Geographical location of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Geographical location of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Description of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
Northeast territory Old Russian state occupied the vast Vladimir-Suzdal principality. These lands were unique. Geographically they were separated from the main trade routes and from the largest centers Ancient Rus' big amount swamps and dense forests. Accordingly, the development of these territories was slow. The most valuable on this land were opoles - areas of fertile land between forests. The boyar estates were small and undeveloped.
Settlement of the territory of the principality
Before coming here Eastern Slavs , the area was inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes:
- All;
- Merya;
- Muroma;
- Vyatichi;
- Krivichi.
The first Slavs appeared here at the end of the 9th century. They moved to escape the raids of nomads . Due to the large territory, the resettlement proceeded peacefully. The main activities were:
- agriculture;
- cattle breeding;
- fishing;
- salt mining;
- beekeeping;
- hunting.
Development of cities and forms of economy
At the end of the 10th and beginning of the 11th centuries, noticeable changes began to occur here. By decision of the famous Lyubechsky Congress, the territories were transferred to the younger line of descendants of Vladimir Monomakh. Cities and economies begin to grow. Rostov the Great, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, and Vladimir-on-Klyazma are founded.
The growth of cities was not slow to affect the economic development of the area. The lands began to grow richer and were among the most significant within the Old Russian state.
From the mid-12th century, the growth of migrants from the south and southwest of Rus' increased sharply due to the Cuman threat. The largest cities during this period were Rostov and Suzdal. The new population was exempt from taxes for some time. As settlement progressed, the territory began to turn into Slavic territory. Moreover, the southern settlers brought with them developed forms of farming: plowed arable farming with bipoly, new fishing skills, and crafts.
Unlike in the south, the cities in the northeast were founded by princes. If in the south cities first arose and only then princely power appeared, then in the north it was completely the opposite. For example, Yaroslavl was founded by Yaroslav the Wise. Vladimir-on-Klyazma, as you might guess, is Vladimir Monomakh.
This situation allowed the princes to declare the lands their property, distributing them to warriors and the church . Thus limiting political power population. As a result, a patrimonial system began to form here - a special type of social system, when the prince is not only the political head, but also the supreme owner of all the land and resources of the territory.
History of government
The first prince to glorify the northeastern lands of Rus' was a descendant of Vladimir Monomakh. Under him, active development of these territories began.
Much attention was paid to the founding of new villages and cities. He is credited with the creation of such urban centers as Dmitrov, Yuryev and Zvenigorod. During the reign of Yuri Dolgorukov, the current capital of our state, the city of Moscow, was first mentioned.
Much attention Yuri paid foreign policy . Under him, the regiments went on campaigns to different lands of both the Old Russian state and neighboring countries. It was possible to make successful campaigns on the territory of Volga Bulgaria. Three times he managed to capture the capital city of Kyiv.
His father's work was continued by his son, Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. Reigned from 1157 to 1174. Andrei was a man who considered the principality his home. He also went to Kyiv and was able to take this city. Bogolyubsky did not try to establish himself in it, but used the territories of southern Rus' for plunder. He successfully went on campaigns against many Russian principalities. Of particular note is the prince's victory over Novgorod. More than once the Vladimir-Suzdal princes fought with the Novgorodians and were defeated. It was Andrei who was able to cut off the supply of Volga grain to Novgorod, thereby forcing the Novgorodians to surrender.
An important part of Prince Andrey's reign was the problem of his relations with the boyars. The fact is that the boyars dreamed of their own power. Bogolyubsky did not accept this. He moved the capital to the city of Vladimir. Thus, he deprived the boyars of the opportunity to actively influence themselves.
This seemed to him not enough. Andrei was afraid of conspiracies. He created his own residence in the village of Bogolyubovo, from the name of which he received his nickname. The village was set up in the place where the icon of the Vladimir Mother of God, stolen by him from Kyiv, was brought. Legend says that this icon was painted by the Apostle Luke himself.
The boyars' hatred of the prince was great. Despite the fact that he hid in Bogolyubovo, he was overtaken there too. With the help of traitors, the boyars managed to kill Andrei. Twenty people entered into a conspiracy. None of them were personally insulted by the prince; on the contrary, many enjoyed his trust.
