Social insects. Behavior of social insects Which insects do not form families
Ants (Fig. 1) live on all continents except Antarctica. They live in families. An ant family can number from several hundred to millions of individuals. It depends on the species. They also vary in size - from the tiniest (about 2 mm) to giants (2-3 cm).
Ant families build their homes in the ground, in wood, under stones, some in trees (Fig. 2), and some are nomadic, that is, they move.
Rice. 2. Anthill ()
The common red ant is probably familiar to you. You have all seen their nests - anthills, which can be up to 1 meter high. But this is only the visible part, the hidden part is in the ground and may be even larger than the external one (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Anthill structure
There are always a lot of passages and chambers in anthills. This is not just a house, this is a whole city. In such a nest there is one or more queen females, whose main task is to lay eggs to replenish the population of the anthill. Young females are winged and shed their wings after mating. There are many known species of ants, but there is not one that leads a solitary lifestyle.
The majority of the anthill's population are workers, who do all the work. They build and repair the nest, ventilate it, entwin it, care for the larvae and pupae, and store food.
Soldier ants protect the anthill from enemies. There can be several thousand of them in a nest.
IN tropical forests Where there are frequent floods, ants settle in trees. The most amazing nests are made by tailor ants; they build hanging houses from leaves (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Anthill on a tree
Ants have very poor eyesight, but they have a well-developed sense of smell and touch. These organs are located on the antennae of ants. They use them to feel all objects, distinguish between friends and strangers, and also find the way to their anthill.
Many animals store food for future use, and ants know how to do housework, they have pets and mushroom gardens. Ants are the only creatures other than humans that have pets.
The most valuable to ants are their “cows,” aphids (Fig. 5).
Aphids suck plant sap and process it into sweet syrup. This is the syrup that ants love. Approaching the aphid, the ant tickles its abdomen with its antennae, milks the aphid, and it immediately secretes a drop of syrup; after licking it, the ant hurries home with the burden, where it deposits it in the pantry. Ants do not leave their “cows” unattended. They protect them from enemies, walk them if the sun is shining, build shelters for them and hide them.
More than a hundred are known various types ants breeding mushrooms. These are leaf-cutter ants. They cut off pieces of leaves, take them to the nest, chew them and grow special molds on this mass. Such ants can cause damage to plantings, as they gnaw leaves, buds and flowers.
There are harvester ants that eat only seeds. They know how to harvest plant grains and grind them into flour.
Ants are very hard-working creatures. They bring great benefits to the forest. In 12 hours, ants can bring 33,000 harmful caterpillars into their home. Therefore, where there are anthills, the forest is healthy and clean.
There are ants in the world that do not know how to work, but can only fight. These are Amazon ants. They are quite large, their length is about 1 cm. They steal pupae of ants of other species and subsequently use them as labor. The Amazon soldiers are not even able to feed themselves, so to do the work they are forced to recruit their own labor - slaves.
There are dangerous ants, nomadic ants. They are called stray ants, army ants, because their colony can contain thousands of ants. They do not build nests, but constantly roam and make rest stops so that their queen can lay thousands of eggs. When the eggs hatch, the army continues on its way, terrifying everyone. The ants carefully lift their larvae and continue their movement, attacking any living creature, which happened to be on their way.
Fire ants are considered one of the most dangerous. They cause a lot painful bites feels like burns. The poison they inject causes severe allergic reactions that can lead to death.
Pharaoh ants live in human homes. They were first discovered in the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs, but gradually spread throughout the world. These uninvited guests cause a lot of trouble by eating people's food.
Ants are one of the longest-living insects. Working individuals can live from 1 to 5 years, queens - from 15 to 20 years. Thus, an anthill, in which young queens replace old ones, can stand in one place for hundreds of years.
Ants secrete a caustic liquid called formic acid. People use this acid to treat some diseases. Residents of Mexico know how to extract honey from ants, which are called honey ants. These insects drink the sap of sweet oak. They store juice in their abdomen. They feed the larvae with it. It tastes like bee honey.
