Is it leaning towards? Rosenthal-place names
Let's first deal with place names ending in -ov(o), -ev(o), ev(o), -in(o), -yn(o), or, more simply, ending in -O. These are nouns - geographical names such as Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, Ostankino, Priyutino, Medvedkovo, Abramtsevo, Peredelkino, Tsaritsyno, Pushkino, Kemerovo, Chudovo, Avtovo, Perovo, Komarovo, Murino and others. What is the correct way to say: in Kemerovo or in Kemerovo, to Avtovo or to Avtov, from Perov or from Perovo?
Geographical names of settlements, stations, cities starting with -O in modern Russian are gradually moving into the category of nouns that do not change by case. This is probably explained by the fact that in recent decades in colloquial speech these toponyms are increasingly used as indeclinables.
Directories from seven to ten years ago strictly demanded that these words be changed according to cases, while modern publications note a tendency towards inclination of geographical names to -O, which is now especially widespread. From oral speech, the unchangeable form penetrated into written sources, in particular into journalism. Stylistic dictionary of variants by L.K. Graudina, V.A. Itskovich and L.P. Katlinskaya gives the following examples of newspaper headlines:
"The Tragedy of Kosovo", "From Pushchino to Colorado".
Let us recall that initially indeclinable forms were used only in the professional speech of geographers, military officers and in the official business style of speech. The norm for using Russian geographical names starting with -o in an indeclinable form is also registered in the academic “Grammar of the modern Russian literary language” (M., 1970):
"IN modern language show a tendency to replenish the group of words of zero declension with words - toponyms with finals -ov(o), -ev(o), -ev(o) and -in(o), for example: Ivanovo, Biryulyovo, Knyazevo, Boldino, Lyublino, Golitsyno and etc. "Perhaps, only the requirements for the declension of the names of settlements remain strict if they are used as an application with a generic name (city, village, town, etc.) and have options:
in the village of Pushkino (with the original form Pushkino) and in the city of Pushkin (with the original form Pushkin).
Now - the most important thing. Which is correct: to Kemerovo or to Kemerovo, to Avtovo or to Avtov, from Perov or from Perovo?
Currently, both variants are in free use - inflected and indeclinable, therefore, both can be considered normative. However, it should be remembered that there are several cases when place names ending in -o are used in an unchangeable form:
* when the gender of the geographical name and the generic name do not coincide: in the village of Bosovo, at the Sinevo station, from the village of Likhovo.
Here the words are generic names of the feminine gender (village, station, village), but with them the names retain the neuter form; another example:
on the shore of Lake Kaftino, in the village of Sinyavino, from the port of Vanino - words - geographical names retain the form of the nominative case, while generic names change according to cases;
* when little-known settlements are named together with the words village, settlement, camp, as a rule, in order to avoid coincidence with the identical names of cities in the masculine gender:
in the village of Buyanovo, but in the city of Buyanov; in the village of Pushkino, but in the city of Pushkin;
* when the name is enclosed in quotation marks. In this case, it is acceptable to use it as an indeclinable:
the stud farm in "Kashino" was one of the best in the Tver region; Construction of a new camp site has begun near the Golovlevo farm, etc.
Russian geographical names used with generic names such as city, hamlet, village, town, village, village, settlement, river and acting as appendices (standing after the named words) are declined if they are toponyms of Russian (as well as Slavic) origin or represent is a name long borrowed and mastered by the Russian language. So to the question “to incline or not to incline?” We answer: incline. The standard forms are:
in the city of Suzdal, from the city of Krasnoyarsk, etc.
Authors of the reference book "Grammatical Correctness of Russian Speech. Stylistic Dictionary of Variants" (M., 2001) Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. believe that “it is advisable to follow two basic rules for the use of harmonized forms and inconsistent forms.”
1. Declined: a) simple (not complex and not expressed in word combinations) Russian, Slavic and developed names of cities, rivers, villages, hamlets, settlements, hamlets, estates, villages, except for those ending in vowels -о, -е, -и, -s:
in the city of Moscow, in the city of Sofia, from the city of Ufa, near the city of Rybinsk, from the city of Kustanaya, in the city of Perm, on the Svetlaya River (but in the city of Sumy, to the village of Dibuny, in the city of Mytishchi, in the village of Gorki).
b) simple foreign language names of capitals, large or famous cities, rivers, except for those ending in vowels -у, -о, -е, -и, -ы:
in the capital of England London, in the cities of Prague and Budapest, in the city of Marseille, on the Seine River (but from the city of Delhi, on the Mississippi River).
2. Do not bow:
a) names of stations, towns, resorts, villages, villages, outposts:
near the village of Terek, at Bologoye station;
b) names of lakes, tracts, islands, mountains, deserts:
to Cape Chelyuskin, on Lake Baikal, in the Sahara Desert, to Mount Beshtau. However, in colloquial speech, compatible forms can be used, especially if these are Russian names that are full forms of adjectives: on Mount Zheleznaya, to Kamenny Island, at the Vysokaya Hill, to Lake Shchuchye, at Tikhoretskaya station.
c) foreign language names of principalities, kingdoms, duchies, states, provinces, little-known cities, rivers, settlements:
in the Principality of Liechtenstein, in the Kingdom of Nepal, in the state of California. d) complex names-applications and toponyms, expressed by phrases:
in the town of Santa Barbara, to the village of Upper Balkaria, in the city of Velikiye Luki, in the village of Bolshie Drynduny (since the external form of the name corresponds to the plural form, such toponyms are used in an unchangeable form. Without a generic word it is necessary to say: in Velikiye Luki, in Big Drynduny).
The exception is the names in the construction “place name on the river”: from the city of Frankfurt am Main.
It is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that in complex toponyms and toponyms expressed by combinations of words, parts of the name are usually declined:
in the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, in the city of Rostov-on-Don, in the city of Vyshny Volochyok.
