Krasnitsky L.N. Early ethnic history of the Oryol region. Oryol region. Historical sketch
Administrative division and population of the region. By decree of Catherine II of February 28, 1778, the Oryol province included 13 counties: Oryol, Karachevsky, Bryansky, Eletsky, Volkhovsky, Trubchevsky, Sevsky, Kromskoy, Mtsensky, L. Ivensky, Maloarkhangelsk, Lugansk and Deshkinsky. (Application AND)
A few months after the formation of the Oryol province, on September 5, 1778, a decree of Catherine II on the creation of the Oryol governorship was published. In addition to the Oryol province, it included Smolensk and Belgorod.
Thus, Orel became the center of both the province and the governorship and existed in this capacity until 1796 (Appendix Z.)
Population of the Oryol region in the 18th century. The bulk of the population of the Oryol region consisted of peasants. Its growth was slow and was carried out mainly due to the development of new lands, where peasants moved from the old estates of landowners located in more northern territories. Population growth due to the birth rate due to significant infant mortality and low life expectancy was small. According to the 4th revision in 1782, the taxable population of the Oryol province amounted to 482.5 thousand people, and according to the fifth revision in 1795 it slightly exceeded 500 thousand. In general, according to individual historians, on the territory of the province at the end of the 18th century . There were over 900 thousand inhabitants.
Oryol province from the second half of the 18th century. was distinguished by a high percentage of serfs. According to the 4th revision, there were 302,444 serfs, and according to the 5th - 313,090. Serfs made up 63% of the total mass of peasants in the province. Such a large number of serfs can be explained by the distribution of land to the noble aristocracy during the reign of Catherine II.
The percentage of the urban population of the Oryol province was not large, since the overwhelming majority of the population lived in rural areas, and 2/3 of it were serfs.
Thus, in the 18th century. The overwhelming majority of the population of the Oryol Territory, like other regions of Russia, was associated with agriculture.
Education V Oryol province. Education in the provinces was at a low level for a long time, although in the second half of the 18th century. In Russia, a public school system began to take shape. In the Oryol region, the main pedagogical centers continued to be monasteries. In August 1778, a theological seminary was established in the Oryol province (until 1817, it was located in the county town of Sevsk). Its opening took place on October 16, 1778
The Theological Seminary (bishop's school) was one of the few educational institutions in the province. It trained priests for the parishes of the Oryol diocese. She played a positive role in the development of education. Not all of its graduates became priests; some of them continued their studies in other secular educational institutions. Teachers for the public schools of the province were recruited from the students of the theological seminary.
Soon after the opening of the seminary, several theological schools were established. In particular, on September 15, 1779, the Oryol Theological School began its activities, which was located in the Assumption Monastery.
IN In 1780, there were 285 students at the Oryol School from Oryol, Mtsensk, Karachev and Krom. Here they taught Latin, Greek and French, sacred history, arithmetic, grammar, and catechism. Later a poetry class was opened, teaching
German language and philosophy.
By 1790 the number of students was already 382 people.
Music. In the second half of the 18th century. Professional music also began to develop - at this time the Oryol Music Chapel was created in Oryol. The nobles often organized concerts, musical performances and evenings, and were enthusiastically involved in playing music at home.
Architecture. Mid-18th century in the architecture of the Oryol region is characterized by the development of the Baroque style. Intensive construction of civil and religious buildings continued. However, there are few monuments of industrial and civil architecture of that time left.
The appearance of the serf theater. Performances by artists in booths, at holidays, and at fairs were a common occurrence in Russia. But professional theater appeared only under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, and gained real popularity after Peter’s reforms in the second half of the 18th century. Serf theaters became widespread. Troupes of serf actors were maintained by large landowners. Actors performed tragedies and comedies on specially arranged stages and took part in opera and ballet performances. The quantitative composition of the troupe depended on the wealth of the owner.
On July 17, 1787, on the occasion of Catherine II’s passage through Orel, the “noble troupe” gave a big performance at the residence of the Governor General. In the presence of the Peratrice, the actors played the comedy of the French dramatist Charles Favard “Soliman II, or “The Three Sultanas”. This was the first theatrical performance recorded in the history of Orel.
Thus, the city of Orel in the second half of the 18th century developed rapidly in a cultural direction. Education, music, architecture - everything moved forward. Leaving behind indelible marks in the history of the Oryol region.
TURGENEV IVAN SERGEEVICH (1818 - 1883)
The great Russian writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born in Orel. On his father's side, Turgenev belonged to an old noble family. Mother, nee Lutovinova, a wealthy landowner; The writer spent his childhood years on her estate Spasskoye-Lutovinovo (Mtsensk district, Oryol province).
In 1833, the future writer entered the literature department of Moscow University, and in 1834 he transferred to the history and philology department of St. Petersburg University. An indelible mark on the soul of young Turgenev was left by his love for Princess E. L. Shakhovskaya, who was experiencing an affair with his father at that time. This deep feeling was reflected in the story “First Love” (1860).
In May 1838, Turgenev went to Germany. The disaster of the steamship “Nicholas I”, on which the writer was sailing, will be described by him in the essay “Fire at Sea”. In Berlin, he meets the ideologist of Russian anarchism M. A. Bakunin. Upon arrival in Russia, Ivan Sergeevich visits the Bakunin estate Premukhino and becomes friends with this family. Soon Turgenev's romance with T. A. Bakunina begins, which does not interfere with his connection with the seamstress A. E. Ivanova (she will give birth to Turgenev's daughter Pelageya).
In January 1843, Turgenev entered the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In the same year, he met the singer Pauline Viardot (Viardot-Garcia). In May 1845, Turgenev retired. From the beginning of 1847 to June 1850 he lived abroad. In France, Turgenev witnesses the revolution of 1848. The main work of this period was “Notes of a Hunter,” which is a cycle of lyrical essays and stories.
In April 1852, for his response to the death of N.V. Gogol, which was banned in St. Petersburg and published in Moscow, Turgenev was sent to the convention and the story “Mumu” was written). In May he was sent to Spasskoye.
Until July 1856, Turgenev lived in Russia: in the winter, mostly in St. Petersburg, in the summer in Spassky, he worked in the editorial office of Sovremennik. Having left abroad in July 1856, Turgenev found himself in a painful whirlpool of a love relationship with Viardot. In the future, Turgenev’s year will often be divided into “European, winter” and “Russian, summer” seasons.
In 1863, a new rapprochement between Turgenev and Pauline Viardot took place. His pan-European fame is growing: in 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president; in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford. In 1880, Turgenev took part in the celebrations in honor of the opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow. In 1879-81. the old writer experiences a violent infatuation with the actress M. G. Savina, which adorned his last visits to his homeland.
Turgenev's death was preceded by more than a year and a half of painful illness (spinal cord cancer). The funeral in St. Petersburg resulted in a mass demonstration. The great writer died in the town of Bougival, near Paris, and was buried in the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg.
LESKOV NIKOLAY SEMYONOVICH (1831 - 1895)
Born on February 4 (16 NS) in the village of Gorokhov, Oryol province, in the family of an official of the criminal chamber, who came from the clergy. His childhood years were spent on the estate of the Strakhov relatives, then in Orel. In the Oryol wilderness, the future writer was able to see and learn a lot, which later gave him the right to say: “I did not study the people from conversations with St. Petersburg cab drivers... I grew up among the people... I was one of their own with the people... I was this People are closest to the priests..." In 1841-1846. Leskov studied at the Oryol gymnasium, which he failed to graduate from: in his sixteenth year he lost his father, and the family’s property was destroyed in a fire. Leskov joined the Oryol Criminal Chamber of the Court. In 1849, with the support of his uncle, Kyiv professor S. Alferyev, Leskov was transferred to Kyiv as an official of the treasury chamber. In the house of his uncle, his mother’s brother, a professor of medicine, under the influence of progressive university professors, Leskov’s ardent interest in Herzen, in the great poet of Ukraine Taras Shevchenko, in Ukrainian culture was awakened; he became interested in ancient painting and architecture of Kyiv, later becoming an outstanding connoisseur of ancient Russian art.
In 1857 Leskov retired and entered the private service to the big one trading company, which was engaged in the resettlement of peasants to new lands, and on whose business he traveled almost the entire European part of Russia. In January 1861, Leskov settled in St. Petersburg with the desire to devote himself to literary and journalistic activities. He began publishing in Otechestvennye zapiski. Then he travels a lot around Europe.
In the spring of 1863, Leskov returned to Russia. Knowing the province well, its needs, human characters, details of everyday life and deep ideological currents, Leskov did not accept the calculations of “theorists” divorced from Russian roots. He talks about this in the story “Musk Ox”, in the novels “Nowhere”, “Bypassed”, “On Knives”. They highlight the theme of Russia's unpreparedness for the revolution and the tragic fate of people who connected their lives with the hope of its speedy implementation. Hence the disagreements with the revolutionary democrats. In 1870 - 1880 Leskov overestimated a lot; acquaintance with Tolstoy has a great influence on him. National-historical issues appeared in his work: the novel “The Soborians”, “A Seedy Family”. During these years, he wrote several stories about artists: “The Islanders”, “The Captured Angel”.
The talent of the Russian man, the kindness and generosity of his soul always admired Leskov, and this theme found expression in the stories “Lefty (The Tale of the Tula Oblique Lefty and the Steel Flea)”, “The Stupid Artist”, “The Man on the Clock”. Satire, humor and irony occupy a large place in Leskov’s legacy: “Selected Grain”, “Shameless”, “Idle Dancers”, etc. The writer suffered from angina pectoris for many years. In the winter of 1895, his illness worsened, and on February 21 (March 5) Nikolai Leskov died.
FET AFANASY AFANASIEVICH (1820 - 1892)
Born on November 23 (December 5), 1820 in the village of Novoselki near the city of Mtsensk, Oryol province. A few months before his birth, his mother ran away from her husband with the Russian landowner Shenshin. At baptism, the boy was recorded as the legitimate son of Shenshin. But when he was fourteen years old, the Oryol spiritual consistory considered this recording legally illegal. The boy was to bear the surname of the father of the Hesse-Darmstadt subject Fet. He was deprived of all privileges given to hereditary nobles. Regaining his lost position became an obsession that determined his entire life path. At the same time he was sent to a German boarding school in Verro (Estonia).
In 1837, Fet came to Moscow and soon entered the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow University, where he wrote poetry. In 1845, Fet entered the cuirassier regiment as a non-commissioned officer, stationed in the Kherson province - he dreamed of becoming a hereditary Russian nobleman, and the first officer rank gave the right to this. In the Kherson years, Maria Lazich, a girl without a dowry who was in love with him and loved by him, whom he, due to his poverty, did not dare to marry, died in a fire (probably committed suicide). Fet’s masterpieces of love lyrics are dedicated to her memory: “Irresistible Image”, “Old Letters”, “In the Silence and Darkness of a Mysterious Night”, and others.
In 1853, Fet sought a transfer to a guards regiment stationed near St. Petersburg. He was never able to rise to the nobility, since new imperial decrees constantly raised the bar for military rank. In 1858
Fet retired with the rank of staff captain (it corresponded to the major), while nobility was given only by the rank of colonel. The poet again radically changes his life path. Having married M.P. in 1857. Botkina, the daughter of a wealthy merchant, he improved his financial affairs. In 1860, he bought the Stepanovka farm in his native Mtsensk district, in the places where the Shenshin family estates were located. Fet turned out to be an excellent owner; he became a respected person among the neighboring landowners; For 11 years he held the honorary position of justice of the peace. Since 1862, he has published essays in Russky Vestnik and other magazines, where he describes in detail his economic work.
In 1873, he managed to achieve the return of the Shenshin surname, hereditary nobility and inheritance rights. He returned to literature only in the 1880s, having become rich and bought a mansion in Moscow. After a long break, he again begins to write poetry, which is published under the title “Evening Lights” in editions of several hundred copies. Two volumes of memoirs appeared.
Towards the end of his life, Fet began to be overcome by the ailments of old age - his vision deteriorated sharply, and he was tormented by attacks of suffocation. He died in Moscow on November 21 (December 3), 1892. By nature, it was a premeditated suicide: Fet suffocated while trying to commit suicide with a stiletto or a knife.
ANDREEV LEONID NIKOLAEVICH (1871 - 1919)
Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev was born on August 9 in the city of Orel into the family of an official. At the age of 11, he entered the Oryol gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1891. In his youth, he did not think of becoming a writer.
At the age of 26, having graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, the future writer was planning to become a sworn attorney, but unexpectedly received an offer from a lawyer friend to take the place of a court reporter in the Moskovsky Vestnik newspaper. Having received recognition as a talented reporter, literally two months later he moved to the Kurier newspaper. Thus began the birth of the writer Andreev: he wrote numerous reports, feuilletons, and essays.
The very first story, “Bargamot and Garaska” (1898), published in “Courier,” attracted the attention of readers and delighted Gorky. The plots of many works of this time were directly suggested by life (“Petka at the Dacha”). In 1889 -1899. new stories by L. Andreev appear, including “Grand Slam” and “Angel”, which are distinguished from the first stories (based on incidents from life) by the author’s interest in an incident in a person’s life.
In 1901, the St. Petersburg publishing house “Znanie”, headed by Gorky, published “Stories” by L. Andreev, including the famous story “Once upon a time.” The success of the writer, especially among young people, was enormous. Andreev was worried about increasing alienation and loneliness modern man, his lack of spirituality - the stories “City”, “In the Grand Slam”. Early Andreev is concerned with the themes of fatal accident, madness and death - “Thought”, “The Life of Vasily Fiveysky”, “Ghosts”. In 1904, at the height of the Russo-Japanese War, Andreev wrote the story “Red Laughter,” which defined a new stage in his work. The madness of war is expressed in the symbolic image of the Red Laughter, which begins to dominate the world. During the revolution of 1905, Andreev provided assistance to the revolutionaries, for which he was arrested and imprisoned. However, he was never a convinced revolutionary. His doubts were reflected in his work: the play “To the Stars,” imbued with revolutionary pathos, appeared simultaneously with the story “It Was So,” which skeptically assessed the possibilities of the revolution.
In 1907 - 1910 such modernist works as “Sava”, “Darkness”, “Tsar Hunger”, philosophical dramas - “Human Life”, “Black Masks”, “Anatema” were published. During these years, Andreev began to actively collaborate with the modernist almanacs of the publishing house "Rosehovnik". In the 1910s None of Andreev’s new works becomes a literary event, however, Bunin writes in his diary: “Still, this is the only modern writer to whom I am attracted, whose every new thing I immediately read.” Andreev's last major work, written under the influence of world war and revolution, is “Notes of Satan.” Andreev did not accept the October Revolution. In December 1917, when Finland gained independence, the writer and his family remained to live on Finnish dacha.
The writing talent was inherited by the son of Leonid Andreev, Daniil, a famous writer, poet and philosopher, author of the treatise “Rose of the World”.
BUNIN IVAN ALEXEEVICH (1870 - 1953)
Born on October 22, 1870 in Voronezh, in the family of an impoverished nobleman who belonged to an old noble family. The first three years of Ivan Bunin’s life were spent in Voronezh, then on the Butyrki farm in the Yeletsky district of the Oryol province. In 1881 he entered the gymnasium in Yelets, but studied there for only five years, since the family did not have the funds to educate their youngest son. His older brother Julius helped Bunin master the gymnasium and university curriculum. In May 1887, the St. Petersburg weekly magazine Rodina published one of his poems for the first time. Since the fall of 1889, Bunin has been working in the editorial office of the Orlovsky Vestnik newspaper, where he met his future wife Varvara Pashchenko, who worked as a proofreader for the newspaper. Bunin entered the service in Poltava as a librarian of the zemstvo government, and then as a statistician in the provincial government. In January 1895, after his wife’s betrayal, Ivan Bunin left his service and moved first to St. Petersburg and then to Moscow.
In 1898, Bunin married Anna Tsakni, a Greek woman. Family life again it turned out to be unsuccessful and in 1900 the couple divorced, and in 1905 their son Nikolai died. In 1906, Bunin met Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva in Moscow, who became his wife in 1907 and faithful companion until the end of his life. Later, Muromtseva wrote a series of memoirs about her husband (“The Life of Bunin” and “Conversations with Memory”). In February 1920, Bunin emigrated first to the Balkans, then to Paris. From the summer of 1923 he moved to the Alpes-Maritimes and came to Paris only for a few winter months. In 1933, Ivan Bunin, the first Russian writer, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The official Soviet press explained the decision of the Nobel Committee as the machinations of imperialism.
