Types of predicates. The predicate is the main member of the sentence. Semantic and grammatical features of the predicate
Which includes a subject and (or) predicate. Their correct selection is the key to successful parsing. In this case, difficulties most often arise with finding the predicate. It can have different structures and ways of expression. Depending on this, the following types of predicates are distinguished: simple and compound.
What is a predicate?
In a sentence, the subject usually names an object (or has the meaning of objectivity). The predicate denotes the action, state, quality of the object named by the subject. You can ask him one of the questions: what does he do? what is this? what is he like?
This member of a sentence can be expressed in words of different parts of speech and contains lexical and grammatical (the relationship of the statement to reality) meaning. They can be combined in one component or require two or more components for expression. Accordingly, the composition of the predicate can be different: one or several interrelated words. Knowing these subtleties helps to correctly find the grammatical basis in a sentence.
Types of predicates: table
Syntax is the subject of study. In Russian there are following types predicates:
Simple verb predicate
It is this type of main member that usually comes to mind when asked what types of predicates you know. It is believed that it is quite easy to find, but in reality everything can be more difficult. Indeed, usually such a predicate is expressed by only one word - a verb in one of the forms of the mood: indicative ( I'll sing you a song), subjunctive or conditional ( He would read a poem, but his throat hurts), imperative ( Please tell me my favorite fairy tale). In this case, both lexical and grammatical meanings are contained in one word.
However, when working with this type of predicate, you need to remember several important points. First of all, about the fact that a verb in the form of the future complex tense is a simple verbal predicate ( A friend will meet you at the station), although it consists of two words. Ignorance of this fact is the most common reason for the erroneous determination of the grammatical basis and its type. Characterizing different types predicates in the Russian language, you need to take into account the following little-known (or often forgotten) ways of expressing it.
Difficulties in determining a simple verbal predicate
Here are examples of sentences in which you can make a mistake when finding and characterizing the main members.
- Two verbs used in the same form essentially mean one action: I'll go eat something.
- The predicate, along with the main one, includes the verb TAKE in personal form: She took it and refused.
- The same verb is used twice - in an indefinite and personal form with a negative particle between them: She doesn’t read herself...
- The personal verb is repeated to reinforce what is being said ( I'm still moving forward...), sometimes with the particle SO (Yes, he sang, he sang like that).
- The sentence contains a combination of a verb with the word WAS or KNOW (KNOW YOURSELF), which has the meaning of a particle: At first he thought...
- A predicate is a phraseological unit: Finally he came to his senses.
Thus, when determining the type of predicate in a sentence, you need to be guided by the grammatical features of the verb as a part of speech and the above conditions.
Compound predicates
Very often, when determining the grammatical basis of a sentence, semantic constructions consisting of two or more words are identified. These are subjects expressed by an indivisible phrase, or compound predicates, in which there are two parts: main (contains lexical meaning) and auxiliary (in addition to indicating grammatical features, it can sometimes introduce additional semantic shades). The latter are divided into verbal and nominal. To correctly locate and characterize them, it is necessary to know their structure.
Compound verb predicate
The lexical meaning is always expressed by an infinitive, and the grammatical meaning by an auxiliary verb (want, wish, be able, begin, complete, desire, love, etc.) in personal form or a short adjective (glad, obliged, ready, must, capable, intends). Here are these types of predicates with examples:
- Soon the sun began to set.
- The friend was obliged to warn about his departure.
When defining a composite verb predicate it is necessary to distinguish between the combination of a predicate and an object expressed by an infinitive: The guests asked the hostess - about what? - sing. In such a case, you can follow a hint: if the actions denoted by a verb in a personal and indefinite form are performed by one person (the subject), then this is a compound verbal predicate, if different, this is a simple verbal predicate and an object.
The infinitive can also have an adverbial meaning and will be a minor member in such a sentence. Example: He sat down - For what? - relax.
Thus, the presence of an infinitive in a sentence does not always indicate that a compound verbal predicate is used in it.
Compound nominal predicate
This is the type that causes the greatest difficulty in defining. In it, the nominal part contains the main lexical meaning, and the copula - the grammatical one.
The nominal part can be expressed:
- A noun in the nominative or instrumental case.
- An adjective in one of the forms (full, short, degree of comparison).
- Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case.
- Communion.
- Pronoun (used alone or as part of a combination).
