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DIY pantograph for a router. Drawings. Types and features of copy milling machines Engraving pantograph

A pantograph is a tool with which you can redraw a plan or map, drawing or drawing, etc. with great accuracy and to the desired scale (Fig. 1).

Such a homemade pantograph is of interest to specialists of many professions - architects, artists, engineers, inventors, innovators.

The pantograph uses the principle of a parallelogram mechanism, which makes it possible, with one rigidly fixed end, for two points of the mechanism to perform absolutely identical movements. Depending on the size of the selected shoulder, the image scale can be different and change in the desired direction. The scale is fixed and is set according to marks with corresponding digital markings.

How to make a pantograph - a homemade pantograph with your own hands

Pantograph is enough high quality Anyone can make it with their own hands, provided the exact dimensions of all parts are observed (Fig. 2).

The design of a homemade pantograph, which we would like to bring to your attention, consists of four lever-rulers (three long and one short), in which holes are drilled in a certain order to secure the axes. Brass bushings are inserted into the holes of the rulers.

Pantograph mechanism axes various designs, the two central axes are a pin with a head. The axes for attaching the lead (copier) and the tracking rod are made like a device for clamping the lead in the leg of the compass. It is advisable to use a plastic tip as a tracking rod. This tip does not spoil the original and provides good glide. One axis (extreme) with a heel on which the pantograph mechanism rests, and, finally, an axis that secures the entire mechanism to the base boss.

All axes have an annular groove in the upper part, which serves to secure a wire pin-clamp.

The boss is metal. Three stings (gramophone needles) are embedded into the boss from below, making it easy to fix the base on the drawing board.

Rulers are best made of plastic, for example, plexiglass (plexiglass), 5 mm thick. The most important operation is marking and drilling holes in the rulers, so it must be treated with special attention. To ensure high accuracy and alignment of the holes, it is enough to make markings on one ruler, put all the rulers in a bag and drill holes in all the rulers along the marked ruler in one step. Try to make the diameter of the holes such that the bushings fit into them tightly, with a slight interference fit.

The bushings are machined from brass according to the dimensions given in Fig. 2. Axles - steel. The length of the axles is directly dependent on the length of the bushing. Bend wire pins-clamps from steel wire with a diameter of 1.2-1.5 mm.

The base boss can be made from aluminum block 39 mm thick. In the lower part of the boss, punch three needles into the blind holes (you can use a gramophone), so that their points protrude 2-3 mm.

Specification of parts for a homemade pantograph

When all the parts are ready, assemble the mechanism. When assembling and adjusting parts, try to ensure ease of movement of all links of the mechanism, for which their rubbing surfaces can be slightly lubricated.

The final step in making a homemade pantograph with your own hands is to mark the holes on a ruler, according to which it will be easy to select the scale of enlargement (reduction) of the copy.

Be sure to check the correspondence of the markings with the resulting dimensions experimentally.

Equipment copy type used in cases where it is necessary to manufacture parts according to a specific template within a small batch. In some cases, copying milling machine used under conditions of large-scale production, like the CNC version. This is due to the fact that the machine in question is capable of creating products whose shape is to the greatest extent corresponds to the original sample, as with CNC machines, the movement of the cutter is set automatically. Main feature, which a copy-milling machine has – high processing speed.

Purpose

Often, a copy-milling machine is used to perform volumetric and plane processing; its operation is similar to those on which the CNC system is installed. At the same time, special models allow wood processing to be carried out in volume when a volumetric model is used as a copier. In the woodworking industry, volumetric processing allows:

1. create ornaments and various inscriptions.
2. engrave shaped profiles.
3. create complex patterns, the edges or planes of which are located in different planes.

The woodworking machine in question is often used in furniture production. Many decorative parts that have complex shapes are created using a similar machine.

Operating principle

The possibility of significantly accelerating the production process of complex products is determined by the operating features of the copy-milling machine. As with metal processing, woodworking uses cutting tool called "cutter".

The main points of the work include:

1. The cutter creates a contour or surface that is specified using a copier.
2. The connecting link between the cutting tool and the tracking device is a mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic system. A woodworking machine most often has mechanical system feeding and control.
3. The copier can be a flat template, a previously created reference model, a spatial model, a photocell, or a contour drawing. In some cases, such machines are equipped with CNC, which makes them highly versatile.
4. The samples that act as a template can be made of metal, wood, plastic or other material.