In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, the Bunins settled in the south of France, in Grasse, at the Villa Jeannette, where they spent the entire war. Bunin repeatedly expressed his desire to return to Russia; in 1946, he called the decree of the Soviet government “On the restoration of USSR citizenship to subjects of the former Russian Empire...”, but Zhdanov’s decree on the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad” (1946), which trampled A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko, led to Bunin forever abandoning his intention to return to his homeland. The last years of the writer passed in poverty. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin died in Paris. On the night of November 7-8, 1953, two hours after midnight, Bunin passed away: Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was buried in the Russian cemetery of Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois, near Paris.
Among the works of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin: “Poems”, “To the End of the World”, “Under the Open Air”, “Antonov Apples”, “Pines”, “New Road”, “Leaf Fall”, “Black Soil”, “Temple of the Sun”, “ Village”, “Sukhodol”, “Brothers”, “Cup of Life”, “Mr. from San Francisco”, “Cursed Days”; diary entries about the events of the October Revolution and its consequences and others.
ZAITSEV BORIS KONSTANTINOVICH (1881-1972)
Born on January 29 in Orel in the family of a mining engineer. In Kaluga he graduated from a classical gymnasium and a real school. In 1898 he entered the Imperial Technical School, but a year later he was expelled for participating in student unrest. He goes to St. Petersburg, enters the Mining Institute, but soon leaves it, returns to Moscow and, having successfully passed the exams again, becomes a student at the university's Faculty of Law, but after studying for three years, he leaves the university. Passion for literature becomes a lifelong pursuit. In 1902, Boris Zaitsev became a member of the Moscow literary circle “Sreda”. The first successful publications open the way for Zaitsev to any magazines. The main advantage of his stories, novels, plays was the joy of life, the bright optimistic beginning of his worldview.
In 1906, his acquaintance with Bunin turned into a close friendship, which would remain until the last days of their lives, although at times they quarreled, however, very quickly making up. In 1912 he marries and his daughter Natasha is born. Among these events in his personal life, he completed work on the novel “The Far Land” and began translating Dante’s “Divine Comedy”.
Zaitsev lives and works for a long time in his father’s house in Pritykino, Tula province. Here he receives news of the beginning of the First World War and a summons for mobilization. The thirty-five-year-old writer became a cadet at a military school in Moscow, and in 1917 - a reserve officer in an infantry regiment. He didn’t have to fight - the revolution began. Zaitsev is trying to find a place for himself in this collapsing world, which comes with great difficulty, outrages many people, and turns out to be unacceptable. He participates in the work of the Moscow Educational Commission. Further, joyful events (book publications) give way to tragic ones: the wife’s son (from his first marriage) was arrested and shot, his father dies.
In 1921, he was elected chairman of the Writers' Union, in the same year cultural figures joined the famine relief committee, and a month later they were arrested and taken to Lubyanka. A few days later, Zaitsev was released, he left for Pritykino and returned to Moscow in the spring of 1922, where he fell ill with typhus. After recovery, he decides to go abroad with his family to improve his health. Thanks to Lunacharsky's assistance, he receives a visa and leaves Russia. At first he lives in Berlin, works a lot, then in 1924 he comes to Paris, meets Bunin, Kuprin, Merezhkovsky and remains forever in the capital of the emigrants abroad.
Until the end of his days, Zaitsev worked actively, wrote and published a lot. Carrying out what has been planned for a long time - writes fictional biographies people dear to him, writers: “The Life of Turgenev” (1932), “Zhukovsky” (1951), “Chekhov” (1954). In 1964, he wrote his last story, “The River of Times,” which will give the title to his last book.
On January 21, 1972, Zaitsev died in Paris and was buried in the Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois cemetery.
PRSHVIN MIKHAIL MIKHAILOVICH (1873 - 1954)
Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was born on February 4, 1873 in the Khrushchevo estate, Yelets district, Oryol province (Lipetsk region), into a merchant family. In 1883, Prishvin entered the Yelets gymnasium, but was expelled from the 4th grade “for insolence to the teacher.” I had to complete my studies at the Tyumen Real School. In 1893-1897 Mikhail studied at the Riga Polytechnic Institute. In 1897, he was arrested for participating in Marxist circles, spent a year in Mitau prison, and then sent into two-year exile in Yelets.
In 1900-1902 Mikhail Prishvin studied at the agronomy department of the University of Leipzig, after which he worked as a zemstvo agronomist and published several articles and books on his specialty. “In his distant youth, Prishvin fell in love with a student girl: it was abroad. The young man was not yet ready to realize active love: falling in love was only a pretext for his poetic flight. The bride, with feminine insight, understood everything and refused. The young man “soared” even higher from this refusal and his dissatisfied feeling switched entirely to poetry.
He returned to his homeland. The bride remained in England, withered and withered as a bank clerk. On the verge of mental illness, suffering from loneliness, constantly thinking about his lost bride, Prishvin meets a simple, illiterate “first and very good woman” and lives with her (Efrosinia Pavlovna) all his long life. Efrosinia Pavlovna gave birth to the writer two sons: Lev Mikhailovich Prishvin-Alpatov and Pyotr Mikhailovich. But until he grows old, he sees his lost bride in his dreams.” -
Mikhail Prishvin began publishing in 1898. His name became famous in literary circles in 1907-1908. During the First World War, the writer was a war correspondent, in 1918-1922. worked as a rural teacher in the Smolensk region. In 1919, when Prishvin lived in Yelets, during the invasion of the city by the Cossacks of Mamontov Prishvin, they almost shot him, mistaking him for a Jew. Since 1923, the writer moved to Moscow. where in 1937 he managed to get an apartment in the writers' house, opposite the Tretyakov Gallery. “When arranging a secluded home, Prishvin chose a higher apartment, on the sixth floor, an “obstacle” for Efrosinia Pavlovna (Prishvin’s wife), so that she, afraid to use the elevator, would come to Moscow less often.”
Mikhail Prishvin died on January 16, 1954 in Moscow. He was buried at the Vvedensky cemetery.
Among the works of Mikhail Prishvin are essays, short stories, stories: “In the Land of Unfrightened Birds” (1907; collection of essays), “Behind the Magic Kolobok” (1908; collection of essays), “At the Walls of the Invisible City” (1909; collection), “Adam and Eve” (1910; essay), “Black Arab” (1910; essay), “Glorious are the Tambourines” (1913), “Shoes” (1923), “Springs of Berendey” (1925-1926), “Ginseng” ( first title - “The Root of Life”, 1933; story), “Calendar of Nature” (1935; phenological notes), “Spring of Light” (1938; story), “Undressed Spring” (1940; story), “Phacelia” (1940; prose poem) and others.
NOVIKOV IVAN ALEXEEVICH (1877-1959)
Ivan Alekseevich Novikov was born on January 1, 1877 in the village of Ilkova, Mtsensk district, Oryol province. Graduated from the Moscow Agricultural Institute (1901). In 1899, Novikov published his first story, “The Dream of Sergei Ivanovich.” In 1901, under the pseudonym M. Green-Eyed, he published the play “On the Way”, in 1904 - a collection of short stories “Searching”, in 1906 - a novel “From the Life of the Spirit”, in 1908 - a collection of poems “To the Holy Spirit”. Having started as a realist, Novikov in 1904-1910 became interested in symbolism and mysticism (the novel “Golden Crosses”, 1908), then returned to realism again. The writer focuses on images of a disappointed intellectual seeking salvation in love (the story “Kalina in the Front Garden”, 1917; “The Tale of a Brown Apple”, 1917), an ideal Russian woman (the stories “Joan of Arc”, 1911 g., “The Miracle of St. Nicholas”, 1912), youth of the beginning of the century (the novel “Between Two Dawns”, second title - “House of Orembovsky”, 1915).
In the 30s, Novikov turned to historical themes (“City, Sea, Village”, 1931). His most significant work is the novel “Pushkin in Exile” (Part 1 - “Pushkin in Mikhailovsky”, 1936; Part 2 - “Pushkin in the South”, 1943) - a historical and artistic canvas on a documentary basis. The action of the novel develops slowly, consistently, and in detail. Novikov is a master of psychological portraiture, picturesque landscape, a subtle lyricist and a connoisseur of language. His play “Pushkin in the South” (1937) and the film script “Young Pushkin” (1949) are also dedicated to A. S. Pushkin. Novikov worked a lot on “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”; in 1938 he performed a poetic translation of it; in the article “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign and its Author” (1938). Novikov put forward a hypothesis about the author of the monument. He is the author of the poetic translation of “Zadonshchina” (1949).
In the last years of his life, Novikov returned to lyrical-philosophical poetry (the collection “Under the Native Sky”, 1956) and wrote the books “Turgenev - an artist of words. About “Notes of a Hunter” (1954), a book of essays about the style of Russian writers “The Writer and His Work” (1956)
Ivan Alekseevich Novikov died on January 10, 1959.
APUKHTIN ALEXEY NIKOLAEVICH (1840-1893)
Alexey Nikolaevich Apukhtin, Russian poet and prose writer, was born on November 15 (27), 1840 in the city of Bolkhov, Oryol province, into the family of an old noble family of the Apukhtins. He spent his childhood in the village of Pavlodar, on his father’s family estate. The future poet studied at the St. Petersburg School of Law (1852-1859), where he became friends with P.I. Tchaikovsky. According to the testimony of the composer’s brother M.I. Tchaikovsky, Apukhtin enjoyed the patronage of I.S. Turgenev and A.A. Fet.
His first poems were imbued with anti-serfdom and civic motives (the cycle “Village Sketches”, 1859) in the spirit of the poetry of N.A. Nekrasov. In 1859, the Sovremennik magazine published a series of short lyrical poems, “Village Sketches.”
After 1862, he withdrew from literary activity, citing the desire to remain outside the political struggle, aloof from any literary or political parties. He served in the Ministry of Justice, lived on a family estate in the Oryol province; in 1863-1865 - senior official of special assignments under the governor; then in St. Petersburg he was listed as an official of the Ministry of Internal Affairs; I've been abroad several times. In 1865, in Orel, he gave two public lectures on the life and work of A.S. Pushkin, which marked Apukhtin’s final departure from democratic positions. In the same year he returned to St. Petersburg.
After a long break (with the exception of magazine publications in 1872-1873), from the mid-1880s he returned to print - first with individual poems, and then with the collection “Poems” (1886), which brought him quick fame as one of the best poets of the timeless era, who combined the “anacreontic” hedonism of a sybarite with the sadness of a disappointed idealist, alien to the world of hypocrisy, vulgarity and self-interest. The amateurism of his poetry, proclaimed by Apukhtin himself, manifested itself in a free variety of themes and genres (melancholy reflection, plot monologue, album or diary entry, “gypsy” romance, impromptu, friendly message, parody), while distinguished by psychological authenticity, melodic and clear language, easy based on memory and music (many of Apukhtin’s poems are set to music by Tchaikovsky and other composers - “Forget So Soon,” “Does the Day Reign,” “Crazy Nights,” “Sleepless Nights,” etc. They are classic examples of Russian romance) .
The image of the “superfluous person” ripening in Apukhtin’s poetic world is confirmed both in the poem “A Year in the Monastery” (1885) and in the heroes of his prose - the stories “The Archive of Countess D**” (1890); “The Diary of Pavlik Dolsky” (1891); in the fantastic story “Between Life and Death,” all published posthumously in 1895, as well as in an unfinished novel from the pre-reform era (published in 1898), critically depicting the life and customs of secular society.
Apukhtin died in St. Petersburg on August 17 (29), 1893.
ESENIN SERGEY ALEXANDROVICH (1894 - 1925) AND
REICH ZINAIDA NIKOLAEVNA (1894-1939)
Sergei Yesenin was born on November 3, 1894 in the village of Konstantinov, Ryazan province, into a peasant family. Having composed poetry since childhood (mainly in imitation of A.V. Koltsov, I.S. Nikitin, S.D. Drozhzhin), Yesenin finds like-minded people in the “Surikov Literary and Musical Circle”, of which he became a member in 1912. He began publishing in 1914 in Moscow children's magazines (debut poem "Birch").
Young Yesenin graduated from a rural school, then from a church-teacher school in Spas-Klepiki. During Yesenin’s conquest of fashionable literary salons in Petrograd, Zinaida Reich appeared in his life.
Zinaida Reich was born in the village of Blizhnye Melnitsy near Odessa on June 21, 1894. She met the aspiring poet Yesenin at the editorial office of the newspaper Delo Naroda, where she worked as a secretary-typist. Yesenin was published in this newspaper.
At the end of August 1917, the young couple came to Orel with Alexei Ganin to celebrate a modest wedding and meet Zinaida Nikolaevna’s parents and relatives. In Petrograd, the newlyweds rented 2 rooms on Liteiny. At the beginning of their life together, Yesenin was proud that he had a wife. But Sergei did not live with her constantly, although she gave birth to two children from him - Tatyana (1918) and Konstantin (1920). And then, as Mariengof said, Yesenin asked a friend to help him send Zinaida to Oryol. “... I can’t live with Zinaida... I told her that she doesn’t want to understand... She won’t leave, that’s all... she won’t leave for anything - Tell her, Tolya, that I have another woman.”
Zinaida Reich and her daughter left for Oryol. After the final break with Zinaida, Reich Yesenin took casual meetings with ease, drank with pleasure and made scandals in taverns...
From translator Nadezhda Volpin Yesenin had a son, Alexander.
In 1921, Yesenin married the American dancer Isadora Duncan, who lived in Moscow. After the wedding, they traveled to Europe and the USA, and upon returning to Russia they separated.
In the fall of 1925, Yesenin married for the third time to Sofya Andreevna Tolstoy. At the end of November, due to the threat of arrest, he had to go to a psychoneurological clinic. Sofya Tolstaya agreed with Professor P.B. Gannushkin about the poet’s hospitalization in a paid clinic at Moscow University. The professor promised to provide him with a separate room where Yesenin could do literary work.
The GPU and police officers went crazy looking for the poet. Only a few people knew about his hospitalization in the clinic, but informants were found. On November 28, security officers rushed to the director of the clinic, Professor P.B. They demanded the extradition of Yesenin to Gannushkin, but he did not hand over his fellow countryman to death. The clinic is under surveillance. Having waited a moment, Yesenin interrupts the course of treatment (he left the clinic in a group of visitors) and on December 23 leaves for Leningrad. On the night of December 28, at the Angleterre Hotel, Sergei Yesenin committed suicide.
In the fall of 1921, Zinaida entered the studio of Vsevolod Meyerhold. He made her a magnificent actress, gave Zinaida a house, a family, and adopted Yesenin’s children. During this period, Yesenin appeared again in Zinaida’s life. They began to meet secretly, he began to visit the children more often, but these meetings only added bitterness and pain to their complex relationship. Z. Reich, in one or another poem, Yesenina encounters lines dedicated to her. When she found out about his death, she immediately left for Leningrad. As Konstantin Yesenin testified, my father constantly carried a photograph of “my trinity” in his wallet until the last hour. On July 14, Zinaida Nikolaevna was seriously wounded by NKVD officers (7-8 wounds were inflicted in the heart area, one in the neck) and died in the hospital from blood loss.
BULGAKOV SERGY NIKOLAEVICH (1871-1944)
Sergius Nikolaevich Bulgakov was born on July 16/28, 1871 in the city of Livny, Oryol province, into the family of a priest. He studied at the Oryol Theological Seminary until 1887, then at the Yelets Gymnasium, and from 1890 at the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, from which he graduated in 1894 and was left to prepare for the professorship.
In 1896, Bulgakov published his first book, “On Markets in Capitalist Production,” written from a Marxist perspective. In 1898 he married Elena Ivanovna Tokmakova (1868-1945). In 1905, upon hearing the news of the Manifesto on October 17, Bulgakov, putting on a red bow, went out to the demonstration together with students, but at some point, in his own words, “he felt quite clearly the spirit of the Antichrist spirit” and, upon arriving home, threw away the red bow in the toilet
In 1906, Bulgakov was one of the founders of the Union of Christian Politics, and in 1907 he was elected to the State Duma from the Oryol province as a non-party “Christian socialist”, he published articles where he preached the ideas of Christian socialism. However, after the dissolution of the Duma in 1907, Bulgakov was completely disillusioned with the revolution and became a convinced monarchist. In 1909 he participated in the collection “Vekhi”, the authors of which called on the intelligentsia to turn from revolution to religion. On June 11, 1918, Bulgakov was ordained a priest at the Danilovsky Monastery in Moscow.