Probably every home has such an important product as honey. Honey is taken from bee hives(Fig. 7), where it is stored in wax cells, honeycombs. Honey is made by bees (Fig. 6).
There are also many types of bees on earth. They live almost everywhere except Antarctica. Some bees live independently, others live together. By their specific smell, bees distinguish their own from strangers. Bees feed on nectar and pollen.
Honey is given to us by domestic bees. That's what they're called - honey bees. Each hive has its own queen bee. This is the most big bee, only she lays eggs. Other bees are workers. They care about order and construction. The queen lives up to 5 years, while worker bees live only 5 weeks in summer and up to six months in winter. There are also drones, these are males that appear in the family only before swarming (Fig. 8). They are distinguished from worker bees by their large eyes and thickness.
Swarming is the division of a bee colony to reproduce and form a new colony.
The hive is filled with honeycombs, which are divided into cells (Fig. 9). Some of them serve as nurseries where larvae grow, others serve as storerooms. Honey is the winter food of bees, because they do not sleep in winter, and plants do not bloom at this time of year. For this, bees work all summer, and these reserves are enough for both them and humans.
Among the bees there are scouts who are looking for new sources of food. If they are lucky, they use a special dance that tells how far to fly for nectar.
A working honey bee is easy to recognize - it is always in motion, flying from flower to flower, crawling around the flower, trying to collect as much as possible on the hairs covering its body. She cleans pollen from them into baskets on her hind legs. A bee can carry a load that exceeds its weight by more than 300 times.
So, bees and ants work hard and harmoniously, and man has a lot to learn from them.
References
- Samkova V.A., Romanova N.I. The world around us 1. - M.: Russian word.
- Pleshakov A.A., Novitskaya M.Yu. The world around us 1. - M.: Enlightenment.
- Gin A.A., Faer S.A., Andrzheevskaya I.Yu. The world around us 1. - M.: VITA-PRESS.
- Festival of Pedagogical Ideas" Open lesson" ().
- Detishka.ru ().
Homework
- Draw an ant and a bee. What features of their structure did you notice?
- Compare the lifestyle of an ant and a bee. How are they similar? How are they different?
- *Ask your parents to show you an anthill in the forest and an apiary. What impressed you most? Discuss this with your classmates.
They form organized groups (societies) among themselves, acting as a single whole. These are many hymenopterans - ants and bumblebees, as well as some bees and wasps. Termites, insects with incomplete metamorphosis, also acquired a similar way of life.
Family
At the heart of the group for everyone publicinsects there lies a family, but a family that has greatly expanded and transformed.
It consists of a fertile female (called the queen or queen) and her many sterile daughters, who form the worker caste. The queen is usually much larger than the workers, and her body is adapted to produce a very large number of eggs. Workers feed the queen, build chambers for eggs and larvae, and nurse the larvae until they become chrysalises. In most cases, the queen lives longer than her infertile daughters (for ants 6-7 years, up to 18 years). Workers build and repair the nest, clean it, ventilate it, heat it, protect it from the outside and on the approaches to it. They scout for new sources of food, collect it, take it to the nest, where they can in different ways pack, preserve and process. They can look after mushroom plantations or their “milch animals.”
Social insects share food with each other all the time and everyone can use its reserves.
Each working individual has programs for all forms of labor necessary for the prosperity of the family. Typically, an insect switches from one type of labor to another depending on its age.
But some social insects workers are divided into subcastes - for example, foragers (food gatherers) and soldiers. The latter have a different body structure from foragers - powerful devices for defense and attack. They protect the nest and foragers, wage territorial wars, but cannot obtain food themselves.
In termites, the family composition is somewhat different: the worker caste consists of sterile individuals of both sexes, and their father is kept in the nest with the female and fertilizes her as needed.
Communication (communication)
Family members interact very clearly with each other and understand each other thanks to the innate communication system.