The copy milling machine works as follows: a sample is installed various types, a tracking device is connected to it, which through a certain type of connection transmits the required force to the cutting tool.

Classification

1. wood pantograph for router. this option can work in 2 or 3 dimensions;
2. universal type, which is also called a pantograph, having a rotating arm. as a rule, the sleeve is located in a vertical plane;
3. There are design options that have several spindles to speed up the processing process;
4. with mechanical, electrical, hydraulic feed;
5. photocopy type of contour transfer for guiding the cutting tool.

Woodworking machines also differ in their level of automation. production process. In this case, CNC is installed quite rarely, since the template processing method does not require a Numerical Program Control system to indicate the trajectory of the cutting tool.

Making a machine yourself

There are a huge number of copy-type woodworking machines, which are known as pantographs, and have a CNC system (a universal option that allows processing using a copier or program). However, not everyone can purchase such equipment, which is associated with its very high cost. The addition of CNC makes the equipment available only to large manufacturers, when the payback period for the equipment will be less than 5 years. That is why many people ask the question - how to make a machine with your own hands?

Before you get to work, it’s worth remembering that do-it-yourself machines are significantly inferior industrial models. At the same time, it is impossible to make a CNC version yourself. Also, many note that remaking the usual milling option Do-it-yourself copying is also very difficult, and often it’s easier to start from scratch. It is not difficult to make a pantograph yourself, but there are still certain difficulties in this process.

There are many schemes by which you can create a copy-milling machine with your own hands. Typical option, as a rule, consists of the following elements:

1. desktop;
2. supporting frame;
3. milling head.

To carry out the procedure for changing the cutting mode, the height of the table changes; the head with the cutter has an electric drive, which sets the cutting tool in motion; often the system includes a transmission mechanism for changing speeds.

The pantograph itself can be made as follows:

1. Made of wood. You can create such a pantograph with your own hands, but it will have low processing accuracy, since the connection wooden parts occurs using a loop. Fastening with loops is characterized by backlash.
2. Drawing pantograph made of metal - allows you to create copies at various scales, but cannot be used to create three-dimensional copies.

When creating a machine with your own hands, you should take into account that many parts may have flaws and discrepancies in size. This situation is associated with vibration and trembling of the base, which is quite difficult to avoid. When changing the direction of movement of the cutter, errors are also possible. Due to the internal stress of the wood workpiece, the workpiece may become distorted. Therefore, it is recommended to create such equipment only for narrow-profile production, when the machine will be designed to create one part. It is almost impossible to avoid the problems under consideration, however, provided that the same part is processed, gradual improvement of the design is possible.

A copy-milling machine for wood is designed to create products according to a given sample. With the help of such devices, flat-relief, volumetric or sculptural carving is carried out. If it is not possible to purchase a factory model, then you can always make the machine yourself.

Classification of copy milling machines

Based on the degree of automation, there are three groups of wood copying and milling machines:

• manual (desktop):
• stationary;
• automatic.

On devices of the first group, the workpiece is fixed mechanically. The design of milling machines of the second and third categories provides for the presence of pneumatic clamps that hold the product. This allows you to work with aluminum.

How the device works

Copy-milling machines for wood are designed for processing flat and volumetric parts. With the help of such devices, ornaments and inscriptions, shaped profiles, and complex patterns on workpieces with edges in different planes are created.

There are models of CNC milling machines that process curved parts template copying method. Thanks to the use of these devices, it became possible to create a large number of parts complex shape and the same size.

Such machines are mainly used in furniture production to create decorative elements complex shape.

In addition to furniture, decorative items are created on milling machines, architectural elements(bas-reliefs, friezes), souvenirs, wooden parts weapons, handles garden tools. Since all these products differ in shape and size, to create each of them, milling machines of a certain design are required. But regardless of the layout, all devices operate on the same principle.

To work with wood, a milling cutter is installed on the machine - a cutting tool. Product processing is carried out according to the following scheme:

• Using a copier, a contour or surface is defined. A flat template, a reference sample, a spatial model, a drawing, or a photocell can act as a copier.
• The tracking device is connected to the cutting head through a mechanical (less often hydraulic or pneumatic) feed system.
• According to a given template, the cutter creates a contour or surface.

Milling options

Milling on a copying machine can be carried out using one of two methods:

• Counter milling, in which the part is fed in the direction opposite to the cutter.
• Down milling, in which both the workpiece and the cutter move in the same direction.