Since 1919, Bulgakov has been a professor at Simferopol University, where he taught political economy and theology. Later he lived in Yalta. On September 20, 1922, Cheka officers conducted a search of Bulgakov. On October 13, he was arrested and transferred to Simferopol. There, Bulgakov was announced a deportation order abroad. On December 30, he sailed from Sevastopol to Constantinople, where he arrived on January 7, 1923. From Constantinople in the same 1923 he moved to Prague, and in 1925 he settled in Paris, where he became a professor of theology and dean of the Orthodox Theological Institute. Abroad, Bulgakov wrote and published almost exclusively theological works: “The Burning Bush” (1927), “Jacob’s Ladder” (1929), “St. Peter and John" (1926), "Friend of the Bridegroom" (1927), "Lamb of God" (1933), "Bride of the Lamb" (1945), "Comforter" (1936), "Apocalypse of John" (1948), "Orthodoxy" ( 1964), a collection of sermons “The Joy of the Church”, etc. He also created religious and philosophical studies “The Tragedy of Philosophy” (1927) and “The Philosophy of the Name” (1953).
Bulgakov died in Paris on July 13, 1944 from a cerebral hemorrhage. He was buried on July 15, 1944 at the Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois cemetery.
BAKHTIN MIKHAIL MIKHAILOVICH (1895-1975)
The greatest thinker of the 20th century, whose works in the field of philosophy and philology are now considered classic, literary theorist and cultural critic, Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin was born in Orel, in the family of a bank employee. He graduated from the classical department of the historical and philological faculty of Petrograd University. In 1920 he began teaching and literary activities, lived in Nevel, Vitebsk, then in Petrograd.
In contrast to the “monologue” word of most writers, Dostoevsky’s prose is “dialogical”. Bakhtin's philosophical understanding of culture as a dialogue, which grew out of observations of Dostoevsky's prose, led to a revolution in sociolinguistics and laid the foundation for modern cultural studies. Bakhtin showed that literature has roots in “folk holidays” - carnivals and mysteries of antiquity. Now it becomes clear that the point is not so much in the “nationality” of this culture, but in its traditional ritualism, which allows legends from time immemorial to be transmitted by “living example”, without written recording.
In 1928, Bakhtin was arrested by the GPU and exiled to the city of Kustanai, remaining there until 1936, often and for a long time in Leningrad and Moscow, where from the late summer - early autumn of 1937 to the end of 1937 - early 1938 g. lived without registration with relatives, and then rented a house with his wife in Savelovo, near Moscow, and often lived in the capital.
World science received in the person of Bakhtin not just one of the most profound thinkers of the 20th century. - the Russian scientist with his ideas of culture as dialogue posed a problem for which Western philosophy was not ready. At the end of 1940, he completed his work on F. Rabelais (defended as a candidate's dissertation in 1946 at the A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature (IMPI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since the fall of 1945, Bakhtin lived in Saransk, where since 1957 . Headed the Department of Literary History at Mordovian State University. In 1963 - 1964 he repeatedly spent several months at the House of Writers in Maleevka near Moscow, from October 1969 to May 1970 he was treated at the Central Clinical Hospital, then at the hospital in the city. . Podolsk.
He died on March 17, 1975, and was buried at Vvedensky Cemetery.
Bakhtin’s main works are “Problems of Dostoevsky’s creativity” (1929) and “The work of François Rabelais and the folk culture of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance” (1965), where a number of the most important principles of modern literary criticism and philosophy of culture were formulated and justified, as well as a collection of articles “Questions of literature and Aesthetics" (1975) were first published in Moscow and caused a wide scientific and public resonance, creating a circle of friends, students and admirers around Bakhtin (S.G. Bocharov, S.S. Averintsev, V.N. Turbin, etc.)
GRANOVSKY TIMOFEI NIKOLAEVICH (1813 - 1855)
The famous professor of history, was born on March 21, 1813 in Orel into a middle-income landowner family. At the age of 13, Granovsky was sent to the Moscow Kister boarding school, where he stayed for two years, and then remained at home in Orel until the age of 18.
In 1831 he joined the Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg. Official work had little attraction for him, and Granovsky entered the Faculty of Law, studying literature, history, and philosophy. After completing the course, Granovsky entered the service as secretary of the Hydrographic Department. Then Granovsky received a two-year business trip to Germany to prepare for a professorship in world history. Especially during this period he became interested in philosophy. The study of Hegel contributed to Granovsky's desire to consider cultural history as a whole and outline its progressive development. In 1849, his doctoral dissertation on Abbot Suger illuminated the history of the formation of the state in France.
Upon his return from abroad, he took a prominent position among the young “Western” professors at Moscow University. As an admirer of Peter the Great, Granovsky did not consider his work finished and fully sympathized with the liberal ideas that embraced Western Europe in the thirties and forties. Little by little, his differences in this regard with one of the people closest to him, Herzen, emerged. Back in the mid-forties, Herzen joined materialism, while Granovsky defended the right to the existence of “romantic” ideals, without which personal and national life seemed incomplete to him. Granovsky did not sympathize with Herzen’s foreign activities, although he was extremely burdened by the conditions of Russian life at that time.
Granovsky avoided personal troubles in his career; but his spiritual condition during the reaction that followed 1848 was grave. He no longer found satisfaction in being a professor and had neither the inclination nor the opportunity to go into purely scientific work; for a long time he was haunted by tides of melancholy and apathy; During the Crimean War, this mood became unbearable, and Granovsky increasingly sought entertainment in a gambling and always almost unsuccessful card game.
Granovsky's body was never strong and could not endure the difficult struggle of life for long. On October 4, 1855, Granovsky died, 42 years old, after a short illness.
Granovsky's collected works have several editions. The main source for his biography is the work of A.V. Stankevich, to the second edition of which is attached a volume with Granovsky’s correspondence (1897). Wed. Annenkov, “A Wonderful Decade” (in “Memoirs and Essays,” vol. III); P. Kudryavtsev, “Childhood and youth of Granovsky”; Grigoriev, “T.N. Granovsky before his professorship in Moscow” (“Russian Conversations”, 1856), R.Yu. Vipper (“The World of God”, 1905, and in the collection “Two Intelligentsia”), V.A. Myakotina (“From the history of Russian society”), P.N. Milyukova (“From the history of the Russian intelligentsia”) and others.
STOLYPIN PETER ARKADEVICH (1868-1911)
Political figure, prime minister, minister of internal affairs, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was born on April 2 (14), 1862 in the capital of Saxony - Dresden. He came from an old noble family, with roots going back to the beginning of the 16th century.
At first he lived in the Serednikovo estate in the Moscow province, then moved to Lithuania. In 1878-1881. Stolypin lives and studies in Orel. The first education in Stolypin’s biography was received at the Oryol men’s gymnasium. Pyotr Stolypin was of particular interest in the study of foreign languages and exact sciences.
In June 1881, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was issued a certificate of maturity. In 1881 he entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, where, in addition to physics and mathematics, he enthusiastically studied chemistry, geology, botany, zoology, and agronomy. Among his teachers was D.I. Mendeleev.
In 1884, after graduating from university, he joined the Ministry of Internal Affairs and married O.B. Neidgart.
Two years later, Stolypin transferred to the department of agriculture and rural industry Ministry of Agriculture and State Property, where he held the position of assistant clerk, corresponding to the modest rank of collegiate secretary. A year later he joined the Ministry of Internal Affairs as the Kovno district leader of the nobility and chairman of the Kovno Congress of World Mediators. In 1899 he was appointed Kovno provincial leader of the nobility; soon P.A. Stolypin was chosen as an honorary justice of the peace for the Insar and Kovno justice-magistrate districts. In 1902 he was appointed governor of Grodno. From February 1903 to April 1906 he was governor of the Saratov province. At the time of Stolypin’s appointment, about 150,000 residents lived in Saratov, 150 factories and factories operated, there were more than 100 educational institutions, 11 libraries, 9 periodicals. All this created the city’s glory as the “capital of the Volga region,” and Stolypin tried to strengthen this glory: the ceremonial foundation of the Mariinsky Women’s Gymnasium and an overnight home took place, new educational institutions and hospitals were built, asphalting of Saratov streets began, the construction of a water supply system, the installation of gas lighting, and the modernization of the telephone network. Peaceful transformations were interrupted by the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War.
The first revolution (1905-1907) also found Stolypin at the post of governor of Saratov. The Saratov province, in which one of the centers of the Russian revolutionary underground was located, found itself at the center of revolutionary events, and to the young governor had to confront two elements: the revolutionary, oppositional to the government, and the “right,” “reactionary” part of society, standing on monarchical and Orthodox positions. Already at that time, several attempts were made on Stolypin’s life: they shot at him, threw bombs at him, and the terrorists, in an anonymous letter, threatened to poison Stolypin’s youngest child, his three-year-old son Arkady.
To combat the rebellious peasants, a rich arsenal of means was used, from negotiations to the use of troops. For the suppression of the peasant movement in the Saratov province, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, the chamberlain of the court of His Imperial Majesty and the youngest governor of Russia, received the gratitude of Emperor Nicholas II.
April 26, 1906 P.A. Stolypin was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs in the cabinet of I.L. Goremykina. On July 8, 1906, after the dissolution of the First State Duma, Goremykin's resignation was announced and his replacement by Stolypin, who thus became chairman of the Council of Ministers. Having headed the cabinet of ministers, P.A. Stolypin proclaimed a course of socio-political reforms. The agrarian (“Stolypin”) reform was launched, and under Stolypin’s leadership a number of major bills were developed, including on the reform of local self-government, the introduction of universal primary education, state insurance of workers, and on religious tolerance.
The revolutionary parties could not come to terms with the appointment of a convinced nationalist and supporter of strong state power to the post of prime minister, and on August 12, 1906, an attempt was made on Stolypin’s life: bombs were detonated at his dacha on Aptekarsky Island in St. Petersburg. At that moment, in addition to the family of the head of government, at the dacha there were also those who came to see him. The explosion killed 23 people and injured 35; Among the wounded were Stolypin's children - three-year-old son Arkady and sixteen-year-old daughter Natalya; Stolypin himself was not injured. As it soon became clear, the assassination attempt was carried out by a group of maximalist Socialist Revolutionaries who separated from the Socialist Revolutionary Party; this party itself did not take responsibility for the assassination attempt. At the suggestion of the sovereign, the Stolypin family moves to a more safe place- to the Winter Palace.
In a short time, Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was awarded a number of Tsar's awards. In addition to several Highest rescripts expressing gratitude, in 1906 Stolypin was granted the title of Chamberlain, on January 1, 1907 he was appointed a member of the State Council, and in 1908 - Secretary of State.
Having fallen ill with lobar pneumonia in the spring of 1909, Stolypin left St. Petersburg and spent about a month with his family in the Crimea, in Livadia. A talented politician, economist, lawyer, administrator, orator, Stolypin almost abandoned his personal life, devoting all his strength to the Russian state: chairmanship of the Council of Ministers, which convened at least twice a week, direct participation in meetings on current affairs and legislative issues (meetings often dragged on until the morning); reports, receptions, careful viewing of Russian and foreign newspapers, study newest books, especially those devoted to issues of state law. In June 1909 P.A. Stolypin was present at the meeting of Emperor Nicholas II with Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany. The meeting took place in the Finnish skerries. On the yacht "Standart" a conversation took place between Prime Minister Stolypin and Wilhelm II, who later, according to various evidence, said: “If I had such a minister, to what height we would raise Germany!”
“The Tsar was an extremely weak-willed person and equally stubborn. Nicholas II did not tolerate in his circle either people with a strong character, or those who were superior to him in intelligence and breadth of outlook. He believed that such persons would “usurp” his power, “wipe away” the autocrat to the background, his will is being “raped.” That is why S.Yu. Witte did not come to the court, and now it was the turn of the second most important statesman in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century - P.A. did not threaten the foundations of the autocracy, but the revolution was defeated, and, as Nicholas II and his advisers from the Council of the United Nobility believed, defeated forever, and therefore no reforms were required at all. Around 1909, small but systematic quibbles and slander of the extreme right began to the tsar. for the head of government. It was decided to create a Naval General Staff of two dozen people. Since this caused additional costs, Stolypin decided to pass his staff through the Duma, which approved the budget. A denunciation immediately followed to Nicholas II, who was the “supreme leader of the army” and believed that all matters concerning the armed forces were his personal competence. Nicholas II pointedly did not approve the bill on the staff of the Moscow City School, passed through the Duma and the State Council. At the same time, the “holy elder” G. Rasputin, who had been hanging around the court for several years, acquired significant influence over the exalted queen. The scandalous adventures of the “elder” forced Stolypin to ask the tsar to expel Rasputin from the capital. In response to this, with a heavy sigh, Nicholas II replied: “I agree with you, Pyotr Arkadyevich, but let it be better to have ten Rasputins than one hysterical empress.” Alexandra Fedorovna, who learned about this conversation, hated Stolypin and, in connection with the government crisis when approving the staff of the Naval General Staff, insisted on his resignation
In 1911, Stolypin resigned. Too few of his initiatives and plans are being implemented; moreover, he is constantly forced to be distracted by resolving local conflicts and stopping the arbitrariness and bribery of city governors. However, Nicholas II does not accept the resignation. After a conversation with the emperor, Stolypin agrees to stay, but on the condition: to replace a number of members of the State Council, whom the prime minister considers his opponents, with other people pleasing to him.
On September 1, 1911, another assassination attempt took place on the Prime Minister, which this time was successful. Socialist-Revolutionary D.G. Bogrov shoots Stolypin at the opera. September 5, 1911 Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin dies in Kyiv. He was buried in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.
ROSTOPCHIN FEDOR VASILIEVICH (1763 - 1826)
Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin, a famous Russian statesman, was born on March 12 (23), 1763 in the village of Kosmodemyanskoye, Livensky district, Oryol province.
From the age of 10 he was enrolled in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment; in 1792 he received the rank of chamber cadet, “with the rank of brigadier.”
In Moscow, a city that attracted the attention of all of Europe, patriotic agitation of unprecedented scale began among the common people. The famous Rostopchin posters, calling not to be afraid of the enemy, were extremely popular. New regiments and the largest militia in Russia were formed in Belokamennaya. With the approach of the Russian army, Moscow turned out to be its main base for supplying weapons and food. Rostopchin himself actively nurtured the idea of a popular battle near the walls of the ancient capital. Without receiving any instructions from the command regarding the fate of the city, the Governor-General began the evacuation of state property and institutions. The fate of Moscow was decided without him; the count was not even invited to the military council on September 1. The next day, Russian troops abandoned the city, and it immediately caught fire in several places. The French authorities, not without reason, blamed Rostopchin for the arson. This was supported by the testimony of the arsonists, a number of documents and eyewitness accounts. But the count himself refused to participate in organizing the grand fire.
After the departure of enemy troops from Moscow, the governor-general set about restoring normal life. The city was gradually rebuilt, and under the leadership of Rostopchin a reconstruction plan was drawn up. However, Muscovites gradually forgot their patriotic upsurge in the summer of 1812. They were replaced by grief over the property lost in the fire of war. Public opinion began to look for the culprit of their deprivations, and soon he was found - Rostopchin. After all, it was the Governor General who called on Muscovites to stay in the city, because it was he who promised that the city would not be surrendered to the enemy, and it was on his orders that their houses were set on fire. Surrounded by anger and mistrust, Rostopchin tried to find support in St. Petersburg, but the tsar did not want to go against public opinion, and on August 30, 1814, the count was dismissed from the post of Moscow governor-general.
In an effort to improve his health, Rostopchin went abroad and met with an enthusiastic reception there. Europeans celebrated him as a hero, as the man who defeated Napoleon. Even in Parisian theaters performances stopped when Rostopchin entered his box. Surrounded by glory, the count returned to Russia only at the end of 1823, where he died on January 18 (30), 1826.
In addition to the mentioned posters, of which more than 16 are known and which were published in 1889 by A.S. Suvorin, Rostopchin owns a number of literary works; many of them were published by Smirdin in 1853; in 1868 M. Longinov compiled full list works of Rostopchin, including works not included in the Smirda edition.