The death of Bogolyubsky in 1174 did not significantly affect the life of the principality. His policy was continued by his younger brother Vsevolod, who received the nickname “Big Nest” in history. Vsevolod had big family. He managed to plant his descendants in all the cities and significant villages of the Vladimir-Suzdal land. Thanks to this position, he was finally able to suppress the obstinate boyars of northeastern Rus'. He was able to establish his firm, sole power in these territories. Gradually, Vsevolod begins to actively dictate his will to the rest of the princes of the Russian land.
During the reign of Vsevolod, the “Big Nest” principality received the status of great, that is, the first among other Russian lands.
The death of Vsevolod in 1212 provoked a new strife. Since his second son Yuri was declared heir, the eldest son Konstantin of Rostov did not agree with his father’s decision and from 1212 to 1216 there was a struggle for power. Konstantin won it. However, he did not rule for long. In 1218 he died. And the throne passed to Yuri, who later founded Nizhny Novgorod.
Yuri Vsevolodovich turned out to be the last prince independent Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'. He ruled until 1238 and was beheaded in a battle with the Mongols on the City River.
During the period of the 11th–12th centuries, the principality strengthened, grew to one of the leaders of the Old Russian space and declared its claims to a great political future. It was this that ultimately became the winning side, on the basis of which the Moscow Principality, the unified Moscow State, and then the Russian Kingdom subsequently arose.
Culture of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
The Principality is one of the most important cultural centers Ancient Rus'. Architecture flourished here. Under princes Andrei and Vsevolod, various buildings were created. They were made of white limestone and decorated with intricate carvings. To this day, many buildings from this period that have reached us are considered masterpieces of Old Russian art. Particularly worth highlighting are the Golden Gates of Vladimir, Dmitrievsky and Assumption Cathedrals.
Among literary works can be called “The Word” and “Prayer” by Daniil Zatochnik. These works are a compilation of sayings from the Bible and the thoughts of the author.
The culture of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality is in many ways the basis for cultural tradition, which later became basic in modern Russia.
The power of one person over another destroys, first of all, the ruler.
Lev Tolstoy
The Vladimir-Suzdal Principality and its history - an important page Russian history, since already at the turn of the 12th-13th centuries it was the princes from Vladimir who achieved dominance over other principalities, as a result of which it was the Vladimir-Suzdal land that began to dominate in Rus', and its princes began to exert the greatest influence on the politics and ways of not only their principality, but also to the neighboring ones. In fact, by the 13th century, the political center of Rus' was finally transferred from the South (Kyiv) to the Northeast (Vladimir and Suzdal).
Geographical position
The Vladimir-Suzdal principality was located in the northeastern part of Rus', between the Oka and Volga rivers.
Map of the Vladimir-Suzdal land in the 12th-13th centuries
Largest cities in the principality: Vladimir, Suzdal, Uglich, Tver, Moscow, Kostroma, Galich, Beloozero, Veliky Ustyug and others. Mostly the cities were located in the southern part of the principality, and the further north you went, the fewer cities there were.
The borders of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality passed with: the Novgorod Republic, the Smolensk principality, the Chernigov land, the Ryazan and Murom principalities.
Princes
At the Lyubechsky Congress of Princes, it was decided that the Rostov-Suzdal land (as the principality was originally called) was transferred to the management of the family of Vladimir Monomakh. Therefore, Yuri Dolgoruky, the son of Monomakh, became the first prince here.
Full list of princes:
- Yuri Dolgoruky (reigned 1125-1155)
- Andrey Bogolyubsky (1157-1174)
- Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176 - 1212)
- Yuri Vsevolodovich (1218 - 1238)
- Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1238-1246)
- Alexander Nevsky (since 1252).
It is enough to look at the list to understand that these were the people who enjoyed the greatest influence in Rus'. The Vladimir-Suzdal princes mainly pursued the goal of independence from Kyiv and the subordination of other principalities to their power.
Peculiarities
The political features of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality consisted in the strong power of the prince. Unlike most other lands, here the prince was the head and decided all important issues. Schematically, the political features of a given land can be represented as follows.
The strong power of the prince was possible due to the fact that in these lands there were a large number of new cities, where a strong boyars had not yet formed. As a result, only the prince had real power, and the Veche was only advisory in nature.
In general, the features of the development of the principality in the appanage period (12-13 centuries) are as follows:
- Unlimited princely power.
- Population increase. People moved to these lands because they were relatively safe from raids by nomads.
- Agriculture was actively developing in the principality. There were many forests that served as natural protection.
- Rapid urban growth. This applies both to new cities built during this period (Moscow, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and others) and to old cities (Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl and others).
- Geographical location at the intersection of important trade routes along the Volga and Oka.
