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It was born in the bowels of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry - the “brains trust” of the Japanese economy. Technopolises were entrusted with the most serious task - to become an instrument for restructuring the entire economy of the country. Metallurgy, heavy engineering and the chemical industry, which were the “three pillars” of the Japanese economic miracle of the 60s, began to lose ground to competitors from South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore, where labor was cheaper and environmental requirements were less stringent.
It was decided to gradually replace them with highly profitable, knowledge-intensive, environmentally friendly industries. The advanced industries included the production of aviation and space technology, optical fibers, industrial robots, medical electronics, information systems, medicines, as well as biotechnology and precision engineering. This is what Japanese technopolises should have focused their attention on.
The second task was to eliminate the “distortion” between developed industrial centers and lagging outlying regions of the country. During the years of the “economic miracle,” production and business activity was concentrated in three megalopolises: Tokyo - Yokohama - Kawasaki, Osaka - Kobe and Nagoya. Like huge magnets, they attracted more than a third of Japan's population, two-thirds of students and half of all bank deposits. To avoid increasing the imbalance, it was decided to create technopolises in economically underdeveloped prefectures, which thus received an incentive for development.
Along with permission to build a technopolis, the prefecture received the right to provide companies that want to settle on their territory with tax benefits, low-interest loans and the right to lease land at reduced prices. At the same time, the state took upon itself the obligation to reimburse local authorities for the funds that they would lose due to the abolition of part of the taxes.
It is clear that the “distressed” regions received this idea with a bang. Thirty-eight out of forty-seven Japanese prefectures have declared their readiness to build technopolises without having time to really understand what is behind it. The most curious of the applications received by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry was a letter from the mayor of one of the cities, who assured that under his leadership a “technical police” would be created in the shortest possible time.
The list of requirements for applicants for the right to build a technopolis, published in 1982, clarified the situation. Each technopolis was required to include large enterprises of several advanced industries, public or private universities, scientific universities or laboratories, and a residential area with cultural and sports facilities. In addition, it had to be adjacent to an airport or railway junction, allowing one to get to Tokyo, Osaka or Nagoya and back within 24 hours.
At the initial stage, so strict requirements 24 prefectures were able to complete the task, on whose territory the program of “technopolization” of the country began to unfold.
One of the most successful participants in this large-scale experiment is the Oita technopolis, which grew up on the island of Kyushu. Branches operate here largest companies, such as Sony, Canon, Matsushita, Nihon MRC, Toshiba. According to independent observers, they were attracted not only by the successful geographical location district, but also the authority of the organizer of the technopolis, former employee Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry.
Experience in creating technology parks in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region
The practice of functioning of technology parks (TP) in the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR) indicates the high efficiency of the concentration of scientific, technical, production and financial resources in technology parks and technopolises. Reasonable government innovation policy has a significant impact on the economic growth of countries and contributes to the development of their scientific and technical potential. An important feature is that the state is the main investor in high-tech industries, as well as an active participant in the implementation of innovative projects. The accelerated process of commercialization of scientific achievements confirms the relevance and effectiveness of the chosen innovation policy of the Asia-Pacific countries.
Scientific and technological policy in the countries of the region is implemented through mechanisms for allocating budget funds to support high-tech production and industries that produce competitive products based on the latest achievements of science and technology, requiring significant expenditures on R&D and attracting qualified personnel. It is certainly impossible for TP to exist in the countries of the region without support from local governments, cooperation between research centers and industrial enterprises, and joint, including international, research. At the same time, an important point is the development of integration ties with neighboring countries in the region, as well as attracting foreign direct investment. As part of this policy, a review of antimonopoly, licensing, tax and customs regulatory frameworks. A number of countries provide additional measures for preferential taxation of production related to the activities of technological enterprises, and the transfer of intellectual property rights to R&D performers who were financed from the state budget is allowed. These measures actually contribute to the expansion of interaction between scientific institutions and innovation companies, and also contribute to the economic growth of the region. Thus, it can be assumed that in the near future the trend towards the development of technology park zones, cooperation between scientific institutions and industrial firms will continue as one of the promising forms of attracting private capital, commercialization of scientific research, and development of high-tech industries.
Japan
Japan's technology parks play a leading role in the Asia-Pacific region in terms of the level of research development. According to the functional principle, they can be divided into:
Research parks (41 percent of total number), created to implement the developments of national research institutes into production;
Science parks (33 percent), promoting the creation of new high-tech enterprises;
Innovation centers (26 percent).
About 70 percent of Japanese TPs were created to support small and medium business in the regions, with 58 percent of the total focused on the production of high-tech products. 73 percent of Japanese TPs provide technical and 52 percent other support (in particular, consulting services, marketing research, legal advice) to newly formed firms and enterprises in the region.
For the development of national TP, the government of the country has developed special programs:
- “Technopolis Development Plan”, which involves the provision of subsidies, low-interest loans for venture businesses, and reduced rent for industrial facilities and buildings.
- “Plan for the location of scientific production”, which assumes the territorial concentration of regional production and their unification according to specialization.
- “Basic Research Plan” that promotes the development of the enterprise at initial stages his existence.
These programs provide for a special role for local governments, which are empowered to provide additional benefits to project participants, including exemption from local taxes, allocation of targeted subsidies and loans from local budgets.