The most important works of Fyodor Vasilyevich Rastopchin: “Materiaux en grande partie inedits, pour la biographie future du C-te Th. R.” (Brussels, 1864; Russian translation in the second book of “The Nineteenth Century” by Bartenev, “Notes” were written long after the incidents described, as a result of which the view expressed in them often does not fit with reality), “The Truth about the Moscow Fires” (Paris, 1827) , " Last days life of Empress Catherine II and the first day of the reign of Paul I" ("Readings of the Moscow Society of History and Antiquities", 1860, book III), "News, or Killed Alive" (comedy), "Oh, the French!" (story, in " Otechestvennye Zapiski", 1842, book 10; both the comedy and the story were written with the aim of arousing the national feeling of the Russians), "About Suvorov" ("Russian Bulletin", 1808, ¦ 3), "Travel through Prussia" ("Moskvityanin", 1849, book I), “Note on the Martinists,” presented in 1811 to Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna” (Russian Archive, 1875, ¦ 9); “Poetic autobiography” (ib., 1873, ¦ 5) and others. Rastopchin's extensive correspondence with Emperor Alexander I, Bantysh-Kamensky, Vorontsov, Rumyantsev and many others was published in the "Russian Archive" (mostly for 1873 and 1875), "Archive of Prince Vorontsov", "Archive of Historical and Practical Information about Russia" and other. Rostopchin had an extensive library and archive, which he allowed many scientists to freely use.
KALINNIKOV VASILY SERGEEVICH (1866-1901)
Vasily Sergeevich Kalinnikov, a famous composer, was born in the village of Voiny, Oryol province, now Mtsensk district, Oryol region.
Kalinnikov came from a bureaucratic family and received his education at the Oryol Theological Seminary, where he began studying music and conducted a choir for some time. In 1884 he entered preparatory classes at the Conservatory, however, unable to pay for tuition, he was expelled after a few months. However, he managed to get a place at the Music and Drama School of the Moscow Philharmonic Society, where he studied bassoon and composition until 1891. Among his teachers were S.N. Kruglikov, A.A. Ilyinsky, P.I. Blaramberg. Kalinnikov also attended lectures by V.O. Klyuchevsky, which he read at Moscow University.
Without a reliable income, Kalinnikov was forced to periodically play the violin, bassoon or timpani in theater orchestras, as well as copy music. The musician was supported by music critic Semyon Kruglikov, and Pyotr Tchaikovsky spoke approvingly of his talent, recommending him for the post of conductor of the Maly Theater in 1892. In addition to his conducting activities, Kalinnikov also gave private lessons in music theory and singing during this period. In the autumn of 1893, the composer's health deteriorated sharply (signs of tuberculosis appeared), and he left for Crimea, where he spent the remaining years of his life, continuing to compose. He died prematurely on December 29, 1900 in Yalta.
Kalinnikov's style continues the traditions of Russian musical classics (composers “The Mighty Handful” and P.I. Tchaikovsky). Kalinnikov's most famous composition is the First Symphony “g-moll”, written in 1895 and dedicated to Kruglikov. First performed at a concert of the Russian Musical Society in Kyiv. It was a huge success and soon became firmly established in the repertoire of both domestic and foreign orchestras.
Vasily Sergeevich Kalinnikov wrote: cantata "John of Damascus", 2 symphonies, 2 orchestral intermezzos, orchestral suite, symphonic paintings "Nymphs", "Cedar and Palm Tree", music for "Tsar Boris" by Count A. Tolstoy (overture and 4 intermissions), prologue to the opera "1812", ballad "Rusalka", string quartet, romances, piano pieces.
POLIKARPOV NIKOLAY NIKOLAEVICH(1892-1944)
Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov was born in the village of Georgievskoye, Oryol province on June 10, 1892 in the family of a priest. After graduating from elementary school, he entered the Oryol Seminary. In 1911, he was admitted to the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute at the shipbuilding department. In 1916, Polikarpov received an engineering diploma and went to work in the aviation department of the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works (RBVZ).
From 1918 to 1929, under the leadership of Polikarpov, at least ten types of aircraft were built and put into mass production, including the famous U-2.
In 1929, Polikarpov was included in the list of “enemies of the people.” He was accused of being the son of a priest, and therefore incapable of being imbued with Marxist-Leninist ideology and believing in the bright ideals of communism. Officially, the designer was accused of “counter-revolutionary sabotage in the aviation industry.”
In December 1929, Polikarpov was allowed to organize a design bureau in the Butyrka prison (TsKB-39 OGPU). D.P. began working with him. Grigorovich, I.M. Kostkin, A.D. Nadashkevich, E.I. Mayorov. The work of the design bureau was provided by plant No. 39. It is not surprising that after some time the design bureau was transferred to hangar No. 7 of the factory airfield. A company of prisoners developed a very successful fighter, which was adopted by the Red Army Air Force under the designation I-5. On March 18, 1931, Polikarpov was sentenced to ten years in prison.
In June 1931, after the successful completion of flight tests of the I-5 and a spectacular flyby by test pilot Valery Chkalov in front of Stalin, Voroshilov and Ordzhonikidze, Polikarpov was given freedom. The outstanding designer was rehabilitated only on September 1, 1956.
In the period from 1931 to 1944, Polikarpov created at least ten more types of aircraft, mainly fighters, including such landmark machines as the I-15, I-153 and I-16. Polikarpov’s products at the time of creation were always superior to their opponents. This was the case with the I-16, the I-180 was better in flight characteristics than the Bf.l09E, Yak-1 or LaGG-3, second only to the MiG-3 and then only above 2700 m. Polikarpov’s last fighter I-185, ready for mass production in 1943, it was superior to all Soviet fighters of that period in the entire altitude range. In terms of the set of characteristics, the La-7 and Yak-3 aircraft came close to (but did not surpass) the I-185, but these aircraft appeared in 1944. The heavy cross on the I-185 was put at the suggestion of Yakovlev.
It is widely believed that luck turned away from the king of fighters after the death of Valery Pavlovich Chkalov on the I-180 on December 15, 1938.
N.N. Polikarpov died on July 30, 1944.
RUSANOV VLADIMIR ALEXANDROVICH (1875 - 1913?)
Born on November 15, 1875 in Orel into a merchant family. His father died when Rusanov was still a child. Rusanov's mother enrolled him in a classical gymnasium, but he was soon expelled for poor academic performance. The same thing happened after he entered a real school. Dissatisfied with his studies, he became close to revolutionary-minded youth. In 1894, he joined an underground circle, which in 1896 became part of the Social Democratic “Workers' Union”. In 1901, Rusanov was exiled for two years to the Vologda province in the city of Ust-Sysolsk.
In the fall of 1903, together with his wife, Rusanov left for Paris, where he entered the Sorbonne University in the natural sciences department, studied a lot and persistently. The brilliant completion of the theoretical course in 1907 gave him the right to defend his doctoral dissertation. In an effort to benefit his homeland, Rusanov decided to collect material for his dissertation on Novaya Zemlya, the geology of which was almost unstudied and whose minerals were not explored.
On July 10, 1907, Vladimir Alexandrovich set off on his first voyage on the steamship “Koroleva Olga Konstantinovna” to Novaya Zemlya. Four more times, in 1908-1911, he visited the islands of Novaya Zemlya, each time enriching science with discoveries. In 1908, Rusanov went on an expedition to Novaya Zemlya as a geologist. He made the first overland expedition in history across Novaya Zemlya, crossing it from Unknown Bay to Krestovaya Bay on the western side of the island. In the spring of 1910, he was again invited to the Novaya Zemlya expedition, but this time as its leader. The expedition vessel “Dmitry Solunsky”, under the command of the famous polar captain G.I. Pospelov, left Arkhangelsk with five scientists and ten crew on board. Making its way through the ice captivity, the ship circumnavigated the entire northern island of Novaya Zemlya.
In 1912, V. A. Rusanov led an expedition to Spitsbergen. 14 people sailed on the Hercules ship. Twenty years later, Soviet coal mines were laid on the archipelago in exactly the places that V.A. marked on the map. Rusanov.
After completing work on Spitsbergen, three members of the expedition returned to the mainland, and the rest turned the schooner east. Only in late autumn, from Rusanov’s last telegram, left by him on Novaya Zemlya for transmission to St. Petersburg, did they learn in the capital what goal the researcher had set for himself. There was no further news about the voyage of the Hercules...
Only in 1934, on an unnamed island located near the shore of Khariton Laptev, a pillar dug into the ground was discovered, on which the inscription “HERCULES” was carved. 1913". In the same year, on another island located in the skerries of Minin, remains of clothing, cartridges, a compass, a camera, a hunting knife and other things that belonged to members of the Hercules expedition were found. Perhaps the place where polar explorers died is somewhere here. There are still more questions than answers. The Arctic keeps a secret...
V. A. Rusanov was one of the people who make up the pride of the country. “I am guided by only one thought: to do everything I can for the greatness of the Motherland,” he wrote. His deeds are proof of this. A bay and a peninsula on Novaya Zemlya, a glacier on Severnaya Zemlya, a cape on Franz Josef Land, and a mountain in Antarctica are named after V.A. Rusanov.
GENUSKAMENSKY
The buildings in the Saburovskaya Fortress estate in the Oryol region are associated with the Counts Kamensky. The village of Saburovo passed to them in 1728, having been seized from the disgraced A.D. Menshikov. In 1732 the village was a palace; in 1742, by decree of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, the village was returned to F.M. Kamensky, who owned it a little earlier. In 1755, the estate was granted to his son Mikhail Fedotovich Kamensky, later a famous commander and public figure who was interested in literature and theater. He began his military service in 1757 as a volunteer in the French army. Subsequently, he participated in the Seven Years' War (1756-1762) and the Russian-Turkish War (1768-1774), where he distinguished himself in the battle of Khotyn, the siege of Bendery, and in the battle of Turno. In 1774, Lieutenant General M.F. Kamensky defeated the Turks at Eni-Bazar.
During the second Russian-Turkish war (1787-1791), he defeated the Turks at Gankur.
The beginning of the reign of Paul I brought M.F. Kamensky new ranks and awards. He received the rank of general from the infantry, and in 1797 became a field marshal and count. The last military campaign of M.F. Kamensky - participation in the war with France in 1805-1807. On December 14, 1806, the field marshal resigned and retired to his estate.
Obviously, when M.F. Kamensky lived in Saburov, an estate fence was erected that resembled a fortress. Lancet openings and individual decorative details are close to the pseudo-Gothic style of the late 18th century.
The last owner of the Saburov Fortress from the Kamensky family was Count Sergei Mikhailovich. He gained fame as a passionate theatergoer. In 1815, he opened the serf theater - one of the first Russian theaters, which was later immortalized in literary works and memoirs of contemporaries. The theater absorbed the count's considerable fortune and in 1827 he was forced to sell Saburovo, where his father, brother and grandfather were buried.
A historical and cultural monument of federal significance, the former estate of the Counts Kamensky, the Saburov Fortress includes 4 towers, a theater building and the Church of the Archangel Michael. Adopted for state protection by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1327 of August 30, 1960.
Church of the Archangel Michael was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church for free use and currently undergoing repair and restoration work.
The complex, with the exception of the church, is in unsatisfactory condition and requires design, repair and restoration work. But to begin state financing of such work, it is necessary to identify a balance holder responsible for the monument, who will be able, in accordance with federal requirements, to organize restoration work on its territory. The issue of transferring the ensemble into regional ownership is currently being decided, as this will make it easier to find a responsible balance holder and begin the restoration of a truly unique monument of estate architecture.
DAVYDOV DENIS VASILIEVICH (1784-1839)
The famous partisan, poet, military historian and theorist, Denis Vasilyevich Davydov was born into an old noble family in Moscow on July 16, 1784; Having received an excellent, at that time, home education, he entered the cavalry regiment, but was soon transferred to the army for satirical poetry, to the Belarusian Hussar Regiment (1804), from there he transferred to the Hussar Life Guards (1806) and participated in the campaigns against Napoleon ( 1807), Swedish (1808), Turkish (1809).
The poet's family estate is located in the village. Davydovo (Denisovka) of the present Krasnozorensky district of the Oryol region. He dedicated the poem “To My Desert” to his native corner. A memorial sign to Denis Davydov was installed on the site of the manor house in the village of Davydovo in 1987. And five years later, the park-reserve “Denis Davydov’s Estate” was opened here.
On the great Smolensk road, Davydov more than once managed to recapture military supplies and food from the enemy, intercept correspondence, thereby instilling fear in the French and raising the spirit of the Russian troops and society. Davydov used his experience for a wonderful book: “The Experience of the Theory of Guerrilla Action.” In 1814, Davydov was promoted to general; was chief of staff of the 7th and 8th army corps (1818 - 1819); In 1823 he retired, in 1826 he returned to service, participated in the Persian campaign (1826 - 1827) and in the suppression of the Polish uprising (1831).
In 1832 he finally left service with the rank of lieutenant general and settled on his estate. There he engaged exclusively in literary work, only occasionally visiting Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1839, when, in connection with the 25th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon, the grand opening of the monument on the Borodino field was being prepared, Denis Davydov proposed moving Bagration’s ashes there. This proposal was accepted, and he was supposed to accompany the commander’s coffin, but was unable to do so due to health reasons. The disease sapped his strength, and on April 22, Davydov died at the age of 54. He was buried on his estate.
The most lasting mark left by Davydov in literature is his lyrics. Pushkin highly valued his originality, his unique manner of “twisting verse.” As a poet, Davydov decisively belongs to the brightest luminaries of the second magnitude in the firmament of Russian poetry. As a prose writer, Davydov has every right to stand alongside the best prose writers of Russian literature. Pushkin valued his prose style even higher than his poetic style.
Davydov entered the history of Russian literature as the creator of the genre of “hussar lyrics”, the hero of which is a lover of wild life, at the same time a free-thinking person, an opponent of violence against the individual (“Hussar Feast”, “Song of the Old Hussar”, “Half-Soldier”, “ Borodino field"). The last poem, written in 1829, is considered one of the best historical elegies of Russian romantic poetry.
ERMOLOV ALEXEY PETROVICH (1772-1861)
Alexey Petrovich Ermolov was born into the family of the Mtsensk district leader of the nobility, descended from the Tatar Arslan Murza, who came to Moscow in 1506. He received his education at the Noble boarding school of Moscow University. In 1794 Ermolov became a participant in the suppression Polish uprising; For his distinctions during the storming of Prague, he was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree. Two years later, Alexey Petrovich took part in the Persian campaign.
Since 1801, Ermolov was appointed commander of a horse artillery company. He participated in the campaigns of 1805 and 1806-1807. From August 1807 - commander of the 7th artillery brigade as part of General Dokhturov's division. For distinction in the battles of Guttstadt and Passag he was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. In the battles of Heilsberg and Friedland, he commanded the artillery of the left flank. He was promoted to major general.
From May 1811, Ermolov commanded the Guards artillery brigade, and later, at the same time, the Guards infantry brigade (Life Guards Izmailovsky and Lithuanian regiments). Since March 1812 he has been the commander of the Guards Infantry Division. After the start Patriotic War 1812 at the insistence of M.B. Barclay de Tolly Ermolov replaced F.O. Paulucci as Chief of the General Staff of the 1st Western Army. Barclay de Tolly's closest assistant, opponent of retreat. During the Battle of Borodino, he actually served as chief of staff of M.I. Kutuzova. He personally led the counterattack of the 3rd battalion of the Ufa Infantry Regiment against the “Raevsky battery” occupied by the French, and was wounded.
After the battle, he served as chief of staff of the united armies. At the council in Fili on September 1 (13), Ermolov opposed abandoning Moscow and proposed giving the French a battle. He distinguished himself in the battles of Maloyaroslavets, Vyazma, Krasny. In 1812, Ermolov was appointed commander of a reinforced detachment. Since November 21 - acting chief of staff of the 1st Western Army. From December 19, 1812 - commander of the artillery of the field army. After the unsuccessful battle of Lutzen, Ermolov was accused of lack of management and transferred to the post of commander of the 2nd Guards Infantry Division.
In the battle of Kulma, Ermolov led the 1st Guards Division, and after General A.I. was wounded. Osterman-Tolstoy was accepted by his corps. Since 1814, Alexey Petrovich commanded the Observation Army on the Austrian border. In 1815 - commander of the Guards Corps. At the end of the campaign, Ermolov was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd degree. Since 1816, he was appointed commander of the Separate Georgian (from 1820 - Caucasian) Corps, managing the civilian part in Georgia, Astrakhan and Caucasus provinces, and Ambassador Extraordinary to Persia. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1826-28. came into conflict with General I.F. Paskevich, resigned “due to domestic circumstances.” In 1831 Ermolov became a member of the State Council. In 1837 he was renamed general of artillery. During the Crimean War in 1855, he was elected chief of the militia in 7 provinces, but left his post due to disagreements with the command. He died on April 11, 1861 in Moscow and, according to his will, was buried in Orel, next to his father, in the Church of the Trinity Cemetery.
KORF FEDOR KARLOVICH (1774-1823)
Fyodor Karlovich Korf - Lieutenant General, participant in the Patriotic War - was born in 1774 in the family of a privy councilor.
