Studying the natural resources of Kamchatka. Natural features and resources of the Kamchatka region
Kamchatka enterprises increased gold production by a quarter in 2015. The volume of precious metal extracted was almost 4.2 tons. Compared to 2014, the production of both primary (122.2%) and alluvial (116.2%) gold increased. In addition, more silver began to be mined - almost 4 thousand tons, which is 118.5% of the 2014 level. This was reported by the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Kamchatka Territory. “Precious metals mining is one of the most promising directions development of the mining industry and, in general, the entire economy of the region. We are actively developing this industry,” said the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Kamchatka Territory. - Last year, the construction of a gold extraction plant and a mining and processing plant was completed at the Amethyst gold deposit. In 2015, it produced almost 500 kg of gold and more than 1000 kg of silver. The design capacity of the mining and processing plant is 500 thousand tons of ore per year, annual gold production is up to 4.3 tons. Gradually, the enterprise will reach these capacities, which will allow us to almost double gold production in the region. The total volume of investments in Amethyst in 2015 amounted to 5 billion 150 million rubles.” The construction of the Ametistovy mining and processing complex was given the status of a particularly significant investment project in the Kamchatka Territory. This allows the company to receive additional measures state support, including tax benefits.
Also in the Kamchatka Territory, the extraction of precious metals is carried out by 8 more enterprises: Koryakgeoldobycha CJSC, Kamgold JSC, Kamchatka Gold JSC, Trevozhnoe Zarevo JSC, Prospectors' Artel "Vector Plus" LLC, Prospectors' Artel "Kamchatka" LLC ", Andradit LLC, Penzhinskaya Mining Company LLC.
CJSC Koryakgeoldobycha: extracted alluvial platinum - 279 kg (55.8% of the 2014 production level);
CJSC "Kamgold" at the Aginskoye and Yuzhno-Aginskoye gold and silver deposits: gold produced - 1050 kg (163.1% of the production level for 2014), silver - 689 kg (116.1%);
CJSC "Kamchatsky Gold": gold produced - 1313 kg (97.8% of the production level for 2014), silver produced - 644 kg (113.4%);
CJSC "Trevozhnoe Zarevo" at the Asachinsky gold deposit: gold produced - 1176 kg (89.1% of the production level for 2014); silver mined - 1547 kg (67.3%);
Alluvial gold mining in the Penzhinsky region is carried out by the enterprises "Vector Plus Prospectors' Artel" LLC, "Kamchatka" Prospectors' Artel LLC, "Andradit" LLC, and "Penzhinskaya Mining Company" LLC. The volume of alluvial gold production in 2015 amounted to 86 kg (115.1% of the 2014 production level).
In 2015, the extraction of common minerals (CPM) was carried out by 9 enterprises. In total, 844.2 thousand m3 of mineral resources were extracted, including: building stone - 315.9 thousand m3, sand and gravel mixture– 343.7 thousand m3 and construction sand – 177.0 thousand m3. According to information provided by subsoil users, tax revenues and other payments to all levels of the budget of the Russian Federation from the activities of mining enterprises in the Kamchatka Territory for 2015 amounted to 2385.0 million rubles, including to the consolidated budget of the Kamchatka Territory - 1296.0 million rubles. According to regional Ministry finance receipts to the regional budget of payments for the mineral extraction tax for 2015 amounted to 330.639 million rubles, including for the tax on the extraction of industrial minerals - 10.665 million rubles, which is 143.4% and 143.2% of the previous figures, respectively year. The PK correspondent was informed about this by the press service of the governor and the Government of the Kamchatka Territory.
09/23/2010 | Information on the role of the mining complex in the socio-economic development of the Kamchatka Territory (based on the results of work for 6 months of 2010)
The mining and mineral processing industry in the Kamchatka Territory is currently undergoing the first stage of its development. The determining factors of this stage are:
1. Formation of the mineral resource base for future production.
2. Capital investments in the development of mining, processing and related industries.
3. Development of territorial schemes for the development of industrial, transport and energy facilities.
4. Training of industry personnel potential.
The largest subsoil users working in the Kamchatka Territory are: CJSC Koryakgeoldobycha - mining of placer platinum in the Olyutorsky municipal district at the Levtyrinvayam deposit, OJSC Gold of Kamchatka - gold mining (Aginskoye deposit), geological exploration at the sites of the Central Kamchatka ore district, Kumroch ore field in the Ust-Kamchatka region, construction of a mining and processing enterprise at the Amethyst deposit in the Penzhinsky municipal district, CJSC "Alarming Glow" - completion of the construction of the Asachi mining and processing plant, geological exploration in the Elizovsky municipal region, CJSC NPK "Geotechnology" - mining copper-nickel ores at the Shanuch deposit in the Bystrinsky municipal district, geological exploration, OJSC "Siberian Mining and Metallurgical Alliance" - geological exploration at the Ozernovsky ore field in the Karaginsky municipal district, OJSC "Kamchatgazprom" - gas production, geological exploration, OJSC "Geotherm" - extraction of steam-water mixture at the Mutnovskoye field, State Unitary Enterprise "Kamchatskburgeothermiya" - extraction of thermal and thermal energy waters in the Elizovsky, Bystrinsky, Ust-Bolsheretsky municipal districts, OJSC "Kamchatskstroymaterialy" - production of building materials.
