Shall and will as used. May is used in similar cases to should. Shall – auxiliary verb
Modal verb shall has two forms - present tense (directly shall) and past tense ( should). Despite the fact that these are two forms of the same verb, each of them has its own characteristics of use, its own suitable situations, so we will consider shall and should separately. Let's start with the modal verb shall.
Modal verb SHALL
Before talking about the modality of this verb, it should be noted that this verb, as such, can also be an auxiliary. In this form, in combination with the infinitive, it is necessary to form the future tense in English. For example:
Wait a moment! I shall call my boss. - Wait a minute! I'll call the boss.
As a modal verb, shall has several uses, which, as usual, we will consider in the form of a list. So, we need the modal verb shall in order to express:
1) Order, instruction, clarification of instructions. In this version, the modal verb shall is used in interrogative sentences with the first person.
Shall I shut the door? - Should I close the door?
When shall we wait for you? – When should we expect you?
2) Promise, command, threat, a warning on the part of the speaker. Affirmative and negative sentences with the second and third person, both singular and plural, come into play.
Warn her that she shall pass the exam tomorrow. – Warn her that she will take the exam tomorrow.
They shall regret if they say this. “They'll regret it if they say that.”
3) Obligation in agreements, contracts and other documents. The translation will accordingly contain the word “should”.
Within five days from the delivery date the seller shall send two sets of technical documents to the address of the buyer. – Within five days from the date of delivery, the seller must send two sets of technical documents to the buyer.
4) Confidence. And the phrase smb shall do smth can be interpreted as “someone will definitely do it.”
You shall get your money back. - You should definitely get your money back.
Modal verb SHOULD
This form of the modal verb shall can also have not only modality, but also act as auxiliary verb in sentences containing Future-in-the-Past or subjunctive forms. As an example, consider the following sentences:
We are assured that we should come back soon. “We convinced her that we would be back soon.”
It is important that I should say “yes”. “It’s important that I say yes.”
She demanded that I should apologize to her. “She demanded that I apologize.
But on at the moment We are interested precisely in the modal meanings of the verb should. We have two of them, plus more nuances and important points, so let's return to our handy list, noting the features of using the modal verb should.
With this verb we usually express:
1) Duty, obligation (weakened to advice or reproach). This modal verb is not as strict as must (which you can read about in the article “The Modal Verb MUST”).
A gentleman should be honest in his action. – A gentleman should be honest in his actions.
If you want to succeed, you should have knowledge, experience and patience. – To achieve success, you need to have knowledge, experience and patience.
2) Surprise, misunderstanding, indignation in interrogative sentences(emotional speech) after the words why / how.
How should I know? - How should I know?
Why should she lie? - Why lie to her?
A natural question may arise in your mind: At what tense will it be necessary to translate this or that sentence? How to determine time reference? But the form of the infinitive, which is used with the modal verb should, is responsible for this. It depends on him what time period the situation belongs to.
You should be working now instead of relaxing. – You should work now, not rest. (moment of speech)
You should consult a prosessional before taking any decision. – You should consult a specialist before making any decision. (present or future tense)
You shouldn't eat so many sweets! “You shouldn’t eat so much candy!”
You should have thought about it before! “You should have thought about this earlier!” (the use of the modal verb should in combination with the perfect infinitive refers to the past tense and implies that the action was desired, but was not carried out. Such sentences sound censure or reproach)
He should have accepted the invitation, why did he refuse it? “He should have accepted the invitation.” Why did he refuse?
You should have insisted on his being present at the rehearsal! “You should have insisted that he come to rehearsal!”
You shouldn’t have followed her example all these years! “You shouldn’t have followed her example for so many years!” (but the negative form of the same construction means that the action still took place, but it was not desirable)
Despite the fact that the modal verbs shall and should have several meanings, they are by no means difficult to understand and remember. Therefore, you should not have any difficulties with these modal verbs in English.
Hello friends! Well, you didn’t think that with the future tense and the verbs will/shall everything would be so simple? It is certainly simpler than higher mathematics (although it depends on you), but it’s worth paying attention to some.