However, in colloquial and professional speech, as well as in official business style, the inflexible version of the toponym has spread and strengthened:
in the city of Leninsk-Kuznetsky, in the city of Vyshny Volochek, in the village of Dolgiye Borody. Let us recall in conclusion that in a number of complex names the first part is not inflected at all:
Ust-Kamensk, Gus-Khrustalny, Korsun-Shevchenkovsky.
In the city of Moscow or in the city of Moscow? Names in combination with a generic word A geographical name used with generic names city, village, hamlet, hamlet, river, etc., acting as an application, is consistent with the word being defined, that is, it is inclined if the toponym is of Russian, Slavic origin or represents a long time ago borrowed and adopted name.
That's right: in the city of Moscow, in the city of St. Petersburg, from the city of Kyiv; to the village of Ivanovka, from the village of Olkhovka, in the village of Shushenskoye, near the Mikhailovsky farmstead; near the Volga River, valley of the Sukhoi stream. Both parts in the name Moskva River are declined: Moskva River, on the Moscow River, etc. In colloquial speech, there are cases of indeclinability of the first part: beyond the Moscow River, on the Moscow River, etc. But this use does not correspond literary norm.
Geographical names in combination with a generic word are usually not declined in the following cases: 1. when the external form of the name corresponds to the plural form. dates: in the city of Velikiye Luki, in the city of Mytishchi; 2. when the gender of the generalizing common noun and toponym do not coincide: on the Yenisei River, near the Khoper River, in the village of Parfenok (however, this remark does not apply to combinations with the word city, therefore it is correct: in the city of Tula, from the city of Moscow; about the appropriateness of use here the word city itself, see below).
In addition, there is a tendency towards indeclinability of neuter place name applications ending in -e, -o: between the villages of Molodechno and Dorozhno, not far from the village of Mironezhye, in the city of Vidnoye. In Moscow or in the city of Moscow? The abbreviation g. (city), like the full word, is recommended to be used sparingly, mainly before the names of cities formed from surnames (city of Kirov)." Thus, commonly used: in Moscow. Options in Moscow, in the city of Moscow, should be characterized as specifically clerical (i.e., used primarily in official business speech).
In Peredelkino or in Peredelkino? Toponyms of Slavic origin ending in -ovo, -evo, -ino, -yno are not declined in combination with a generic word: from the Lyublino region, towards the Strogino region, to the Mitino region, in the city of Ivanovo, from the village of Prostokvashino, to the edge of Kosovo . If there is no generic word, then both options are possible, inflected and indeclinable: in Lublin and in Lyublino, towards Strogin and towards Strogino, in Ivanovo and in Ivanovo, from Prostokvashino and from Prostokvashino, to Kosovo and to Kosovo, to Mitin and to Mitino, 8th microdistrict of Mitino and 8th microdistrict of Mitino.
Pushkin or Pushkin? Geographical names in -ov (-ev), -ovo (-evo), -ino (-yno) have in instrumental case ending -om, for example: Lvov - Lvov, Kanev - Kanev, Kryukovo - Kryukov, Kamyshin - Kamyshin, Maryino - Maryin, Golitsino - Golitsyn. Unlike the names of cities, Russian surnames with -in (-yn) and -ov (-ev) have the ending -ym in the instrumental case, cf. : Pushkin (surname) - Pushkin and Pushkin (city) - Pushkin; Alexandrov (surname) - Alexandrov and Alexandrov (city) - Alexandrov.
In Kamen-Kashirskoye or in Kamen-Kashirskoye? If a compound toponym is a Russian or long-acquired name, in indirect case forms its first part should be declined: from Kamen-Kashirsky, in Pereslavl-Zalessky, in Mogilev-Podolsky, in Rostov-on-Don, Kamensk-Shakhtinsky. The same in combination with a generic term: in the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, in the city of Rostov-on-Don. All toponyms in which the first part of the name has a morphological feature of the neuter gender are covered by a tendency towards immutability: from Likino-Duleva, in Sobolevo-on-Kamchatka.
Names ending in - and many borrowed geographical names mastered by the Russian language are declined according to the type of noun. wives gender in -a, for example: Bukhara - in Bukhara, Ankara - to Ankara; Toponyms of French origin that end in -a in the source language do not decline: Gras, Spa, Le Dora, Jura, etc. However, names to which the ending -a was added in Russian do decline: Toulouse, Geneva, Lausanne - in Toulouse, Geneva, Lausanne (cf.: Toulouse, Genève, Lausanne);
Japanese place names ending in unstressed -a are declined: Osaka - in Osaka, Fukushima - from Fukushima; Estonian and Finnish names are not inclined: from Jyväskylä, to Saaremaa; Abkhazian and Georgian toponyms ending in unstressed -a experience fluctuations in declination. Nevertheless, many of these names are inclined: Ochamchira - in Ochamchira, Gudauta - before Gudauta, Pitsunda - from Pitsunda;
complex geographical names are not inclined to - but unstressed, borrowed from Spanish and other Romance languages: in Bahia Blanca, in Bahia Laypa, from Jerez de la Frontera, in Santiago de Cuba, from Pola de Lena , from Santiago de Compostela; complex Slavic names that are nouns in the presence of word-formation features of adjectives are declined, for example: Biała Podlaska - from Biała Podlaska, Banska Bystrica - to Banska Bystrica
Names ending in -о and -е Such names are not declined in the Russian literary language: in Oslo, Tokyo, Bordeaux, Mexico City, Santiago, Calais, Grodno, Vilno, Kovno. Place names ending in -i, -y Place names ending in -y have a greater tendency to inclination: in Katowice, Thebes, Tatras, Cannes, Cheboksary. Usually names are not inclined to -i: from Chile, Tbilisi, Nagasaki.
Names ending in a consonant Foreign names ending in a consonant are usually not declined in the application function: in the city of Louisville, in the city of Maubeuge, in the city of Niamet, in the province of Ziadin, near the city of Manston. (The exception is names that have long been borrowed and mastered by the Russian language: in the city of Washington.) If such names are not used in the application function, they tend to be inclined: in the city of Mantasas, but 70 kilometers from Mantasas, near the city of Manston, but near Manston.