Economic features
Despite its geographical location, the Vladimir-Suzdal land had a large amount of arable land, which made Agriculture a key aspect of the region's economic development. Other industries also actively developed in these lands: fishing, hunting, beekeeping.
The resettlement of people from the south played a great influence on the economic development of the principality. They not only moved, but also carried elements of culture with them. Many of them were artisans, as a result of which the craft in the Vladimir-Suzdal land began to develop very quickly.
Development
Around the 30s of the 12th century, the Vladimir-Suzdal (at that time still Rostov-Suzdal) principality got rid of the power of Kyiv. This is how the creation of their own principality took place, which differed significantly from others in the form of its political structure. Princely power was strong in Vladimir. In many ways, this was the reason for the rise of these lands over others. Suffice it to remember that in other principalities the system of government was different and less effective: in Novgorod the boyars ruled through the Veche, and in the Galicia-Volyn lands the power of the prince was comparable to the power of the boyars.
Initially, the principality was called Rostov-Suzdal (under Dolgoruky), then Suzdal land (under Bogolyubsky) and only then Vladimir-Suzdal land (under Bolshoye Gnezdo).
An important event for this principality happened in 1238 - it was attacked by the Tatar-Mongols. Moreover, this was one of the first principalities for the Mongol invasion, so the Vladimir-Suzdal land suffered the main blow. As a result, from 1238 the principality recognized Mongol power and was dependent on the Horde.
Culture
The culture of the Vladimir-Suzdal land has developed multifaceted. Chronicle writing flourished here. Characteristic chronicles of this principality - emphasizing the greatness of the principality over others, as well as the special position of the city of Vladimir.
Architecture and construction actively developed in these lands. Builders most often used limestone white. The peak of construction occurred during the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod the Big Nest.
In the city of Vladimir were erected stone walls with golden gates, and the Assumption Cathedral was built. It was in this temple that the main religious shrines of the principality were kept. Later, during the reign of Vsevolod the Big Nest, St. Demetrius Cathedral was built in the city. One of the most unique architectural monuments of Ancient Rus' was built in Bogolyubovo - the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. The church was built by order of Andrei Bogolyubsky on the banks of the Nerl River.
The development of painting is also noteworthy. For example, the frescoes of the Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals amaze with their grace.
COMMUNICATION VLADIMIRO-SUZDAL PRINCIPALITY The Vladimir-Suzdal principality (or Rostov-Suzdal land, as it was called before) occupied the territory between the Oka and Volga rivers, rich in fertile soils. Here at the beginning of the 12th century. A system of large boyar land ownership had already developed. The fertile lands were separated from each other by forests and were called opoly (from the word “field”). On the territory of the principality there was even a city of Yuryev-Polsky (located in Opole). Despite the more severe climate in comparison with the Dnieper region, it was possible to obtain relatively stable harvests here, which, together with fishing, cattle breeding, and forestry, ensured subsistence. The influx of heritage, which caused intensive economic activity, the growth and emergence of new cities, predetermined the economic and political rise of the region. In the dispute for power, the Rostov-Suzdal princes had significant resources. famous icon Vladimir Mother of God. 12 years after the murder of his father in 1169, he made a military campaign against Kyiv, captured it and subjected it to brutal robbery and destruction. Andrei tried to subjugate Veliky Novgorod to his power. The chronicle calls Bogolyubsky an “autocrat” for his lust for power and desire to rule with absolute authority. The prince began by expelling his brothers from the Rostov-Suzdal tables. Subsequently, his dependent relatives ruled under his supervision, not daring to disobey anything. This made it possible for the prince to temporarily consolidate North-Eastern Rus'. Center Rus' moved to the northeast. But during the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky over the Vladimir-Suzdal principality (1157 - 1174), the struggle against the local boyars intensified. First of all, the prince moved the capital of the principality from rich Rostov to the small town of Vladimir-on-Klyazma. The impregnable white stone Golden Gate, as well as the Assumption Cathedral, were erected here. Not far from the city, at the confluence of two rivers - the Nerl and Klyazma, he founded his country residence - the village of Bogolyubovo, from the name of which he received his famous nickname. In the Bogolyubsky residence, as a result of a boyar conspiracy, Andrei was killed on a dark June night in 1174. Vsevolod the Big Nest The policy of centralization of Russian