He received an excellent education at his father's house. Having entered the army at the age of thirteen as a vice-sergeant in the Life Guards Horse Regiment, he was released into the army as a captain in 1794 and in the same year participated in the war with Poland. For his bravery during the storming of Prague, he was awarded the Order of George, 4th degree.
In 1800, Baron Korff was promoted to major general.
The campaigns of 1806 and 1807 were the beginning of his military fame. Appointed brigade commander, he participated in almost all the battles in Prussia and especially distinguished himself in the battle of Preussisch-Eylau, where he was wounded in the arm. For this battle he was awarded the Order of George, 3rd degree.
In 1809 he was with Russian troops in Galicia. In 1810 he was appointed adjutant general and in 1811 head of the 2nd cavalry division.
During the Patriotic War, Baron Korf participated in the battles of Vitebsk, Smolensk, Borodino - for the courage shown in this latter he was awarded the rank of lieutenant general - and then in almost all matters during the pursuit of the French army, and especially distinguished himself in the battle of Vyazma.
After Borodin - again in rearguard affairs, and after Maloyaroslavets - in the vanguard of the army. In 1813, Korf took part in many rearguard battles. At Levenberg, his cavalry captured two banners, 16 guns and 3,500 prisoners. In 1814 he took part in military operations. Upon returning to Russia, he commanded a cavalry division, then a corps.
Korf died in Orel from lung disease on August 30, 1823 and was buried in the cemetery near the bishop's house. At his grave, officers of the 2nd Cuirassier Division erected a monument by Professor Martos using funds raised by them.
MYASOEDOV GRIGORY GRIGORIEVICH (1834-1911)
Grigory Grigorievich Myasoedov was born in the village. Pankovo, Tula province (now Oryol region) and belonged to an old noble family. As a child, the boy read a lot and often drew. His father encouraged his interest in art in every possible way.
The future artist began his studies at the Oryol gymnasium, where drawing was taught by professional artist I. A. Volkov.
In 1853 he entered the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. Difficult situation developed between the artist and his father. The father completely deprived his son of financial assistance, and only a portrait of his father painted from life in 1857 reconciled them. In 1862, Myasoedov graduated from the Academy of Arts in the class of historical painting, receiving a large gold medal for the composition “The Escape of Grigory Otrepyev from a Tavern on the Lithuanian Border” and was encouraged by a pensioner’s trip. In 1863 he visited Italy, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, and worked in Paris and Spain. In Rome he studied at a private Academy. In 1867 he lives in Florence.
In 1869 he returned to Russia. In Moscow he painted the painting “The Spell,” for which he received the title of academician. In the late 1860s, while abroad, Myasoedov came up with the idea of organizing the Association of Itinerants. On December 16, 1870, the first general meeting of members of the TPHV took place, where a board was elected, which included Myasoedov. He became the author of the first charter of the TPHV and remained a permanent member of the board for forty years.
On November 29, 1871, the first traveling art exhibition opened in St. Petersburg, which was then shown in Moscow, Kyiv and Kharkov. Myasoedov presented the painting “Grandfather of the Russian Navy” for this exhibition.
In March 1872, the 2nd traveling exhibition opened, where Myasoedov’s most significant painting, “The Zemstvo Is Dining,” was exhibited. This painting brought success to the artist. The film reveals the main task of peredvizhniki realism - “the desire for the real and everyday”, noted by V.V. Stasov.
In 1876, the artist moved to a farm near Kharkov. He became interested in gardening and gardening. From this moment on, one can note the beginning of a decline in his work. His attitude towards peasant life changes. Myasoedov was attracted to topics that revealed folk beliefs and traditions.
At the end of the 1880s, Myasoedov lived in Poltava in a large estate with a garden, park and pond. In autumn and winter the artist went to Crimea. One of his last works was the painting “Maturing Fields”.
Like many Peredvizhniki, Myasoedov experienced a crisis in the 1890s. He realized that his time was irrevocably gone. Shortly before his death, he was going to perform three large paintings under the single title “Holy Rus'”.
Grigory Grigorievich died in 1911, on his estate Pavlenki near Poltava.
KURNAKOV ANDREY ILYICH (1916 - 2010)
People's Artist of the USSR, laureate of the State Prize of the RSFSR named after I.E. Repin, professor at Oryol State University Andrey Ilyich Kurnakov belongs to the generation of painters who began their journey into great art after the Great Patriotic War, in the forties.
He was born in 1916 into a working-class family on one of the outskirts of the city of Orel. A difficult childhood, a passionate love of drawing from the first school years, graduating with honors from the Oryol Art School in 1937, working as an artist in a regional youth newspaper, four years of war, filial love for the Fatherland and native Oryol region - this is the “soil and destiny” of the post-war creativity of the front-line soldier - artist Andrei Kurnakov, which remain the theme of his creative quests and aspirations, a source of inspiration to the present day.
Having already passed the Moscow studio for improving professional skills with the famous painter B.V. Ioganson, being a member of the Union of Artists of the USSR, thirty-three-year-old Kurnakov, due to the constant dissatisfaction with what he has done and the desire for perfection inherent in his character, submits an application to the Kharkov Art Institute. In 1954 thesis Kurnakov’s “Weapons Found” is exhibited at the All-Union Exhibition in Moscow.
The high traditions of Russian landscape painting and the art of genre portraiture became the artist’s creative credo, which brought him wide fame and recognition. His many years of work in historical and genre painting, portraiture and landscape painting can be briefly called a story about a feat of arms, about working people, about the rich world of human feelings, about the natural beauties of Russia.
A special place in the work of A.I. Kurnakov is occupied by his small homeland and Turgenev’s places, which for the artist are concepts of special content that he finds in Orel, in the surrounding spaces, in its historical past, in the spiritual heritage and real cultural life, in the faces and souls of his fellow countrymen.
Gennady Andreevich Zyuganov was born on June 26, 1944 in the village of Mymrino, Oryol region, into a family of rural teachers. In 1961 - 62 worked at his former school as a mathematics teacher, as well as a teacher of basic military training and physical education.
In 1962, Gennady Andreevich entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Oryol Pedagogical Institute. In 1963 - 66 served in the chemical forces on the territory of Belarus, Germany and Chelyabinsk region. After the army, he returned to the institute and graduated in 1969.
In 1969 - 1970 he taught at the Oryol Pedagogical Institute in the department of physics and mathematics. In 1978 - 1981 studied at the main department of the Academy of Social Sciences under the Central Committee of the CPSU, completed graduate school with it as an external student. Doctor of Philosophy.
Since 1967, he has been a member of the Komsomol, and since 1974, of party work. In 1970 - 1978 was a people's deputy of the Oryol regional and city councils. In 1983 - 1989 worked in the Propaganda Department of the CPSU Central Committee as an instructor. In 1989 - 90 was deputy head of the Ideological Department of the CPSU Central Committee. In June 1990, he was elected Secretary of the Central Committee and member of the Politburo, Chairman of the Standing Commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the RSFSR on humanitarian and ideological problems. In February 1991, Gennady Andreevich organized the conference “For a Great, United Russia!”, at which the Coordination Council (CC) of Patriotic Movements was created, transformed in August 1992 into the CC of the People's Patriotic Forces of Russia. Since January 1992 - Chairman of the Constitutional Court of the People's Patriotic Forces of Russia. In the fall of 1991, Gennady Andreevich took part in the creation of the Russian All-People's Union (ROS). In June 1992, he was elected one of the four co-chairs of the Duma of the Russian National Council (RNS). In October 1992, he joined the organizing committee of the National Salvation Front (NSF).
On December 12, 1993, he was elected to the State Duma of the first convocation. In 1995, he was elected a member of the Central Committee (formerly the Central Executive Committee) of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and at the plenum on the last day of the congress - chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. In the spring of 1995, together with the president of the RAU Corporation, Alexei Poberezkin, he headed the organizing committee of the Spiritual Heritage movement.
On December 17, 1995, he was elected to the State Duma of the second convocation. In the second round of the presidential elections in Russia on July 3, 1996, he took second place.
On December 19, 1999, he was elected to the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the third convocation. In the State Duma he again headed the Communist Party faction. On March 26, 2000, he took second place in the presidential elections of the Russian Federation. Author of the books “Russia is my homeland. The Ideology of State Patriotism" (Moscow, 1996), "Geography of Victory. Fundamentals of Russian geopolitics" (Moscow, 1998), numerous newspaper and magazine articles on history and politics. Has the first sports category in athletics, military triathlon, volleyball. His wife, Nadezhda Vasilievna, works as an engineer at the Second Watch Factory. I have known my husband since school years, when I studied a grade lower in the same school as him, and then in the 10th grade I was his student. Son Andrey graduated from Moscow State Technical University. N. E. Bauman, engineer of JSC “S. D. Broker." Daughter Tatyana works as an assistant. Three grandchildren - Leonid, Mikhail and Evgeniy.
MUROMTSEV SERGEY ANDREEVICH (1850 - 1910)
Sergei Andreevich Muromtsev was born on September 23, 1850 in the family of a professional military man, a descendant of an old noble family.
Muromtsev's childhood years were spent on his father's estate in the Novosilsky district of the Tula province. Under the guidance of his mother, Anna Nikolaevna, who dearly loved him, Sergei received his primary education. The boy was distinguished by a sharp, inquisitive mind and a serious outlook on life beyond his years.
One day, a “Reference Book for Russian Officers” fell into his hands. From it, the future speaker of the State Duma learned how different states are governed. In an effort to better understand this, which is difficult even for an adult person well versed in politics, Sergei came up with an entertaining game of government. His state became the garden in his father’s house, where in one of the gazebos people’s representatives gathered to develop new, fair laws; in another gazebo, these laws received approval from the second meeting of elected officials. Life in his state was covered in a daily newspaper, which he wrote with enviable persistence in his own hand for two years.
Soon the Muromtsev family moved to Moscow, and Sergei began studying at the gymnasium. He graduated with a gold medal and in 1867 entered Moscow University at the Faculty of Law. Here the young man’s abilities were noticed, and he was left at the department of Roman law to prepare his dissertation. A great scientific prospect opened up before him. In 1875, Muromtsev defended his master's thesis, and two years later his doctoral dissertation. The scope of his scientific interests was also determined: Roman law and the theory of civil law.
As a professor at Moscow University, he was engaged in teaching for ten years, considering his main goal to be training professional lawyers capable of continuing liberal reforms, which would ultimately culminate in the creation of a constitutional system. The pages of the journal “Legal Bulletin”, created on his initiative, published materials about state structure in other countries, including those where the people had the opportunity to elect their representatives to the legislative assembly.
Like-minded people gathered around Muromtsev - professors, lawyers, jurists for a joint oral discussion of such issues. This is how the “Legal Society” arose, which he headed from 1880 to 1899. After the participation of society representatives in the anniversary celebrations dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of A.S. Pushkin, and Sergei Andreevich’s speeches in honor of the great poet, whom he called “the mighty herald of the Russian revival”, and his life - “the individual’s struggle for independence and free development", "The Law Society" was closed.
Even earlier, in 1884, Muromtsev (along with some liberal-minded professors) was dismissed from Moscow University “for spreading liberalism” and “political unreliability.” Expelled from the university environment, for the next two decades Sergei Andreevich was engaged in practical jurisprudence and social activities, working in the Moscow City Duma and the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo.
Muromtsev did not remain aloof from political life: since 1903 he has been a member of the Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists, and the following year he participated in the work of the Zemstvo Congress, where he warmly supported the demand for the introduction of legislative popular representation.
In 1904, Russia began a “small victorious war” with Japan. The unsuccessful war with Japan showed that maintaining the old order of government is disastrous, and representatives of the people themselves should be allowed to participate in the state reorganization of Russia. In 1904, zemstvo leaders from all over Russia came to St. Petersburg. The issue of convening people's representatives who, along with the existing power structures, could participate in state building was discussed. Sensing the mood of his comrades-in-arms, Muromtsev immediately went to Moscow to persuade the Moscow City Duma to join this decision. Thanks to his active speech, the Moscow Duma adopted a constitutional statement. Calling for a radical reorganization of the organization of power in the Russian Empire - the participation of elected representatives of the people in the implementation of power functions - Muromtsev remained a “lawyer to the core.” He aimed exclusively by legal means achieve change political system and was always opposed to any actions that went beyond the limits of legality.
April 27, 1906 became the opening day of the First State Duma. One of the deputies from the constitutional democratic party elected in Moscow was Sergei Andreevich Muromtsev. The First Duma deputies faced a difficult task: from the motley composition of the lower chamber, representing various, sometimes very polar political forces, to form the Duma leadership. And the main issue, of course, was the issue of electing the Chairman of the Duma. According to the recollections of participants in those events, Muromtsev’s candidacy as the future chairman was discussed at private meetings of deputies and in party clubs. And, nevertheless, his election as head of the lower house became a unique phenomenon in Russian parliamentary practice. At first, 426 out of 436 notes were submitted for his candidacy, and then the entire Duma unanimously recognized him as its chairman.
In response to the election, Muromtsev said: “A great thing is happening. The will of the people receives its expression in the form of a correct, permanently operating legislative institution based on inalienable laws. A great deed imposes on us a great feat and calls us to great work. Let us wish each other and ourselves that we all have enough strength to carry it on our shoulders for the good of the people who chose us, for the good of our homeland.”
This was the only speech Muromtsev made in the State Duma. He was convinced that the chairman should not take part in Duma discussions. His job is to “preserve the honor and dignity of the Duma, maintaining strict order at its meetings and not allowing anyone to diminish the rights that belong to it by law.” And Muromtsev performed this task so excellently that all members of the Duma, regardless of party, admired his chairmanship and recognized him as their common leader.
Deputy N. Ogorodnikov gave a very accurate description of Muromtsev. “Until the very end of his short life,” he wrote, “the Duma remained under the rule of a very special reverence for the personality of its chairman... He was... the complete embodiment of precisely the dignity, the best nobility of a person, a citizen, a bearer of law, this noble force of social "
The main task of Muromtsev, who headed the First State Duma for 72 days, was to work on its Instructions (regulations). Such work was especially important in conditions when laws adopted before the start of the Duma’s activities artificially limited the powers of popular representation, and only the Order could soften them to some extent. Muromtsev perfectly studied the regulations of various parliaments and took from them everything that most corresponded to the customs and views of the members of the State Duma. The order developed by him became the basis for the work of the next convocations of the Dumas. In 1907, after the dissolution of the first Duma and resignation as chairman, he published a book entitled “The Internal Rules of the State Duma.”
Another equally important issue that worried the Chairman of the Duma was the question of the Duma minority. He did everything possible to, with the help of the Order, eliminate “the exclusive influence of the dominant party in the chamber... and ensure some diversity in the composition of the commissions.”
Muromtsev made all efforts to develop norms for the activities of the lower chamber in conditions when the issue of ending the practical activities of the first Russian parliamentarians was not off the agenda. From the very first days, the authorities made it clear to the Russian parliament about their attitude towards them. Already on May 15, at a meeting of the Council of Ministers, the issue of the need to dissolve the State Duma was discussed.
The relationship between the supreme power and the disgraced professor at Moscow University did not work out, and could not work out. Due to his position, Muromtsev had the opportunity to directly present himself to the Court and make “most loyal reports” to the emperor personally. However, he was received at Court only three times. And only when the situation of the State Duma became threatening and the question of its dissolution became a matter of days, Muromtsev decided at all costs to achieve an audience with the emperor in order to explain to him the current situation. But his request for an audience was late. As Prime Minister Goremykin informed him on July 9, 1906, after the publication of the decree on the dissolution of the Duma, his reception was scheduled for 12:30 on July 10, but “only as a private person. Muromtsev refused such an audience.
Unfortunately, the process of Muromtsev developing norms for parliamentary life remained unfinished: 72 days after the start of work, the Duma was dissolved.
About 200 deputies, including Muromtsev, refused to obey the imperial decree dissolving the Duma and decided to appeal to voters. They gathered in Vyborg, where they decided to continue the meeting. Here the so-called Vyborg Appeal was adopted, in which deputies called on voters not to pay taxes to the treasury and not to give recruits to the army until the activities of the Duma were resumed.
Muromtsev was not an active supporter of the adoption of the Vyborg Appeal, but his very participation in the act of disobedience predetermined his future fate. With a sense of enormous dignity, Sergei Andreevich held himself during the trial; with his head held high, he entered the solitary cell of the Tagansk prison, where he was to spend 90 days and nights. His authority among his fellow prisoners remained unusually high.
The trials that Muromtsev had to endure after the dispersal of the first Duma were not limited to arrest and imprisonment. The noble assembly of the Tula province almost unanimously excluded him from its ranks.
