful human activity;
■ the item that is being produced;
■ the instrument by which one is guided.
Tools of labor have been modified in historical development under the influence of man; The people who worked with these tools also changed. But the production process is not only a level of development; in this process, people interacted with each other and entered into certain relationships and interconnections. This is how production and economic relations were formed - a system of connections and dependencies in which people are engaged in the process of production, exchange, and consumption. Economic relations are the way in which people of a certain society produce their means of living and exchange products (since there is a division of labor). People, engaged in production, enter into certain social and political relations.
Production and economic relations were transformed onto a certain basis - the relationship of people to the instruments of production (form of ownership). In the process of historical- economic development some took possession of the means, others offered labor ( physical strength, skill, knowledge). Hence the division of people into social classes and layers. Satisfaction with natural goods led to the formation of institutions of production, exchange and consumption, a certain system of relations, which, in turn, gave rise to various shapes communities of people.
Cultural Basics- this is the third set of factors that determine the phenomena and processes of social life.
The influence of culture on social life is expressed, first of all, through the socialization and formation of an individual, as well as through the formation and development of each individual era in the process of historical development of society, which, in turn, determines the shade and nature of socialization. The place and role of the phenomenon of culture is most fully realized thanks to the important social functions that culture has performed and continues to perform in society. Each individual becomes a member of society, and most importantly - a personality, only in the process of socialization, thanks to the assimilation of knowledge, skills, skills, language, values, norms, traditions, rules of behavior of his social group and the whole society as a whole. Culture consolidates, unites, integrates people, ensures the integrity of society.
Schematically, socialization can be depicted as a system “child - family - person”. It is in the family that the child acquires the first signs of social life. A person is formed in the process of education. The child learns, accepts and acquires certain traits, knowledge and skills.
The creation and introduction of a value system is another form of cultural influence. Culture establishes a system of values and defines criteria. This includes not only learning cultural norms and mastering social roles, but also the transmission from parents to children of social values, ideas about what is good and evil, good and bad, and the like. A person is primarily characterized by biological needs, and it satisfies them. In the further mechanism of satisfying needs, interests and values arise, because they are realized in different ways, means, methods - a choice is formed in interests and means.
In such situations, values come into play, the scale of values - those “objects” (material and spiritual) that provide a person with internal balance, or those that are necessary to satisfy needs, maintain internal balance. This - important factor behavior. Thanks to the hierarchy of values, a person shows his attitude, behaves, and reacts differently. A combination of her actions in various situations is created. Values are created and developed during the development of culture. They are acquired in social life - in the course of socialization. As a person develops, her value system is formed. A developed value system is the result of proper socialization. The value system determines the choice of means to satisfy needs, interests, and determines the direction of needs. And how the system of values is modified in different situations is recognized as “patterns” of actions and behavior established within a certain culture.
Patterns of activity and patterns of behavior are also elements of the mechanism of formation and functioning of social relations. Patterns of behavior are certain patterns of behavior used in certain situations, that is: “how to behave and act in different conditions and situations." A pattern of behavior expresses a certain regularity in the course of phenomena established and accepted in a given culture. This is established scheme social behavior. This is a desirable model associated with values that must be accepted. The accepted models become a style, a principle, and act in a certain way on the organization of human communities.
Ultimately, culture exerts an influential force on the formation of personality through the creation and functioning of social institutions, social systems. In the process of social development, forms of organizing the joint activities of people have historically been formed, according to which the latter, in the course of their life activities during mutual actions, use (and should) use accepted social norms and socio-cultural patterns that determine stable forms of social behavior. A person does not choose these norms and patterns, but consolidates them and acts in accordance with them.
Socialization, the establishment of values, samples and models, institutional factors are the most important ways of influencing culture on the course of social life. Together with the economic foundations, it gives people symbols, values, defines, and also responds to needs, after satisfying basic biological needs. During socialization, the individual plays both a passive (assimilating social experience, perception of values) and active role (formation a certain system orientation, settings).
The process of socialization in sociology is also considered as a dual process of the internal and external nature of an individual’s actions. Internality in human behavior manifests itself in transformation external factors social environment into the internal processes of consciousness and a person’s orientation towards external influencing life factors as a dominant. Externality turns out to be the objectification of the external world of a person in his practical activity, and the system of one’s own manifestations of conscious action with outside world is a dominant trait. Thus, culture is what is acquired by a person in the process of socialization. And socialization is how a person assimilates culture. It is both a mechanism and a process.
Topic 8. Natural factors in the development of society
The life of society takes place in a certain natural environment and therefore the latter undoubtedly influences the development of society. This topic examines specific natural factors and conditions affecting society. Natural factors of one kind directly affect the life and health of people and therefore they are classified as environmental determinants. The natural conditions and factors on which the development of the productive forces of society depends include the geographical conditions of its existence (climate, soil, presence of minerals, forests, rivers, lakes, etc.).