- An adverb (more precisely, a word of a state category).
- A complete phrase.
The nominal part can be represented by one word or a combination of them. Moreover, short adjectives and participles, as well as a simple comparative degree, can only be part of a nominal predicate in a sentence.
- Human life is a constant struggle.
- Everything around seemed magical.
- Six and five are eleven.
- The hat was pulled down onto his forehead.
- The book is now yours.
- By evening it became stuffy.
- His face seemed darker than a cloud.
The verb BE in personal form is often used as a connective, as well as the words SEEM, BECOME, CONSIDER, MAKE, etc., which complement the lexical meaning ( She's been a nurse for two years now.). Sometimes these types of predicates include as connectives verbs that denote activity, state, movement and express independent semantic meaning in other sentences: STAND, WORK, RUN, GO, etc. ( The girl had been standing like a statue for about ten minutes now.).
Using this knowledge will help you correctly parse any sentence, and the question of what types of predicates you know will no longer cause difficulties.
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers the questions: what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? Who is he? etc.
The main features of the predicate:
1.Denotes a predicative feature, i.e. a sign of an object named by the subject, in a modal-temporal sense. A sign is understood here broadly - it is an action, property, state, etc.
The “object-attribute” relationship in speech is either stated or established by the speaker. This deep and very significant difference for syntax determines the opposition of predicative and non-predicative features.
A predicative feature is assigned to an object by the speaker, and the attribution of the feature to the subject is compared in time with the moment of speech. The relationship of the predicative feature to the subject is assessed by the speaker in modal terms. In a non-predicative attributive feature, there is no modal-temporal assessment of the relationship of the feature to the object. The attribution of a feature to an object is stated by the speaker regardless of the moment of speech. The connection of the non-predicative feature with the subject is presented as given.
The contrast between predicative and non-predicative features is based on the difference not in material, but in grammatical meaning. Therefore, a non-predicative feature can be turned into a predicative one - when expressing a modal-temporal assessment of the attribute’s relevance to the subject: Tree- green (was/will be green); Tree- without leaves (was/will be without leaves); compare: green tree stands under the window; A tree without leaves lies on the ground.
Thus, the concept of a predicative feature, in comparison with the general syntactic concept of a feature, is more complex, and the expression of a predicative feature includes means of modal-temporal characteristics of the relationship of the feature to the subject.
2. Structurally (grammatically) depends on the subject, but there are not always grammatical indicators of dependence. For example: The students listened to a musical sketch. – It’s nice to listen to music.
3. Other signs of the predicate:
1. Expressed by the conjugated form of a verb or a name.
2. Usually takes the position after the subject.
3. Partially corresponds to “reme”, i.e. new.
The expression of a predicative feature in the predicate presupposes the presence of two meanings - real and grammatical. Real value- this is the specific name of the attribute attributed to the subject. It is based on the lexical meaning of a word (or combination of words) acting as a predicate. Therefore, the predicate must be represented by a significant word or have one in its composition.
Grammatical meaning predicate, and, consequently, all its elements, all individual meanings are expressed by conjugated verbal forms. This means that the direct material indicators of the particular meanings that form the general grammatical meaning of the predicate are verbal inflections and formal suffixes. It is these formal verbal elements - or their significant absence - that are a necessary, obligatory component of the grammatical form of the predicate. A verb, as a full-meaning word, as a full-meaning lexical unit, does not necessarily have to express the predicate or be part of it. One of the important tasks in characterizing the predicate is to clarify the role of the verb, verbal formal indicators in design varieties predicate.
Conjugated verb forms express not only modal-temporal meanings, but also the attribution of the attribute indicated in the predicate to the subject, which is named in the subject. A formal indicator of this relationship is the grammatical dependence (subordination) of verb forms on the subject. Verb forms are consistent with the same type of word that serves as the subject.
So, the grammatical meaning of the predicate is the attribution of the attribute to the object and the modal-temporal assessment of the attribute. An indicator of grammatical meaning is the verb in its conjugated form or its significant absence.
Unlike the subject, the predicate is endowed with greater complexity and diversity in semantic and structural terms.
The syntax adopts two principles for dividing predicates:
1) by structure (composition), 2) by morphological expression.