Economic indicators of the mining industry for 6 months of 2010 are characterized by positive dynamics relative to the same period last year, with the exception of the amount of taxes paid. The decrease at the end of the half year in 2010 is due to the untimely sale of marketable products by type of raw material - precious metals and the debt incurred by Kamgold CJSC to pay taxes to all levels of the budget in the amount of 42.2 million rubles. The tax debt, according to the taxpayer, was liquidated during July 2010. Production volumes of commercial products in general amounted to 136.6% compared to the same period last year. The region has produced more natural gas, copper-nickel concentrate, and raw materials for the production of building materials. The volume of precious metals production increased by 92 kg. At the end of the year, it is possible to increase the volume of placer gold production due to the work of prospecting teams in the north of the peninsula.
Receipts to the consolidated budget of the Kamchatka Territory for the 1st half of 2010, payments for the tax on the extraction of common minerals amounted (according to the Ministry of Finance of the Kamchatka Territory) to 6.642 million rubles, for the tax on the extraction of minerals (except for common minerals) amounted to 43.305 million rub.
A 2.4-fold increase in receipts of payments for the extraction tax of common minerals compared to the same period in 2009 (RUB 2.751 million) is primarily due to increased volumes construction work(primarily at the facilities of Gazprom Invest Vostok LLC), reconstruction and repair of highways.
The volume of capital investments in the construction of new subsoil use facilities in the first half of 2010 increased by 20% compared to the same period last year (up to 450 million rubles), which is associated with the start of construction of infrastructure facilities at the Amethyst deposit in the Penzhinsky municipal district and the intensification of work to complete construction at Asachinskoye field in the Elizovsky municipal district.
The expansion of the mineral resource base of future production is due to an active increase in the volume of investments in geological exploration. During the first half of 2010, the total volume of investments in geological exploration work in the region increased more than 2 times and amounted to 970,045.6 thousand rubles, including 23,169 thousand rubles from the federal budget. For the same period in 2009, the volume of allocations for geological exploration work amounted to about 480,000 thousand rubles, including federal budget funds - 24,400 thousand rubles.
Conducting exploration work at subsoil use sites will allow this year to increase the reserves of copper-nickel ores at the Shanuch deposit, located in the Bystrinsky municipal district, by 1.5 million tons, and to prepare materials for placing the resources of the Baranyevskoye gold deposit on the state balance sheet of mineral reserves in 2011 , located in the Bystrinsky municipal district, to significantly increase gold reserves within the Kumroch ore field, located in the Ust-Kamchatsky municipal region. Active work continues on the exploration of large-volume reserves of copper and gold ores within the Maletoivayamskaya area, located in the Olyutorsky and Karaginsky municipal districts, where in the first half of the year the first positive results were obtained, indicating confirmation of the forecast for the discovery of an object with reserves of hundreds of tons of gold. Significant intensification of geological exploration work within the Ozernovsky ore field and the Tymlatskaya promising area, located in the Karaginsky municipal district, allows us to expect a significant increase (up to 40–60 tons at each site) in the balance reserves of gold at these sites and the beginning of the design of mining and processing plants in the coming years. production
In the near future, we should expect the intensification of work on exploratory drilling within the Kolpakovsky oil and gas trough in the Sobolevsky municipal district in accordance with the license for the right to use the subsoil of OJSC Kamchatgazprom, which will increase industrial reserves of natural gas and ensure a reliable mineral resource base for the constructed gas pipeline.
The immediate prospects for the development of the mining industry are as follows: by 2015, 6 mines should be built and begin mining gold and silver in the Kamchatka Territory: Asachinsky (2011), Baranevsky (2014), Amethyst (2012), Kumroch (2015). g.), Rodnikovy (2015), Ozernovsky (2015). Gold production will be 16 tons/year, subject to the implementation of projects and the continuation of the emerging positive macroeconomic trends, which include maintaining consistently high prices for mineral resources and activating the bank lending sector for large projects with a significant payback period.
The Shanuchsky nickel mine, operating in pilot production mode, should switch to industrial development mode in 2014. By 2017, on the Kvinumskaya area, located at the junction of the Ust-Bolsheretsky, Elizovsky and Sobolevsky municipal districts, balance reserves of nickel will be prepared and the second nickel mine in the Kamchatka Territory will be built. The total nickel production at the two enterprises will reach 15-20 thousand tons per year (in 2009 the enterprise produced about 8 thousand tons of nickel).
Total in the period 2010–2025. in the Kamchatka Territory, while maintaining the current level of prices for mineral raw materials, 238 tons of gold, 44 tons of platinum, 94 thousand tons of nickel, 17 billion m 3 of gas, 6.6 million tons of oil on land and 326.5 million tons of hydrocarbons can be produced oil equivalent on the shelf. Economic indicators of the mining industry will allow us to assume an increase in tax revenues to the budget of the Kamchatka Territory from the mineral extraction tax to 3,052 million rubles per year in 2025. The volume of the gross regional product of the industry in the structure of the economy of the Kamchatka Territory may amount to more than 12%, without taking into account the indicators for the implementation of shelf development projects. Currently, this figure does not exceed 4.2%.
Total investments in additional exploration, creation of mining and transport infrastructure for the mining industry in the period until 2025 are estimated at 33 billion rubles. in 2008 prices, excluding the costs of implementing offshore projects.
One of the tasks of managing the mineral resource complex is the creation of a diversified system of environmental management that quickly responds to changes in market operating conditions. Considering the development trend of the global market for natural raw materials, it is necessary to develop the extraction and use of:
Precious metals,
hydrocarbon raw materials,
Non-ferrous metals,
Balneological resources.
These four directions will significantly enhance the potential of the region. To meet regional needs and demand of Far Eastern subjects Russian Federation, in addition to the mentioned industries, full-scale development of underground resources is promising drinking water, building materials, coal.