After the dissolution of the Duma, Muromtsev lived for four years. Upon his release from prison, he returned to teaching. In addition to Moscow University, where Sergei Andreevich read the basics of civil law and the system of Roman law, he worked at other higher educational institutions, including the Commercial Institute and Shanyavsky City University, Higher Women's Law Courses.
As for Muromtsev’s political views, they did not undergo significant changes in the last years of his life, although from active work He left as part of the cadet party.
In addition to teaching, he devoted all his energy to social activities. Thus, he became one of the organizers of the Peace Society in Moscow, chairman of the Court of Honor at the Society of Workers of Periodicals and Literature.
By 1910, Muromtsev’s health seemed to be seriously undermined. Those who were close to him in those days recalled that his gait became unsteady and senile, and the classic profile of his face began to sag. There was weariness in the voice and in the look of the sunken eyes.
Sergei Andreevich Muromtsev died suddenly, during sleep, on October 4, 1910, in the sixty-first year of his life. The news of his death shocked everyone. According to the recollections of his friend and party comrade Professor A.A. Kiesewetter, on the day of his funeral, all of Moscow was on its feet. Everyone wanted to pay their last respects to the “first Russian citizen,” as those who came to say goodbye to him called him.
Muromtsev's ashes rest in the Donskoye Cemetery in Moscow.
SHATILOV IOSIF NIKOLAEVICH (1824 - 1889)
Joseph Nikolaevich Shatilov - famous forester and agronomist, rural owner and public figure, active state councilor, president of the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture, member of the Imperial Free Economic Society, Imperial Society of Natural History Lovers, Forestry Society (St. Petersburg and Moscow branches), Imperial Moscow Society lovers of horse racing, the Society for the Promotion of Russian Merchant Shipping, the Imperial Moscow Society of Naturalists and many others - was born on April 6, 1824 in Moscow and received a home education. He spent most of his childhood years in the village.
His scientific studies began early, when he was barely 14 years old. He and his father spent the autumn of 1838 in a villa near the mountains. Monza in Italy, which belonged to the famous Italian traveler South Africa Gaetano Osculati, and under the latter’s leadership began collecting entomological collections. For the winter he came to St. Petersburg and here he began to prepare for the Corps of Communications Engineers. Meanwhile, his passion for natural science was increasing, and he diligently attended zoology lectures at St. Petersburg University, as well as the zoological museum of the Academy of Sciences. At home, he spent a significant part of his time dissecting birds. The result of such intense study of zoology was that he failed the exam for the Corps of Railway Engineers.
His further studies in zoology were completely independent and only partially some instructions were given to him by K. F. Roulier and H. H. Steven. Devoting almost all his time to studies in zoology, only in 1843 Shatilov finally passed the exam at Kharkov University, after which he entered the service of the Kerch-Yenikalsk city administration and from that time, despite his 19 years, began to independently conduct agriculture in his the Japar estate, 20 versts from Kerch, containing 3,000 acres of land. Shatilov took an active part in the archaeological excavations that were then taking place near Kerch, which were led by the head of the Kerch Museum M.I. Blaramberg; the latter, however, was absent quite often, and in such cases Shatilov had to manage the excavations of the mounds completely independently.
At the beginning of the 1850s, he was elected Yalta district leader of the nobility, and from 1852 he, together with his uncle, I.V. Shatilov, had to take over the management of the estate in the Feodosia district "Tamak", which included 18,000 acres of land. His friend, the learned zoologist G.I. Radde, came here to him, and with the help of the latter, I.N. Shatilov began his collection of birds of the Tauride Peninsula. After Radde's departure, he continued to expand his collection and for this purpose ordered two preparators from abroad: Schmidt and Widholm. Only in 1869, when, in his opinion, the collection had reached its possible completeness, Shatilov stopped further work and donated it to the Zoological Museum of Moscow University.
Being wonderful host, he always followed with the most lively interest all issues relating to agriculture, and eagerly took part in their discussion and solution. His activity in this direction began very early - in 1847, when he was elected a member of the Lebedyansky Society of Agriculture and was a member of it from December 20, 1854.
In 1858, I. N. Shatilov was elected as a member of the Plant Acclimatization Committee at the I. M. O. S. Kh., but his especially intensive activity began from the beginning of 1860. By this time, he had already firmly developed a program of those ideas that he had been promoting throughout his life. These main ideas were the following: 1) the zemstvo should be in close connection with agricultural societies, in the interests of the development of the agricultural industry in Russia; 2) it is necessary to establish an independent department in charge of the agricultural industry, farming and trade, i.e. the Ministry of Agriculture and Trade, and 3) the main obstacles to the improvement of agriculture are the lack of successive labor among personal landowners, and communal land ownership with frequent family sections and the absence of a village charter. I. N. Shatilov came up with such a program in 1860 and throughout his 30-year career he strained his efforts to implement these ideas.
With the new election of officials for the three-year period from 1863, Shatilov was elected at a meeting on February 24 as vice-president of the Society. However, he refused to assume the duties of vice president, citing the fact that it was positively impossible for him all year round be in Moscow. Then the Society elected him a member of the Council. On June 23, 1864 it was approved new charter I.M.O.S.H., and on January 7 of the following year Shatilov was elected to the post of president, and then every three years, for 25 years, he was again elected president.
Caring equally about the success of all branches of agriculture and being an expert in forestry, I. N. Shatilov considered it his duty to diligently propagate the idea of the need for radical reform in modern private forestry. In view of this, he repeatedly raised questions regarding forestry in the I.M.O.S.H., often being himself a rapporteur. December 7, 1870 for his work on agriculture Shatilov, by Imperial command, was promoted from provincial secretary to state councilor.
In 1872, a polytechnic exhibition was organized in Moscow, and the organization of its agricultural department was entrusted to Shatilov, who received the highest favor for his work on it and an honorary address for promoting the cause of afforestation. In 1881 he was awarded the rank of d.s. Advisor; On November 8th of the same year he was awarded a gold medal from the Moscow Branch of the Forestry Society. The following year he received the highest award from the Ministry of State Property for afforestation - a gold medal and 500 half-imperials.
In April 1888 he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav 1st degree, and on November 6 of the following year a personalized large gold medal was awarded. At the same time, he was elected president of the I.M.O.S.H. for the ninth three-year anniversary. In addition to the above-mentioned awards, I.N. Shatilov received at different times for his work in various branches of agriculture three commendable reviews, 4 bronze medals, 6 silver medals, 2 Paris first class and 5 gold. Over the thirty years of his literary activity, he published 5 articles on zoology, two of which were in German, 32 speeches and 50 brochures, articles and reports on agriculture. Shortly before his death, on October 20, 1889, he made a report to the I.M.O.S.H. “Opinion on the proposed establishment of peasant family plots in connection with the issue of reserved noble land ownership.” On January 7, 1890, it was planned to solemnly celebrate the 35th anniversary of his activities for the benefit of M.O.S.H.; but he did not live a few days before this celebration, dying suddenly on December 26, 1889, while sitting at the compilation of his anniversary speech. I.M.O.S.H., established a scholarship in his name for the permanent maintenance of one student at the Moscow Agricultural School. Shatilov's body was transported to the village. Mokhovoe, where he was buried.
The village of Mokhovoe (Novoderevenkovsky district) is widely known due to the fact that Shatilov lived and worked there. In 1694, it was founded by Fyodor Mokeevich Shatilov, the great-great-great-grandfather of the outstanding agricultural figure.
Seven years after its founding, a wooden church was built in Mokhovoy. In 1777 it was dismantled and transported to Novosil. And in its place, the grandson of the village founder - court councilor Osip (Joseph) Fedorovich Shatilov - erected a stone church in the name of the Kazan Mother of God. 
In 1834, two brothers took possession of the village: collegiate adviser Nikolai Vasilyevich (father of the famous scientist) and Major General Ivan Vasilyevich Shatilov, who included 100 courtyard people and 242 peasants. After 30 years, Joseph Nikolaevich Shatilov becomes the sole owner of the local estates.
The fact that Mokhovoe was an exemplary estate was greatly facilitated by its manager, the scientist F.Kh. Mayer. Together with his son I.N. Shatilov Ivan Mayer was engaged in massive afforestation in the forest-steppe regions of the European part of Russia of Siberian larch, Weymouth pine, Norway spruce and other valuable species. The Shatilovsky forest they created was an example of the most effective placement of woody, and especially coniferous, vegetation in conditions of dissected relief.
In his youth, the famous critic Dmitry Pisarev, who lived 12 versts from Mokhovoy, came here. Friendly ties with the Shatilov family long time Leo Tolstoy also supported it. “This is probably the most wonderful farm in Russia,” he wrote in 1865.
Not far from the house there is the Kazan Church. Near the temple there was a hospital built by Shatilov, who maintained it at his own expense. He also built and maintained the zemstvo public school in 1856.
ORLOVSKY BORIS IVANOVICH (1792\1793 - 1837)
Boris Ivanovich Orlovsky (real name Smirnov) - academician and professor of sculpture at the Imperial Academy of Arts - was born in 1792-1793 in the Mtsensk district of the Oryol province, in the village of Bolshoi Stolobetsky, died on December 16, 1837 in St. Petersburg.
His father, a courtyard man by N. M. Matsneva, was sold in 1801 together with his family, “without land, for transport,” to the Tula landowner - foreman Shatilov, who apprenticed Boris Ivanovich as a boy to one of the Moscow marble workshops . 
Having then moved to St. Petersburg, Boris Ivanovich, nicknamed Orlovsky by his comrades (after his place of origin), entered the Treskorni workshop as a marble maker. In his free time, he diligently painted and sculpted with clay. Chance brought him together with the rector of the Academy of Arts, sculptor I.P. Matros, who, having taken part in it, introduced his works to the President of the Academy A.N. Olenin, and the latter - to the sovereign himself. The bust of the Emperor, executed by Orlovsky, pleased His Majesty so much that he ordered Orlovsky to be admitted to the Academy, and the landowner Shatilov was convinced to release Orlovsky.
Orlovsky was counted among the artists left at the Academy in order to soon be sent to Italy for “greater improvement in his art.” Orlovsky studied at the Academy for only 2 months, attending drawing and sculpture classes. After this period, despite the opinion of the academic authorities, who considered it necessary for Orlovsky to spend another year at the Academy to improve in drawing and modeling, by decree of the Emperor, who found that Orlovsky could learn this in Italy, the latter was sent in 1822 to Rome to Thorvaldsen. In Thorvaldsen's studio, Orlovsky diligently studied antiques, without neglecting, however, portrait works.
Of the new sculptors, Orlovsky was most attracted, in addition to Thorvaldsen, by François Flament and Canova. Orlovsky's works from the time of his stay in Rome include: a colossal bust of Alexander I (a copy of Thorvaldsen's bust), statues of Paris with an apple, a Faun and the group: Faun and Bacchante. 
In 1829, he and Golberg were summoned to St. Petersburg to participate in a competition to draw up designs for monuments to Barclay de Tolly and Kutuzov.
In July of this year, Orlovsky arrived in St. Petersburg with a letter of recommendation from Thorvaldsen. Provided with an annual allowance of 3,000 rubles. Until his appointment as a professor at the Academy of Arts, Orlovsky began to implement projects, which he did quite quickly, despite some of the constraining conditions of the competition.
In the same 1829, he was appointed academician, and in 1831, after completing a program on the theme “Jan-Usmovich taming the bull,” he was appointed professor of the Academy, in which rank he was confirmed in 1836. In 1831, according to Having completed the statues of Barclay de Tolly and Kutuzov, the execution of which was left to Orlovsky, he began work on decorating the Alexander Column, where he created a statue of a genius and one bas-relief. Of Orlovsky’s other works, the most remarkable are: figures of 7 geniuses for the gates behind the Moscow outpost; boy playing with a duck - (copy from antique, for Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna); marble group of flowers; marble busts of prof. Meyer and Martos and a small figure of a grenadier of the palace company. In addition, Orlovsky repeated the bust of Alexander I for Prince Volkonsky.
In the history of Russian art, Orlovsky is usually considered as one of the representatives of the moderate naturalistic movement, most expressed in the works of Shubin and Krylov, of which he is the successor and continuer. Although not possessing great talent, Orlovsky was distinguished by his extraordinary conscientiousness and hard work. During his short professorship, he tried to instill these qualities in his few students.
NARYSHKIN ALEXANDER ALEKSEEVICH (1839 - 1916)
October 28, 2009 marked the 170th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding statesman of the Russian Empire, active Privy Councilor, the only senator Russian state, awarded the soldier's St. George Cross, - Alexander Alekseevich Naryshkin.
Alexander Alexandrovich Naryshkin was born on October 15/28, 1839 in the ancestral village of Georgievsky (Egoryevsky) of the Oryol district of the Oryol province in the family of a retired warrant officer of the Nizhny Novgorod Dragoon Regiment Alexei Ivanovich Naryshkin, a participant in the war in the Caucasus. The village of Georgievskoye in the Oryol district belonged to the Naryshkin family since the reign of Emperor Peter I, whose mother was Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, née Naryshkina.
In 1776, on the site of the dilapidated church of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George, known since the 16th century and which gave the name to the village, the great-grandfather of the senator Vasily Sergeevich Naryshkin built the wooden church of St. George the Victorious on stone foundation. In this temple, for many centuries, residents of Georgievskoye, surrounding villages and representatives of the Naryshkin family were baptized and buried.
Alexander Alekseevich Naryshkin receives an excellent education at Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Heidelberg universities. Since 1862, he has served as an official in the Oryol province in various positions.
In 1876, Naryshkin, being the representative of the Slavic Committees of Moscow and St. Petersburg, went to the Don, gathered 100 Cossack volunteers, and with them went to the Balkans at the disposal of the detachment of General Chernyaev, who provided assistance with arms to the rebel Serbs and Montenegrins against the centuries-old Ottoman yoke.
In 1877, with the outbreak of the Russian-Turkish War, he enlisted as a volunteer in the 62nd Suzdal Infantry Regiment and participated in many battles. For courage in the battle of Sheinovo on December 28-29, he was presented with the soldier’s St. George Cross, IV degree, received the rank of junior non-commissioned officer and an offer to become an orderly of the legendary General M.D. Skobelev, who had heard a lot about the cold fearlessness of the Oryol official.
On May 22, 1877, Naryshkin marries Elizaveta Aleksandrovna Tsurikova, the daughter of an Oryol landowner and poet, who participates in the war with her husband and serves as a sister of mercy. The Serbian king awards her the Order of Takov and several medals, and Alexander Alekseevich receives the Order of St. Daniel III and I from the Montenegrin prince.
At the end of 1878, the couple returned to the Oryol province, where their first child, Yuri, was born. Subsequently, the couple had 6 more children, two of whom died in infancy. Alexander Alekseevich is elected honorary district judge of the Oryol district.
After 20 years of service in the Oryol province, he made a rapid career: in 1883 he was appointed district inspector of the Moscow educational district, in 1884 - manager of state property in the Baltic provinces. In 1892, with the rank of full state councilor, he assumed the post of Podolsk governor. In this post he attracts the attention of the emperor Alexandra III. Naryshkin fights against the abuses of local officials and offers them instructions based on the commandments of Moses: “do not kill, do not steal, do not bear false witness, do not commit adultery, do not covet your neighbor’s property,” etc.
In 1894, by personal order of the Emperor, A. A. Naryshkin was transferred to St. Petersburg to the position of Comrade Minister of Agriculture and Property; in 1898, he was promoted to Privy Councilor and appointed senator. At the same time, Naryshkin, as they would say now, does a lot of public work.
Since 1906 A. A. Naryshkin - member State Council, and since 1913 he has served as chairman of congresses of noble assemblies. In 1915, Emperor Nicholas II promoted him to active privy councilor (a rank equal to a general) for 50 years of blameless service. According to Orlov resident V.N. Shenshin, in 50 years, Alexander Alekseevich missed only 2 meetings in the Oryol zemstvo. Another of his contemporary, V.I. Gurko, wrote about Naryshkin: “He was distinguished exclusively by knightly qualities and knightly honor, and did not tolerate any measures aimed at restricting human activity. He had personal courage and cold-blooded courage that surprised even General Skobelev.” S. Yu. Witte called Naryshkin “the pillar of conservatism.”
A. A. Naryshkin did not live exactly a year before the collapse of the Russian Empire and monarchy, which he zealously served. As the Orlovsky Vestnik newspaper noted in its obituary dated February 27, 1916: “He was the only senator who had a soldier’s George, who spent half his life in the ranks of bureaucrats, evaded receiving titles. He was in correspondence with I. S. Turgenev, with the loss of whom the liberals lost a worthy idealist opponent - who professed his views not out of fear, but out of conscience.”