The cutter on such devices can be made of mineral ceramics, synthetic or super-hard material and can replace the grinding procedure. But for machines working with wood products, this is not very important, since this material is not particularly hard.

The process of creating a machine with your own hands

Buying a copy-milling machine for wood, especially one equipped with CNC, is beneficial for large manufacturers; in other cases, it is easier to create it yourself.

Before manufacturing a machine, it is necessary to create a drawing and decide how the device will be used. If you plan to work with large products, then the size of the machine should also be large so that the cutter produces less vibration. In addition, you need to select an electric motor of sufficient power. The choice depends on the density of the material you plan to work with.

The number of axes is also determined at the layout stage, since changing the design of a finished machine can be problematic. To work with flat parts, two axes are sufficient: with longitudinal and transverse movement. Workpieces with slight relief also require a perpendicularly moving axis. For more complex products, four or five axes may be needed.

There are many milling machine designs, but they all consist of three elements:

• work surface;
• bed;
• milling head.

Design work surface The copying machine must have height adjustment, and the milling head must be high-speed and equipped with an electric drive.

The layout of a wood copy-milling machine can be vertical or horizontal. The comfort of working with the tool and unloading finished parts depends on this.

Pantograph

Most cheap option, for the manufacture of which you need several boards and a router. Designed for flat threads.

The shape resembles a parallelogram. Thanks to this design, when moving, nodal points describe equidistant curves. To scale the device, the link is lengthened.

The side of the parallelogram is half as long as the total length with the copying tip. Because of this feature, when copying any part with the tip, the cutter will halve it, which reduces the copier error.

Model with plane-parallel mechanism

Used for contour milling. Unlike previous model, a curved trajectory is achieved by adding two axes perpendicular to each other. The third axis inserts the cutter into the workpiece.

To balance the system, the design includes a counterweight on the other side of the swing frame. To be able to adjust, it is better to place it on a threaded rod.

Model for volumetric milling

On such a device, the milling head is placed on an oscillating frame, which during processing moves on roller carriages along perpendicular guides. The model and the part are mounted on two rotating units at the bottom of the base. The open frame makes it easy to clean out sawdust.

Serial copy-milling machine for wood, designed for both flat-relief and sculptural carving. The design provides five controlled axes:

• side arms;
• rotating frame;
• milling head;
• work tables;
• lateral movement of the head.

Quite light (weight about 28 kg) for one person.

The design of this model is similar to Duplicarver-2, but has two additional rolling pin guides (another linear axis), and rotary tables installed vertically. Thanks to these changes, it became possible to work with long volumetric threads.

Despite the fact that a copy milling machine for wood with manual control significantly facilitates work and increases productivity, it still needs to be controlled. But models used in mass production are equipped with computer numerical control (CNC). When working with such a device, a person only needs to load the workpiece and pick up the finished part.

A simple milling machine equipped with CNC operates from a control program that is created by the operator in a special system, according to a three-dimensional model developed in advance by a design engineer.

Unlike a simple CNC milling device, copying models have a programming system installed, which itself creates a control program. Such devices have an additional CNC attachment, which probes the reference workpiece, develops its three-dimensional model, on the basis of which a control program is created.

The main problem with numerically controlled machines is their high cost. For small production There is no point in such a device, since the payback period should be no more than five years. At home, with CNC it is easier to make not a copying machine, but a regular milling machine, which, however, is also not the easiest task.

Very often in our lives there is a need to make a copy of some object, so the availability of copying equipment is a modern need for many enterprises. AND we'll talk not about copy printing equipment, but about copy milling machines.

They serve to create objects that closely replicate the original design. The equipment makes it possible to produce parts in large quantities, ensuring high processing speed.

1 Features of milling

Milling is one of the ways machining. The procedure allows for finishing, roughing and semi-finishing different surface blanks made of wood, plastic, cast iron, metal (ferrous and non-ferrous).

Milling has high performance, which makes it possible to create objects of the required geometric shape.

Milling can be organized in two ways:

• down milling, in which the directions of feed and rotation of the cutter coincide;
• up milling, in which the feed is opposite to the direction of rotation of the cutter.

Using cutters equipped with modern cutting materials, Can carry out processing, replacing the grinding procedure.

A woodworking milling machine, including a mini modification, is used for processing the surfaces of planks, levers, covers, cases and brackets of simple configuration, and the surfaces of cabinet objects.

Allows you to apply 3D or 4D carvings. One of the most popular brands of domestic origin - Duplicarver.

