Objects of inanimate nature. The influence of living organisms on the environment The influence of inanimate nature
The life of organisms depends on many conditions: temperature. illumination, humidity, other organisms. Without environment living organisms are not able to breathe, eat, grow, develop, or give birth to offspring.
Environmental environmental factors
The environment is the habitat of organisms with a certain set of conditions. In nature, a plant or animal organism is exposed to air, light, water, rocks, fungi, bacteria, other plants and animals. All of the listed components of the environment are called environmental factors. The science of ecology studies the relationships between organisms and their environment.
The influence of inanimate factors on plants
A deficiency or excess of any factor depresses the body: it reduces the rate of growth and metabolism, causing deviations from normal development. One of the most important environmental factors, especially for plants, light serves. Its deficiency negatively affects photosynthesis. Plants grown with insufficient light have pale, long and unstable shoots. In strong light and high air temperatures, plants can get burns, which lead to tissue death.
When the air and soil temperatures drop, plant growth slows down or stops altogether, the leaves wither and turn black. Lack of moisture leads to withering of plants, and its excess makes it difficult for roots to breathe.
Plants have developed adaptations to life under very different meanings environmental factors: from bright light to darkness, from frost to heat, from an abundance of moisture to extreme dryness.
Plants growing in the light are squat, with short shoots and rosette-shaped leaves. Their leaves are often shiny, which helps reflect light. The shoots of plants growing in the dark are elongated in height.
In deserts, where temperatures are high and humidity is low, leaves are small or absent altogether, which prevents water evaporation. Many desert plants develop white pubescence, which helps reflect sunlight and protect against overheating. Common in cold climates creeping plants. Their shoots with buds overwinter under the snow and are not exposed to low temperatures. In frost-resistant plants, organic substances accumulate in the cells, increasing the concentration of cell sap. This makes the plant more resilient in winter.
The influence of inanimate factors on animals
Animal life also depends on factors inanimate nature. At unfavorable temperatures, the growth and puberty of animals slows down. Adaptations to cold climates include down, feathers and wool in birds and mammals. Of great importance in the regulation of body temperature are the behavioral characteristics of animals: active movement to places with more favorable temperatures, creation of shelters, changes in activity in different times year and day. To experience unfavorable winter conditions bears, gophers, and hedgehogs hibernate. During the hottest hours, many birds hide in the shade, spread their wings and open their beaks.
Animals that live in deserts have various adaptations to endure dry air and high temperatures. The elephant turtle stores water in its bladder. Many rodents are content with water only from poverty. Insects, to escape overheating, regularly rise into the air or bury themselves in the sand. In some mammals, water is formed from stored fat (camels, fat-tailed sheep, fat-tailed jerboas).
Biotic factors (factors of living nature) represent various forms of interactions between organisms, both one and different types.
Biological factors influencing the life activity of microorganisms are various relationships between living beings that arise in natural conditions and due to the presence of diverse species. Moreover, the nature of the interaction may be different depending on the characteristics of individual organisms in microbial communities.
Every living organism on Earth is influenced not only by factors of inanimate nature, but also by other living organisms (biotic factors). Animals and plants are not distributed chaotically, but necessarily form certain spatial groupings. The organisms included in them, of course, must have common or similar requirements for the given conditions of existence, on the basis of which corresponding dependencies and relationships are formed between them. This relationship arises primarily on the basis of nutritional needs (connections) and methods of obtaining energy necessary for life processes.
The group of biotic factors is divided into intraspecific and interspecific.
Intraspecific biotic factors
These include factors operating within a species, at the population level.
First of all, this is the population size and its density - the number of individuals of a species per certain area or in volume. Biotic factors of population rank also include the life expectancy of organisms, their fertility, sex ratio, etc., which to one degree or another influence and create environmental situation both in the population and in the biocenosis. In addition, this group of factors includes behavioral features of many animals (ethological factors), primarily the concept of group effect, used to designate morphological behavioral changes observed in animals of the same species during group living.