To understand the essence of this division, you need to turn to the semantics (content) of the predicate. Any predicate expresses a predicative feature. This means that the predicate contains two meanings: 1) the specific (real) meaning of the attribute - denotes actions, properties, states, etc. This feature, unlike the feature conveyed in the phrase, is predicative, i.e. presented in modal-temporal terms. This implies the second obligatory meaning of the predicate 2) the meaning of predicativity (modal-temporal meaning).
Let's move on to the classifications of predicates. According to their structure, predicates are divided into simple and compound. Simple predicates represent a synthetic designation of a predicative feature; in them, the real and grammatical meanings are expressed together, undifferentiated. In structure it is one word, one component. Compound predicates represent an analytical designation of a predicative feature. The real and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words, therefore compound predicates consist of two or more components ( wanted to study, was a student). Sometimes so-called complex predicates are distinguished, consisting of 3 or more components: wanted to start working, dreamed of becoming an actor. However, this allocation a separate type predicates are not entirely valid, since essentially these are complications of compound predicates.
According to their morphological expression, predicates are divided into 1) verbal and 2) nominal. Here it is taken into account which part of speech expresses the real meaning of the predicate. For example: studied, wanted to study, started studying– verbal predicates, became a scientist– nominal predicate. This division is not only formal, but also semantic. Verbal predicates are associated with the expression of an active attribute, nominal predicates - with an ineffective attribute.
These two classifications overlap each other. The result is the following diagram:
PREDICATE
SIMPLE COMPOUND
Uncomplicated complicated verbal noun
uncomplicated complicated uncomplicated complicated
Simple verb predicate
A simple predicate can only be a verb. The morphological standard (sample) and morphological support of the forms of a simple predicate is the conjugated verb, a set of conjugated verbal forms.
Conjugated verb forms have formal indicators of the grammatical meanings of mood and tense, which determine the essence of the predicative feature contained in the predicate. Functional demarcation in conveying the meaning of the predicate (expression of the material content of the attribute and grammatical meaning) is carried out within one word - this is the division of functions between morphemes. A simple verbal predicate is fundamentally synthetic; this determines the syntactic essence of this type of predicate.
The synthetic nature of a simple verbal predicate does not mean that it is necessarily one-word. However, when expressing a simple predicate by a combination of words, there cannot be a complete functional demarcation between the words (one word expresses the material content of the attribute, the second - the grammatical meaning of the predicate). In any case, the means of expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate are only formal indicators (verb inflections and formal suffixes). The basis of the verbal component, to one degree or another, participates in the expression of the material content of the attribute - in the naming of the action attributed to the subject, which is indicated in the subject. This helps to distinguish between a simple verbal predicate, expressed by a combination of words, and a compound predicate.
Among the diverse forms of a simple verbal predicate, we will, first of all, distinguish between basic forms that express only the main grammatical meaning of the predicate, and complicated forms that contain additional grammatical meanings in addition to the main meaning.
Uncomplicated simple verb predicate predominant is expressed by a verb in any of the mood forms: How smaller woman we love, the more she likes us– indicative mood. It should be remembered that among the forms of the indicative mood there are analytical (complex) ones, as a result of which a simple verbal predicate may consist of more than one word. These are the future tense forms of imperfective verbs ( I'll work), subjunctive mood (would work), some forms of expressing the imperative mood ( Long live the sun. Let the darkness disappear! Pushkin; Let the bird cherry trees dry like linen in the wind, let the lilacs fall like rain. Vysotsky). Also, a simple verb predicate may include particles no, it seemed like that (And then she started crying. The person who came didn’t seem to notice me. And then they started screaming at each other.).
Less commonly, a simple verbal predicate can be expressed by an unconjugated form of the verb (infinitive, verbal interjection) or an interjection: And the queen laughed and shrugged her shoulders (Pushkin); An unloaded Terkin grenade of a German with a left smack (Tvardovsky); If a guy in the mountains doesn’t “ah” (Vysotsky).
The predicate is often expressed using verbal phrases: He does not knit bast;Here they are scouring the world, beating their heads; This clerk is no match for me; Ivan listened to his grandfather for a long time and shook his head.