Unit 22, English Grammar in Use, R. Murphy
Will/Shall 2
If you prefer to perceive audio/video material, then watch the video lesson on unit 22 English Grammar in Use, blue Murphy:
Before moving on to this lesson, make sure you understand the lesson.
Examples
Diane is working next week. (not Diane will work) - Diane is working next week.
Are you going to watch television this evening? (not Will you watch) - Are you planning to watch TV this evening?
Typically, when we talk about the future, we are much more likely to talk about what *probably/might be/probably* will happen, rather than something that is planned and 100% likely to happen. People are not robots; they cannot plan the future down to the smallest detail.
Situation:
Kate is doing an exam next week. Chris and Joe are talking about it. — Katya is going to the exam next week. Chris and Joe talk about it.
Chris: Do you think kate will pass the exam? - Do you think Katya will pass the exam?
Joe: Yes, she’ll pass easily. - Yes, it’s easy!
She’ll pass does not mean that “she decided to pass the exam easily.” Joe talks about his assumptions on this score.
When we make a guess about the future, we use will/won't in a sentence. (I hope you haven’t forgotten that the place of these verbs is before the predicate and after the subject)
Examples
□ Jill has been away a long time. When she returns, she’ll find a lot of changes here. — Jill was leaving for for a long time. When she returns, she will find many changes.
□ ‘Where will you be this rime next year?’ ‘I’ll be in Japan.’ - Where will you be at this time in a year? - I'll be in China.
□ That plate is hot. If you touch it, you'll burn yourself. — The plate is hot. If you touch her, you will get burned.
□ Tom won't pass the exam. He hasn’t studied hard enough. — Tom won't pass the exam. He didn't study much.
□ When will you get your exam results? — When do you think the exam results will be out?
We often use the Future Simple (and therefore the verbs will/won’t) with the following words:
probably - probably I'll probably be home late.
I expect - I suspect I haven't seen Carol today. I suspect she will call in the evening.
I'm sure - I'm sure Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass it.
I think - I think Do you think Sarah will like our gift?
I don’t think - I don’t think I don't think the exam will be difficult.
I wonder - I'm interested I wonder what will happen.
After the statement I hope (I hope) we usually use the present (conditional sentence rules), but will can also be used.
Examples
I hope, kate passes (will pass) the exam. — I hope Katya will pass the exam.
I hope it doesn’t rain tomorrow. — I hope it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
We usually use the future simple to talk about future events, but sometimes will form It is also used to talk about the present. In this case, will already works as a modal verb and conveys additional meaning. In this case, an assumption about the present.
Don't phone Ann. She'll be busy. - Don't call Anya now. She's busy. (=she will be busy at this moment, i.e. now)
I shall/We shall
Remember that shall is usually used with I and WE. In modern grammar shall is not used for the future. Therefore, use the option I will/We will.
In spoken English the short form I'll/we'll is used
We'll probably go to Scotland. — We'll probably go to Scotland.
Negative form with the word shall - shall not or shan't
I shan’t (won’t) be here tomorrow. - I won't be here tomorrow.
Once again, do not use shall with the pronouns he/she/it/you/they and their derivatives (words that can be replaced by these pronouns, such as names). You may come across the variant shall after these pronouns (remember the famous “You shall not pass!” from “The Lord of the Rings.”) But this will be an exclusively literary device to convey the color of the characters’ speech.
Lesson 3. Future Simple Tense - Future Simple Tense. Ways of expressing the future tense (repetition) and their comparison with the Future Simple. Suggestions and requests
In this lesson we will take a closer look at the Future Simple Tense, and also compare it with other previously discussed ways of expressing the future tense. We will look at some cases of using the Future Simple Tense in colloquial speech.
Topic 1. Using The Future Simple Tense. Difference between Shall and Will. Formation of affirmative and negative sentences. Short forms
For education all types of offers in the Future Simple Tense auxiliary verbs are used shall or will. Formally shall used with the first person singular (I) and plural (we). But in modern colloquial speech it occurs almost only will. However, this trend does not mean at all that shall has become an atavism, since it is indispensable in some interrogative sentences (will be discussed in topic 2) and has a very noticeable semantic potential, different from will. In literature, in newspapers shall And will are used in accordance with the grammar.