Competition as a form of biotic communication between organisms is most clearly manifested at the population level. As the population grows, when its numbers approach the saturating habitat, internal physiological mechanisms regulation of the size of a given population: the mortality rate of individuals increases, fertility decreases, and stressful situations, fights, etc. Space and food become the subject of competition.
Competition is a form of relationship between organisms that develops in the struggle for the same environmental conditions.
In addition to intraspecific competition, interspecific, direct and indirect competition are distinguished. The more similar the needs of competitors are, the more intense competition becomes. Plants compete for light and moisture; ungulates, rodents, locusts - for the same food sources (plants); birds of prey forests and foxes - for mouse-like rodents.
Interspecific biotic factors and interactions
The effect exerted by one species on another is usually carried out through direct contact between individuals, which is preceded or accompanied by changes in the environment caused by the vital activity of organisms (chemical and physical changes in the environment caused by plants, earthworms, unicellular organisms, fungi, etc.).
The interaction of populations of two or more species has various forms of manifestation, both on a positive and negative basis.
Negative interspecies interactions
Interspecific competition for space, food, light, shelter, etc., i.e., any interaction between two or more populations that is detrimental to their growth and survival. If two species compete for common conditions, one of them displaces the other. On the other hand, two species can exist if their ecological requirements are different.
With interspecific competition, representatives of two or more species actively search for the same food resources of the environment. (More broadly, it is any interaction between two or more populations that is detrimental to their growth and survival.)
Competitive relationships between organisms are observed when they share factors, the amount of which is minimal or insufficient for all consumers.
Predation is a form of interaction between organisms in which some prey, kill and eat others. Predators are insectivorous plants (sundews, Venus flytraps), as well as representatives of animals of all types. For example, in the phylum arthropods, predators are spiders, dragonflies, ladybugs; in the phylum chordates, predators are found in the classes of fish (sharks, pike, perches, ruffes), reptiles (crocodiles, snakes), birds (owls, eagles, hawks), mammals (wolves, jackals, lions, tigers).
A type of predation is cannibalism, or intraspecific predation (eating by individuals of other individuals of their own species). For example, female karakurt spiders eat males after mating, Balkhash perch eats its young, etc. By eliminating the weakest and sickest animals from the population, predators help increase the viability of the species.
From an ecological point of view, such a relationship between two different species is favorable for one of them and unfavorable for the other. The destructive effect is much less if the population has developed together in an environment that is stable for a long period. Moreover, both species adopt such a way of life and such numerical ratios that, instead of the gradual disappearance of the prey or predator, ensure their existence, i.e., biological regulation of populations is carried out.
Antibiosis is a form of antagonistic relationships between organisms, when one of them inhibits the vital activity of others, most often by releasing special substances, so-called antibiotics and phytoncides. Antibiotics are released lower plants(mushrooms, lichens), phytoncides - higher. Thus, the penicillium fungus secretes the antibiotic penicillium, which suppresses the vital activity of many bacteria; lactic acid bacteria that live in the human intestine suppress putrefactive bacteria. Phytoncides that have a bactericidal effect are released by pine, cedar, onions, garlic and other plants. Phytoncides are used in folk medicine and medical practice.
There are different forms of antibiosis:
— Amensalism is a relationship in which one species creates negative conditions for another, but does not itself experience opposition. Such is the relationship between mold fungi that produce antibiotics and bacteria, the vital activity of which is suppressed or significantly limited.
- Allelopathy - the interaction of plant organisms in phytocenoses - the chemical mutual influence of some plant species on others through specifically acting root secretions, metabolic products of the aerial parts ( essential oils, glycosides, phytoncides, which are combined under a single term - viburnum). Most often, allelopathy manifests itself in the displacement of one species by another. For example, wheatgrass or other weeds are crowded out or suppressed cultivated plants, walnut or oak suppress herbaceous vegetation under the crown with their secretions, etc.
Occasionally, mutual assistance or a beneficial effect from joint growth is observed (vegetable-oat mixture, corn and soybean crops, etc.).