The Latin American names on - os: in Fuentos depart from this group. Complex names like Père Lachaise, Mine Mill, Puerto Montt are not inclined. Compound names with the second part - street, - square, - park, - palace do not decline: along Alvin Street, in Union Square, in the Friedrich Stadt Palace hall, in Enmore Park.
In Frankfurt am Main or in Frankfurt am Main? The first part of complex foreign-language place names, as a rule, is not declined: in Alma-Ata, near Buenos Aires, from Yoshkar-Ola. The exception is the first part in the construction “place name on the river”: in Frankfurt am Main, to Schwedt an der Oder, from Stratford upon Avon.
Toponyms are divided according to inflection into four groups of combinations: Combinations with a toponym in an indeclinable form: Republic of Haiti, Republic of Guinea-Bissau, Republic of Peru, etc. They, accordingly, do not change at all by case. Combinations with a toponym ending in -th and a consonant, as a rule, are not declined: Principality of Liechtenstein, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The same rule applies to subjects Russian Federation: Altai Republic, Dagestan Republic, Tatarstan Republic, etc.
Combinations with toponyms masculine and feminine gender, ending in -a or without ending, are not declined in official documents and strict business speech: in the Republic of Angola, with the Republic of Cuba, the Ambassador of the Republic of Poland, in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), with the Republic of Lebanon, an agreement with the Republic of Belarus and etc. Combinations with geographical names in -iya. Authors of the reference book “Grammatical Correctness of Russian Speech. Stylistic dictionary of variants” Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. note that “all Slavic and especially Russian toponyms-applications of this group in indirect case forms are declined”: delegation of the Republic of Bulgaria, government of the Federal Republic Yugoslavia, administration of the Republic of Slovenia, etc.
The names of foreign republics in -iya, -eya usually agree with the word republic if they have a feminine form (D. E. Rosenthal, E. V. Dzhandzhakova, N. P. Kabanova. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing): trade and relations of the Russian Federation with the Republic of India, the Republic of Switzerland, the government of the Republic of Bolivia, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Adygea, etc.
Meanwhile, the indeclinability of such toponyms in indirect cases is also recorded in official documents: Ambassador of the Republic of Kenya, Plenipotentiary Representative of the Republic of Colombia, visit to the Republic of India, in the Republic of Korea, on the territory of the Republic of Khakassia, with the Republic of Adygea, etc. In newspaper and colloquial speech in In indirect case forms, these toponyms are usually declined.
In the original form, for the names of both foreign republics and CIS countries and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the nominative case form is most often used: Republic of Albania, Republic of Zambia, Republic of Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Federal Republic of Germany, Kingdom of Belgium, Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom of Spain, Kingdom Norway, Kingdom Saudi Arabia, Republic of Armenia, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Adygea, Republic of Kalmykia, Republic of Karelia, etc. The exception is one official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The question of the admissibility of declension of names ending in - O has been discussed for quite some time at the most different levels, in particular on the Internet. Considering that the toponym “Kupchino” is a prominent representative of precisely this kind of toponym, I, of course, could not pass by and not reveal my vision of the issue. Below are a number of articles found on the Internet with links to sources that, in my opinion, fully reflect this topic.
It seems that the time has come, armed with modern reference books and dictionaries, to finally understand the forms of declensiongeographical names. We have already published material on this issue in the article "There is hardly another capital like Moscow... " , however, we continue to receive questions from our readers.
So, options indeclinable and indeclinable forms of geographical names.
Let's first deal with toponyms on -ov(o), -ev(o), ev(o), -in(o), -yn(o), or, more simply put, ending with-ABOUT. These are nouns - geographical names such as Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, Ostankino, Priyutino, Medvedkovo, Abramtsevo, Peredelkino, Tsaritsyno, Pushkino, Kemerovo, Chudovo, Avtovo, Perovo, Komarovo, Murino and others. What is the correct way to say: to Kemerovo or in Kemerovo, to Avtovo or to Avtov, from Perov or from Perovo?
Geographical names of settlements, stations, cities on-ABOUTin modern Russian language they gradually move into the category of nouns, not changeable by case. This is probably explained by the fact that in recent decades in colloquial speech these toponyms are increasingly used as indeclinables. Directories from seven to ten years ago strictly demanded that these words be changed according to cases, but modern publications note a tendency towardsindeclinability of geographical names starting with -O, now especially widespread. From oral speech, the unchangeable form penetrated into written sources, in particular into journalism.
The stylistic dictionary of variants by L.K. Graudina, V.A. Itskovich and L.P. Katlinskaya gives the following examples of newspaper headlines: “The Tragedy of Kosovo,” “From Pushchino to Colorado.” Let us recall that initially indeclinable forms were used only in the professional speech of geographers , military and in official business style of speech.
The norm for using Russian geographical names in -Oin an inflexible form is also registered in the academic “Grammar of the modern Russian literary language” (M., 1970): “In modern language there is a tendency to replenish the group of words of zero declension with words - toponyms with finals-ov(o), -ev(o), -ev(o) And -in(o), for example: Ivanovo, Biryulyovo, Knyazevo, Boldino, Lyublino, Golitsyno, etc..".
Perhaps, only the requirements for the declension of the names of settlements, if they are used as applications with a generic name(city, village, town, etc.) and have options: in the village of Pushkino (with the original form Pushkino) and in the city of Pushkin (with the original form Pushkin).
Now - the most important. Which is correct: to Kemerovo or to Kemerovo, to Avtovo or to Avtov, from Perov or from Perovo?
Currently, both variants are in free use - inflected and indeclinable, therefore, both can be considered normative.