The main purpose of the Future Simple Tense is to denote an action that will happen in the future.
In the future tense, such temporary indicators as tomorrow, in two days (in two days), next week, etc. are used.
Affirmative sentences
Word order: on first the subject is located in the place; on second- auxiliary verb; on third the verb is placed in the infinitive form without a particle to. An adverb can appear after an auxiliary verb.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| I | shall/will | see | him | again | tomorrow |
| We | |||||
| She | will | go | there | next | Monday |
| He | |||||
| You | |||||
| They | |||||
| It | probably | rain | in the afternoon |
Contractions are often used in affirmative sentences. It is noteworthy that when using abbreviations, the need to choose between auxiliary verbs disappears, since only the same ending is taken from them -ll.
I"ll - He"ll - She"ll - We"ll - You"ll - They"ll - It"ll.
With the help Future Simple future intentions that arise at the moment of decision making are expressed.
The phone is ringing. - I"ll answer it.
The phone is ringing. - I'll answer.
Will is also a noun that translates as “will, desire.” This semantic load was fully transferred to the auxiliary verb of the same name. Therefore, in the sentence “I will help you” there is a sense of determination.
U shall such “determination” is absent. Shall usually expresses actions that lack the subject's desires.
I shall be 30 next month.
The example of the following sentence clearly shows the semantic and stylistic difference between shall And will:
We will fight and we shall win.
Will here expresses the speaker's intention, shall speaks of the inevitability of victory, “promises it.”
Negative sentences
Negative sentences are formed by simply adding the negative particle not after the auxiliary verb. Abbreviations are often used in negative sentences. Sometimes it is quite difficult to “decipher” these abbreviations if you have not seen them before.
So:
Won't - will not
Shan`t [∫a: n t] - shall not
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
| Full form | Short form | |||||
| I | shall not | shan`t | be | here | next | Tuesday |
| We | ||||||
| She | will not | won't | return | home | so soon | |
| He | ||||||
| You | ||||||
| They | ||||||
| It | happen | again | ||||
Note
Verbs in (verb in the first form) without a particle to and has only one form for all persons.
Modal verb shall used only in relation to the present and future tense. It is used to express the will of the speaker in relation to someone, that is, it is coercion, decree, threat, warning or promise. Typically a modal verb shall is not translated into Russian, but is expressed by intonation.
Shall – modal verb |
Shall – auxiliary verb |
|---|---|
| I, We (1st person) | I, We (1st person) |
| Shall I shut the window? Close the window? |
I shall work tomorrow. I'll work tomorrow. |
| You (2nd person) | You (2nd person) |
| You shall not pass! You won't pass! |
No |
| He, She, They (3rd person) | He, She, They (3rd person) |
| She shall leave right now! She'll leave now! |
No |
Statement
In affirmative sentences, the modal verb shall used with the second ( You) and a third party ( He, She, It, They).
Modal verb shall expresses coercion or strict order.
- You shall stop it right now!- You stop this now!
- She shall leave us tomorrow, the rude creature!“She’ll leave us tomorrow, that rude thing!”
- They shall shut up right now or I will turn them out of the house.“They’ll shut their mouths right now or I’ll throw them out.”
Modal verb shall also conveys a threat or warning.
- You shall never see me again! I'm leaving!– You will never see me again! I'm leaving!
- You shall remember my words.– You will still remember my words.
- He shall regret saying that.“He’ll regret saying that.”
Modal verb shall can also express a promise.
- I will make you happy. You shall do whatever you want!- I will make you happy. You will do whatever you want!
- When I earn some money for my family, my parents shall go on holiday to the seaside.– When I earn some money for my family, my parents will go on vacation to the sea.
- If I get this well-paid job, I promise, my wife and children shall always be well clad and shod!– If I get this well-paid job, I promise that my wife and children will always be well dressed and shod!