It is based on “language” - a complex code of signals, audio, visual, tactile and chemical. With the help of such a language it is impossible to convey any information (that is, two bees, unlike us, cannot “talk” about anything). But strictly certain areas very complex information can be conveyed. For example, returning from a new flowering tree to the hive, a scout bee, using an innate coding program, translates information about the direction to flowering tree, distance to it, abundance of flowers and view flowering plant into a set of standard movements that she will perform in front of other bees in the hive (the so-called dance). Forager bees, following the dancing bee and repeating all its turns, decode the dance, and their nervous system receives the information included in the dance by the scout.
For deciphering the informational meaning of the dance of bees, which has excited the human mind since ancient times, the German entomologist Karl Frisch was awarded the highest award in scientific world- Nobel Prize.
Uterus
Previously, people thought that insect society was like a state, and was controlled from some center. They thought that the family was ruled by the queen, which is why she was called the “queen.” Now we know that there is no such center, and all members of society interact on the basis of behavioral programs and flows of information from individual to individual. Material from the site
The role of the queen in management is that she can lay eggs, from which either infertile workers will emerge (and they can have different appearances, if the species has sub-castes), or fertile males (drones) and females (future queens) . But workers can also partially control this process. In Hymenoptera, males are not used in the family. Their function: they must fly away, meet fertile females from other families on their mating flight and fertilize them. A fertilized female stores sperm throughout her life. This ensures that all individuals born in the family are half-blooded (that is, descended from the same father and mother) sisters and brothers.
Class: 7
Presentation for the lesson
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Lesson objectives:
Educational:
- study the behavioral characteristics of social insects;
- study the diversity of social insects;
- study the role of social insects in nature and human life.
Educational:
- activate and develop the mental activity of students through problem-based learning;
- develop students' creative skills;
- develop the ability to highlight the main points from the teacher’s story, textbook material and additional materials.
Educators:
- education of active creative personality a student who can see, pose and solve non-standard educational problems;
- fostering a sustainable interest in the subject of biology;
- fostering a caring attitude towards social insects by identifying their role in nature and human life.
Knowledge that students should master at the end of the lesson:
- Social insects include termites, bumblebees, wasps, bees, ants;
- the ant family consists of a wingless female queen, worker ants, and larvae; males participate only in fertilizing females, after which they die. Within the family there is a distribution of responsibilities;
- ants regulate the number of forest pests;
- a bee colony consists of a queen, drones, worker bees and larvae; drones take part in the fertilization of females, after which they die.
- There is a distribution of responsibilities within the bee colony;
- bees have complex instinctive behavior, which is manifested in the complex actions performed by bees in the process of work, in their careful care of their offspring, in the appropriateness of the division of labor between family members, in their amazing construction art;
- bees and their metabolic products are of great practical importance in nature and human life.
Lesson progress
I. Organizational moment(5 minutes)
The teacher welcomes students and notes those who are absent in the journal.
II. Updating knowledge on a previously studied topic: “Types of development of insects.” (10 minutes)
Frontal survey:
How do insects develop with complete metamorphosis?
How does development with incomplete transformation differ from development with complete transformation?
Insects of what type of development have a greater advantage and why?
III. Learning new material
Learning new material begins with the topic of the lesson. In a traditional lesson, the teacher usually writes the topic of the lesson on the board at the beginning of the lesson, i.e. gives in finished form.
The purpose of a problem lesson when setting a topic is creative activity students.
From the very beginning of learning new material, the student must think, analyze, and reason.
We will try to make sure that the student, answering the questions, formulates the topic of the lesson himself.
To do this, we will initially divide the topic of the lesson into two subtopics:
- Bees and ants are social insects.
- Beneficial insects.
These subtopics are not communicated to students in a ready-made form; we formulated them for ourselves in order to clearly think through the questions that lead students to these subtopics in the future.
We develop a dialogue that encourages students to understand the topic of the lesson.
Dialogue leading to the topic, creating a problematic situation:
Task 1 (5 minutes)
Students are offered a list of words that characterize an insect in a certain way. In this case, these are bees and ants.
Teacher: Before you are two rows of words, each of them characterizes a specific insect. I suggest you break up into pairs and think: What kind of insects are these? What do you know about these insects?