The volume of investments in the development of the industry will increase as the fields enter commercial production. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the amount of allocations allocated to create the necessary conditions for the development of industry - primarily infrastructure facilities. The implementation of projects for the development of deposits of non-ferrous metals and large-volume gold deposits is impossible without the creation of new energy capacities, roads, and terminals for receiving and processing cargo. The joint work of authorities can provide a significant economic effect for the development of the industry state power and subsoil users to create the necessary initial conditions for the development of new territories. The mechanism for such work is to attract funds from the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation to the formation of industrial clusters in areas where deposits are concentrated - the Central Kamchatka ore district and the North Kamchatka ore district. This work was started jointly with CJSC NPK Geotekhnologiya and OJSC Gold of Kamchatka. As a result of the implementation of the projects, the possibility of constructing a gas pipeline from the village will open up. Krutogorovo through the Shanuch deposit to the village. Milkovo. In this case, construction is also an important social project.
The work of industrial enterprises for the development of mineral resources in the region faces a number of unresolved issues in ensuring the process of construction and operation of enterprises. This is primarily due to insufficient power. construction organizations, lack of a number of specialized areas construction activities, for example, for the installation of technological equipment.
Another task, the solution of which is impossible without the support of the regional government authorities, is the problem of staffing the industry. Enterprises are experiencing an acute shortage of specialists in the field of geological exploration, construction, mining, technological processing of ores, providing production both among the engineering and technical level and workers. For some specialties, it is possible to open departments for training specialists directly in the Kamchatka Territory. Joint work with interested enterprises will help create the necessary training base and attract teaching staff.
Improving the necessary supply chain is important for the smooth operation of the industry. The technology of processing mineral raw materials is based on the need to use a number of specific components - explosives, chemicals, and special equipment. A serious obstacle to the provision of these materials is the unwillingness of transport organizations to ensure the delivery of such materials to the peninsula due to the lack of necessary licenses, permits, special transport, and storage facilities.
Experience in the development of mineral resources in modern economic conditions showed the need to intensify work to attract additional investment in the industry and develop new approaches to the implementation of management policies.
The main objects of subsoil use, primarily for liquid types of mineral raw materials - deposits of precious metals, nickel, hydrocarbons, thermal mineral waters, explored and assessed in previous periods, are in the distributed subsoil fund.
In accordance with the initial conditions for the use of subsoil for the main gold ore deposits, the provision of which was made for use at the end of the last and beginning of this decade, by now in the Kamchatka Territory gold mining should be carried out at eight sites - Aginsky, Ametistovoy, Asachinsky, Rodnikovy, Mutnovsky, Baranyevskoye, Zolotoye, Kumrochskoye deposits. Over the past period, changes have been repeatedly made to licensing agreements related to the postponement of deadlines and stages of work, a decrease in the volume of investments in field exploration and capital construction. As a result, the region lost about 45 tons of gold, about 1.5 billion rubles in taxes to the regional budget only for the mineral extraction tax. In these conditions, it is impossible to achieve the planned indicators for the development of the industry.
The reasons are like external factors- changes in the price environment for mineral raw materials on world markets, bank lending conditions, and internal ones - extreme underdevelopment of the infrastructure of the Kamchatka Territory, remoteness of the territory, difficult natural and climatic conditions, lack of a local labor market, lack of construction capacity. To develop deposits located in remote and inaccessible conditions, enterprises need to design and build a road network, energy and social infrastructure facilities. In this regard, the volume of investment increases significantly, which leads to a deterioration in the economic performance of enterprises and reduces the quality of mineral raw materials.
The main directions of policy of government authorities of the Kamchatka Territory in order to develop the economic potential of industry enterprises in the near future should be:
1. Attracting public funds to create the necessary energy and transport infrastructure within the framework of government programs or using the mechanism of public-private partnership.
2. Providing real state support to systemically important enterprises of the industry, including the establishment of preferential tariffs for the electrical energy produced in isolated energy centers.
3. Development and implementation educational programs in the Kamchatka Territory to train specialists for newly developing sectors of the economy.
In order to increase the efficiency of reproduction and use of the mineral resource base in the near future, government bodies of the Russian Federation must solve the following tasks:
1. Tightening requirements for subsoil users to unconditionally comply with the terms of license agreements.
2. Orientation of the state program for the reproduction of the mineral resource base towards increasing the degree of geological knowledge of subsoil use objects before the stage of their provision for use.
3. Reducing the rates of one-time (starting) payments for the use of subsoil during auctions in order to redistribute the financial resources of enterprises for work on geological study and exploration of mineral deposits.
4. Establishment of tax benefits for subsoil use facilities located in hard-to-reach and remote areas.
Source of information: www.kamchatka.gov.ru
Kamchatka and its shelf have significant and diverse natural resource potential, which constitutes a significant and, in many ways, unique part of the national wealth of the Russian Federation. The history of scientific research in Kamchatka goes back more than 250 years. They began with the participants of the Second Kamchatka Expedition of Vitus Bering: Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov, Sven Waxel, Georg Steller. Thanks to these works, it became known that Kamchatka has rich fur reserves, as well as iron and copper ores, gold, native sulfur, clays, and hot springs. Subsequently, a number of research expeditions were organized to Kamchatka, which were financed by the treasury or by patrons. Gavriil Andreevich Sarychev proposed considering the use of Kamchatka’s natural resource potential from the perspective of trade in fish, fur, walrus tooth, whalebone and oil. Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin expressed his opinion on the need to use thermal water for recreational purposes.