However, it should be remembered that there are several cases when place names on
-Oare used in immutable form:
· When the gender of the geographical name and the generic name do not coincide: in the village of Bosovo, at the Sinevo station, from the village of Likhovo. Here the words are generic names of the feminine gender (village, station, village), but with them the names retain the neuter form; another example:on the shore of Lake Kaftino, in the village of Sinyavino, from the port of Vanino- words - geographical names retain the form of the nominative case, while generic names change according to cases;
· When called little-known settlements along with wordsvillage, settlement, encampment, as a rule, in order to avoid coincidence with the identical names of cities in the masculine gender:in the village of Buyanovo, But in the city of Buyanov; V village of Pushkino, But in the city of Pushkin;
· When the name is enclosed in quotation marks. In this case, it is acceptable to use it as an indeclinable: the stud farm in "Kashino" was one of the best in the Tver region; Construction of a new camp site has begun near the Golovlevo farm etc.
For those site visitors who find our material far from complete, we recommend that you refer to the reference books:
1. Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. Stylistic dictionary of variants. M., 2001
2. Rosenthal D. E. Handbook of spelling and stylistics. St. Petersburg, 1997
3. Grammar of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1970
Myth No. 1. Geographical names in -ovo, -evo, -ino, -yno do not decline and never have. Options in Boldin, from Ostankino, in Pulkovo - “newspeak”, illiteracy, damage to the language.
Question from the "Help Bureau" GRAMOTA.RU: Lately The announcers of our television began to decline the names: in Ostankino, in Konkovo, etc. Have we changed the rules of the Russian language or have we made a relaxation for the announcers so that they don’t bother themselves?
Quote from the blog: “It infuriates me when the news says Lublin, when all my life I thought that it was not bending...” (blogger marinkafriend)
In fact: Geographical names of Slavic origin, ending in -ovo, -evo, -ino, -yno, were traditionally inclined: in Ostankino, in Peredelkino, to Boldin, to Pulkovo, from Kosovo. The tendency to use the indeclinable option has developed only in recent decades. In other words, the new normal is not in Lublin, but in Lyublino.
From history: Initially, all such names were inflected (remember Pushkin: “The History of the Village of Goryukhin”, Lermontov: “It’s not for nothing that all Russia remembers about Borodin’s Day!”, Let’s remember the Soviet film “It Happened in Penkovo”). Initially, indeclinable forms were used only in the speech of geographers and military officers, because it was very important to give names in the original form so that there was no confusion: Kirov and Kirovo, Pushkin and Pushkino, etc. But gradually indeclinable forms began to penetrate into written speech. Thus, in the 1970 “Grammar of the Modern Russian Literary Language” it was indicated that in the modern Russian literary language there is a tendency to replenish the group of words of zero declension with place names with finals -ov(o), -ev(o), -ev(o), - in(o). In other words, intransigence was just beginning to spread.
Quote on the topic: “The habit of not declining the names of localities apparently originates from military reports. But is it good that the newspaper distributes and takes root this habit? “I live in Odintsovo, in Kratovo,” and not “in Odintsovo, in Kratovo" - the habit of not inflecting names gives live speech some kind of official character" (L.K. Chukovskaya. In the editor's laboratory).
“Russian Grammar” in 1980 indicated: “Geographical names in -ovo, -evo and -ino, -yno: Ivanovo, Biryulyovo, Kuntsevo, Sarajevo, Boldino, Borodino, Golitsyno and the like are found in modern colloquial, professional, newspaper speech a tendency towards immutability. Despite this, in written speech, in accordance with current grammatical rules, geographical names in -ov(o), -ev(o), -ev(o), -in(o), -yn(o) incline: In the sky over Tushin (gas); We are talking about the airport in Sheremetyevo (gas). The inclination of geographical names is normal in the following cases: 1) If such a name is an appendix to one of the following general words: village, village, village, station, encampment, less often - a city: in the village of Vasilkovo, in the village of Pushkino, in the village of Belkino, at the Gogolevo station 2) If the settlement is named after its own name. famous person: near Repino (the name of a village near Leningrad), not far from Lermontovo (the name of a small town near Penza)."
30 years have passed since then - and indeclinable options have become so widespread that the initially only correct indeclinable option is today perceived by many as erroneous (see the blogger’s words above). Once upon a time, A. A. Akhmatova was indignant if they said in her presence we live in Kratovo instead of we live in Kratovo, and the writer V. I. Belov sarcastically suggested that those speaking I live in Kemerovo use the same pattern to pronounce from the window. Nowadays, many consider precisely this use to be a corruption of the language - in Kratovo, in Strogin, in Pulkovo - that is, corresponding to a strict literary norm.
However, the indeclinability of the names in question gradually became normative, as modern dictionaries say (albeit with caution). Here is a quote from the “Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language” by A. A. Zaliznyak: “...The use of this word (toponym in -ovo, -ino - V.P.) is very common - both in oral speech and in print. as unchangeable, for example: lives in Kuntsevo, we approach Ostankino, a kilometer from Borodino, instead of literary ones lives in Kuntsevo, we approach Ostankino, a kilometer from Borodino. The extent of the spread of this phenomenon is so significant that, apparently, it is already approaching status. valid option."
Thus, today both options can be considered normative - inflected and indeclinable. Let us also note that over the past decades, the tendency noted in “Russian Grammar” not to change the original form of the name of settlements, if they are used as an appendix, along with the generic name, has finally taken hold.
So, let’s remember elementary truth No. 1.
Basic truth No. 1. Geographical names of Slavic origin ending in -ovo, -evo, -ino, -yno, do not decline in combination with a generic word: from the Lyublino region, towards the Strogino region, to the Mitino region, in the city of Ivanovo, from the village of Prostokvashino, to the edge of Kosovo. If there is no generic word, then both options are normative, inflected (old) and indeclinable (new): in Lublin and in Lyublino, towards Strogin and towards Strogino, in Ivanovo and in Ivanovo, from Prostokvashino and from Prostokvashino, to Kosovo and to Kosovo, to Mitino and to Mitino, 8th microdistrict of Mitino and 8th microdistrict of Mitino. In this case, the inflected version corresponds to strict literary norms (and is recommended, for example, for the speech of announcers).
Literature:
1. Grammar of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1970.
2. Russian grammar. M., 1980.
3. Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. Stylistic dictionary of variants. M., 2004.