FOREST, TREE, HOUSING, FAMILY, NECTAR, HONEY.
FOREST, STUM, HILL, FAMILY, APHID.
After students have arrived at the correct answer, they are asked to complete the following task:
Task 2 (10 minutes)
To create problematic situation I propose to compare the hierarchy of social insects with the hierarchy that exists in our school.
To do this, students are offered three diagrams on the board:
Students are asked to look at these diagrams and answer the question: What do the presented diagrams have in common?
Teacher: Before you are presented diagrams (see Appendix) that depict the hierarchy in bee and ant families and the hierarchy of our school. What do these three schemes have in common?
Students: Both insects and people have a division of responsibilities.
Teacher: Right. Let's think about what society as a whole is?
Students: This is bringing people together.
Teacher: What unites them?
Students: Any activity.
Teacher: Right. Society is a group of people united by collective activity. Do you think ants and bees work together? If yes, why do you think so?
Students: Because they have a division of responsibilities, they work together and form a family.
Students: Can.
Teacher: Right. Let’s write down the first topic of today’s lesson: “Bees and ants are social insects.”
Teacher: Guys, how many of you know what an anthill is and what a beehive is?
Students: An anthill is the home of ants, and a hive is the home of bees.
Teacher: Do you think all ants form a family, or are there ants that live alone?
Students: No, all ants form a family.
Teacher: Why can't ants live alone?
Students: They will die because, for example, the queen cannot simultaneously lay eggs and guard the anthill.
Teacher: Now think and answer my question: Do you think that if bees are also social insects, then the distribution of responsibilities will be the same or different?
Students: The distribution of responsibilities will be similar.
Task 3 (10 minutes)
Students are asked to work with the text of the textbook and create a table that will reflect in more detail the composition of the bee and ant families, as well as the functions that they perform in the family.
Previously, the diagrams presented on the board must be removed in order to organize the students’ search activities, as well as to use their memory, to see how well they remember what they previously saw on the board.
Teacher: guys, open the textbook on page 135 (Table 5). I suggest you come up with and fill out a table in which you must determine the composition of the bee and ant families, as well as indicate the role they perform in the family. The diagram you saw on the board at the beginning of the lesson can serve as a hint.
Table. Composition of ant and bee families:
| Bee family | Ant family | ||
| Family member | Features, role | Family member | Features, role |
| Uterus | The main bee is larger in size than the other bees and lays eggs. | Uterus (queen) | Wingless female, breaks off wings after mating flight. The role is to lay eggs. |
| Drone | Male. The role is to fertilize females. After fertilization, the males are expelled from the hive and die. | Male | Winged individuals. The role is to fertilize females. After mating, the males die. |
| Worker bees | Infertile females, the ovipositor is modified into a stinger. Role: clean the hive, collect nectar, care for the queen and larvae, protect the hive from enemies. |
Worker ant | Infertile females that do not have wings. The role is to clean the anthill, collect food, care for the queen and larvae, and protect the anthill from enemies. |
While completing the task, the teacher makes sure that the whole class is involved in the work, approaches the students, monitors the progress of the task, and makes corrections if necessary.
After completing the task, the teacher asks questions to the class:
- Did everyone complete the task?
- What difficulties arose when completing the task, what was not clear?
If questions arise, the teacher makes appropriate explanations and additions. If all students completed the task and no questions arose, then the teacher proceeds to the next task, and checks the quality of the table at the end of the lesson when consolidating the learned material.
Task 4 (15 minutes)
When completing this task, students’ search activities are organized. Students are divided into three groups (the division can be done according to the rows in the classroom). The teacher asks each row of students one problematic question. After that, students are given time to think and write down the answer to the question in their notebooks. The teacher asks the students how they can answer this question and listens to all opinions. Next, he distributes the text on cards, with the help of which the students must find the answer to the question posed. Students write down their answers in notebooks, after which work is organized to exchange information, and finally, results are summed up and conclusions are formulated.
Card No. 1
Problem question: What advantages does a social lifestyle give to ants and bees?