As a result of the First Kamchatka Complex Expedition of the Russian Geographical Society, significant information was obtained on the geography, geology, ethnography, anthropology, zoology and botany of Kamchatka. In 1921 on the river. Bogachevka (coast of Kronotsky Bay) local hunters found a natural oil outlet. Since 1928, in the estuarine part of the river. Vyvenka on the shore of the Gulf of Corfu, employees of Dalgeoltrest began a detailed study and exploration of the Corfu coal deposit. It is also known that the Americans explored and used coal from the Korf deposit as early as 1903. In 1934, TsNIGRI employee D.S. Gantman gave the first description of the coals from the Krutogorovskoe deposit. In 1940, the USSR Academy of Sciences, together with employees of VNIGRI, compiled and published a geological map of the peninsula on a scale of 1:2000000, which was a synthesis of all the knowledge about the geology of Kamchatka that was available at that time. In accordance with it, mainly Quaternary volcanic and sedimentary deposits were distributed over a significant part of the peninsula. Of the mineral resources, only a few thermal springs have been identified.
At the beginning of the 50s. a new stage in geological study has begun: areal sheet-by-sheet geological survey on a scale of 1:200000, which made it possible to create a holistic picture geological structure, outline and systematize the main directions search work. Up to 50 years No special prospecting and exploration work was carried out for metallic minerals. Basically, all attention was focused on the search for oil, but already in 1951–1955. During small- and medium-scale geological surveys in potentially ore-bearing areas, numerous primary ore occurrences of copper, mercury, molybdenum, and chromites were identified. Slice sampling established the fundamental gold content of many river valleys. New facts indicated the presence of primary and placer occurrences of gold, and new areas favorable for prospecting were outlined. The main result of geological exploration research in the 50–90s. was the actual creation of a mineral resource base in the region for gold, silver, copper, nickel, groundwater, placer platinum, coal, gas, and various building materials. All this is reflected on a map of mineral resources of Kamchatka at a scale of 1:500,000 (responsible executor - Yuri Fedorovich Frolov), made on an updated geological basis and incorporating all the latest data on mineral resources of the Kamchatka Territory.
The main stages of environmental management in Kamchatka
The socio-economic development of Kamchatka has always been based on the development of natural resources. For a historically fixed period from the end of the 17th century, at least five main stages of environmental management can be distinguished.1. Before the arrival of Russian pioneers (i.e. until the end of the 17th century), a primitive collective method of developing biological natural resources existed on the territory of the peninsula. The physical existence of the population depended on bioproductivity ecological systems in their habitats.2. With the development of Kamchatka (late 17th – mid-18th centuries), the main natural resource of the region involved in economic turnover was furs. The resources of valuable fur-bearing animals (sable, arctic fox, fox, ermine) have come under severe anthropogenic pressure. The role of this type of natural resource is difficult to overestimate, since the pursuit of fur has become one of the main incentives for Russia to search for new lands in Siberia and America.
The basis of Kamchatka's fur trade was sable, the extraction of which accounted for up to 80–90% of fur harvests in value terms. In the XVII–XVIII centuries. production of the main resource of the fur trade - sable - was estimated at 50 thousand heads per year. In addition, for the period from 1746 to 1785. About 40 thousand arctic fox skins were exported from the Commander Islands. Predatory extermination led to depression in the populations of these species of fur-bearing animals, and from the middle of the 18th century, the amount of harvested furs in Kamchatka decreased significantly.3. Mid-18th century - end of the 19th century are characterized by intensive development (including poaching) of marine mammal resources. In the context of the completion of the territorial division of the world, the most developed countries (USA, Japan, etc.) have increased the pressure on the most accessible biological resources of the world ocean.
The waters of the Okhotsk-Kamchatka Territory at that time were exceptionally rich various types sea animals: walrus, seal, bearded seal, sea lion, beluga whale, killer whale, whale, sperm whale, etc. In the 1840s. Up to 300 American, Japanese, English and Swedish whaling vessels sailed in these waters. Over the course of 20 years, they caught over 20 thousand whales. The catch of sea animals has decreased significantly in recent times. This stage of environmental management in Kamchatka has exhausted itself due to the almost complete destruction of its natural resource base. WITH late XIX V. to the 20th century Aquatic biological resources were used as the main natural resource base for commercial production (initially, herds of Pacific salmon spawning in the fresh waters of Kamchatka, then other types of aquatic biological resources). The first areas for commercial salmon fishing in Kamchatka were allocated in 1896. From 1896 to 1923, fish catch in Kamchatka increased from 2 thousand to 7.9 million poods. The potential productivity of salmon in all spawning and rearing reservoirs of Kamchatka is estimated at 1.0 million tons, and the commercial productivity is up to 0.6 million tons.
Extraction of aquatic biological resources in Kamchatka throughout recent years stabilized and annually amounted to about 580–630 thousand tons, 90% of which accounted for valuable fisheries - pollock, cod, halibut, greenling, flounder, salmon, and seafood. At this stage, the economy of the Kamchatka region had a pronounced single-industry character. The basic sector of the economy was the fishery complex, which accounted for up to 60% of production and more than 90% of the region’s export potential. Currently, the possibilities for sustainable development of Kamchatka by increasing fish catches have been exhausted. Extensive development of natural fish resources has reached the limit of quantitative growth and has become the main factor in their depletion. Also during this period of time, forest resources were actively used in Kamchatka, a timber industry complex was formed and functioned quite successfully, which included logging, production of round timber, sawmilling, and the supply of some products for export.