A simple verbal predicate can be expressed by a descriptive verb-noun phrase: my friend fell into terrible despondency here. These are combinations of a verb with a weakened lexical meaning with an abstract noun (make a decision, provide assistance, make a rearrangement). These combinations are functionally equal to the verb: they are the integral name of the verbal feature and perform the function of one member of the sentence. These phrases are semantically integral and their identity with one word (a full-valued verb) makes these combinations similar to verbal phraseological units, but they are not phraseological units in the full sense of the word. Their syntactic indivisibility is determined not by semantic indivisibility, as in the case of phraseological units, but by the incompleteness of the verb component.
Complex simple verb predicates, usually found in colloquial speech. They are formed on the basis of uncomplicated forms and differ from them by the presence of grammatical means expressing additional meaning, which is superimposed on the main grammatical one without changing it. Of additional importance in complicated forms of PGS is the modal-expressive nature of the assessment of the predicative feature, i.e. does not change the LZ of the verb. Complicated PGS can be expressed in the following ways:
1. Using particles: The forest seemed to be dozing. And then they fight, well, hit each other. So Ivan got married to you! So I will tell you the truth! But he sleeps and doesn’t blow his head.
2. Verb form take(by meaning this is a particle) connected using conjunctions and, yes with the same form of another verb to denote an arbitrary action that can be performed in spite of any obstacle or someone’s will: Ivan took it and left.
3. Repetitions of two identical verb forms: I'm driving, driving in an open field, the bell is ding-ding-ding (Pushkin)
4. Conjugated verb form and cognate adverb: And the girl roars.
5. The combination of an infinitive with a single-root conjugated form of a verb, expressing a shade of concession or doubt about the appropriateness of an action: I thought about it, but the solution still doesn’t come.
6. Two conjugated verbs in the same form, with the first indicating the action, and the second indicating its goal: I'll go for a walk down the street.
7. The indefinite form of a verb is combined with the personal form of the same verb with a particle Not: The student does not know, but is trying to pass the exam.
8. The predicate includes a phrase to express the duration or intensity of an action: Ivan did nothing but re-read her letter.
Compound verb predicate consists of two components – auxiliary and main. The main component expresses the main information, i.e. specific, material meaning and is expressed by a morphological verb or verbal phraseological unit in the infinitive form.
Auxiliary Component a compound verbal predicate is a conjugated verb, a verbal phraseological unit or a descriptive verbal-nominal phrase: Of course, they had no right to do this. An analytical combination of nominal forms with the conjugated form of the verb connective (including zero) is also possible: You must forget about this forever. The auxiliary component of the verbal predicate expresses two types of meanings: 1) mood, tense, person as components of the predicative, 2) assessment of the method of action or attitude to the action denoted by the main component - the infinitive. The first is based on the forms of the verb, and the second is based on its lexical meaning. The lexical meaning of the auxiliary verb as part of the predicate is grammaticalized, i.e. acquires an abstract, evaluative character, losing the meaning of the action, the process. The estimated value of the auxiliary component distinguishes the GHS from the ASG. Compare: He was reading. – started reading, wanted to read, could read, had to read. There are phase and modal meanings of the auxiliary component of the SGS.
Phase value The auxiliary component of the GHS is to assess the course of the action and indicate its stages. Phasic verbs are verbs with the meaning of beginning, continuation, end of an action ( start, start, start; continue; finish, stop, quit, complete). With phase verbs, only the imperfective infinitive is used. The verb is adjacent to phases become. Not always having the meaning of the beginning of an action, it can indicate the fact of its occurrence: My neighbor began to get the right melodies.
Modal meaning The auxiliary component of the GHS is to assess the attitude of the actor (subject) to the action, called the infinitive of the main verb. Modal meaning can be expressed not only by verbs, but also by verbal phraseological units, descriptive phrases, and analytical constructions. The auxiliary component of the GHS expresses the following modal values:
1) possibilities-impossibilities: I could not accurately describe my state; (to have time, to be able to, to guess, to contrive);
2) obligations: I am forced to do something I don’t like (must, forced, obliged);
3) expression of will as a relationship to action, which has the following shades: 1) desirability (to want, to dream, to desire, to deign) Katya did not want to disturb her father with vain suspicions; 2) readiness, determination (decide, decide, intend, think up, prepare, gather) I was ready to run for a long time; 3) consent (agree. Undertake, allow yourself) Mishka quickly began to help me with mathematics; 4) expression of will with a connotation of the meaning of an attack on an action, an attempt to complete it ( try, try, try): we were about to go to bed, but then someone knocked;
4) subjective emotional assessment: (prefer, become addicted, love) She loved to warn the sunrise on the balcony (Pushkin); I am so glad to hear about your decision!