Families of social insects usually build large dwellings, the creation of which is beyond the power of single species. The presence of such a dwelling, sometimes also very durable (termite mounds), increases the protection of both the insects themselves and, what is much more important, their offspring and food supplies that can be stored in such a dwelling. Due to joint activities social insects (bees, ants) can maintain an optimal microclimate (temperature, humidity) in their homes, which is inaccessible to solitary species.
The possibility of joint action provides important advantages. Together you can defend against larger enemies, take possession of larger prey that is inaccessible to a single insect of the same size (ants).
Card No. 2
Problematic question: Why does an ant need an anthill?
An anthill is a nest, the home of an ant family. Ants use their domed nests to trap sun rays and heat accumulation.
Anthills consist of needles, small twigs, pieces of bark and plant debris. At first glance, it seems that all this garbage is scattered randomly. However, it turns out that even in the heaviest rain, the anthill practically does not get wet.
The height of anthills is usually 0.5-0.7 m, but sometimes they reach a height of 1.5 m. The starting point for building a nest is often an old stump. The population of medium-sized nests is about 500,000 individuals, and in large ones there are up to a million ants. Each family owns a separate, protected territory, into which other ants are not allowed. On it, ants build “scent” roads along which food products and building materials are transported.
Ants are very strong and successfully deliver not only small insects, but also superior in mass. If the prey is very large, then they transport it collectively. When observing them, it may seem that they are not helping, but only hindering each other - everyone is pulling in their own direction. However, since all ants have the same general desire, the prey eventually ends up in the anthill.
Thus, a joint lifestyle allows ants to build large dwellings, which increase the security of both the insects themselves and their offspring and food supplies. Through joint activity, ants (social insects) can maintain an optimal microclimate (temperature, humidity) in their homes, which is inaccessible to single species.
Card No. 3
Problem question: How do ants communicate?
Text (http://edu.zelenogorsk.ru/projs/eko/bespozv/nas35.html):
When communicating with each other, ants use a variety of signals, mainly by touching each other with their antennae, legs, and heads. Chemical signals are also used. Everyone knows that disturbed ants take a defensive pose: they rise high on their hind legs and point the end of their abdomen forward. And you immediately notice a pungent smell. This ant sprayed out a liquid consisting of formic acid and anxiety substances – undecane. It should be noted that most ants, although they belong to the stinging hymenoptera, do not have a sting. However, they still have poisonous glands at the end of their abdomen. How do they use them? The ant has powerful jaws, with which it bites the enemy when attacking or defending. At the same time, it bends its abdomen so that its end is near the head, and sprays poison into the wound inflicted by its jaws. If there are other ants nearby, then the smell of the sprayed liquid is perceived by them as an alarm signal, and they immediately join the first ant. And on the roads along which the ants run from the anthill and to the anthill, they secrete other, so-called trace substances that allow them not to go astray. All ants from the same nest have a common smell, which allows them to recognize each other and prevent ants from other people's nests from entering their nest.
Teacher: Do you think the behavior of social insects is complex?
Students: yes.
Teacher: Does this mean that these insects have intelligence?
Students: probably means.
Teacher: Do any of you know what instinct is?
Students express their opinions. Thus, a problem arises and various hypotheses are put forward. Students are asked to solve this problem using the textbook.
Teacher: to solve this problem, let's turn to the textbook and write down what instinct is, and whether insects really have intelligence.
Students are asked to turn to page 137, find and write down information about what instinct is.
An example entry in a notebook:
Instinct is a set of innate aspects of behavior, fixed hereditarily and characteristic of a certain species of animal.
The behavior of bees, ants and some other animals is so complex and surprising that it leads people to believe that it is intelligent. However, these actions of animals are instinctive and unconscious.
Teacher: Guys, do you think insects are useful or harmful?
Students: Helpful.
Teacher: We write down the second subtopic of our lesson in our notebooks: “Beneficial insects.” (10 minutes)
Teacher: Which ones beneficial insects You know?
Students: ants, bees, beetles, silkworms.
Teacher: What benefits do these insects bring?