As a result of the use of forest resources during this period, the most accessible and commercially high-quality forests of cayander larch and Ayan spruce in the Kamchatka River basin were cut down, and the volume of industrial logging and, somewhat later, the volume of felling began to decline sharply. Large specialized forestry enterprises with forest resource bases assigned to them for the long term ceased to exist. Currently, the annual volume of timber harvesting and processing in the Kamchatka Territory does not exceed 220 thousand m 3, with the estimated cutting area being 1830.4 thousand m 3. By the end of the 20th century, this type of environmental management had reached a state of crisis. The main features of the listed periods were that the structure of the regional economy in each of them was distinguished by single-industry specialization in interregional labor exchange. Focusing on one type of natural resource as the main product for interregional exchange invariably led to the depletion of this resource. Changes in types of environmental management were accompanied by the destruction of production and settlement systems.
Taking into account these features and in order to avoid destructive socio-economic and environmental consequences on modern stage There is a transition to a new type of natural resource development. New type is based on integrated use, including, along with fish resources, recreational, water, mineral resources. In this regard, the Government of the Kamchatka Territory is developing a Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Kamchatka Territory until 2025, which corresponds to the key areas of development of the Far Eastern Federal District, the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. A comprehensive analysis of the opportunities for economic growth in the Kamchatka Territory shows that the mining industry is currently the only infrastructure-forming industry in the region. Only through the development of mineral deposits is it possible to develop a rational energy and transport infrastructure in the Kamchatka Territory, creating the prerequisites for the successful subsidy-free development of the Kamchatka Territory.
Mineral resource base of the Kamchatka Territory and its role in the socio-economic development of the region
The mineral resources of the Kamchatka Territory are represented by various minerals, both federal, interregional and local significance, which can be profitably developed. The subsoil energy resources of Kamchatka are represented by reserves and forecast resources gas, hard and brown coal, geothermal waters and hydrothermal steam, predicted oil resources. The hydrocarbon potential of the land is estimated at 1.4 billion tons of oil equivalent, including about 150 million tons of oil and about 800 billion m 3 of gas that are recoverable. Explored and preliminary estimated reserves of natural gas are concentrated in one medium and three small fields of the Kolpakovsky oil and gas bearing region of the Okhotsk-West Kamchatka oil and gas bearing region and in total amount to 22.6 billion m 3. The explored and preliminary estimated coal reserves of the Kamchatka Territory amount to 275.7 million tons, the predicted resources exceed 6.0 billion tons. 7 deposits and more than ten coal occurrences have been studied in varying detail. Brown and hard coals, mostly of medium quality, are used for local needs. To date, 10 deposits and 22 promising areas and areas of primary gold have been identified and studied to varying degrees in the Kamchatka Territory with explored and preliminary estimated metal reserves of 150.6 tons and predicted resources of 1171 tons. Associated silver reserves are accounted for in the amount of 570.9 tons, predicted resources exceed 6.7 thousand tons. Alluvial gold reserves are estimated in 54 small deposits in the amount of 3.9 tons, predicted resources - 23 tons.
The remaining reserves of alluvial platinum are 0.9 tons, resources - 33 tons. In addition, the ore occurrence of primary platinum with predicted resources of more than 30 tons is being studied. The predicted resources for nickel and cobalt of cobalt-copper-nickel deposits only of the Sredinny crystalline massif of Kamchatka are determined accordingly in 3 .5 million tons and 44 thousand tons. Some deposits, for example Shanuch, are characterized by very high average nickel contents in ores - up to 7%, which allows their processing without preliminary enrichment. The Kamchatka region is provided with all types of building materials (with the exception of raw materials for cement production): sand and gravel mixtures, construction sand, volcanic tuffs, building stone, various concrete fillers, slag, pumice, brick clays, mineral paints, perlites, zeolites. Unique is the largest Far East The Ilyinskoye pumice deposit, its reserves in categories A+B+C – 144 million m3, is a multi-purpose raw material of local and export importance. More than 50 deposits have been explored in the Kamchatka Territory for the production of building materials. A widespread mineral resource in the Kamchatka Territory is groundwater, which, according to its chemical composition and temperature, is divided into: cold fresh, thermal (thermal energy) and mineral.
They are used for domestic and drinking water supply, as well as for balneological and thermal energy purposes. A new direction in the use of cold fresh waters of Kamchatka, which differ high quality, is their bottling and export to regions with a shortage of sources drinking water supply. The mining complex of the Kamchatka Territory is currently at the stage of formation. In the volume of shipped products for all types of activities in the region, the extractive sector of the economy accounts for about 5%. Today, there are 289 licenses for the right to use subsoil in the Kamchatka Territory. Of these, 56 licenses are for significant subsoil use objects. Currently, production volumes for the main types of mineral raw materials are: The Kshukskoye gas condensate field is at the stage of pilot industrial development. Annual production is 8-9 million m3 for the needs of the Sobolevsky district. For local needs, 3 small deposits of hard and brown coal are being developed and 2 are being prepared for development. The production volume in 2007 amounted to 21 thousand tons.
The annual production of thermal waters is about 13 million m3. Steam from the Pauzhetsky, Mutnovsky and Verkhne-Mutnovsky fields is used to produce electricity. The total capacity of the geothermal power plants operating there is 70 MW. In 2006, industrial gold mining began at the Aginskoye deposit (design capacity - 3 tons of metal per year). The volume of gold production in 2006 amounted to 1195 kg, in 2007 – 2328 kg. Placer gold is mined in the amount of 110–190 kg per year. From 1994 to the present, about 50 tons of alluvial platinum have been mined. In 2007, production volume was 2078 kg. In 2007, the Shanuchsky copper-nickel deposit produced: nickel 2202 tons, copper 300 tons, cobalt 50 tons. The immediate prospects for the development of the mining industry are primarily that by 2015 in the Kamchatka Territory should be built and begin production mineral resources 6 mines: Asachinsky (2010), Baranevsky (2011), Amethyst (2012), Rodnikovy (2013), Kumroch (2013), Ozernovsky (2015). Gold production will be 16 tons/year, platinum – 3 tons/year. By 2018, the production of ore gold will reach 18 tons, platinum - 3 tons. The Shanuchsky nickel mine, operating in pilot production mode, should switch to industrial development mode by 2014.