- So it is written and so it shall be done.– As prescribed, so it must happen.
Negation
In negative sentences with a modal verb shall particle not is placed after it. In them shall used only with second And third party. Most often, such negative sentences express a strict order, prohibition or promise.
- You shall not behave yourself like that in my house!“You won’t behave like that in my house!” (ban)
- Ann shall not leave her room till Monday!– Anne won’t leave her room until Monday! (order)
- Don't be afraid. You shall not be punished for that.- Don't be afraid. You won't be punished for this. (promise)
- I will get this well-paid job! My family shall not be in need anymore.– I will get this well-paid job! My family will no longer be poor. (promise)
- Shall not = shan’t (this abbreviation is almost never used)
- You shan't do that!- You won't do this! (fence)
- Don't worry. You shan’t be charged for it.- Don't worry. They won't charge you money for this. (promise)
Question
In interrogative sentences, the modal verb shall placed at the beginning of a sentence before the subject or after the question word. In such sentences only the first one is used ( I, We) and third party ( He, She, It, They). Interrogative sentences serve to ask, to find out the will of the person to whom they are addressed.
- Shall I shut the door?– Close the door? (Do you want me to close the door?)
- Shall Matt do this?- Should Matt do this? (Do you want Matt to do this?)
- What shall we do now?– What should we do now? (What do you want us to do now?)
- Where shall he go after?-Where should he go next? (Where do you want him to go?)
- Shall we dance? – Do you dance? Shall we dance? (Will you dance with me?)
Features of use
Shall difficult to classify as modal verbs. It always combines a modal meaning (intention) with the function of a future auxiliary verb. However, the modal verb shall differs from an auxiliary in that it is freely used with all persons and numbers (like an auxiliary verb shall used only with first person I And We).
In modern English shall used very rarely. He can be found in fiction(mostly British) as it is more emotional than other modal verbs.
- “She shall go off tomorrow, the little artiful creature” said Mrs. Sedley, with great energy.“She’ll leave tomorrow, that little intriguer,” Mrs. Sedley said energetically. (Thackeray)
- You shall repent of this neglect of duty, Mr. Gummer.“You will yet repent of your neglect of duty, Mr. Gummer.” (Dickens)
The verbs will and shall, as a rule, are used to form the future tense: shall is used in the 1st person singular, and will is used in all other cases.
To put it simply, if the subject of your sentence is the pronoun I (translated as “I”) or We (we), then you must use the verb shall.
This rule can be illustrated by the table:
But it is important to know that this rule is outdated, in modern English the verb shall is not used at all to form the future tense. The verb will is used in all persons. And you only need the verb shall to read old tests.
Construction of the future tense in English
An affirmative sentence in the future tense is constructed according to the following scheme:
Subject + auxiliary verb will or shall + infinitive of the main verb + everything else.
In negative sentences, the scheme is similar, just after the auxiliary verb will/ shall put the particle not. To construct an interrogative sentence, you need to move the auxiliary verb to the beginning of the sentence.
I will go for a walk.
I'll go for a walk. ( Modern version with the verb will)
I shall go for a walk.
I'll go for a walk. (Obsolete version with the verb shall)
He will go for a walk.
He will go for a walk.
She will not live in this city.
She will not live in this city.
Will are you selling your house?
Will you be selling your house?
Short form of verbs will/shall
The British love to shorten everything. Short forms of phrases with the verbs will/shall are given in the table:
Other meanings of the verb shall
And yet there are a number of rare cases in which the verb shall is used even in modern English. These are the cases:
- If you ask a question with You as the subject (2nd person) and expect the answer to be in the future tense. For example.
Shall do you go to school tomorrow?
You will go to school tomorrow.
Yes, I shall. (No, I shall not.)
Yes, I'll go. (No, I won't go.)
- In the second and third person to express the speaker's firm intention. For example:
He shall come here.
He will come here. (I'm sure he'll come here.)
- In the second and third person in sentences expressing an order. For example:
Each visitor shall present a passport.
Each visitor must present a passport.