Students: honey, silk, eat harmful insects...
Teacher: Do any of you know who the silkworm is and what it is famous for?
Students express their versions, after which they are asked to turn to the text of the textbook and answer the following questions:
Where is the silkworm found in nature? (a question for attentiveness, students must answer that the silkworm is a completely domesticated animal and does not occur in nature).
- What does an adult silkworm insect look like and why was this insect given such a name?
- How does a person obtain silk using the silkworm?
IV. Reflection.(5 minutes)
Frontal survey of students:
- What insects are social?
- Name the composition and characteristics of the bee colony.
- Name the composition and characteristics of the ant family.
- Why is the behavior of social insects complex but not intelligent?
- What insects are considered beneficial, what benefits do they bring?
- What insects have humans domesticated? What benefits do they bring?
V. Homework.
Paragraph 28, questions after the paragraph, notes in the notebook;
Answer the following questions in writing:
The adult silkworm moth does not feed. Her mouth organs are not developed. How does this insect live?
How do bees get honey?
Educational literature
Biology: 7th grade: textbook for students of general education institutions: in 2 hours. Part 1 / V.M. Konstantinov, V.G. Babenko, V.S. Kuchmenko: ed. prof. I.N. Ponomareva, - 3rd ed. reworked – M.: Ventana-Graf. 2009. – 160 p.: ill.
Beekeeping This is beekeeping, the oldest primitive method of beekeeping, a favorite pastime of the ancient Slavs - forest dwellers. The local peasant considers it a sin to catch swarms: “A bee is God’s creature, free, it’s a sin to force it,” he says. Since ancient times, beekeeping has been a significant industry: wax was exported across the Dnieper to Greece. Numerous meadows covered with heather serve as feeding grounds for bees. Heather blooms from August 1 to September 15. At this time, millions of bees make a hum, circling over the heather and collecting nectar.
Anthill Covering of needles and twigs. Protects the home from the vicissitudes of the weather, repaired and updated by working ants. 2. "Solarium" - a chamber heated by the rays of the sun. In the spring, the inhabitants come here to warm themselves. 3. One of the entrances. Guarded by soldiers. Serves ventilation duct. 4. "Cemetery". Worker ants carry dead ants and garbage here. 5. Wintering chamber. Insects gather here to survive the cold in a state of semi-hibernation. 6. "Bread barn". This is where ants store grains. 7. The royal chamber, where the queen lives, laying up to one and a half thousand eggs a day. She is looked after by worker ants. 8. Chambers with eggs, larvae and pupae. 9. "Cowshed" where ants keep aphids. 10. “Meat pantry”, where foragers bring caterpillars and other prey.
The importance of ants in nature and human life 1) Participate in the soil-forming process (loosening, enriching with oxygen, fertilizing, mixing); 2) Regulate the number of insects - forest pests (destroy larvae); 3) Ants are the only pollinator of cocoa. And without them, we would never be able to taste chocolate; 4) Formic acid is an effective remedy against mites that destroy bees. These mites gnaw through the chitinous cover and suck out the hemolymph.
Ants are the largest family of insects in terms of number of individuals. And in terms of the number of species, few families can compete with it. Now there are approximately species of ants, but given that every year more and more new species and genera are described and the fact that ants in many areas globe almost unstudied, this number will be significantly increased. All ants have characteristic feature, by which they can be distinguished from any other Hymenoptera: between the thorax and abdomen they have a thin stalk of one or two segments, whereas in all other Hymenoptera the abdomen is directly attached to the thorax.
If in bees and wasps within the same family we can observe all stages of the transition from a solitary lifestyle to a social one, then all ants, without exception, are social insects. In laboratory conditions, individual workers can live up to 34 years. There is a known case when an ant lived for seven years. Females live much longer, up to 20 years.