lands around the Vladimir-Suzdal principality was continued by Andrei’s brother, Vsevolod the Big Nest. He brutally dealt with those who participated in the conspiracy against his brother, and the final victory in the struggle between the prince and the boyars was in favor of the prince. From now on, princely power acquired the features of a monarchy. Following his brother, Vsevolod tried to subjugate Novgorod and managed to push the border of Volga Bulgaria beyond the Volga. political life Average yield rye from one dessiatine in the 12th century. on the best lands of the Suzdal Opolye was about 50 poods (800 kg)., which had an iron frame along the working edge - a “stigma”. Such shackles were found during excavations in Suzdal. On the “golden gate” of the Nativity Cathedral in Suzdal (early 13th century) there is an image of Adam holding a shovel in his hands, accompanied by the inscription: “Adam dug the earth with his snout.” In the 12th century gardening also originates. Then it was the business of the townspeople. This is confirmed by excavations in Suzdal, when charred apples were found in burned-out above-ground buildings and the root system of a garden on the territory of a city estate was discovered. Traditions report breeding from the 12th century. on the territory of the Principality of Cherry Orchards. The population of the Vladimir Principality continued to engage in hunting, fishing and beekeeping. A large number of iron fishing hooks were found in excavations on the territory of Vladimir, Murom, Suzdal, and Yaropolch Zalessky. different sizes V. Crafts developed in the same set as in the rest of the territory of the Old Russian state. The length of each arrow is 169 cm and the weight is 2.5 kg. Apparently, they were meant by the author of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” who indicated that the Vladimir prince Vsevolod the Big Nest shot the Ryazan Glebovichs as “shereshirs.” There was also a group of craftsmen making shields. Russian blacksmiths, including Vladimir, in the 12th century. knew at least 16 different specialties and were able to manufacture up to 150 types of iron and steel products. , birch bark floats, clay weights for nets, bone needles for weaving fishing nets and weights. Crafts. In the cities of Vladimir Rus' XII. River routes ran along the Oka, Klyazma, and Nerl, but in addition to river routes, there were also land roads. Closing trade roads could block the passage of merchants and disrupt trade relations. The cities of Rostov-Suzdal Rus' were divided into old (“senior”) and new (suburbs). The older ones included the former centers of tribal unions - Rostov, Suzdal, Murom, the suburbs - Vladimir, Pereyaslavl and the newly emerging urban centers. Murom and Rostov were first mentioned in chronicles around 862. Their population was ethnically heterogeneous (Slavs, Merya, Murom), but in the 12th century. the Slavic element already predominated in them. The management of an entire district - the volost - was concentrated in the cities. Therefore, they housed the courts of princes, mayors, thousands, boyars and members of the squad. But the main inhabitants of the cities were artisans and merchants. In each town there were blacksmiths, potters, carpenters, gold and silversmiths and other specialists. The specialization was not based on the material, but on the finished product. A saddlemaker, for example, had to know leatherwork, be able to forge stirrups and mint patterned overlays for saddle bows. Craftsmen settled in groups based on similar professions. Thus, settlements (or ends) of potters, blacksmiths, tanners, etc. arose in cities. The houses of artisans were larger than rural huts, since the dwelling was often combined with a workshop. In some houses already in the 12th century. there were even exhaust pipes - smokers, placed next to the stove. The utensils of the townspeople were very diverse and. The houses had lamps, amphorae for wine, bronze crosses, and ingenious locks and keys. But the wives of artisans, just like peasant women, ground flour on millstones, spun yarn and weaved. Craftsmen worked to order and for the market. Some craftsmen owned trading places and sold their products themselves.
In the history of our region, we can roughly distinguish five stages of city construction. The first is associated with the activities of Vladimir Monomakh in the Rostov-Suzdal land, when ten fortified cities were built; the second followed the transfer of the capital of the principality from Rostov to Suzdal by Yuri Dolgoruky, when 22 cities were built; the third stage falls during the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky, he built four cities; at the fifth stage, during the time of Vsevolod the Big Nest, seven more cities were built, and on the eve of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich built one city - Nizhny Novgorod. ___________________________________________________________ In preparing the report, data from the books were used: 1. Textbook for grade 10 “History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century” (N.I. Pavlenko, I.L. Andreev) 2. “History of Russia from ancient times to the present” days" (A.V. Veka)
Lecture 9.
Three centers of Russian statehood in the era of political fragmentation.