5) assessing the degree of normality of the action: (get used to, learn, adapt, happen) He is not used to taking everyone’s word for it.
Neither the modal nor the phase components express their own action.
Also the auxiliary component can be expressed or verbal phraseological units, or descriptive verbal-nominal phrases.
Verb phraseological units express the same modal meanings as the corresponding modal verbs in specialized forms (possibility, desirability, subjective emotional assessment, etc.). Few verbal phraseological units with modal meaning act as an auxiliary component of the predicate. All of them are characterized by one or another stylistic coloring.
The entire composition of the verbal phraseological unit is involved in the expression of modal meaning. The general grammatical meaning of the predicate is expressed by the formal indicators of the conjugated verbal member of the phraseological unit. Since the modal meaning is characteristic of the phraseological unit as a whole, it must be assumed that the expression of general grammatical meanings and the modal is not distributed between the components of the phraseological unit, i.e. carried out synthetically (cf.: to have the honor, to set a goal, to burn with desire: It was as if he set out to scare, make laugh and surprise the respectable audience(TO.); Only Chekhov and Korolenko had the courage to do so and resign their honorary title in the form of protest(Tel.); When meeting, he used to kiss(Tel.); Chapaev had several winning phrases in stock- he never missed an opportunity to insert them into his speech(Fur.); - In general, the doctor had no right to marry you,- Nikolai Ivanovich said(A.T.).
It must be said that verbal phraseological units with a modal meaning sometimes do not have modal verbs correlative in meaning (for example, have the honor) and therefore expand the range of modal means in the compound verbal predicate, although in themselves they are unproductive due to a certain stylistic marking.
Descriptive verb-noun phrases with modal meaning are formed from verbs with extremely weakened meaning (to have, to give, to express etc.) and abstract nouns formed from modal verbs (habit, desire, promise, intention etc.): have an intention - Wed intend: to express a desire- Wed want; make a promise - Wed promise; have a habit - Wed get used to; make a vow- Wed swear etc.
IN analytical unspecialized forms of the compound verb The predicate auxiliary component has a two-term structure. It consists of a connective and a full-valued word from the class of names; each member performs its own function. The copula in the conjugated form expresses the basic grammatical meaning of the predicate (the meaning of the present tense of the indicative mood is found in the zero form of the copula be). The nominal member expresses modal meaning (the types of modal meanings are the same as in the predicate with conjugated verbs). Thus, in analytical forms the grammatical meanings of the auxiliary component are expressed separately. However, the analytical construction as a whole is functionally adequate to the conjugated modal verb (cf.: agreed to leave- agreed to leave).
The nominal member of the auxiliary component can be consonant (agreed with the subject in number and gender) - these are the norms of short adjectives or participles (glad, ready, must, much, forced, agree etc.): - You had to love him devotedly, with all your spirit(A.T.); And here Malinin had no power to help him(WITH); - Well, I'm ready to apologize(A.T.); With emancipation, the old order should have sunk into eternity(M.-S). Non-productive analytical combinations of the copula adjoin the compatible forms find with the instrumental case of the full form of adjectives necessary, necessary: Everyone found it necessary to smile and smoke penny incense(Ch.); If Serpilin finds it necessary to call him,- Very good(WITH).
An inconsistent nominal member can be represented by a noun in the nominative case (master, amateur etc.), noun in prepositional case with a pretext in (in a state, in the strength, in the intention etc.) and modal-predicative adverb (right, not averse etc.): The old man was a master at telling tales(B.); - We are all experts at tearing throats when drunk, but just like that, our tail is between our legs.(Ch.); - He's lying! Ho-ho-ho! I didn't know, Shurenka, that you were such a master at sharpening balusters!(Ch.); - I'm not able to sleep at all(Ch.); Prokhor is unable to smile(Shishk.); People were unable to take a single step further(WITH); - After all, you wouldn’t mind joining their company.(M.-S).
Analytical constructions of the auxiliary component, although in principle they duplicate the main modal meanings of conjugated verbs, may, in particular, differ from them both in some shades and in stylistic coloring. Some analytical constructs are not correlated in meaning with modal verbs (should have, was glad, had to etc.).