Positive Interspecies Interactions
Symbiosis (mutualism) is a form of relationship between organisms of different systematic groups, in which coexistence is mutually beneficial for individuals of two or more species. Symbionts can be only plants, plants and animals, or only animals. Symbiosis is distinguished by the degree of connection of partners and by their food dependence on each other.
Symbiosis of nodule bacteria with legumes, mycorrhiza of some fungi with tree roots, lichens, termites and flagellated protozoa of their intestines, destroying their cellulose plant food, are examples of food-dependent symbionts.
Some coral polyps and freshwater sponges form communities with unicellular algae. Such a connection, not for the purpose of feeding one at the expense of the other, but only to obtain protection or mechanical support, is observed in climbing and climbing plants.
An interesting form of cooperation, reminiscent of symbiosis, is the relationship between hermit crabs and sea anemones (the sea anemone uses the crab for movement and at the same time serves as protection for it thanks to its stinging cells), often complicated by the presence of other animals (for example, polychaetnereids) feeding on the leftover food of the crayfish and sea anemone. Bird nests and rodent burrows are inhabited by permanent cohabitants who use the microclimate of the shelters and find food there.
A variety of epiphytic plants (algae, lichens) settle on the bark of tree trunks. This form of relationship between two species, when the activity of one of them provides food or shelter to the other, is called commensalism. This is the unilateral use of one species by another without causing harm to it.
Factors of inanimate nature (abiotic),
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You can perversely represent graphical information through:
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When submitting sociological information, the number of respondents must be indicated, who was interviewed, where and when.
PR. The newspaper “Novy Poglyad” published data sociological research about the right to abortion. Students aged 18-19 years took part in the survey. 24 people were interviewed. The percentages are given: 96% believe that freedom of sexual relations should be limited if partners do not have contraceptive protection, 4% do not agree with this. But here 4% = 0.96 people. The conclusions: “modern youth have a negative attitude towards the phenomenon of abortion as such.” But are the “youth” and “students” who were surveyed identical?
Abiotic factors:
- climatic
- edaphogenic (soil) - physical and mechanical composition, moisture capacity, density, porosity, air permeability, etc.
- orographic - relief, height above sea level
- chemical - gas composition of air, salt composition of water, acidity, composition of soil solutions, type of ice cover, etc.
Biotic factors:
- phytogenic (plant organisms)
- zoogenic (animals)
- microbiogenic (viruses, bacteria, etc.)
- anthropogenic (human activity).
Classification of the nature of EF variability — primary periodic factors (related to astronomical processes, rotation of the earth, etc.); secondary periodic factors (humidity, temperature, etc.); non-periodic factors (often related to human activities).
Typification of the most important astronomical and geophysical climatic factors:
- radiant energy of the Sun (48% comes in the visible part of the spectrum in the wavelength range 0.4-0.76 microns; 45% - at wavelengths 0.75 microns - 10-3 m; 7% - at L less than 0.4 µm, in the UV range). The amount of solar radiation energy arriving at the Earth’s surface is about 21.1023 kJ (0.14 J/cm2 per year)
- illumination of the earth's surface
- moisture and water content of the atmosphere, the difference between the maximum and absolute humidity of the air - humidity deficiency.
An important environmental parameter: the higher the moisture deficit, the drier and warmer the climate, which contributes to increased fruiting of plants at certain periods of time (growing season).
- precipitation, liquid and solid - most important factor, which also determines the transboundary transport of pollutants in the atmosphere
- gas composition of the atmosphere (composition earth's atmosphere relatively constant, includes predominantly nitrogen and oxygen with a small admixture of carbon dioxide and argon, as well as a number of other small gas components)
- earth surface temperature, seasonally frozen and permafrost soils (“permafrost”)
- movement of air masses, wind influence; wind is the most important factor in the transfer and distribution of impurities in the atmospheric air
- atmospheric pressure (normal 1 kPa - 750.1 mm Hg) - the distribution of pressure fields causes circulation processes in the atmosphere, the formation of cyclones and anticyclones
- abiotic factors of the state of the soil cover - soil fertility is determined by physical factors. and chem. soil properties
- abiotic factors aquatic environment(71% of the total area of the earth's surface is occupied by the World Ocean) - the salinity of water, the content of oxygen and carbon dioxide in it.