By 2017, balance nickel reserves will be prepared at the Kvinumskaya area and the second nickel mine in the Kamchatka Territory will be built. Total nickel production at the two enterprises will reach 10 thousand tons per year. Four promising areas for hydrocarbon raw materials are identified within the shelf zones adjacent to the coast of the Kamchatka Territory. Investments in exploration and development of deposits in the Western Kamchatka zone, as well as the creation of coastal infrastructure are estimated at 775 billion rubles. Other promising areas may be involved after the first positive results are obtained in the West Kamchatka area. Total in the period 2008-2025. in the Kamchatka Territory, while maintaining the current level of prices for mineral raw materials, 252.4 tons of gold, 54 tons of platinum, 114.6 thousand tons of nickel, 17 billion m 3 of gas, 6.6 million tons of oil on land and 326.5 million tons of hydrocarbons in oil equivalent on the shelf. Total investments in additional exploration, creation of mining and transport infrastructure for the mining industry in the period until 2025 are estimated at 33 billion rubles. in 2008 prices, incl. gold – 16 billion rubles, platinum – 5.1 billion rubles, nickel – 8.4 billion rubles, other minerals – 3.2 billion rubles, excluding costs for implementing offshore projects. One of the tasks of managing the mineral resource complex is the creation of a diversified system of environmental management that quickly responds to changes in market operating conditions.
Taking into account the development trend of the global market for natural raw materials, it is necessary and sufficient to develop the extraction and use of: - precious metals; - hydrocarbon raw materials; - non-ferrous metals; - balneological resources. These four areas will allow us to take a strong position in the economy. To meet the regional needs and demand of the Far Eastern constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in addition to the mentioned industries, full-scale development of the resources of underground drinking water, building materials, and coal is promising. To ensure sustainable development of the mineral resource complex, it is necessary to increase the mineral resource base not only at the expense of enterprises, but also in the process of public-private partnership. At the same time, pay special attention to the forecast and search for large and unique deposits. Such objects, first of all, can be large-volume deposits of precious metals - gold, platinum within the northern and central parts of Kamchatka (such as Ozernovsky, Galmoenansky, etc.). The same series should include an assessment of the hydrocarbon raw materials of the West Kamchatka, Shelikhovskaya, Khatyrskaya, and Olyutorskaya shelf areas. Any invasion of nature is associated with causing some damage to it.
Kamchatka is one of the most vulnerable territories. Therefore, environmental protection is an important element of the environmental policy of the Government of the Kamchatka Territory. The use of the most modern and safe, from an environmental point of view, technologies for the development of mineral resources today is the main task of the legislative and executive authorities of the region. Such a large-scale development of the mineral resource complex cannot but entail large-scale social transformations. The personnel shortage of geologists, miners, technical specialists of various skill levels necessitates the training of specialists with higher and special education numbering at least 2,500 people. The use of the mineral resource base of the Kamchatka Territory in the near future will help to significantly change the overall structure of industry through the creation of new industries - non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, gas and oil industries, and construction materials. Solving the problem will double the GRP and increase budgetary security. The transport and energy infrastructure created by the industry's facilities will contribute to the development of tourism, social and cultural facilities, and will improve the livelihoods and employment of the population of the Kamchatka Territory, especially its northern part, the development of which is not provided for in the strategies of other industries.
Kamchatka is a peninsula located in northeastern Eurasia. This is the only place in Russia where volcanic eruptions occur. Under their influence, special effusive rocks are formed.
Relief
It largely depends on the geological structure of the territory. Thus, the faults are stretched along the peninsula, all the ridges and strips of lowlands are also located along the eastern coast. Mountains also represent active or extinct volcanoes. They can be seen on the map of the peninsula called Kamchatka. The topography and mineral resources of this region are interconnected, as many mineral resources concentrated in the area of volcanic activity.
Their slopes are of a scree nature, and landslides occur here. Active volcanoes are located in the eastern part of Kamchatka. The largest of them is Klyuchevskaya Sopka. Boiling lakes and hot springs are often found here. The famous Valley of Geysers is located in this area. There are mud volcanoes. In river valleys, including the Kamchatka River, there are alluvial and colluvial deposits.
New unique mineral resources of Kamchatka were discovered on the Tolbachik volcano. A photo of one of them is presented above. This is the tenorite mineral.
At the beginning of the last century, there was an assertion that Kamchatka, whose mineral resources are numerous, could not be a significant area for the mining industry. Subsequently, this opinion was not confirmed. The new maps included such minerals as copper, coal, graphite, silver, molybdenum, lead, zinc, and oil. It also contained information about amber and various gems. Subsequently, the Korf coal deposit was identified among others. Its mining began in 1929. Subsequently, many more deposits of coal, oil, natural gas and other minerals were explored.
Geological structure
The eastern part of Kamchatka was formed through the interaction of two lithospheric plates: oceanic and continental. Here, one plate is immersed under another. This is evidenced by the deep depression bordering the peninsula - the Kuril-Kamchatka deep-sea trench. Volcanic activity is common here and earthquakes occur frequently. This territory is composed of rocks such as basalts, andesites, and rhyolites.