Therefore, being unproductive due to their grammatical features, analytical unspecialized forms of the compound verbal predicate are a necessary link in the system of forms of the structural subtype of the predicate under consideration.
All marked constructions of the main forms of the compound verbal predicate have an essential common feature- the expression of one of the specific grammatical meanings, phase or modal, - but they differ in the ways of transmitting these meanings, in the means of expressing the auxiliary component.
GHS can have a complicated form. The auxiliary component is complicated, but the real meaning of the predicate is not affected; compare: continued to work - wanted to continue to work, was ready to continue to work, expressed a desire to continue to work. In complicated forms of a compound verbal predicate, not one, but two grammatical meanings of a phase or modal type are expressed. This means that the complex form includes, in addition to the main, material infinitive component, at least two units of an auxiliary nature. Grammatical complication of a compound verbal predicate is carried out due to the auxiliary component. For example, in the sentence Shubin wanted to start working, but the clay crumbled(T.) the auxiliary component is represented by a combination of two verbs, each of which has its own grammatical meaning (wanted- modal, begin - phase), and the conjugated form of one of them is a morphological means of expressing the basic grammatical meaning.
Compound nominal predicate includes components of different morphological nature. The main component is represented by the forms of names and other categories of words that are similar in meaning to names. The auxiliary component is represented by conjugated forms of verbs (or stable verb combinations), which lose their specific material content in this function. This component is called the copula, and the main component is the nominal (linking) part.
Bunch performs following functions: 1) expresses the main elements of predicative meaning; 2) connects the predicate with the subject, formally expresses its dependence on the subject; 3) contains a modal assessment of the relationship between an object and a feature. The copula is not involved in expressing the real meaning of the predicate.
In SIS, connectives express the following main types of modal-evaluative values:
1) possession of the trait ( to be, to appear, to remain) The sister was a doctor.;
2) the emergence of a characteristic, its assessment as changing ( become, become) The weather became cloudy;
3) feature detection ( turn out, turn out, come out) There was a misunderstanding when I came to you;
4) assessment of the characteristic as alleged, apparent, imaginary ( seem, introduce yourself) My words seemed insolent to him;
5) assessment of a characteristic as corresponding to someone’s opinion, idea (to be considered, to have a reputation) His departure to the city was considered a decided matter in the family.
Ligaments can be specialized, i.e. achieve a high degree of grammaticalization and be used with any form of names ( to be, to appear, to become, to become, to appear, to be reputed, to introduce itself, to be considered, to appear, etc.). Other connectives allow the use of only certain forms of nominal parts, and the lexical-semantic range of names may also be limited. These are non-specialized ligaments. Their lexical meaning has not been completely grammaticalized; it is more specific than the meaning of specialized connectives (to be different, to stand out, to be famous, to have appearance, to acquire character, appearance. position).
It is controversial to include structures like lay in a faint, returned rejuvenated. The conjugated verb partially performs the function of a connective, expressing modal-temporal meanings and dependence on the subject. However, the verb does not convey modal-evaluative meanings and is not grammaticalized. It denotes independent action. In such sentences, two predicative features are expressed simultaneously: active and passive, therefore, the predicate can be classified as “double” (A.A. Shakhmatov). In another interpretation, these predicates are regarded as a complex predicate or as a combination of PGS with a predicative definition. In Lekant’s opinion, such predicates should not be considered among the SIS in the strict sense of the term, since the conjugated verb here cannot be regarded as a connective. However, it is impossible to consider the examples he gave the same. Compare: Vera Dmitrievna stood up sad and tear-stained; After seventh grade we parted as friends.
So, the connective SIS has an abstract meaning and is not involved in the expression of real meaning. It certainly contains indicators of conjugated verb forms, including the zero connective be. The so-called particle bundles ( this, here, such as, exactly, as if, means, etc.) do not replace the verb connective, but only combine with it, including the zero one.
The nominal part of the SIS varied in formal expression and meaning.
1. Names are combined with the connective in various forms. Some of them are typical for a given function (predicative forms), while others are atypical, formed in a phrase to perform an attributive function (non-predicative forms).
Predicative forms include:
1) indeclinable forms – short forms adjectives and passive participles: The days were cloudy. Construction was completed on time;
2) inflected forms – nouns, full adjectives, participles, numerals, pronouns: The river was deep. He considered this matter his duty. Two and two are four;
3) unchangeable form comparative degree qualitative adjectives: The weather became better in the evening.