4. Zaliznyak A. A. Grammar dictionary of the Russian language: Inflection. – 5th ed., rev. M., 2008.
V. Pakhomov, Candidate of Philological Sciences, editor-in-chief portal Gramota.RU
Tell me, uncle, it’s not for nothing
Moscow, burned by fire,
Given to the Frenchman?
After all, there were battles,
Yes, they say, even more!
It’s not for nothing that all of Russia remembers
About Borodin Day!
M. Yu. Lermontov. Borodino
The names of settlements in -o, such as Roshchino, Pershino, Poletayevo (for Chelyabinsk residents) or Orekhovo, Maryino, Altufyevo (for Muscovites), are declined.
There are not very many such places in Chelyabinsk and the surrounding area; they are mentioned infrequently. In Moscow, every third metro station has a similar name in honor of the corresponding place, so you hear their names from people all the time.
In the overwhelming majority of cases, Muscovites do not decline these names: he lives in Tsaritsyno, he came from Strogino. On the "Echo of Moscow", on the other hand, these names are always declined: in Tsaritsyn, from Strogin. "Gramota.ru" says that recently non-declension has become more frequent, and on this alone, as far as I can see, it recognizes both options as acceptable.
Even if you believe the “Certificate” and consider that these options are equal today, you still need to decide, at least for yourself, how to speak. After all, almost any rule that recognizes two options for anything as true, however, does not imply the possibility of their absolutely random use. (I’m ready to forgive some publications for capitalizing the word “Internet,” but when different materials one edition is written differently - this is absolutely unacceptable.)
I think I will not be mistaken if I say that many of the readers do not decline these names and even experience a certain feeling of the “wrongness” of the declension, and therefore will immediately decide this issue for themselves in favor of non-declension. I will note, however, that it is easiest to continue speaking as you are used to, even if it suddenly turns out to be incorrect. But once you get used to putting stress correctly in words like: casing, apostrophe, blinds, you immediately stop paying any attention to the fact that someone around you says differently.
To determine my own point of view on this issue, I decided to turn to common sense and some other credible sources.
Common sense says: there is absolutely no grammatical reason not to inflect these words. There are no Russian words in the Russian language that are not declined: metro, coffee and other coats are borrowed words, and, more importantly, it is specifically said about them that these are such amazing words that do not decline. And words that one could choose to incline or not incline do not exist at all, even among borrowed ones.
Children distort indeclinable words in any way they like (“they passed it on radib”) just to deflect, because they have already managed to feel the language and simply do not expect that there are words that would not give a damn about this language.
Here's what Dahl writes about the coat:
Coat, Wed. inclined French a very inconvenient name for us for an outer dress, male and female, like a wide frock coat; chapan.
And about blinds even like this:
Blinds, blinds pl. inclined French window grilles, in which, sometimes, transverse planks are placed, at will, flat or on edge, for light and shadow. People are talking. blinds, kind blinds; unyielding words are of no use to us; enlightenment? Zatinniki?
Having convinced ourselves of the naturalness and necessity of declension for the Russian language, let’s return to populated areas. Their indeclination, like any other words, makes them alien, non-Russian. But Lyublino and Strogino are not San Marino or Nagano.
I’ll tell you (for the sake of secret) that I wrote in Boldin, as I haven’t written for a long time... (from a letter from A.S. Pushkin to P.A. Pletnev).
Some say that there is no need to incline because this is the name. Amazing nonsense. Where have you seen that the name is not inclined, “to Euroset”? Do you live in Russia or in Russia? Others say that in general names, of course, are declined, but this is the neuter gender, and that’s why there is no need to decline. And again nonsense. Here we have the villages of Dolgoderevenskoye, Kruglenkoye, Kuznetskoye. Residents of Dolgoderevenskoye live in Dolgoderevenskoye, and not “in Dolgoderevenskoye”. The same, I believe, can be said about the residents of Otradnoye and Krylatsky. Thus, surprisingly, it is the names ending with -o that fall under indeclension.
On the “Certificate” they write that if such names are declined, it will be impossible to distinguish the neuter from the masculine. Like, if you say “in Strogin”, then it seems that the nominative case is “Strogin”, not Strogino. This is precisely what they see as the reason for the reluctance.
Cause and effect are confused here. It is precisely because many people stopped inflecting such words that the inflected version began to be perceived in the masculine gender. After all, we are inclining Krylatskoye, but by the way, if it were the “Krylatsky” district, it would be inclined the same way. When they say “in Krylatsky”, don’t you think it’s “Krylatsky”? Maybe, so that it doesn’t seem like it, let’s stop persuading him: “I live in Krylatskoye,” “I came from Kruglenkoye”? (Does it hurt your ears? Doesn’t “from Lyublino” hurt your ears?)
In general, this happens not only in the neuter gender. When they talk about Prague, Madrid, Warsaw or Beijing, we don't think of Prague, Madrid, Warsaw and Beijing. You can, of course, “to avoid confusion”, also stop inflecting the feminine gender: “in Prague”, in Madrid, “in Warsaw” and in Beijing. (Not in Russian, but the nominative case is immediately obvious!) Fortunately, no one agrees to this.
It just so happened that in the Russian language it is not always possible to determine the original form of a word by its indirect form. It is assumed that if you speak Russian, then it is already obvious to you.
One more (it seems the last) argument in favor of nondeclension: sometimes, they say, there is a settlement in both the neuter gender and the masculine gender, and therefore, if you decline, it is unclear which of them we are talking about. But distorting the entire language for the sake of a little more certainty is a more than dubious idea, and there are not so many such pairs of settlements to go through with it (and, again, you can find similar pairs not only with settlements on - oh, and this is not considered a reason not to persuade them). There are many more places in the country that have absolutely the same names, and there is no confusion. Do you know how many civilians there are in Russia? In those rare cases when there is both the city of Pushkin and the village of Pushkino, and at the same time we can talk about both, you can always simply construct the phrase a little differently and avoid ambiguity. (But, in general, not everyone is destined to face this problem even once in their life.)