Scientists observe the life of ants in special glass anthills. Imagine their surprise when it turned out that not all ants are as hardworking as is commonly believed! Observations have shown that 80% of ants are social useful work- clean the home, collect food; but the rest are kicking ass. The situation did not change even after scientists removed some of the “working” ants. The remaining hard workers began to work with renewed vigor, while the slackers remained out of work. A possible explanation for this strange behavior the latter, according to researchers, may be due to either their advanced age or pathological laziness
The importance of bees in human life Honey. Contains about 60 different substances, mainly glucose and fructose and: Enzymes that accelerate metabolism in the body; Minerals: Ca, Na, Mg, P, Fe, S, I, Cl, Rd; Microelements: Mn, Si, Al, B, Cr, Cu, Li, Ni, Pb, etc. Organic acids; Vitamins; Phytoncides with antimicrobial, antiputrefactive, antifungal effects. Propolis, or bee glue. Contains essential oils, wax, pollen. Medicinal properties: Painkiller (5.2 times stronger than novocaine); Antipruritic; Antimicrobial; Tones the body, improves immunity; Strengthens tooth enamel; Anesthetizes and softens calluses.
The importance of bees in human life Royal jelly. Contains mineral salts, sex hormones, microelements, vitamins, etc. Therapeutic effect: Increases the content of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood; Increases appetite and increases weight; Stimulates hair growth; Improves memory and vision; Increases immunity. Beeswax. Rich in vitamin A, necessary for the development of the epithelium of the skin, bronchial mucosa, throat, nose, stomach and intestines, and for visual acuity. It has antimicrobial, nourishing and regenerating effects. Bee venom. Therapeutic effect: Has a pronounced anti-inflammatory, analgesic effect; Increases the body's overall resistance and immunity; Antimicrobial; Dilates blood vessels; Reduces blood pressure; Reduces blood viscosity and clotting; Reduces cholesterol in the blood.
Lesson on the topic “Bees and ants are social insects”
Target:
- highlight the structural features of the honey bee and ant in connection with their social way of life;
Show the role in nature and significance in human life; prove the need to protect these insects;
- broaden the horizons of students.
Teaching methods : reproductive, search, research, collective decision-making method
Lesson type: learning new material.
Class organization form : educational project.
Project typology : information and research, short-term.
Equipment: multimedia projector, presentation “Bees and ants are social insects,” books, handouts, flashcards.
Form of organization of work in the classroom : class-lesson, group, individual.
Lesson content:
I . Organizational moment (Mutual greetings between students and teachers, recording absentees, checking students’ readiness for the lesson)
Call stage:
Before telling you the topic of today's lesson, I will ask you riddles, and you must guess what they are about. we'll talk in class.
1. I smell like summer and pollen.
I'm flying towards the flowers like a bullet.
But I can be very angry.
To the one who climbs into the hive!
2. In a clearing near the fir trees The house is built from needles. He is not visible behind the grass, And there are a million residents there.
II .Preparation for the main stage of assimilation educational material . Activation background knowledge and skills.
- In previous lessons, we began to study the most numerous type of animals - the Arthropod type.What signs of this type are observed in bees and ants? (I listen to the children’s answers).
Jointed limbs
Presence of chitinous cover.
To what class would you classify these animals?
(to the class Insects).
As you already understood, the heroes of our lesson will bebees and ants.
Due to the fact that there is a lot of information about these insects, we will study this topic as part of the project.
Project goals:
Study the systematic position of the honey bee and ant;
study the structure of the honey bee;
study polymorphism in the hive and anthill; find signs of similarities and differences;
study the importance of bees and ants in nature and human life; insect protection;
study the history of beekeeping;
draw a conclusion why bees and ants are classified as social animals;
present our project.
III .Stages of work on the project.
1. 3 groups of students are formed:
Each group receives an instruction card with a plan for studying the topic area printed on it. Answer sheets.
Today's lesson will work in groups
“Theorists”, 2 “Beekeepers”, 3 “Biologists”.
We ask group participants to remember the rules of working in a group and respect the time.
Group work is allotted 20 minutes, speaker time is 3-4 minutes.
Please start by reading the instruction sheet.
I wish you good luck.
Instructional card "THEORETICS"
Target: study the systematic position of the honey bee and ant, find out their significance in nature and human life, and propose measures for the protection of insects.