All forms of indirect cases of a noun are non-predicative, except for the instrumental predicative (however, this includes the instrumental comparison: Your nose is like a potato). These forms are not motivated by the verb connective. Non-predicative forms include stable prepositional-case combinations with a metaphorical meaning fixed in the language (on knives, with money, on the nose).
2. The real meaning of a passive attribute can be transmitted to the SIS by unchangeable words - an adverb, a gerund, an infinitive. These are unproductive forms of the nominal part. The absence of form changes makes it impossible to express their connection with the subject, with the connective. Only a small group of adverbs with the meaning of state or qualitative characteristics subject ( tipsy, alert, ready) used regularly in SIS. Participles are used as part of SIS in common parlance and only with the meaning of state. The infinitive as part of the SIS does not lose the meaning of the action, but acts as a characteristic of the object named by the subject: Our task is to protect the gate.
The auxiliary component can be complicated by a conjugated verb or phraseological unit with a phase or modal meaning (the copula verb is used in the infinitive): His story could have been more interesting.
In this chapter:
§1. The main parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.
Subject
The subject is the main member of a sentence, independent of other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions of the IP: who? What?
The subject of a sentence is expressed in different ways.
What is the subject expressed by?
The subject can be a word or phrase.
Most often the subject is expressed:
1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: patient, manager, greeter, ice cream, dining room;
3) pronouns: we, no one, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has the meaning:
a) togetherness: husband and wife, duck and ducklings, me and my friend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar appeared in the distance. One of the guests closed the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most students passed the test;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.
Predicate
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is said about the subject, which is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers various questions: what does the object do? what's happening to him? what is he like? Who is he? what is this? what is the subject? All these questions are variations of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.
The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of a sentence: its grammatical meaning.
Grammatical meaning- this is the generalized meaning of a sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:
- reality-irreality,
- time.
Reality-irreality expressed by the mood of the verb.
- Verbs in the indicative mood are characteristic of statements that reflect the real situation: It’s raining, It’s getting light.
- Verbs in the imperative and conditional moods are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! I wish it didn't rain today!
Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by verb forms of present, past and future tense.
Simple and compound predicate
The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple or compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.
Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can be in one of three tenses: present - past - future.
He knows poetry by heart.
indicative mood, present time
He knew the poems by heart.
indicative mood, past time
He will learn poetry by heart.
indicative mood, bud. time
You will learn these verses by heart.
imperative
In a circle you would learn poetry by heart.
conditional mood
Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound predicate they are expressed in different words. For example:
Suddenly the baby stopped singing and started laughing.
He stopped singing and started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh call an action, while expressing lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started
Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.
Compound verb predicate
A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:
He finished working.
I want to help you.
Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:
1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of an action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, cease;
2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: be able, able, want, want, wish, strive, try; glad, ready, must, obliged, intends.
In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.
If the auxiliary word is a short adjective, then it is used with a connective. The connective is the verb to be. Here are relevant examples with the copula in the past tense:
I was so glad to meet you!
In the present tense the word is is not used, it is omitted: the connective is zero, for example:
I'm so glad to meet you!
In the future tense, the connective be is put in the future tense. Example:
I'll be glad to meet you.
Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.
1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. Yesterday she was beautiful. In the present tense the copula is zero: She is beautiful.
2. Linking verbs become, become, become, appear, be considered, appear, be called, introduce themselves: The house from afar seemed like a dot.
3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie, stand: The mother returned from work tired. The mother sat thoughtful, sad.
In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:
The mother sat thoughtful, sad. Synonymous: The mother was thoughtful, sad.
He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.
With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of meaning are not conveyed. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize different shades of meaning.
Combinations of linking verbs with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate
The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also appear along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:
1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,
2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,
3) numeral: Twice two is four.,
4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody will become everything (“International”),
5) participle: The essay turned out to be lost., The daughter was completely cured.,
6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right. The trousers were just right.
The nominal part can contain not only individual words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:
She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.
It is impossible to say: She ran in with a face., She sat with eyes., because the phrases with a cheerful face and with thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Which parts of the sentence are considered the main ones?
- subject and object
- definition, circumstance and addition
- subject and predicate
Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: manager, sick, in love?
Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: me and my friends?