VLADIMIRO-SUZDAL PRINCIPALITY The VSZ was located on Northeast Rus', in the interfluve Oka and Volga , it was separated from the Dnieper region by a powerful strip of forest - ZALESSKY REGION (city -). Pereyaslavl Zalessky Most of the territory was covered with forest -
ABUNDANCE OF FORESTS. Developed AGRICULTURE -- in Zalessk region had fertile soils suitable for farming . Plots of fertile land were named OPOLY (from the word "field"). One of the cities of the principality even received the name Yuryev-Polskoy
(i.e. located in the field). POPULATION North-East accounted for.
Krivichi and Vyatichi The territory of the VZZ land was WELL PROTECTED from external invasions, primarily by NOMADS, by natural barriers - forests, rivers. In addition, on the way of the nomads to Rostov-Suzdal Rus' lay the lands of other southern Russian principalities, which took the first blow. The economic rise of the northeast of Rus' was facilitated by a CONSTANT INFLOW OF POPULATION: in search of protection from attacks by enemies and
-- normal conditions for farming: population
-- southern Russian lands(Kievians, Chernigovites, etc.) - from the raids of nomads;
Among the factors that contributed to the rise of the economy and the separation of the Rostov-Suzdal land from the Kyiv state, one should mention the presence of profitable TRADE ROUTES passing through the territory of the principality. The most important of them was Volga trade route, connecting northeastern Rus' with the countries of the East. It was possible to pass through the upper reaches of the Volga and the system of large and small rivers to Novgorod and further to the countries of Western Europe.
2. LAND OWNERSHIP.
By the beginning of the 12th century. happened at VSZ LARGE BOYAR LAND OWNERSHIP. The main source of land ownership was PRINCE'S AWARD. Thus, the landowners of the Russian Northeast were are much more connected with the princely power than with their land holdings.
3. CITIES.
Cities played an important role:
Old: Rostov, Suzdal. Vladimir, Yaroslavl.
New fortified cities: Dmitrov, Yuryev-Polskoy, Zvenigorod, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Kostroma, Moscow, Galich-Kostromskoy, etc. In 1221, at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga, it was founded Nizhny Novgorod- the largest support and trading center in the east of the principality.
4. POLITICAL HISTORY
4.1. Reign of Yuri Dolgoruky ()
According to the division of Rus' by Yaroslav the Wise, the North-East went to Vsevolod, then - Vladimir Monomakh, before the prince moved to Kyiv, the capital of the principality was ROSTOV .
The first independent prince of the Rostov-Suzdal land was son. Under him, the capital of the principality, instead of the oldest city in the Northeast, Rostov became SUZDAL .
Yuri: 1) stubbornly fought for the Kyiv grand-ducal throne with his nephew Izyaslav and with the Chernigov princes. Exactly for his desire to extend his power to distant Kyiv, he received the nickname "Dolgoruky". In 1155, Yuri became the prince of Kyiv and remained so until his death in 1157.
2) With Yuri The first chronicle mention of Moscow is associated (1147), built on the site of a former estate boyar Kuchka, confiscated by Yuri Dolgoruky. Here, on April 4, 1147, negotiations between Yuri and the Chernigov prince Svyatoslav took place, who brought Yuri a pardus (leopard) skin as a gift. (Scientists do not recognize Yuri as the founder of Moscow, believing that a settlement on the site of Moscow existed back in the 10th century.)
4.2. The reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky ().
Yuri's heir in the North-East was his son Andrey Bogolyubsky . He returned to the north while his father was still alive, trying to avoid the constant strife in the south.
Andrey: 1) On the dark night of 1155, Andrei and his entourage fled from Kyiv. Capturing the “shrine of Rus'” - the icon of Our Lady of Vladimir, he hurried to the Rostov-Suzdal land, where he was invited by the local boyars. The father, who tried to reason with his rebellious son, soon died. Andrey never returned to Kyiv. Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir, written according to legend by St. Luke - the author of one of the four Gospels, later became the most important religious shrine of Moscow Rus'.
2) Andrey moved the capital from Suzdal to VLADIMIR , which he built with extraordinary pomp. White stones were built Golden Gate, erected majestic Assumption Cathedral.
The transfer of the capital was explained by the fact that in the old cities - Rostov and Suzdal - the power of the prince was limited by the veche, and there was no party in the young “suburb” of Vladimir. 6 km from the capital of the principality at the confluence of the Nerl and Klyazma rivers, Andrei founded his country residence - Bogolyubovo. Here he spent a significant part of his time, for which he received the nickname “Bogolyubsky”. Here, in the Bogolyubsky Palace, on a dark July night in 1174, Andrei was killed as a result of a conspiracy by the boyars. What is the reason for the conspiracy?