Of course, language lives and changes, and this is normal. When coffee becomes a neuter gender, this can at least be justified by the fact that the word coffee with its entire appearance says: “I am a neuter gender,” and it is more convenient for any Russian-speaking person to perceive it that way. But in the case of Poletaev and his brothers, the trend, on the contrary, is “anti-Russian” and unnatural.
You just need to accustom yourself to inclination and love it.
The electrical center is located in Ostankino, the airport is in Domodedovo, and the tunnel is near Lefortovo. If the idea of declination of Yasenev or Medvedkov ever seems wrong to us, the problem is not in Yasenev or Medvedkov, but in us.
So, after reading these articles, I made an unequivocal conclusion for myself: the toponym “Kupchino” can and should be declined. It is possible, because this does not contradict the current rules of the Russian language, given that the name “Kupchino” is of Slavic origin. And it should be because it was precisely this form of pronunciation that was used by the residents of the village and town, as well as a significant number of residents who moved to Kupchino as an area of mass development.
But in colloquial speech it is not so simple. I conducted a frivolous sociological survey among friends and acquaintances. To the question “where do you live?” 90% of respondents, and maybe more, answered - in Kupchino. And then opinions were divided. About half said that they walk around Kupchin and nowhere from Kupchina they are not going to leave. It turns out something in between. Separate cases are used.
When setting a search query on Yandex and Google, the following data was received:
Yandex query “in Kupchino” – 1 million pages found
Yandex query “in Kupchin” – 12 thousand pages found
Google query “in Kupchino” – 530,000 pages found
Google query “in Kupchyn” – 67,700 pages found
It is clear that the inflexible form is more popular.
Despite this, I remain a staunch supporter of the declension of the toponym “Kupchino” and this is how I write about Kupchino within the framework of this site. Being in the minority does not mean being wrong.
I hasten to send all those who are indignant and indignant about this to the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which I currently consider as the final authority in this matter.
A request made to this institution received an answer that did not cause the slightest surprise: it is possible to decline the toponym “Kupchino”. As an argument, the current standards described in the following works were proposed:
Brief Russian grammar. Edited by N. Yu. Shvedova and V. V. Lopatin. 2nd edition, stereotypical
Russian Academy Sci. Institute of Russian Language named after. V. V. Vinogradova. Moscow 2002 (pp. 202, 203 § 184, 185) and also
Grammatical correctness of Russian speech. Stylistic dictionary of variants. L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya; Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Russian Language named after. V. V. Vinogradova. Moscow 2001 (pp. 198-200), already mentioned above.
However, as it turned out, the leadership of the Frunzensky district of St. Petersburg adheres to the more popular, not inclining, version (here we are talking about a long-gone team led by T. Meshcheryakov). Well, it's their right, their choice. It's completely acceptable. The only puzzling thing is that the district leadership allows itself to give recommendations to residents on how they, the residents, should pronounce the name of the district. The administration should make such suggestions, perhaps, to its subordinates, but certainly not to the public. For this kind of recommendations, there are bodies more competent in philological and toponymic issues.
The administration of the Frunzensky district found out whether it is necessary to persuade Kupchino BaltInfo
St. Petersburg, March 29, 2012. The administration of the Frunzensky district held a meeting with the participation of philologists, at which issues of toponymy were discussed. With the help of specialists, officials found out that the name of the Kupchino district is not inflected in Russian. Administration press secretary Kirill Smirnov told a BaltInfo correspondent about this.
“We receive stacks of letters. People wonder how to use this word correctly. Historians say that the name Kupchino comes from Finnish-language names, and that is why it should not be inclined. Come from Kupchino, go to Kupchino,” explained Kirill Smirnov.
According to him, others were also in the spotlight current issues toponymies, in particular, the metro station, which is planned to be called “International”. The most popular alternative name is “Metrostroevskaya”. And the veterans’ organization proposed naming the station in honor of one of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War.
As Kirill Smirnov said, toponymy issues are taken very seriously in the Frunzensky district. Thus, last year the Kupchinskaya Toponymic Reader was published. According to Kirill Smirnov, only residents of the Frunzensky district can boast of such a publication; other St. Petersburg residents have to be content with general manuals on urban toponymy.
Kupchino is asked not to persuade Dmitry Kolomiets Komsomolskaya Pravda April 11, 2012
In the Frunzensky district they are concerned about the norms of the Russian language.
If Napoleon had turned his troops towards St. Petersburg, and the decisive battle had taken place not near Borodino, but in Kupchino, then Lermontov would have had one less poem. And all because “Kupchino” does not bow. And the line “it’s not for nothing that all of Russia remembers about Kupchin’s Day” will be not only historically, but also grammatically.
“Come from Kupchino, go to Kupchino,” the press secretary of the administration of the Frunzensky district, Kirill Smirnov, explained how to decline the name of the district in the dative case.
Same with other cases. The local language norm, as they say in the administration, is due to the fact that the name of the district is foreign, borrowed from the Finnish village of four houses Kupsila, which was located there even before the founding of St. Petersburg. To find out, philologists were even invited to the meeting in Kupchino. They confirmed: it is not permissible to incline Kupchino, as well as Oslo, San Marino, unlike Ostankino, Sheremetyevo, Domodedovo, which were not foreign villages.
“Whether Kupchino is inclined or not is not the most pressing philological problem,” Dmitry Novokshonov, a lecturer at the Faculty of Journalism at St. Petersburg State University, noted in a conversation with a KP correspondent. He was not present at the meeting in the Frunzensky district. - I don’t even know how this can be discussed at all. If you claim that this is a foreign word, prove it. Not foreign - prove it. And then we need to find out how people now pronounce “Kupchino”. If people are inclined, then one norm needs to be registered, if they are not inclined, another one needs to be registered.
Let us add that the fashion to pronounce “in Kupchin” appeared after television reports “from Ostankino”. Because Slavic geographical names ending in “-ovo, -evo, -ino, -yno” were traditionally inclined. Native speakers of the Russian language began to use the indeclinable version in colloquial speech only in recent decades.