Senator Alexander Alekseevich Naryshkin was buried in the village of Georgievskoye, next to the Naryshkino station. According to local historian A. Belsky, the station was named in honor of A. A. Naryshkin, who helped in laying the Rigo-Orlovskaya section railway on the territory of their estates.
Elizaveta Aleksandrovna Naryshkina (nee Tsurikova) was arrested by the Oryol Cheka in 1919 and transported to Moscow. She was kept in a concentration camp located within the walls of the Novo-Spassky Monastery. She was released on bail and under the guarantee of Professor Arsenyev, the husband of one of her daughters, Olga.
The Naryshkins’ second daughter, Ekaterina, emigrated with her husband and children to Switzerland and died in 1971.
The fate of the sons was tragic. Peter, staff captain of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, was shot by the Bolsheviks in 1918 in Petrograd. Yuri, cornet of the 17th Chernigov Hussar Regiment, died in the battles of the Volunteer Army. Boris, a military doctor, was shot in 1927 in Moscow.
The Oryol public has repeatedly raised the question of renaming the Uritsky district to Naryshkinsky. Letters with the same request to the administration of the President of Russia, the governor of the Oryol region, the chairman of the Council of People's Deputies, and the head of the administration of the Uritsky district were recently sent by the youth brotherhood of St. George the Victorious. Moses Solomonovich Uritsky was in no way connected with the land that now bears his name. Historical justice demands that the name of our outstanding fellow countryman be returned to the area.
On October 28, 2009, on the day of the 170th anniversary of the birth of A. A. Naryshkin, a worship cross was erected on the site of the destroyed Church of St. George the Victorious, where the Naryshkin family crypt was located, and a memorial service was celebrated in the village of Georgievskoye.
YAKUSHKIN PAVEL IVANOVICH (1822 - 1872)
Pavel Ivanovich Yakushkin - writer-ethnographer, collector of folk songs, proverbs, riddles and fables, cousin of the Decembrist I. D. Yakushkin, was born in 1822 in the Saburovo estate of Maloarkhangelsk district of the Oryol province, now Pokrovsky district of the Oryol region, into a wealthy noble family. His father, Ivan Andreevich, served in the guard, retired as a lieutenant and lived permanently in the village, where he married the peasant serf Praskovya Faleevna.
After his death, the family remained in the hands of his mother, who enjoyed general respect inspired by her endless kindness, bright mind and cordiality. At the same time she had tact experienced housewife, and the estate left behind by her husband was not only not upset, but was brought into the best condition. Thanks to this, Praskovya Faleevna had the opportunity to raise six sons at the Oryol gymnasium and then open the way to higher education for three of them (Alexander, Pavel and Victor).
Having mastered literacy in his parents' home and mastered the "rudiments of science", Yakushkin entered the Oryol gymnasium, where he attracted attention with his masculinity, carelessness in a suit and complete inability to maintain an intelligent, decent appearance in keeping with his noble rank. Especially with his disobedient curls, “he killed Mr. Director,” and no matter how they cut these curls, they constantly stuck out in all directions, to the horror of the authorities, who were unpleasant to mess with Yakushkin’s hair and also because every time he cut his hair, he “rudely justified himself with such in peasant words that in all classes they died with laughter.” Thus, Yakushkin’s passion for the common people was formed in school, and the German language teacher Funkendorf called him nothing more than “a peasant stuffed animal.”
In 1840, Yakushkin entered the Faculty of Mathematics at Moscow University, attended it quite successfully until the 4th year, but did not graduate from the university, both due to an accidental mistake in choosing a faculty that was inconsistent with his desires and vocation, and due to his passion for a completely different type of occupation, which he did his name is famous in literature and society. He later worked as a teacher in district schools in Bogodukhov, then in Oboyan, Kharkov educational district, but in both of them he was short-lived and unsuccessful.
Acquaintance with M.P. Pogodin and even more so with P.V. Kireevsky took him to a completely different road. Having learned that Kireevsky was collecting folk songs, Yakushkin wrote down one and sent it to him with a friend dressed up as a lackey. Kireevsky gave 15 rubles in banknotes for this song. Yakushkin soon repeated this experiment two more times and received an invitation from Kireevsky to get acquainted. The songs were genuine folk art. Sensitive to Yakushkin’s abilities, Kireevsky, at his own expense, assigned him a job that he liked so much that he forced him to leave the university: namely, he sent him to the northern Volga provinces for research. Yakushkin shouldered a popular print box filled with Ofen goods, worth no more than ten rubles, picked up an arshin and went under the guise of a bagman to study the nationality and study and record songs. The taken goods, selected more to suit the weak heart of a girl, were intended not for sale, but for exchange for songs and suitable ethnographic material.
And since then Yakushkin has been in space all his life. The image of a wanderer was kind and dear to Yakushkin, both out of habit and also out of the exclusivity of his position among the people, where a visiting person is held in high esteem and respect. In the spirit of that time, Yakushkin’s idea can be considered positive madness, which, at least, found justification only in the hobbies of youth. Yakushkin’s first journey ended safely, and the walk without obstacles left only the most favorable impression, lured, attracted and promised the greatest success in view of the acquired techniques and practice.
Upon returning from a campaign in Moscow, Yakushkin, through M.P. Pogodin, became known to the Slavophiles. Acquaintance with this circle was the reason that Yakushkin himself became a Slavophile, but not in the narrow sense as our criticism understood it: he brought out sincere love and firm faith in the honest, gifted nature of the Great Russian tribe and in the breadth of its world calling; he fell in love with him so much that all his life he remained a worker, intercessor and intercessor for him.
After the first trip, Yakushkin went on a second, third and, it seems, fourth trip, and again under the protection of the box and under the guise of a milk merchant. During one of these travels, Yakushkin contracted smallpox, fell ill and collapsed in the first village corner he came across; His healthy nature, however, withstood the illness, but his face was severely disfigured, and Yakushkin more than once later had to pay for this accidental misfortune from those people who were used to making an impression by looking at his face. pubescent with a long beard, with long hair, it sometimes frightened women and children during private meetings and aroused suspicion among the police.
One of the biggest adventures was his arrest, which caused quite a stir, by the Pskov police in the person of its police chief Hempel. Yakushkin was put in jail, where he stayed for up to 2 weeks. It is remarkable that when this story ended, Yakushkin was on friendly terms with Hempel and subsequently spoke of him with meekness, without remembering evil and without blaming or condemning him.
Politics interested Yakushkin little. He treated literary trends with complete indifference and entered all editorial offices with the same good nature, not paying attention to their mutual enmity. All of Yakushkin’s sympathies were on the side of the working people, especially farm laborers, factory workers, and the poor in general, which, in his words, “the owners are ready to kill, and can kill, if they themselves don’t come to their senses and find out how much they are needed.” The ideal of social structure in his imagination was a gigantic artel containing all of Russia.
The songs overheard and recorded by Yakushkin entered the rich collection of P. V. Kireevsky, who did not have time to publish them during his lifetime, but before his death expressed the desire that the selection of songs and their final edition be carried out both by right and by the power of Yakushkin’s deep knowledge. That's not what happened. Kireyevsky's heir transferred this matter to Bessonov. Upset by the refusal and having received a blow to the most sensitive side of his heart, Yakushkin came to St. Petersburg and complained about his failure, which seemed to him the biggest failure of his whole life, and, if possible, get out of his offensive, difficult-to-bear situation. Meek by nature to the point of self-sacrifice, gentle to the point of originality, this time he resorted to measures that seemed to him the most worthy and harmless. He managed to compile his own independent separate collection of songs with the help of personal memories and his remarkable memory and with the assistance of friends and acquaintances. The editors of Otechestvennye Zapiski hospitably allocated space for this collection, and Yakushkin calmed down, considering this task completed for himself. And only to clear his conscience did he consider it necessary to explain this matter to the reading public in a polemical article published in the magazine “Library for Reading”.
Yakushkin arrived in St. Petersburg in 1858, at the height of the then excitement, in which the expected liberation of the peasants played a large role. Yakushkin, as a well-known lover of the people and ethnographer, was warmly welcomed in literary circles and began to write something for Iskra, Library for Reading, Otechestvennye Zapiski and other magazines. At the same time, he became known to the metropolitan public, having the opportunity to appear on literary readings and appear on the streets in his original costume, where they pointed to him as a person who “walked all over Russia on foot.” His photographic cards, made very successfully by the artist Berestov, were bought by the dozen in great demand and were popularly passed off as portraits of Pugachev, and in Paris, at the Palais Royal, they were even sold with the signature “Pougatsceuff”.
The year 1865 was significant for Yakushkin in that it was the last in his free and independent life. This year he made his usual trip, which brought him to Nizhny Novgorod during the Makaryevskaya fair, at which there was a random congress of several writers (P. M. Melnikov, V. P. Bezobrazov, I. A. Arsenyev, P. D. Boborykin etc.). On this occasion, the then head of the fair A.P. Shipov, an educated man, known for his versatile social activities and deep sympathies for literature and economic sciences and himself being the author of many scientific treatises, arranged a large dinner by subscription, in which eminent merchants and writers visiting for lunch. Yakushkin was also among those dining. Having drunk, he made a sharp remark during V. P. Bezobrazov’s speech to I. A. Arsenyev, who was interfering with his speech by the sound of a spoon. Then he interrupted the adjutant, the local gendarme staff officer Perfilyev, in the buffet; he complained to the then fair governor-general Ogarev, presenting Yakushkin as a dangerous agitator embarrassing the people.
He was arrested and sent to St. Petersburg, and from there he was sent to Orel to his mother. The silent and innocent sufferer realized that with his weaknesses he could only cause annoyance to his dearly beloved mother. Therefore, after staying for a short time in Orel, he prayed to his friends: “Deliver my mother from me! As far as I can understand, they wanted to punish me by sending me here, but they punished my mother. Enter into the position of an innocent, honest and kind old woman, obliged to see before you every day her lost son.” His request was respected: he was transferred from the Oryol province to the Astrakhan province. Here he lived under administrative supervision in Krasny Yar and Enotaevsk. His health was extremely upset due to his wandering, homeless life, full of all sorts of hardships and shocks, and his excessive addiction to drinking glass. Regarding the last circumstance, he could boldly declare that it was none other than the people themselves in the countless taverns of the Russian Empire who got him drunk. This soon turned Yakushkin into an incurable alcoholic and made him the hero of various anecdotal eccentricities.
In 1871, Yakushkin was allowed to move to one of the district cities of the Samara province. Arriving in Samara, he fell ill with relapsing fever and went to the city hospital, where he died on January 8 of the following year in the arms of the famous writer-publicist and doctor V. O. Portugalov. Yakushkin died with the good-natured carelessness with which he lived his entire forgotten life, with his favorite song on his lips: “We will sing and we will play, And death will come, we will die!”
DECREE ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ORYOL GUKERNIYA ( 1778 .)
We, considering it good to re-establish the Oryol province, most mercifully ordered our general Prince Repnin to travel around this province, without wasting time, and, according to the approximate schedule given by us, to 12 districts on the spot, to conveniently inspect them and, both about this and which ones again To assign cities to them, we will need to submit them personally.
Catherine II
The starting point of the history of the Oryol province can be considered the founding of the city of Oryol in 1566 by Tsar Ivan the Terrible and the formation of the Oryol district.
In 1708, the first provinces were formed in Russia - Oryol district, together with Volkhov, Bryansk, Liven, Mtsensk, Novosilsky and others, became part of the Kyiv province.
Already in 1719, the Oryol province appeared as part of the Kyiv province and united the district cities of Volkhov, Belev, Mtsensk, Novosil and Chern.
Having retained its borders, the Oryol province in 1727 became part of the Belgorod province, and under these conditions the life of the Oryol residents proceeded calmly until 1778.
And on September 5, Catherine II issued a Decree on the formation of the Oryol vicegerency of thirteen districts: Arkhangelsk, Volkhov, Bryansk, Deshkinsky, Yeletsk, Karachevsky, Kromsky, Livensky, Lugansk, Mtsensky, Oryol, Sevsky and Trubchevsky. The territory of the Oryol governorship occupied 41,040 square miles, and its population was 968,300 people.
Until 1796, the Governor-General ruled the Oryol, Belgorod and Smolensk governorships. And in 1796, the General Governments were abolished. The name “governorship” was abolished, and the territory of the Oryol region began to be called only as Oryol province.
The cities and villages of the Oryol region were transformed. The villages of Deshkino, Lugan, Arkhangelskoye were transformed into cities and the latter was renamed Maloarkhangelsk.
Novosilsky district was assigned to the Tula governorate.
In 1782, the district center from the village of Lugani was moved to the village of Dmitrovka, renamed the city of Dmitrovsk.
Deshkinsky district existed until 1798, then it was divided between Volkhov and Mtsensk districts. The city of Deshkin was abolished (now the village of Deshkino, Mtsensk district). In the same year, the cities of Dmitrovsk and Maloarkhangelsk were abolished, in 1802 they were restored again and again became the centers of county towns. Finally, from the above year, the Oryol province was finally formed, and its administrative and territorial division remained until 1920.
In total, in the 19th century there were twelve counties: Volkhovsky, Dmitrovsky, Bryansky, Yeletsky, Karachevsky, Kromskoy, Livensky, Maloarkhangelsky, Mtsensky, Orlovsky, Sevsky and Trubchevsky.
The territory of the province occupied 46.7 thousand square kilometers, the population according to the 1897 census was 2,033,798 people.
Due to its location, as well as its cultural heritage, the Oryol province was considered not only the center, but also the heart of Russia. The creation of its main city, Oryol, is associated with the reign of Ivan the Terrible, and the formation of the province around it took place during the time of Catherine the Great.
What the province and its main city were like can be found out from the article.
Location
The Oryol province was part of the Russian Empire, and later Soviet Russia. It existed from 1796 to 1928. It was located in the European part of the country, bordering on the following provinces:
- Kaluga, Tula, Kursk (north).
- Kurskaya (south).
- Voronezhskaya (east).
- Smolenskaya, Chernigovskaya (west).
The area was more than forty-six square kilometers, and the population reached two million people. The main city was Oryol.
History of the earth
The Oryol province was created in the eighteenth century, but even before that the Slavs lived on these lands. The most ancient inhabitants are considered to be the Vyatichi. In the eleventh century they created the first cities for protection from hostile tribes of the Cumans and Pechenegs.
Until the sixteenth century, the lands were subject to numerous attacks and devastation due to the Mongol-Tatar invasion, and later the rule of Lithuania and Poland. One of the significant ones during this period was the Bryansk principality, located on the lands of the future province.
The history of the Oryol province is connected with the emergence of the city of Oryol. The year of its origin is considered to be 1566. From this time on, the Oryol district was formed. By the eighteenth century, the Oryol province was part of the Kyiv province, and later belonged to the Belgorod province, until over time it became an administrative-territorial unit of the empire.
History of the province
In 1778, Empress Catherine II issued a Decree, as a result of which the Oryol province was established. It was originally divided into thirteen counties, although their number has varied throughout history. The city of Orel became a political, religious, and cultural center.
After 1917, the province existed for another eleven years until it was abolished. By 1937, the Oryol region was created, which included part of the former province. Orel again became the main city in the formed region.
Orel city
The Oryol province, the photo of which is presented in the form, has always been connected with its central city. It was founded in 1566 (as mentioned in At this time, by decree of Ivan the Fourth the Terrible, the Orel fortress was founded in order to protect the southern borders of the kingdom.
Since 1577, a Cossack settlement was located here. Urban Cossacks lived in it. The settlement had its own wooden church, which was called Pokrovskaya.
In 1605, the city was occupied by False Dmitry the First with his army. And two years later it became the residence of False Dmitry II. A few years later the city was completely destroyed by the Poles led by A. Lisovsky. It was restored only in 1636, since it was of particular importance in protecting Russian lands from Tatar raids.
Gradually, the border of the kingdom moved south. Therefore, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, the fortress in Orel was abolished, losing its defensive significance. The city began to specialize in grain trade, and also became the center of the created Oryol province, which was later transformed into a province, and in modern times is a region of the Russian Federation.
The city began to develop in the nineteenth century. During this period, the road surface was laid, the city's professional fire department was created, telegraph communication was established, banking developed, and water supply appeared. The laid railway and highway pavement connected Orel with the lands of Ukraine, the Volga region, the Baltic states and, of course, Moscow. This allowed it to become a major transport center.
Famous people of the province
A description of the Oryol province would not be complete without mentioning the outstanding personalities of the region. There were many estates of famous noble families in Russia located on the lands. The names of such writers as Turgenev I.S., Fet A.A., Prishvin M.M., Pisarev D.I. are associated with the Oryol region.