What is the subject in the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the Unified State Exam and pass it successfully.?
- any
- any of you
What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of a sentence?
- reality - unreality and time
- type and time
Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?
Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate whose lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?
I can't help you.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always considered serious.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
What is the predicate in the sentence: Twice two is four.?
- simple verb
- compound verb
- compound nominal
Predicate along with the subject, it is an element of the grammatical basis of the sentence. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or attribute, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he? Who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.
The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verb and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in special case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific language material. Let's look at the types of predicates, briefly describe each of them and follow the implementation with an example.
1. Simple verb predicate.
This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would have come earlier etc. Most often, this type is remembered using the formula: one word in the predicate, which means the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type includes predicates that contain 2, 3 or even more words. For example:
He will for a long time recall about the past(future complex).
Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative).
He lost his temper (phraseologism).
They waited, waited And didn't wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).
Spring waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).
Don't be offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).
I'll go for a walk (a combination of different verbs in the same form).
2. Compound verb predicate.
This predicate is constructed according to the following scheme: auxiliary verb+ infinitive All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more of them.
He wants to enroll to the institute.
I'm long couldn't with them meet.
You must study.
He was looking to have fun.
I was unable to think about this.
Note that as auxiliary element Most often, phase verbs appear (those that indicate the phase of action - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).
3. Compound nominal predicate.
Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb be, but you can also find other connections. The nominal part is expressed as an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.
Weather was good.
The book is true Friend.
He has character harder steel.
Grass beveled.
Evening quiet.
Error was obvious.
Twice two - four.
This notebook my.
As you can see, determining the type of predicate is not a difficult task; you just need to confidently and completely know the material and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.
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If the subject is expressed by a collective noun (youth, students), then the predicate is put in the singular: “The youth is singing a song of friendship.”
A simple verb is generally expressed by a verb in all its forms, including the future tense of imperfective verbs. For example: “My sister sings in the choir”; “The letter arrived on time”; “We will insist on our own”; “Please, would you eat some soup.”
In all of these verbs: “sings”, “came”, “we will insist”, “would eat” - are a simple verbal predicate.
Predicate compound
In a compound nominal predicate, the nominal part can be expressed by a noun, adjective, numeral and pronoun, as well as a short and full participle.
A compound nominal predicate consists of 2 parts - the connective and the nominal part. Verbs act as connectives, which by themselves cannot convey the entirety of the message. They indicate only (time, person, number, gender).
a) to be in the role of a connective in a compound nominal predicate has lost its lexical meaning and carries only grammatical information. For example: “He was an athlete.” Here, in the predicate “was an athlete,” the copula “was” indicates (past tense, singular, m.r.). And in “Your daughter will be famous” (future time, 3rd sheet, singular).
b) the verbs “to become”, “to become”, “to seem”, “to appear”, “to be considered”, “to appear” have not completely lost their lexical meaning, but cannot be used without a nominal part. For example, in the sentence “The children have become adults,” the nominal predicate is “they have become adults.” Here the connective “steel” without a nominal part is not used by “adults”.
c) the verbs “come”, “return”, “stand”, “sit” have a full lexical meaning, in some contexts they can play the role of a connective, since the main meaning is transferred to the nominal part. For example, in the sentence “He came late,” the verb “came” is a simple verbal predicate. And in the sentence “He came tired” - the compound nominal predicate “came tired.” The main lexical meaning of what is reported about the subject is expressed by the nominal part.
Next view predicate – a compound verbal predicate. It also consists of 2 parts: a copula and an infinitive. The connective in this type of predicate also does not contain all the information about the subject, since it calls:
a) phases of action (beginning, continuation, end). For example: “The children stopped telling stories and started playing.” This sentence has 2 compound verbs: “they stopped telling”, “they started playing”.
b) ability, readiness for action, emotional state. “Science can captivate a person who is trying to understand the world.” It is not enough for construction to say: “Science can...”. An infinitive is needed to express the basic lexical meaning of the predicate. The infinitive (indefinite form) “to captivate” conveys the main meaning of the compound verbal predicate.
A compound predicate is a combination of the components of a compound nominal and a compound verbal predicate. For example, in the sentence “She knows how to seem modest, if necessary,” the complex predicate “knows how to seem modest.” Here, only together, all parts of a complex predicate give necessary information about the subject.