The original works of the leadership of the Frunzensky district did not go unnoticed. Below are some of the responses and discussions found in various publications regarding the administration's initiative.
How to correctly use the words “Kupchino” and “Pulkovo” City 812 online
Last week, the administration of the Frunzensky district decided to find out whether the word “Kupchino” should be declined. And with the help of experts, we came to the conclusion that if the name Kupchino has foreign language roots, then there is no need to decline it. Online812 decided to check with recognized experts what they think about Kupchin.
Valery Efremov, professor of the Russian language department of the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A. I. Herzen:
In 1975 and 1980, two language reference books were published, and in the first, words like “Ostankino” or “Pulkovo” were inclined in every way. Inflecting the name was as natural as inflecting the word “window.” But the 1980 reference book also treated inflexibility as the norm. And recently the habit of not inclining Pulkovo and Kupchino has intensified due to general laxity and departure from the norm. That is, this trend first arose after the war, then developed and strengthened in the 80s, when people no longer cared about the language.
Before the war, all names ending in “o” - “Pushkino”, “Avtovo” - were written as “from Pushkin”, “before Avtova” when declining, although I personally still don’t dare say “Avtova”. This is a Finnish name meaning bog or blato. The legend that Peter named the village after the words “and that one” is nothing more than urban folklore. Old, pre-revolutionary dictionaries even write “in Helsinki” - however, Helsinki was then part of the Russian Empire.
It is clear that we will never decline foreign names like “Oslo”. But it has always been customary to decline all settlements on this side of the border, regardless of the roots of this word. This is a Russian village, which means we decline the name.
Although, of course, if you keep in mind all the time that Kupchino is a Finnish word, then your tongue will not dare to say “Kupchina”.
Should cultured people persuade Kupchino? Gleb Stashkov's blog City 812 online BezFormat.RU
It’s good, you know, to be a Kupchinsky journalist. Our government is very responsive. Two weeks ago I proposed renaming the streets of Bela Kun and Oleko Dundic. And what would you think? A survey was posted on the district administration website: should they be renamed?
True, the majority believes that it is not necessary. So we know what kind of majority we have. All sorts of people came in large numbers. Some, you know, move from Kupchin to the Kremlin, while others seem to do the opposite.
And last summer, Kupchin’s press secretary tweeted a response to my text. Here in Kupchina, you know, everyone writes on Twitter. They’ll come and let’s write on Twitter. In general, the press secretary accused me of using the word “Kupchino”. You can’t, they say, write “in Kupchino,” but you need, they say, “in Kupchino.”
And on the magazine’s website, everyone, too, you know, accuses me of this. Grayness, they say, is brainless. Not otherwise, they say, as a newcomer. And, you know, I’m very offended. Of course, I'm a newcomer. I came to Kupchino from the Petrograd side. But I was not yet a year old then. And since then I have become completely Russified and paid off.
To be honest, I’m not inclined towards Kupchino. This corrector inclines. Proofreaders, you know, are also people with ambition. They’ll come to the editorial office and let’s persuade them to do anything.
But, apparently, our proofreader offended our district administration so much that last week it convened a scientific council. And “with the help of specialists, officials found out that the name of the Kupchino district is not inclined in Russian.” Because “historians say that the name Kupchino comes from Finnish-language names.”
Well, you never know what historians say. I, you know, am also a historian. I started to find out. It turns out that according to the Swedish census of 1619, four taxable owners lived in the village of Kuptzinoua By, three of whom - Ivan Kuzmin, Proshka Lefontyev and Siman Abrahamov - were Orthodox. Very interesting information. "Four taxable." That is, they lived and were not taxed. That is, it was the Swedes who brought illegal migrants here.
But, to tell the truth, I have no confidence in this census. Where, tell me, could Siman Abrahamov come from in the 17th century? And even Orthodox. And what kind of name is this - Kuptzinoua. It's some kind of Indian name. It turns out that the Kamanches lived here. Or some kind of Mohicans. And Siman Abrahamov is the last of the Mohicans. Not counting Proshka Lefontyev.
And according to the scientist Myznikov, kypsi in ancient Finnish meant “hare”. Beautiful version. It turns out that Hare Island is Kupchino.
And, as they say,
Here in KupchinO
We are destined
Open a window to Europe.
True, in modern Finnish the word for hare is jänis. It doesn't taste like Kypsi. Apparently, Finnish hares have evolved greatly since ancient times.
Of course, if Kupchino is a foreign name, then there is no bazaar. Doesn't bow down. We don’t say: in San Marin, from San Marin. But, as one Kolpino patriot noted on the Internet, Kolpino is not San Marino. And Kupchino, believe me, even more so. And not San Marino, and not Rio de Janeiro. And it seems to me that the word “Kupchino” is of domestic production.
And he doesn’t remember a damn thing
About the day, your mother, KupchinA, -
I will add on my own behalf.
However, the mentioned Kolpino patriot gives another option: “It’s not for nothing that all of Russia remembers the day of Borodin and the defense of Kolpino!” And in support of his “inclinist” theory he cites the following lines:
We are standing in a crowd near Kolpino.
The artillery hits its own.
Not very, you know, convincing. Maybe it’s better for us to forget about this defense of Kolpin? Limit yourself to the day of Borodin. There, the artillery didn’t seem to hit on its own.
If they remembered Lermontov, it would be a sin to forget about Pushkin. Tom, you know, had a good time in Boldin. However, Pushkin seriously argued that in Russian one should say “gypsies” and “Tatars,” and not “gypsies” and “Tatars.” And his poem, you know, is called “Gypsies,” not “Gypsies.” Pushkin, to be honest, was also a migrant worker.