The appearance of a large number of writers, philosophers, and historians on these lands is associated with its beautiful nature, primordial folk culture and wise peasant traditions.
Orel gave the world many great Russian writers, poets and other cultural figures. Few people know that such famous writers as Fet, Turgenev, Leskov and many others were born in this glorious region, and the Oryol writers themselves treat their homeland with awe and love.
The biography of the Oryol writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev begins in 1818. Memories of childhood left a deep imprint on the writer’s work. Even at an early age, sympathy for others and hostility towards serfdom arose in him.
Turgenev studied in St. Petersburg, Moscow and abroad. In 1842 he received the title of Master of Philosophy. Acquaintance with V. G. Belinsky changed his life: Turgenev dedicated it to literature.
In 1847, the first issue of the Sovremennik magazine was published with the story “Khor and Kalinich,” which would later be included in the series of the now famous “Notes of a Hunter.” Due to the anti-serfdom sentiments that oozed from the author’s democratically minded stories, the writer was arrested and exiled to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo.
After a long stay in exile, Turgenev returns to St. Petersburg. In the 1850s, the most significant works of the writer from the Oryol region were published: “Mumu”, “Asya”, “Rudin”, “The Noble Nest”. It was these stories that brought the author fame.
In the 60s, revolutionary sentiments intensified in the country, which led to the writer’s break with Sovremennik, but democratic ideas can still be traced in his work. A striking example of this are the novels “Fathers and Sons” and “On the Eve”, around which heated debates arose. Turgenev was forced to live abroad until the 70s.
Despite his vigorous activity, the writer yearns for his homeland. In 1876 he returned and worked on the novel “Nov”. Turgenev understands that he wants to stop wandering and live out his life in his native land.
In 1882, Ivan Sergeevich fell ill, and a year later he died in France from spinal sarcoma.
The writer’s work is imbued with love for the Oryol region. Now a monument has been created in Orel, as well as a museum of the Orlov writer Turgenev. In addition, in the Mtsensk region there is a museum-reserve of I. S. Turgenev “Spasskoye-Lutovinovo”.
Nikolay Leskov
The list of Orlov writers is supplemented by the talented prose writer Nikolai Semenovich Leskov. The writer is known for such works as “Lefty”, “Nowhere”, “On Knives”, “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk”, “The Cathedral People”, “The Spendthrift”.
Leskov was born in 1831 on February 4 in the village of Gorokhovo, Oryol district. The writer of the Oryol region was the eldest son among four other children. At the age of 10, Nikolai was sent to study at the Oryol provincial gymnasium.
While serving as a private agent at the firm Shcott and Wilkins, Leskov spent 3 years traveling around Russia: it was these travels that inspired him to write.
In 1860, he was already published in the Economic Index, Modern Medicine and St. Petersburg Gazette. At the beginning of his writing career, Nikolai worked under the pseudonym M. Stebnitsky, and also used many other names.
A year later, Leskov moved to St. Petersburg, where he began publishing his notes and articles in local magazines.
Leskov died in 1895 from an attack of asthma, which tormented him for the last few years of his life.
Oryol remembers the Oryol writer: a monument to Nikolai Leskov was erected here, and the writer’s house-museum was also opened.
Ivan Alekseevich Bunin was raised at home until he was 11 years old, and in 1881 he went to the Yeletsk district gymnasium, but after the winter holidays in the 4th grade, he announced to his parents that he did not want to go back. He tries to write his first poems at the age of 8, and by the age of 17 he writes more serious works and publishes them in printed publications.
Ivan Alekseevich is not a famous Orlov writer. He was born in Voronezh. However, the great writer spent at least three years in Orel, about which he spoke warmly in his memoirs. Oryol writers and poets, as well as local nature, largely influenced the writer’s work.
In 1920, Bunin emigrated to France. All these years, the writer kept a diary called “Cursed Days,” in which he poured out all his hatred of the Bolsheviks. In France, Ivan gives lectures and publishes journalism. Bunin leads an active social life and does his best to help writers and Russian emigrants. Ivan Alekseevich is engaged in vigorous literary activity, which made him one of the main figures of the Russian diaspora. Ivan Bunin received many literary and socially significant awards during his life.
The writer died in Paris in 1953.
Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev occupies an honorable place in the list of Oryol writers and poets. Born in 1803 in the village of Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province, he spent his entire childhood in these parts.
While studying at Moscow University, Tyutchev belonged to the circle of S.E. Raich, which was characterized by a combination of the academic school of literature with an interest in the political life of the country. Pre-Decembrist sentiments turned out to be close to young Tyutchev. The poet begins to publish in “Northern Lyra” and “Galatea”.
In the spring of 1822, Fedor was appointed supernumerary secretary of the Russian mission in Munich. During this period, the question of the meaning of existence comes through in the poet’s poems: the writer is embarrassed and confused, a keen sense of the tragedy of human life tears the poet’s soul, prompting thoughts about the meaning of personality on the scale of the universe. In addition, Tyutchev’s thoughts are directed towards the fate of the Motherland, which also worries him a lot.
After spending 22 years in Italy and Germany, Fyodor Ivanovich returns to Russia, to St. Petersburg. Every summer the poet visits his native Ovstug, which has not left his heart even after so many years. In 1855, stung by the sight of impoverished Russian villages, he wrote the heartbreaking poem “These Poor Villages,” which was soon heard throughout the country.
In his small homeland, in Ovstug, the poet wrote the works “The Enchantress in Winter”, “There is in the Initial Autumn” and many others. The poet himself never strived for popularity and did not take the literary role of his poems to heart. Only in 1854, yielding to the persuasion of I. S. Turgenev, Fyodor Tyutchev selected several of his works for a separate publication, which would later bring great fame to the poet.
The Oryol writer and poet died in 1873 in St. Petersburg, where he was buried.
Writer of the Oryol region Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet was born in the village of Novoselki, Mtsensk district in 1820. His love for poetry manifested itself quite early: Afanasy tried to write from childhood, translating nursery rhymes from German.
After finishing the boarding school, Fet entered the literature department at Moscow University. Soon he begins to publish his poems in the magazines “Moskvityanin”, “Domestic Notes” and “Library for Reading”. The poet's talent was recognized even by the great critic and writer V. G. Belinsky, and already in 1840 the poet published his collection “Lyrical Pantheon”.
This period marked the heyday of Afanasy Afanasyevich’s creativity. He writes love and landscape lyrics: “Wonderful picture”, “Bacchante”, “Sad birch”, “Don’t wake her up at dawn” and many others.
In the 50s, Fet became close to Sovremennik; his poems often appeared on the pages of the magazine. New collections by Fet have been published, highly appreciated in the literary community.
In 1860, Fet bought a plot of land in Mtsensk district and became a landowner. In 1863, the poet published the collection “Poems” and fell silent for a long time. The next collection, “Evening Lights,” appears only in 1883. But by that time, the poet’s talent had not dried up at all: Fet again sings of beauty and love, and also raises important philosophical questions.
Afanasy Fet died in 1892 in Moscow.
The list of fellow countrymen writers who lived in the country also includes Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin, who was born in 1763 in the village of Livny. Rostopchin is known as a statesman and literary figure. Having received an excellent education at home, at the age of 10 he was enrolled in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Next years he builds his military career until he receives the rank of captain-lieutenant of the Life Guards in 1789. In the following years, Rostopchin took part in many wars, as a result of which in 1799 he was elevated to the rank of count of the Russian Empire for his numerous services.
Two years later, Rostopchin resigned. Fyodor spent a long period of his life on his own estate, Voronov, where he began his literary career, adding to the number of writers born in the Oryol province.
As a result of his work, the book “Thoughts Out Loud on the Red Porch...” was published in 1807, with the help of which he gained great fame. During the same period of time, the story “Oh, the French!” was born, as well as a couple of comedies, the most famous being “Vesti, or Killed Alive.”
After the events of 1812, Fyodor Vasilyevich was given the glory of being the initiator of the Moscow Fire, but he publicly renounced this version, reinforcing his words with his own work “The Truth about the Fire of Moscow.”
In 1814, Alexander I dismissed Rostopchin from the post of Moscow commander-in-chief. Since 1823, Fedor has lived in Moscow, being retired due to illness. Rostopchin died in 1826.
Among the Oryol writers, Alexey Nikolaevich Apukhtin, who was born in 1840 in the city of Bolkhov in the Oryol province, is also called.
The poet's first poems appear in the publication "Russian Invalid" - this is the work "Epaminoid", dedicated to the hero of Sevastopol, Admiral Kornilov, as well as the poem "Imitation of Arabic". At the school, Alexey wrote a lot and with pleasure: in his work of this period the influence of the poetry of A. Pushkin, E. Baratynsky and M. Lermontov can be traced. The poems began to read sadness, and reflections on death and the meaning of life were not uncommon. The theme of disappointment grows stronger, becoming a distinctive feature of the author.
In 1858, Apukhtin listened to Turgenev’s advice and moved away from sad themes in his work and wrote the poem “The Village of Kolotovka,” but never finished it. In this work, the poet reproduces the Oryol fortress village - the motif of the poems largely echoes Turgenev’s “Notes of a Hunter.”
In the early 60s, Apukhtin decided to move away from civil themes and with his poem “Modern Developments” he called himself the creator of “pure art.” Apukhtin anticipates a gathering darkness in the near future, which is reflected in his works “A joyless dream has exhausted me from life,” “Autumn Leaves,” “Flies,” “I defeated her, fatal love", "Meeting". But such creativity did not find a response from readers and critics, and Apukhtin’s works cease to be published.
By 1864 he returned to St. Petersburg, the almost forgotten name of the poet regained popularity with his new poems, which began to be published in local literary magazines. In 1886, the poet decides to publish his first collection of poems, which will subsequently gain great popularity.
Alexey invents his own genre - the confessional poem. It included “A Year in the Monastery,” written in the Oryol village, as well as “Before the operation,” “With a courier train,” “Crazy” and “From the Prosecutor’s Papers.”
Prose works are of no less interest: “The Archive of Countess D.”, “The Diary of Pavlik Dolsky,” “Between Life and Death.” The stories continue the theme of personal narration, his typical poetry, now expressed in the form of a monologue, letters, and diaries.
Working on prose was the writer's last literary work: since 1893, Alexey could no longer get out of bed. Apukhtin died the same year in St. Petersburg.
Pavel Yakushin
Pavel Ivanovich Yakushin is an Oryol writer, born in the village of Saburovo, Maloarkhangelsk district, Oryol province in 1822. He is a researcher of folk art. Even in his high school years, Pavel stood out for his talent and willfulness. While in his fourth year at the Faculty of Mathematics at Moscow University, Yakushin made an acquaintance with P.K. Kireevsky and parted with science on his advice, going on wanderings around the Volga cities. Before him, no one in Russia had ever collected the treasures of folk poetry in this way. Pavel Ivanovich made several trips, as a result of which he recorded many historical, ritual and lyrical songs of his native Oryol region.
Kireyevsky ordered Pavel to publish the collected songs, which is what Yakushin did in the 50s. Folk songs of P. I. Yakushin were published in 1860 and 1865, and his folklore notes were included in the famous collection of A. N. Afanasyev “Russian folk tales”.
In 1860, the Sovremennik magazine published letters in which Yakushin describes the creation of a fortress at the confluence of the Orlik and Oka rivers, and also retells folk legends about Peter the Great and Ivan the Terrible.
Yakushin did a lot for folk literature and the preservation of cultural heritage. Pavel died in a Samara hospital.
Leonid Andreev
Leonid Nikolaevich Andreev was born in Orel in 1871. At the age of 20, he entered St. Petersburg University, from where he was expelled two years later. After this, he entered Moscow University and graduated as a lawyer.
He began writing while still a student. Upon completion of his studies, he published court reports and feuilletons, as well as some stories and essays. In 1901, he published his book “Stories,” which soon brought him fame.
Early literary works contained many ideas that originated in the author’s head back in Orel: in the plots of the stories “Hostinets”, “Buyanikha”, “Angel”, “Bargamot and Garaska” the disadvantaged people of Oryol Pushkarna were easily recognizable. Oryol realities are also inspired by Andreev’s stories such as “In Spring”, “He, She and Vodka”, “Spring Promises”, “On the River”. All these works are permeated with disappointment in the world, acute despair and compassion for human pain.
Leonid Andreev had a warm attitude towards the Social Democrats and periodically provided his room for underground meetings of members of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, for which he was subsequently arrested. In Taganskaya prison, he writes about the revolution with great inspiration. During this period, “In Memory of Vladimir Mazurin”, “To the Stars”, “From a Story That Will Never Be Finished”, “The Story of the Seven Hanged Men” and “The Governor” appeared.
Soon Andreev is overtaken by a spiritual crisis, which leads to pessimistic works in which a person’s life becomes like a meaningless run in place. Among these stories is "Red Laughter", which became a reaction to Russo-Japanese War. The story made a huge impression on readers, and subsequently began to be translated into other languages.
A distinctive feature of the author’s work was his vivid expressiveness, which began to appear in the stories “The Life of Vasily of Fivey,” “Laughter,” “Alarm,” and “Lies.” Andreev also creates a number of expressionist works, such as “Tsar Hunger”, “The Life of Man” and “Anatema”.
Until the end of his life, the writer did not break his connection with his native Orel. He often came to his homeland, organizing various socio-cultural events, supporting literary activities and young authors. The Oryol theme often appears in Leonid’s works: the novel “Sashka Zhegulev”, the play “Youth” and many others.
During the revolution, Andreev found himself outside his native country, to which he was never destined to return: he died two years later.
The house of Leonid Andreev became a museum of the Oryol writer: he spent many years there in his childhood and youth.
Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was born in 1873 in the village of Khrushchevo, Yelets district, Oryol province.
In 1902, Prishvin graduated and then worked for a long time as an agronomist, collaborating with agronomic journals. Then he wrote a series of works on the topic of agriculture.
In his first works, “Behind the Magic Kolobok” and “In the Land of Frightened Birds,” Prishvin describes his northern travels. In these essays, the author admires the immense beauty of Russian nature and the talent of ordinary people who managed to maintain faith in goodness in difficult conditions of political oppression.
Prishvin’s subsequent travels were also reflected in his works: “Adam and Eve”, “Lake Krutoyaroye”, “Black Arab”, “At the Walls of the Invisible City”. In them he describes ordinary Russian people whom he met on his way.
In 1912-1914, a three-volume collection of the author was published by the publishing house “Znanie”: all works are united by the social and philosophical idea of the eternal search for happiness.
During the First World War, the writer wrote front-line correspondence in the publications “Rech”, “Birzhevye Vedomosti” and “Russian Vedomosti”.
Soon after the Great October Revolution, Mikhail Prishvin lived for some period in the Oryol region, where he worked on research and taught.
In 1923, he published essays called “Shoes,” which raises the issue of revolution and art. The book “The Springs of Berendey” brought the writer to a new stage in the development of his creativity, in the center of the plot of which is the Earth. Also in the 20s, Mikhail began work on the autobiographical novel “Kashcheev’s Chain,” which he worked on until the end of his life.
In the 30s, Prishvin went traveling again. Based on materials collected during his travels, he writes the books “Undressed Spring”, “Berendeev’s Thicket”, “Caucasian Stories”, as well as prose poems “Phacelia” and “Forest Drops”. The pinnacle of Mikhail Prishvin’s literary works was the poem “Ginseng”.
Prishvin wrote a lot for children: his collections “Zhurka”, “The Beast Chipmunk”, “Golden Meadow”, “Grandfather’s Felt Boots” and “Pantry of the Sun” remain popular to this day.
In the first days of the World War, he writes the story “The Blue Dragonfly,” which expresses the author’s confidence in victory over the enemy. By 1943, “Stories about Leningrad Children” were published, where he praises the mothers of besieged Leningrad. A year later he writes “The Tale of Our Time,” also dedicated to sad events.
Mikhail devotes his old age to diaries, intending to publish them in a separate book. He also finishes working on the fairy tale novel “Osudareva Road” and finishes the fairy tale story “Ship Thicket”. The last written works were the result of Prishvin’s creative quest.
Mikhail Mikhailovich died in Moscow in 1854.
How many talented authors the city of Oryol has produced: the Oryol writers, to whom so many museums in the city are dedicated, are a real legend of these parts. Just as famous authors remembered their homeland, so it still preserves the memory of the great minds born on these lands. Some of the writers deserve a separate museum, but history is also carefully preserved by the Oryol Writers Museum in Oryol, which forever cemented the memory of its talented fellow countrymen.