The impact of geographical factors on society has been noted by many historians, geographers, politicians and statesmen. Sometimes this impact was so greatly exaggerated that the geographical environment acted as the main determinant of the development of society; such views are rightly characterized as geographical determinism. Population also affects the development of society and its productive forces, but if before early XIX century, population growth was assessed positively, then later some economists and sociologists began to see it as a negative factor. The most prominent exponents of such negative views were T. Malthus and his followers - the Malthusians. Criticizing their views, it should be shown that demographic processes are determined not so much by biological as by socio-economic factors.
Key questions for discussion. What is meant by geographic environment? What is the essence of geographical determinism? Describe C. Montesquieu's views on the role of the geographical environment. What new does G. Buckle bring to the understanding of the geographical environment? What role does L. I. Mechnikov assign to the natural environment and river civilizations? What is environmental determinism? What impact does population have on the development of society? What is T. Malthus's doctrine of population? How is the population factor assessed in the materialistic understanding of history?
The basis for the development of human society is a system that connects three groups of factors: natural, industrial, social.
The functions of the natural environment must ensure the sustainable prosperity of human society.
This goal is specified by three groups of subgoals: environmental, social, economic.
Environmental - ensuring health and sustainable continuation of the human race as a biological species.
Social - ensuring spiritual development, which ultimately includes the cognitive, artistic and moral development of a person.
Economic - the production of material goods and services sufficient to ensure environmental and social goals.
Achieving environmental and social goals is largely driven by economic goals.
The basic factor in solving the problems of providing people with material goods and improving biological health
and spiritual development of a person is the natural environment, the functions of which are shown in the figure (Fig. 1.5).
The ecological function of the natural environment is the oldest and most important. It existed long before the other two functions appeared. At the first stages of his development, man used the gifts of nature without mediated by labor. This period of using "wild" ecological systems characterized by gathering and hunting. Flaw natural resources compensated by human migration to places of abundance of water and food, and a favorable climate.
Human development
Social factors
Maintaining human life as a biological species: habitat, breathing air, food resources, water resources, metabolic resources
Biological factors
Cognitive development: information resource, means of information exchange
Artistic development: development of creativity, aesthetic satisfaction, development of a sense of beauty and harmony
Moral development: nurturing a sense of humanism, developing a sense of optimism and stability
Environmental factors
Reproduction of means of production: source of objects of labor, means of labor, spatial environment, energy resource, information resource
Reproduction of consumer goods Reproduction of labor force
Rice. 1.5. Functions of the natural environment 32
The impact of the natural environment on the socio-economic system is direct, but at the same time necessary. Professor Ya.Ya. Roginsky identifies five main ways in which the natural environment influences people: first - direct influence on people's health, their physical endurance, performance, fertility and mortality; the second - through a person’s dependence on natural means of subsistence, on the abundance or lack of food, that is, game, fish, plant resources; third - the influence of the presence or absence of the necessary means of labor; fourth - the creation by nature itself of motives that encourage people to act, incentives to act in accordance with the requirements of changing environmental conditions; fifth - the presence or absence of natural barriers that prevent meetings and contacts between groups (oceans, deserts, mountains, swamps).
The absence of barriers, on the one hand, could turn out to be extremely useful for mutual enrichment of experience, and on the other hand, detrimental in the event of a collision with superior forces of hostile groups. (Roginsky Ya.Ya. Social essence and biological nature... - M.: Knowledge, 1983).
Analysis of the use of natural resources and indicators of socio-economic development allows us to trace a clear mutual connection between the state of the natural environment (sufficiency of natural resources, quality environment) and the level of development of the socio-economic system (Fig. 1.6). Direct and feedback connections can be specified as follows.
Abundant natural resources and favorable natural conditions stimulate growth in economic development and promote prosperity social system. However, these same favorable opportunities for the existence of the socio-economic system gradually turn into a kind of brake on the emergence of revolutionary changes in the system and lead to a certain stagnation.
b) stimulates the involvement of new natural resources
1. Excess, flourishing
2. Natural resources. Natural environment
3. Deficiency, degradation
1. Bloom
2. Socio-economic system
3. Degradation
Stimulates growth in development rates
a) reduces labor intensity and load on the environment
Leads to depletion of natural resources, degradation of the natural environment
a) causes a crisis in the system
6) stimulates the search for ways out of the crisis
Slows down revolutionary changes
The deterioration of the natural environment forces us to look for ways out of the crisis, stimulates the emergence of basic technical ideas and principles, and revolutionary transformations in society.
Impact of the socio-economic system on the natural environment.
When analyzing feedback You can also highlight positive and negative impacts. The development of the productive forces of society makes it possible to involve new natural resources in production or to use poorer sources and secondary resources, as well as to reduce the specific need for natural resources per unit of production and reduce the man-made load on the natural environment.
Intensive use of natural resources in the absence of high-quality development of productive forces leads to depletion of natural resources and degradation of the natural environment.