3) Striving strengthen your own power, Andrei expelled his father’s senior warriors from the Vladimir-Suzdal land and began to rely on the younger squad personally devoted to him. This led to significant changes in the relationship between the prince and the squad. If during Kievan Rus there were vigilantes vassals of the prince, then now the boyars of the Northeast, who received their land holdings from the prince, become his servantsBas-relief" href="/text/category/barelmzef/" rel="bookmark">bas-relief Dmitrievsky Cathedral in Vladimir, which was erected under him).
Vsevolod: 1) brutally dealt with the conspiratorial boyars who killed his brother. THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN THE PRINCE AND THE BOYARRY ended in favor of the prince. Power in the principality was finally established in the form of an Autocratic Monarchy.
2) proclaimed himself the GRAND PRINCE of Vladimir - he was the STRONGEST IN Rus'. In fact, Vsevolod was the master of the entire Russian land, at his own will placing princes on the Kiev throne and interfering in the affairs of individual principalities. Author of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" spoke about the power of Vsevolod: “He can splash the Volga with oars, and scoop up the Don with helmets.”
3) Under Vsevolod, white stone construction was continued on a large scale in Vladimir and other cities of the principality.
After the death of Vsevolod the Big Nest, strife began between his sons. In 1217, the eldest of the Vsevolodovichs, Konstantin, with the support of the Smolensk prince Mstislav the Udal, defeated the younger brothers Yuri and Yaroslav in the Battle of Lipitsa and became the Grand Duke of Vladimir. But after his death, Yuri Vsevolodovich regained the reign of Vladimir. Under him, control was established over Veliky Novgorod. In 1221, he founded Nizhny Novgorod, the largest Russian city in the east of the principality. In 1238 - killed by the Mongol-Tatars on the Sit River. The process of further economic growth of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality was interrupted by the Mongol invasion.
CONCLUSION : Vladimir-Suzdal land played special role in the history of our country, making up the basis of future Russian statehood. Features of the political system VSZ were the dominance of the autocratic power of the prince with the weakness of the city veche and the boyars.
GALICY-VOLYNSK
PRINCIPALITY
1. NATURAL CONDITIONS, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, DEVELOPMENT FACTORS
GVZ -- southwestern outskirts of Rus'. Southwestern Rus' was different fertile soils and favorable climate. There were rich black soils in wide river valleys, as well as vast forested areas, favorable for fishing activities, and significant rock salt deposits, which was exported to neighboring countries.
Convenient geographical location(neighborhood with Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic) made it possible to conduct an active foreign trade: river TRADE ROUTES were connected to the Black Sea(Southern Bug, Dniester, Prut) and with the Baltic Sea(San and Western Bug, flowing into the Vistula). They also passed through Galicia and Volyn overland trade routes to Poland and Hungary.
In addition, the lands of the principality were in relative safety from NOMADS. However, border position, making Galicia and Volyn the center of trade routes, at the same time turned them into object of permanent territorial claims of neighboring - Western - states.
2. LAND OWNERSHIP.
Arable farming appeared early in the GVZ, and after it - PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP. Extensive BOYAR DOMAINS given to local boyars POWER TO FIGHT the princely authorities for their privileges.
If on The VSZ was located on -- the princely power completely subjugated the boyars, in the North - in Novgorod the boyars practically became independent, reducing the role of the prince to a minimum, then in Southwestern Rus' lasted a long time the rivalry of these two forces, which did not give a final advantage to either side.
3. CITIES.
Large cities arose on the territory of the GVZ: Galich, Vladimir-Volynsky, Kholm, Berestye (Brest), Lvov, Przemysl, etc..
4. POLITICAL HISTORY
Initially, Galicia and Volyn were independent principalities. During the strife that followed the death of Yaroslav the Wise, his grandson Davyd Igorevich began to rule in Volyn, and his great-grandsons Vasilko and Volodar began to rule in Galicia. The Galician principality reached its greatest power under the grandson of Volodar Yaroslav Osmomysl (1The Galician borders expanded beyond the Carpathians. Highly appreciating the power of the prince and his power, author of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" wrote, addressing Yaroslav: “You sit high on your gold-plated throne, you have propped up the Hungarian mountains with your iron regiments... you open the gates of Kyiv.” (in 1159, the Galician and Volyn squads actually took possession of Kiev for a while).