Milling machines come in two categories:

• specialized;
• general purpose.

The last group is continuous milling equipment, non-cantilever, cantilever, longitudinal milling. The first group is copy-milling, key-milling, spline-milling, gear-milling, thread-milling. There are full and mini models.

1.1 Purpose of the machine

A copy milling woodworking machine is used to carry out copying work on a plane and in volume, to engrave patterns, inscriptions, ornaments, shaped profiles, as well as to implement simple milling tasks.

Despite the simplicity of the machine, it allows you to create incredibly complex patterns. It can be mini or full-size.

The equipment allows you to perform various milling operations using carbide and high-speed tools. Can make threads. The machines are used in small and large-scale production. Can work in 3D mode, if appropriate equipment is available, CNC. Duplicarver models are very popular.

The machine allows you to create:

• blanks and models;
• molds;
• various stamps;
• cams;
• forms.

The equipment can also be used for:

• drilling holes for metal hinges, handles, latches, locks;
• production of frames for mirrors;
• channels different sizes on profiles.

The Duplicarver wood milling machine allows you to mill curved parts by copying according to a template from which the shape of the future product is copied. Thanks to the use of templates the influence of the so-called human factor is excluded, That's why finished goods have an identical shape. This is largely ensured by CNC.

Not only a template sample can be used in the work; subsequent products can be made according to the sample of the first one. To increase accuracy, the machine should be supplemented with a copying device called a pantograph.

He may have different designs, however, it has an important function - accurate transmission along the profile of the movement of the copy head to the cutting device. Therefore, high precision of the thread is achieved when applying it.

2 Machine design

The Duplicarver milling machine uses a carbide cutting tool – a milling cutter. It reproduces the surface or contour of the copier on the product.

This machine master device has a hydraulic, mechanical and pneumatic connection with a tracking system responsible for the direction of the cutter. On the one hand, it acts on the amplification device, on the other, it affects the executive body.

The copier is a flat template, outline drawing, reference part, spatial model. Copier - photocell, finger, roller or probe. Samples can be parts made of wood, plastic or metal. The copier and the workpiece being processed are located on a rotating table.

The executive body of the Duplicarver machine is a differential, electromagnetic clutch, solenoid, screw, spool. Electro-optical, hydraulic or electromagnetic relays can be used in amplifying devices.

The speed of movement of the tracking device determines the accuracy of the profile and the surface roughness of the product. An accuracy of 0.02 mm and a roughness of No. 6 can be achieved. The Duplicarver machine is driven by an electric motor and a power hydraulic cylinder.

A pantograph, which allows you to copy products to a specified scale, has a guide pin located on an axis and moving along the copier, as well as a tool spindle and an axis of rotation.

When the finger moves along the copier, the spindle on the workpiece describes the required geometric shape. The scale of the pantograph is determined by the proportions of the shoulders. Additionally, CNC can be used.

2.1 Types of copy milling machines

By type of drive:

• photocopying, hydro- and electrified, with mechanical feed;
• multi- and single-spindle units with round and rectangular tables;
• universal devices with a pantograph located vertically on a rotating arm;
• with pantograph necessary for functioning in 2 and 3 dimensions.

There are mini and full versions. Such devices can be equipped with CNC.

You can also distinguish other groups of devices that differ in workpiece clamping and level of automation:

• tabletop or manual homemade machine with mechanical profile clamping allows you to drill holes of different shapes using a template;
• automatic machine with pneumatic profile clamping - most often used for the manufacture of aluminum structures; may have CNC;
• an automatic machine with pneumatic profile clamping and a 3-spindle attachment necessary for drilling triple holes (other devices do not have this capability); may have CNC.

These can be mini or full-size machines.

2.2 Making a machine yourself

A homemade copy milling machine can be made at home with your own hands. Of course, such mini equipment will not be able to work at the same level as industrial designs, but it is quite capable of creating high-quality copies.

A homemade woodworking CNC copy milling machine can be made using a rod system, an electric motor with a clamping chuck necessary for the cutter.

The typical design of a do-it-yourself device is:

• desktop;
• supporting frame;
• milling head.

Do-it-yourself desktop copy milling machine for wood carving with CNC must be optimized for specific purposes, which need to be achieved, for example, for threading. Understanding what parts are to be processed, you should perform calculations of size, power, and so on. Then a self-made machine will allow you to carry out the necessary tasks.

2.3 Operation of the Duplicarver copy-milling machine (video)