1. Systematic position of the bee and ant.
2. External structure of a bee:
Take a closer look at the structure of a worker bee in Fig. 1 ( reference material) and answer the questions?
What sections is the bee's body divided into?
How many pairs of wings?
How many pairs of legs?
What sense organs are different on a bee's head?
Features in the structure of the hind legs. What do you think they are for?
3. What is the importance of bees and ants in nature and human life.
4. Suggest measures to protect insects.
5. Conclude why bees and ants are called social insects?
Instructional card "Beekeepers"
Target: study the history of beekeeping.
1. Where could we find out information that the bee has become a human pet since time immemorial?
3. What beekeeping products were used to pay tribute, duties and taxes?
4. What did the ancient Slavs use instead of sugar, and what for light?
5. What was the name of ancient beekeeping?
6. What did the Ukrainian landowner Pyotr Ivanovich Prokopovich invent in 1814?
7.Draw a conclusion that reflects the importance of bees in nature and human life.
Instructional card "Biologists"
Target: study polymorphism in the hive and anthill; find signs of similarities and differences.
Theoretical part.
1. Polymorphism of the bee colony.
2. Polymorphism of the ant family.
3. What is swarming called? What is its biological role?
Practical part.
Using the textbook material pp. 135-136 and reference material, fill out the table"Polymorphism of bees and ants"
Signs of comparison.
Polymorphism of bees and ants
Uterus
bees
Uterus
ant
Drone
Male ant
worker bee
Worker ants
1. Body measurements.
l = 18-20 mmm = 0.25 g
Up to 50 mm
l = 15-16 mmm = 0.2 g
Up to 50 mm
l = 12-14 mmm = 0.1 g
2 mm
2. Number of individuals in the family.
1
2 or more
Some
dozens
From several tens to several hundred
70 000
From several tens to a million
3. Lifespan.
Up to 5 years
12-20 years
Season 1
Several days, weeks
Season 1
Up to 3 years
4. Structural features.
Large bee, long pointed abdomen; associated with its reproductive function
similar to workers, but differ from them in the structure of the chest and more large sizes. Have wings that bite themselves off after fertilization
medium-sized bee with very large eyes , touching at the back of the head,abdomen rounded
Develop from unfertilized eggs and have wings
on hind legsbaskets , on the abdomen there are speculums, an expansion of the esophagus - a honeypot; at the end of the abdomensting
Females with an underdeveloped reproductive system , They have no wings, a simplified chest structure, eyes smaller than those of females, or absent
5. Functions performed.
Pairing
and laying eggs
Mating
And laying eggs
Fertilization
females
Fertilization of the female
Cleaning cells, feeding the queen and larvae, building honeycombs, scouting, collecting food, protecting the hive.
Taking care of the family (Guards, “nannies”, cleaning the nest, etc.)
Answer the questions?
1. Give the concept of polymorphism?
2. Conclude what polymorphism is in bees and ants and what this is connected with.
2. Search for information.
Students are asked to find answers to the questions indicated on the instruction card. Students work with a textbook and additional literature.
3. Information processing .
Students in groups fill out answer cards, prepare a speech - defending a project, and select a speaker from their group.
4. Project protection.
Representatives of each group present their work, talk about their achievements, and draw conclusions:
1. The bee and the products of its vital activity are of great practical importance. But the most great value The activity of bees is manifested in the pollination of plants.
2. A bee family consists of a queen, drones and worker bees. Responsibilities are distributed between them in the family.
4. The structural features of a worker bee are related to its “professional” responsibilities.
5. The bee and the ant are “social” insects with complex instinctive behavior, in their caring care for the “baby”, in the appropriateness of the division of labor between family members, in their amazing art of construction
IV . Homework.
Tasks to choose from:
Prepare reports about the silkworm
Silk production
Insects listed in the Red Book.
V . Lesson summary and reflection.
You guys did a great job.
I'm making my comment. And I propose to briefly answer the questions
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Please continue the sentence
I was wondering...
Today we figured it out...
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Tomorrow I want in class...