Biotic factors are divided into direct and indirect . Any living organism is adapted to certain conditions of the OS. The complex of requirements of a particular living organism to the factors of the state of the environment (and the limits of their variability) determine boundaries of distribution (area) and place in the ecosystem. A set of many OS state parameters that determine the conditions of existence and the nature of functional features behavior of this organism (transformation by it solar energy, exchange of information with the environment and others like oneself, etc.) represents ecological niche of this type .
All living organisms exist only in the form populations. A population is a collection of individuals of the same species inhabiting a certain space, within which a certain degree of exchange of genetic information occurs. Each population has a certain structure - age, sexual, spatial. Man, influencing the animal and plant world, always affects populations, changing their parameters and structure, which can lead to degradation and death of populations.
The set of different types of organisms living together and the conditions of their existence, which are in a natural relationship with each other, is called ecological system (ecosystem ). To designate such communities, the term “biogeocenosis” is generally accepted (bio - life, geo - Earth, cenosis - community).
Ecosystem- a natural system in which living organisms and their habitat are united into a single functional whole through the metabolism and energy, close cause-and-effect relationship and dependence of its environmental components.
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Biology
5th grade
§ 5. Environmental factors and their influence on living organisms
- What does ecology study?
- Give examples of the influence of environmental conditions on organisms.
Environmental factors. Environmental conditions have a certain impact (positive or negative) on the existence and geographical distribution of living beings. In this regard, environmental conditions are considered as environmental factors.
Environmental factors are very diverse both in nature and in their impact on living organisms. Conventionally, all environmental factors are divided into three main groups - abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic.
Abiotic factors- these are factors of inanimate nature, primarily climatic: sunlight, temperature, humidity and local: relief, soil properties, salinity, currents, wind, radiation, etc. (Fig. 14). These factors can influence organisms directly, that is, directly, like light or heat, or indirectly, such as relief, which determines the action of direct factors - illumination, moisture, wind and others.
Rice. 14. The influence of light on the development of dandelion:
1 - in bright light; 2 - in low light (in the shade)
Anthropogenic factors- these are all those forms of human activity that affect the natural environment, changing the living conditions of living organisms, or directly affect individual species plants and animals (Fig. 15).
Rice. 15. Anthropogenic factors
In turn, organisms themselves can influence the conditions of their existence. For example, the presence of vegetation cover moderates daily temperature fluctuations near the ground surface (under the canopy of forest or grass), affects the structure and chemical composition soil
All environmental factors have a certain impact on organisms and are necessary for their life.
But especially drastic changes in appearance and internal structure organisms are caused by inanimate factors such as light, temperature, and humidity.
New concepts
Environmental factors: abiotic, biotic, anthropogenic
Questions
- What are environmental factors?
- What groups of environmental factors do you know?
Think
What importance do green plants have for life on our planet?
Quests
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Chapter summary
Biology is the science of life, of living organisms living on Earth.
Biology studies the structure and vital functions of living organisms, their diversity, and the laws of historical and individual development.
The area of distribution of life makes up a special shell of the Earth - the biosphere.
The branch of biology about the relationships of organisms with each other and with their environment is called ecology.
Biology is closely related to many aspects of practical human activity - agriculture, medicine, various industries, in particular food and light, etc.
Living organisms on our planet are very diverse. Scientists distinguish four kingdoms of living beings: Bacteria, Fungi, Plants and Animals.
Every living organism is made up of cells (with the exception of viruses). Living organisms eat, breathe, excrete waste products, grow, develop, reproduce, perceive environmental influences and react to them.
Each organism lives in a specific environment. Everything that surrounds living creature, called the habitat.
There are four main habitats on our planet, developed and inhabited by organisms. These are water, ground-air, soil and the environment inside living organisms.
Each environment has its own specific living conditions to which organisms adapt. This explains the great diversity of living organisms on our planet.