However Already under Osmomysl, a conflict arose between the princely power and the boyars. The boyars intervened in resolving the issue of succession to the throne, forcing Osmomysl to recognize his unloved son as heir Vladimir. When Vladimir ascended the throne, the boyars expelled him too.
Under the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich () 1) in 1199 g. happened unification of the Galician and Volyn principalities Roman Mstislavich 2) led a stubborn struggle with the local boyars, which ended in his victory. The phrase about the boyars is attributed to him: "If you don't kill the bees, you can't eat honey". 3) In 1203 he captured Kyiv and took the title of Grand Duke. According to legend, The Pope offered Roman the royal crown, but the prince rejected it.
In 1205 Roman died during a campaign in Poland. His eldest son - Daniil Romanovich Galitsky () was only four years old. Daniel had to endure a long struggle for the throne with both Hungarian, Polish, and Russian princes. Only in 1238 did Daniil Romanovich assert his power over the Galicia-Volyn land. In 1240, having occupied Kyiv, Daniel managed to unite South-Western Rus' and the Kyiv land. However, in the same year Kyiv and the Galicia-Volyn principality were ravaged by the Mongol-Tatars, A after 100 years - in the middleXIV century - these lands ended up being part of Lithuania (Volyn) and Poland (Galich).
CONCLUSION: As a result of the unification of Galicia and Volyn on the southwestern outskirts of Rus', a powerful a state that later became part of not Moscow, but Lithuanian Rus'. Reasons: 1) less close contacts with the Horde, 2) closeness with Western countries (primarily with the Polish-Lithuanian state), as well as 3) different, compared to Muscovite Rus', model of political development. Its essence is constant rivalry between princely power, boyars and urban population for political dominance.
NOVGOROD LAND
Novgorod land or the Novgorod boyar republic was located in the North-West of Rus' and occupied a huge territory from the Arctic Ocean to the upper reaches of the Volga, from the Baltic to the Urals.
1. NATURAL CONDITIONS, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, DEVELOPMENT FACTORS
NZ is characterized by an abundance of swamps and poor soil. Conditions for farming are unfavorable. I had to BUY BREAD, most often in North-Eastern Rus'. Extensive FOREST SPACE, a lot of fur-bearing animal.
The rise of Novgorod was facilitated solely by favorable geographical location: the city was at the crossroads of trade routes, connecting Western Europe with Russia, and through it with the East and Byzantium. It is especially important that Novgorod is located on the river. Volkhov, directly on the path "From the Varangians to the Greeks"(Gulf of Finland - Neva - Lake Ladoga - Volkhov), this created favorable conditions for development trade with Western Europe.
NZ was far from nomads and did not experience the horror of their raids.
2. ROLE OF THE BOYARDS
A vital role in Novgorod belonged TO THE BOYARBY.
Novgorod boyars, unlike the boyars of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus' - not princely warriors, but descendants of the local pre-princely tribal nobility. They were a closed caste, a certain circle of families. One could not become a Novgorod boyar, one could only be born one. The boyars owned vast possessions in the territories subject to Novgorod. Initially, they collected tribute from the subject population in favor of the city treasury, and then took possession of the lands on the basis of private property, turning them into their fiefdoms. Thus, private land ownership in Novgorod, unlike the North-East, was not based on a princely grant.
From the estates, the boyars received not only agricultural products, but also salt and (mainly) forestry and marine products: furs, honey, wax, leather, walrus ivory. It was these goods that formed the basis of Novgorod exports to Western Europe.
The wealth and power of the boyars were thus based on land ownership and trade.
3. CITY GOVERNANCE. Novgorod consisted of two sides (Sofia and Torgovaya), divided into ends . Initially there were ends three (Slavensky, Narevsky, Lyudin), later - five
. Initially, the ends were independent settlements of different tribes, which later merged into a single city. Novgorod.
differed sharply from all other Russian lands in its political structure Power in Novgorod belonged to EVENING . Modern data indicate that the Novgorod This corresponds to the number of boyar families. Apparently the meeting was attended by boyars and, possibly, some of the richest merchants.
Main official was in the Novgorod administration POSADNIK(from the word "to plant"; usually great Kyiv prince"placed" his eldest son as governor of Novgorod). The mayor was the head of the government, in his hands were administration and court. Actually Boyars from the four largest Novgorod families were elected as posadniks.