To attract foreign investors, the Japanese government has developed a system of preferential conditions. Thus, for investors intending to invest in scientific and production facilities in the Kyushu Island Technopark (specializing in the production of microelectronics, communications and computer technologies), the municipal authorities issue loans of up to $10 million at 1-8 percent per annum with a debt repayment period up to 10 years (with the first payments deferred for 2 years).
The Republic of Korea
Of particular interest is the South Korean TP system, which provides state support direct connections between large and small enterprises. At the same time, the process of concentration of small firms serving a large enterprise is stimulated. In addition, the system encourages the participation of parent companies in resolving financial issues and establishing production processes, in personnel training.
About 40 percent of Korean firms, structurally united in technology parks, provide technical support, personnel and R&D services jointly with local enterprises located within 30 km.
- The main tasks solved using the TP system are: pooling the funds and efforts of universities, public and private companies to conduct R&D on priority areas national program;
- scientific research
- coordination of research by public and private structures to eliminate duplication of R&D on a national scale; providing necessary practical help
- small and medium-sized businesses operating in knowledge-intensive industries;
- promoting the formation of venture capital firms created by employees of universities and state research institutes based on the latest technologies proposed by them.
The largest Technopark is “Daeduk” (Daeduk) located in the south of the country.
“Daeduk” is a South Korean prototype of a Japanese technopolis in Tsukuba. The main research developments of the technopolis are related to the creation of high-tech goods, new technologies and materials. In addition, fundamental research is also carried out here.
By 2000, it is planned to create six new technology parks in Korea. The government intends to allocate $2.97 million annually for the construction and operation of each of them during the first two years.
Thailand Characteristic feature
The functioning of the TP in Thailand was due to the proximity of high-tech enterprises and production to Bangkok and other cities where the transport and communication infrastructure is most developed. The state promotes the introduction of environmentally friendly, energy-efficient advanced technologies, which are key to the development of individual industries. At the moment, the main emphasis is on producing products using foreign technologies purchased directly from manufacturers. The creation of the First Science Park of Thailand is supervised by the National Science and Technology Development Agency under the leadership of the Minister of Science, Technology and environment . The agency provides support to public and private entrepreneurship in three main areas: national centers
research:
Biological;
Metals and materials;
Electronic and computer technologies.
National R&D is also stimulated with the subsequent implementation of the achieved developments in production.
The state provides support for TP by reducing taxes, providing preferential loans, grants, providing assistance in finding partners and organizing contacts with them, etc.
Indonesia and Malaysia In Indonesia and Malaysia, there is a strong interest in Russian high-tech technologies in nuclear energy, biotechnology, optoelectronics, computer science, nanotechnology, alternative sources
energy and environmental protection. At the same time, state policy involves the purchase of industrially proven technologies that have investment support. is the supply of the necessary modern equipment and the provision of qualified specialists for its operation and maintenance. Often, technologies and equipment planned for acquisition in Russia are laid as the basis for newly created enterprises within the framework of technological processes.
Singapore
In Singapore, the transition to priority development of knowledge-intensive industries began in the late 70s. At that moment, the task was set to transform the city-state into a regional center of information and knowledge-intensive industries.
Particular attention was paid to the development of biotechnology, electronics, the creation of artificial intelligence, laser technology, robotics, and technologies in the field of computer science and communications. For effective use
financial resources and coordination of efforts to produce high-tech products in the early 80s. A research and production park was created in Singapore.
In the coming years, the Singapore government plans to expand the network of research and production parks, with emphasis on creating modern technologies for the production of agricultural products. 10 agrotechnical parks will be formed, where leading specialists in the field of zoology, microbiology, genetics, biochemistry, veterinary medicine, entomology, biotechnology, etc. will concentrate. They will take part in the development of fundamentally new technologies for growing vegetables and fruits, breeding fish and using seafood. The parks will produce $650 million worth of food, providing up to 87 per cent of Singaporeans' total egg needs, up to 20 per cent for vegetables and fish products and up to 15 per cent for poultry. In the future, it is planned to export the agricultural products of the parks, as well as the developed new technologies for their production, to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
Thus, practice shows that technology parks develop most successfully in those countries where the state supports the development of the scientific and technological revolution and where the priority of this policy is to optimize the economic system and receptivity to the achievements of scientific and technological progress.
Scientific and industrial parks are prototypes of future technopolises - cities of advanced technologies, scientific research and design development. For most developing countries and countries with economies in transition, the strategy for the priority development of scientific and industrial parks is a breakthrough into new areas of activity based on the development of a network of regional centers of the highest technological level and the intellectualization of the entire national economy. Technopolises harmoniously combine science, high technology, traditional national cultures and create a new community of creative and comprehensively developed people.
It is necessary to note another important function of technology parks - curbing the “brain drain”, which is very important for modern Russia, which is becoming a world leader in this area. Currently, the majority of Russian young, talented scientists who go abroad to study or on a contract remain there for permanent residence, which is due to the destruction of Russia's scientific and technical potential and the lack of demand for highly qualified scientists and specialists.
Development of a network of technology parks where favorable conditions for scientific and commercial activities, could slow down this process, as well as open up a real opportunity for the application of the strength of returning scientists who have accumulated experience in leading Western research centers.