Environmental conditions have a certain impact (positive or negative) on the existence and geographical distribution of living beings. In this regard, environmental conditions are considered as environmental factors.
Conventionally, all environmental factors are divided into three main groups - abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic.
Nature is everything that surrounds us and everything that was created without human participation. In this set, objects of living and inanimate nature coexist perfectly. If all living things breathe, eat, grow and reproduce, then the bodies of inanimate nature almost always remain unchanged, static.
If we look around, we are surrounded everywhere by objects of inanimate nature: a stream flows, high mountains are visible in the distance, the wind rustles fallen leaves, clouds float across the sky, the sun gently warms us. All of this: air, water, clouds, fallen leaves, wind and the Sun are objects of inanimate nature.
Moreover, inanimate nature is primary, it is from it that life on Earth originated. All living organisms use the gifts of inanimate nature, exist at the expense of it and, in the end, after dying, they themselves become its objects. Thus, a felled tree trunk, fallen leaves, or the corpse of an animal are already bodies of inanimate nature.
Signs of inanimate objects
If we compare objects of inanimate nature with living organisms, it is easy to list the main characteristics of inanimate objects: they do not grow, do not reproduce, do not breathe, do not feed, and do not die. For example, mountains, once they appear, shoot their peaks towards the sky for thousands of years. Or the planets, billions of years ago, lined up in a slender solar system, and continue to exist.
Therefore, the main distinguishing features of inanimate objects include the following:
- Sustainability
- Weak variability
- Inability to breathe, eat. They simply don't need food.
- Inability to reproduce. At the same time, the objects of inanimate nature themselves, once appearing on earth, do not disappear or die. Unless, under the influence of the environment, they are capable of transitioning to another state. For example, a stone may turn into dust over time. And the most striking example of transformation is the water cycle in nature, in which an inanimate object (water) goes through all the stages of its state, turning from water to steam, then again to water and, finally, to ice.
- Inability to move. Most inanimate objects are inert. So, a stone moves if you just push it. And the water in the river flows only because the elements of which it consists have weak internal connections and tend to occupy the lowest place, forming a current.
- Failure to grow. Despite the fact that objects of inanimate nature are capable of changing in volume (for example, mountains “grow”, salt crystals increase in size, etc.), the increase does not occur because new cells are formed. But because “new arrivals” are attached to the old ones.
Objects of inanimate nature: examples
There are so many objects of inanimate nature and they are so diverse that one science is not able to study them all. Several sciences deal with this: chemistry, physics, geology, hydrography, astronomy, etc.
According to one of existing classifications All objects of inanimate nature are divided into three large groups:
- Solids. This includes all rocks, minerals, substances that make up the soil, glaciers and icebergs, and planets. These are stones and deposits of gold, rocks and diamonds, the Sun and the Moon, comets and asteroids, snowflakes and hail, grains of sand and crystal.
These objects have a clear shape, they do not need food, they do not breathe and do not grow.
- Liquid bodies- these are all objects of inanimate nature that are in a state of fluidity and do not have a specific shape. For example, dew and raindrops, fog and clouds, volcanic lava and river.
All these types of inanimate objects are closely interconnected with other bodies, but also do not need food, breathing and are not capable of reproduction.
- Gaseous bodies- all substances consisting of gases: air masses, water vapor, stars. The atmosphere of our planet is the largest object of inanimate nature, which, if it changes, is only under the influence of the environment. But at the same time it does not feed, does not grow, does not reproduce. However, it is air that is vital for life.
What inanimate objects are necessary for life?
We have already mentioned that without inanimate objects, life on our planet is impossible. Of all the abundance for the existence of living nature, the following bodies of inanimate nature are of particular importance:
- Soil. It took several billion years before the soil began to have the properties that allowed plants to emerge. It is the soil that connects the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere; the most important physical and chemical reactions occur in the soil: obsolete plants and animals decompose and transform into minerals. The soil also protects living organisms from toxins, neutralizing toxic substances.
- Air- an extremely necessary substance for life, since all objects of living nature breathe. Plants need air not only for breathing, but also for the formation of nutrients.