The Veche chose the head of the Novgorod church - ARCHBISHOP. The ruler managed the treasury, controlled the external relations of Veliky Novgorod, trade measures, etc.
The third important person in city government was TYSYATSKY, who was in charge of the city militia, the commercial court, and the collection of taxes.
The veche invited PRINCE, who controlled the army during military campaigns; his squad maintained order in the city. It's like he symbolized the unity of Novgorod with the rest of Russia. Otherwise The prince's powers were limited he was warned: “Without a mayor, prince, you should not judge the court, you should not hold the volosts, you should not give charters.”. Even prince's residence was located outside the Kremlin on Yaroslav's Dvorishche - Trade Side, and later - a few kilometers from the Kremlin on Gorodishche. With the invited prince the meeting concluded a "row" - an agreement. The prince who broke the line could have been expelled. The prince could not interfere in the affairs of city government, appoint and remove mayors and mayors, or buy land on the outskirts of Novgorod territory. As a rule, Novgorodians invited princes from the most powerful princely family at that moment. However, Novgorod never tried to do without a prince completely.
This position of the prince was associated with a number of events. In 1015 Yaroslav the Wise, then reigning in Novgorod, in exchange for support from Novgorodians in the fight for Kyiv agreed to the non-jurisdiction of the Novgorod boyars to the princely court. In 1136 Novgorodians rebelled and expelled Prince Vsevolod(grandson of Monomakh) . After that Novgorod itself began to invite the prince. This is the year - 1136 is considered the date of the beginning of the Novgorod Republic.
Thus, Novgorod was governed by elected authorities, representing the top of the population. It is on this basis that Novgorod is considered aristocratic republic. However, by the 15th century. republican statehood has undergone changes from relative democracy to frank oligarchic system reign in the XIII century. A council was formed from representatives of the five ends of Novgorod, from which mayors were selected. In n. XV century The decisions of the meeting were almost entirely prepared by the council. In January 1478, Novgorod submitted to Moscow - this ended the history of the Novgorod Republic.
During the period of fragmentation in Rus', several large centers emerged. One of them was the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.
Location
The territory of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality was located in the northeast of Rus', between the Oka and Volga rivers. This factor, as well as favorable climate, contributed to the popularity of the principality and strengthening of its independence.
On the site of ancient tribal centers, the main cities arose: Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Dmitrov. The largest cities of the principality: Murom, Yaroslavl. The capital of the principality since the middle of the 12th century is Vladimir on Klyazma.
The geographical location of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality played a big role in the development of these lands. This was due to the fact that the famous Volga trade route passed through the territory of the principality, which led to the development of trade and ensured a large influx of population. The neighbors of the Slavs - the Finno-Ugric tribes - conducted active trade with them and maintained cultural ties.
Economic development of the principality
The description was briefly touched upon above geographical conditions and their impact on the economy. Let's look at this issue in more detail. Since ancient times, peoples have built their cities next to large rivers. They were a source of food, protected the territory from attacks by enemy tribes and contributed to the development of agriculture.
Natural and climatic conditions and availability fertile soil led to the development of agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting and fishing. The townspeople were actively engaged in trade and handicrafts, and art developed.
The presence of trade routes had a great influence on the economy of the principality. Import and export of goods is an important source of income not only for the population, but also for the princely treasury. WITH eastern countries The Slavs carried out trade through the Volga trade route. Trade with Western European countries was also important. It was carried out through the sources of the Volga and the system of rivers flowing through the territory of the principality.
By the beginning of the 12th century, the process of forming a large boyar landholding began on the territory of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. The princes granted land to the boyars. They, in turn, were entirely dependent on the prince. We will consider the features of governance in the principality below.
Political structure
The control system of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality was completely subordinate to the will of the prince, in whose hands all branches of power were concentrated. However, this did not exclude the existence of governing bodies, they were: the Council under the Prince, the Veche and feudal congresses. The first two were convened exclusively to resolve critical issues, in particular regarding politics at the international level.
A large role is given to the squad, which becomes the main support of princely power. Local government was subordinate to governors and volosts who carried out the will of the prince.
Legislation in the principality was based on a set of laws created under the Russian Pravda.
Let us summarize and present the main socio-economic and political features:
- The main branch of the economy was agriculture.
- The population of the principality was constantly increasing due to people who were fleeing the raids of nomads and looking for favorable conditions for farming.
- Development of urban planning. The appearance of Moscow, Kostroma, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky.
- The unlimited nature of princely power with the existence of an advisory body - the Veche.