The rest of the peninsula has more ancient origin. Its western half is composed of Cenozoic sedimentary strata. In the southern part of the peninsula there are granites, porphyries, syenites and other intrusive rocks. Fossils of ancient marine animals are found in the Tertiary clays and sandstones, suggesting that the area was covered with water. There are also seams of coal with tree trunks, traces of leaves and fossilized resin - amber.
Minerals of Kamchatka
What else can be said on this topic? The mineral resources of the Kamchatka Peninsula are varied and numerous. There is oil and natural gas. The Kolpakovsky oil and gas region in the western part of Kamchatka has the most promising reserves of these hydrocarbons. There are also reserves of hard and brown coal. IN eastern half of the peninsula are the Korfu and Khailin brown coal deposits. In the west there are the following coal occurrences: Tigilskoye, Krutogorovskoye, Gorelovskoye, Podkagernoye. There are huge deposits of peat.
Kamchatka has reserves of both ore and placer gold. They are found in four large primary deposits: Amethystovoye, Aginskoye, Asachinskoye, Rodnikovskoye. Approximately 198 tons of gold lie here. There are also placers of this precious metal, there are 42 of them. Silver is present in these four deposits to a greater extent - 655 tons. And placers of platinum were discovered.
There are deposits of cobalt, copper and nickel in the Sredinny crystalline massif of the peninsula.
Kamchatka, whose mineral resources are also associated with volcanic activity, has the largest pumice deposit in the Far Eastern region - Ilyinskoye.
Kamchatka also has significant reserves of native sulfur. The number of its manifestations found exceeds two hundred. Total reserves amount to 106 thousand tons.
Developed fields
The mining industry in Kamchatka is just developing. IN lately there is a decrease in the amount of mined minerals. This is due to the fact that deposits of precious metals are being depleted. The Kshukskoye gas field is currently being developed. Several small occurrences of hard and brown coal are also being mined. Thermal waters are constantly used to generate electricity.
Practical application of mineral resources
For the fuel and energy complex there are reserves of oil, gas, coal and brown coal. Peat is used in economic activity. In the future, it can be widely used in the processing and chemical industries.
Precious metals and minerals used in the jewelry industry are mined. This is, first of all, gold, silver, platinum. A scattering of a rare variety of garnet - demantoid - was found here.
There is also chrysolite used in jewelry. In addition, there are rubies, amethysts and sapphires. Meet ornamental stones- jasper, marble onyx, obsidian, jade, agate. These gems are used for jewelry and other decorative purposes. There is also blue obsidian mined in the area of the Ichinsky volcano.
Secured building materials Kamchatka. Minerals such as volcanic tuffs, sand and gravel mixtures, building stone, slag, brick clay, construction sand, perlites and zeolites are in abundance here. Ignimbrites and sintered tuffs are promising for construction. Perlites are used for water purification and added to cement. In ecology, they are used to clean soil and water bodies from contamination by industrial waste.
Groundwater, which has a unique composition, is widely used. Among them there are both mineral and hydrothermal springs. They are used in food industry and for heat and power needs.
Kamchatka, whose mineral resources are very diverse, is a promising area for the extraction of mineral raw materials.
1. Introduction
Kamchatka is a wonderful land that was discovered by Russian Cossacks more than 300 years ago. Until 1990, no foreigner could set foot on Kamchatka soil, and even Russians required a special pass. But those who wanted to see the magical world of Kamchatka with their own eyes made their way there, despite all the obstacles. From now on, Kamchatka is open to everyone: tourists, scientists, and businessmen.
I was born on this land and therefore I know firsthand what Kamchatka breathes and how it lives. I know a lot myself, I heard a lot from my parents. I decided to choose the natural resource potential of Kamchatka as the topic of my essay. To do this, I found and studied information on this topic. I examined the role of the economy and industry of the Kamchatka region in our country. I also decided to find out how she can develop and what problems prevent her from doing so. What is the richness of Kamchatka land, what natural resources does it have. Having studied all this, I compiled this essay
2. Business card
Date of formation. The Kamchatka region was formed on October 20, 1932 as part of the Khabarovsk Territory, from January 23, 1956 it was separated into an independent region of the RSFSR, and is part of the Far Eastern economic region.
General information. At the beginning of 2005, the economically active population of the region was 200.8 thousand people (in 1990 there were approximately 472 thousand), in the Koryak National District - 28.5 thousand people, of which 178.0 thousand people were employed in the economy . Indigenous peoples (mainly: Koryaks, Itelmens, Chukchis, Evens and Aleuts) make up approximately 3% of the population. Russians 83%.
The number of officially registered unemployed with the employment service was 9.1 thousand people or 4.4% of the economically active population.
Economy. Among the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District in terms of production of gross regional product (GRP) per capita, the Kamchatka region, according to the latest published statistics, ranks fifth, and in the Russian Federation – seventeenth. In the total regional products of Russia, the share of the Kamchatka region is insignificant and amounts to 0.3%.
In 2001 and 2002, the region experienced a decrease in the physical volume of gross regional product by 4.1% and 3.6%, respectively; in 2003, there was an increase of 5.8%.
The leading industries providing the bulk of GRP are: industry, construction, trade and catering, transport and communications, agriculture. In 2003, these industries accounted for more than two-thirds (68%) of gross value added. Industrial enterprises of the region produced a third of the regional gross product, construction accounted for 10.6%, trade - 10%. Transport and communications accounted for 7.7% of gross value added, agriculture accounted for 6.4%.
Industry. The basic branch of industry and the economy as a whole is the fishing industry. Fishing industry products in structure industrial production is about 60%. Electric power industry (in the context of a local energy system - the infrastructure sector) forms 22.7% of industrial production volumes, non-ferrous metallurgy– 8.0%, mechanical engineering and metalworking – 5.0% (infrastructure sector of the fishing industry), food processing – 4.9%. Other industries, in total, form about 4% of industrial production.