- Water- the basis and root cause of the origin of life on Earth. All living organisms need water, for some it is a habitat (fish, marine animals, algae), for others it is a source of nutrition (plants), for others it is an essential component of the nutritional scheme (animals, plants).
- Sun- another object of inanimate nature that caused the origin of life on our planet. Its warmth and energy are necessary for growth and reproduction; without the sun, plants will not grow, many physical and chemical reactions and cycles that maintain the life balance on earth will freeze.
The connection between inanimate nature and living nature is very multifaceted. All natural bodies surrounding us are inextricably linked by a thousand threads. For example, a person is an object of living nature, but he needs air, water and the Sun to live. And these are objects of inanimate nature. Or plants - their life is impossible without soil, water, solar heat and light. Wind is an inanimate object that significantly affects the ability of plants to reproduce by dispersing seeds or blowing dry leaves from trees.
On the other hand, living organisms invariably influence objects of inanimate nature. Thus, microorganisms, fish and animals living in water maintain its chemical composition; plants, dying and rotting, saturate the soil with microelements.
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The connections between inanimate and living nature are that air, water, heat, light, and mineral salts are the conditions necessary for the life of living organisms; changes in the actions of these factors affect the organisms in a certain way. This connection is also expressed in the adaptability of living beings to their environment. For example, it is known how vividly the ability of living organisms to live in water manifests itself. Organisms living in the air-terrestrial environment have a very interesting form of connection with inanimate nature: the movement of air - the wind - serves as a means of distributing the fruits and seeds of a number of plants, and these fruits and seeds themselves have clearly visible adaptive characteristics. Between inanimate and animate nature there are also connections of a reverse nature, when living organisms influence the inanimate environment around them. For example, they change the composition of the air. In the forest, thanks to the plants, there is more moisture in the soil than in the meadow; in the forest the temperature and air humidity are different. The soil is formed by the interaction of inanimate and animate nature with living organisms. It occupies a sort of intermediate position between inanimate and living nature and serves as a connecting link between them. Many minerals that belong to inanimate nature (limestone, peat, coal and others) were formed from the remains of living organisms. Ecological connections within living nature are also very diverse. Connections between various plants most noticeably manifested in the indirect influence of some plants on others.
For example, trees, by changing light, humidity, and air temperature under the forest canopy, create certain conditions favorable for certain plants lower tiers and unfavorable to others. So-called weeds in a field or garden absorb a significant portion of moisture and nutrients from the soil, shading cultivated plants, affecting their growth and development, inhibiting them.
The connections between plants and animals are interesting. On the one hand, plants serve as food for animals (food connection); create their habitat (saturate the air with oxygen); give them shelter; serve as material for building dwellings (for example, a bird's nest). On the other hand, animals also influence plants. For example, their fruits and seeds are distributed, and therefore some fruits have special devices(burdock seeds).
Food connections between animals of different species are especially clearly visible. This is reflected in the concepts of “insectivores” and “carnivores”. The connections between animals of the same species are interesting, for example, the distribution of nesting or hunting territory, the care of adult animals for their offspring.
There are peculiar connections between fungi, plants and animals. Mushrooms growing in the forest, with their underground part as a mycelium, grow together with the roots of trees, shrubs, and some herbs. Thanks to this, mushrooms receive organic nutrients from plants. nutrients, plants from fungi - water with soluble mineral salts in it. Some animals eat mushrooms and are treated with them.
The listed types of connections between inanimate and living nature, between components of living nature, manifest themselves in a forest, meadow, and reservoir, due to which the latter become not just a set of different plants and animals, but a natural community.
Very great value has a revelation of the connections between man and nature. Moreover, man is considered as a part of nature, he exists within nature and is inseparable from it.
The connection between man and nature is manifested, first of all, in the diverse role that nature plays in the material and spiritual life of people. At the same time, they also manifest themselves in the reverse impact of humans on nature, which in turn can be positive (nature conservation) and negative (air and water pollution, destruction of plants, animals, etc.).