In the volumes of industrial production of the Russian Federation, the region’s share is extremely insignificant and has been 0.3% in recent years; in the Far Eastern Federal District it is about 7%.
At the same time, the Kamchatka region forms 13.6% of the production of food fish products in the Russian Federation and 17.4% of fish catching and seafood production in the Russian Federation.
In the Far Eastern Federal District, the Kamchatka region ranks first in the production of consumer goods per capita, in the production of the fishing industry - second, in the gas and printing industry - third.
During the implementation of a comprehensive program for the transfer of electricity and heat supply to the region to non-traditional renewable energy sources and local species fuel, electricity production using local and non-traditional sources increased to 174.2 million kW/hour, or 10.8% of total production for the year.
Investments. The basis of the regional economy - the fishing industry - continues to be an object of fairly high investment attractiveness for investors, including foreign ones, who have the opportunity, desire and ability to finance fairly large medium-term investment projects. Basically, and first of all, these are projects for the introduction of advanced technologies for deep and complex processing of fish and seafood, which ensures an increase in added value while maintaining production volumes. Particular attention should be paid to improving the quality and expanding the range of products produced, improving storage and transportation methods. The share of investments in the fishing industry is 10-11 percent of the total investment in the Kamchatka region, the share foreign investment fluctuates over the years from 60 to 70 percent.
The main volume of investments (up to 50 percent), including budget ones, is directed to priority sectors - electric power industry, transport, including the main pipeline (construction of a gas pipeline from the Sobolevsky district to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky).
In the last two years, the mining of minerals – gold (Aginskoye deposit), copper and nickel (Shanuch deposit) – has been developing dynamically. In 2004, the volume of investments in this industry increased by 50 percent compared to 2003 and amounted to about 12 percent of total investments.
Financial indicators. In 2004, the profits of enterprises in the Kamchatka region significantly exceeded losses, and the balanced financial result amounted to 4.3 billion rubles. The industry received 4.2 billion rubles of profit, including 3.3 billion rubles in the electric power industry, and 228 million rubles in the fishing industry. Profit in agriculture amounted to 390 million rubles, in communications – 274 million rubles.
Standard of living. The average per capita real disposable cash income of the region's population has been growing steadily over the past four years. The ratio of average per capita income to the cost of living for 2004 as a whole amounted to 193.4%, which is 4.96 percentage points higher than the same figure for 2003. At the same time, the current level of well-being, employment, as well as the degree of stratification by income level cannot satisfy the population of the Kamchatka region, regional government bodies and local self-government.
Administrative division
Administrative center: the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (founded 1741)
Area of the region: 472.3 thousand square meters. km.
On the territory of the region there are two subjects of the Russian Federation - the Kamchatka region and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug (united since June 2007). The region consists of 4 cities (2 of regional subordination), 7 districts.
The distance from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky to Moscow is 11,876 km.
3. Features of the geographical location
In the west, the peninsula is washed by the cold Sea of Okhotsk, in the east by the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The northern point of the region is located almost at the Arctic Circle (65ºN), the southern point - Cape Lopatka rises above the First Kuril Strait (51ºN). Kamchatka is mainly a mountainous country. Two main ridges stretch along the peninsula for many hundreds of kilometers: the Sredinny, the longest, and the Eastern, between which is the Central Kamchatka Lowland with the main river of the peninsula, the Kamchatka. The peninsula belongs to a zone of active volcanic activity; on its territory there are about 300 large and medium-sized volcanoes, 29 of which are active volcanoes. Here is the highest volcano in Eurasia, one of the highest active volcanoes in the world - Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750m). The activity of volcanoes is associated with the formation of many minerals, as well as hydrothermal activity: the appearance of hot springs, the formation of fumaroles, geysers and other manifestations. The coast and south of the peninsula are characterized by a maritime climate, while the central and northern parts are characterized by a continental climate. Winter on the peninsula differs in its different parts: snowy and mild on the coast, frosty in the central part and far from the coast, harsh and windy in the north. Snow falls at the end of September in the north, and at the end of October in the south. Summer is relatively cool on the coast, and quite hot in the central part.
In the southern part of the peninsula there are no severe frosts in winter and hot days in summer. Summers here are cool with many foggy and rainy days. As you move north and deeper into the peninsula, the climate becomes more continental, the influence of the large land areas of the Asian continent and the protection of the ridges from the influence of the seas are more pronounced. All these climatic factors significantly shorten the normal duration for these latitudes summer period and lengthen the winter. Another feature of the climate of Kamchatka, located in a zone of intense cyclonic activity, is strong winds. Cyclones bring with them heavy rainfall. The greatest number of them occurs in the southern and southeastern regions of the peninsula, where up to 2200 mm of precipitation falls per year. These indicators claim to call Kamchatka the wettest region of Russia. As you move away from the coast, the amount of precipitation decreases sharply: on the northeastern coast - up to 500-600 mm, in the Central Kamchatka Lowland - 400 mm, and in the extreme north-west - 300 mm. The average January temperature in Central Kamchatka is 22°; it rises towards the east coast. On the coast and slopes of coastal volcanoes, thaws are common in winter, with positive temperatures even in January and February. Most high temperatures– in August, but absolutely top performance registered in July, in central region peninsula (+ 37°). The number of warm days with temperatures above + 20° in Kamchatka is small. On the coast throughout the summer, from 1 to 6 of them are observed, in the mainland up to 20-30, in the Kamchatka River valley - even more, up to 50.