And in general, in those days, it was not Pushkin who was considered a champion of the Russian language, but Admiral Shishkov. Who attacked Karamzin, who used the word “more humane.” This way, according to the admiral, they will say “my horse is better than yours, my cow is better than yours.” And Pushkin also had a friend - Prince Vyazemsky. I also wrote some poems. And the words “mediocrity” and “talented” turned him right inside out. These words, he says, came from the meadowsweet farmers. But I doubt something. You know, the meadowsweet man is standing in a cap and reasoning:
- And Pushkin is talented, son of a bitch. And Vyazemsky, frankly speaking, is mediocrity.
Let's return to Kupchino. Fighters for the purity of language and opponents of change are precisely the “inclinists”. Living in Kupchino, not in Kupchino. Not to incline is the fashion of recent years. Previously they declined. And now, you see, they feel discomfort from this. They came in large numbers and felt discomfort.
When I worked as a literary editor in a sports newspaper, one hockey correspondent felt discomfort from the name of the Ufa club “Salavat Yulaev”. And he wrote this: SKA is playing with Salavat Yulaev. I explained that Salavat Yulaev is not a pound sterling. That salavat is not a unit of measurement for some yulais. The correspondent argued. And then he went to the STO TV channel, where he said that Zenit was playing with Krylia Sovetov.
A before people were cultured and didn’t even know the word – discomfort. And they didn't call. And they didn't even call. And they didn’t talk on the phone at all. “Just now I was talking on the phone with L. Tolstoy,” Chekhov writes in his diary.
It sounds very sublime and noble, you know. Well, imagine Chekhov, who takes out a mobile phone in a minibus and starts yelling.
- Hello, hello, Tolstoy? It's Chekhov calling!
Yes, Tolstoy would have snapped right away:
- Go to hell..., Chekhov.
By the way, cultured people of that time inclined male surnames to “-ko”. Take any memories. At Rodzianka's. To Rodzianka. From Rodzianka. And they’re not writing about just anyone. About the Speaker of the State Duma.
So I ask you to convey to both the district administration and the governor of Poltavchenko: they persuaded Kupchino, we persuade and will continue to persuade. And if the tongue doesn’t turn or the hand doesn’t rise, the proofreader will correct it.
"In Kupchino" vs "In Kupchino" Konstantin Vasilevsky Newspaper "Frunzensky District" No. 8 (326) March 30, 2012
What is the correct way to say “in Kupchino” or “in Kupchino”? An open discussion on this topic was opened by representatives of the public organization “I love Kupchino” and employees of the Frunzensky district administration.
"Opinions differ. Surveys of residents show that both variants are common in both spoken and written speech – inflected and indeclinable. Experts say that geographical names of Slavic origin ending in “-ino” are not inflected when used with a generic word If there is no generic word, then, according to classical literary norms, it is preferable to use the inflected version. However, the discussion is currently ongoing. time goes by also about whether the toponym Kupchino is of Russian or Finnish origin, which has survived to this day and given the name to a significant territory in the south of modern St. Petersburg,” they say in the administration of the Frunzensky district. Let us recall that on the initiative of the head of the administration of the Frunzensky district Terenty Meshcheryakov and public organizations at the end of 2011, residents were invited to join in the discussion of Kupchin place names. Thus, on the information resources of the district, a discussion took place about the need and expediency of renaming Bela Kun Street, which bears the name of one of the figures of the communist movement. You can take part in the discussion and express your opinion on the website of the Frunzensky District newspaper at gazetafrunz.ru in the “Poll” section.
|
Kupchino is not inclined. Participants in a meeting in the administration of the Frunzensky district of St. Petersburg came to this sensational conclusion from the point of view of the Russian language today. According to municipal officials and some unnamed experts, the toponym “Kupchino” cannot be changed by case. The decision is advisory in nature, NTV clarifies. However, philologists are surprised and say: this is not the competence of the district administration. After all, there is a Council for Speech Culture under the Governor of St. Petersburg. In addition, norms have long been accepted: in exemplary literary speech - both oral and written - geographical names are inclined to "o". Exceptions are districts, cities, etc., which are used with applications or if the name coincides with first and last names. For example: visit Pushkino and Repino, see the Kupchino district, but leave Kupchino. Philologists remind all doubters of the classic lines of Lermontov’s poem: “It’s not for nothing that all of Russia remembers Borodin’s day.” |
|
||
|
|
|||
Declension of geographical names
How to decline geographical names? You can walk along Arbat, but “along Arbat Street”; along Rozhdestvenka, but - “along the street - ?”
What rules govern such case forms, including those with generic concepts? city, village, river, station and the like?
At the words city, river, defining toponyms, simple (consisting of one word) geographical names are declined: in the city of Moscow, dawn on the Moscow River . It's wrong to say " flow into the Moscow River", necessary: "to the Moscow River."
At the words village, village a name should be declined if its generic indicators (ending, semantic features) coincide with the gender of the locality designation. For example, (village) Goryukhino."Goryukhino" - cf. r. and "village" - cf. r. The generic concepts coincide, therefore, we can say "history of villages A Goryukhin A"(s.r.), but if that was the name of the village, it would have to be said "history of villages And Goryukhin O», since “village” is a female birthplace, and the generic indicators did not match. So let's talk “near the village of Kryukova - near the village of Kryukovo”, “in the village of Olkhovka - in the village of Olkhovka”.
At the word village there is no paradigm. The names of ports, stations, lakes, islands, peninsulas, planets, mountains, bays, etc. also do not have declination forms. (in the city of Moscow - on the Moscow River - from Moscow station - in the port of Moscow; near Lake Baikal, on the island of Valaam, near Elbrus - near Mount Elbrus; But: on Lake Peipus - name-definition, coinciding in gender with the word being defined.
Now about cities and stations. Where does the train come from? from Chudovo or from Chudov? The name of the city was spoken, and it must be bowed. But in modern language, the opposite trend is asserted, due to the fact that trains do not come from cities, but from stations (it is no coincidence that their names often do not coincide with the names of settlements: Naro-Fominsk - Nara station). Therefore the option from Chudovo to Nakhabino is currently winning, and the previously professional preposition “from” is becoming more common: from Monino, from Kryukovo. We are talking about a station, which means the preposition “from” is inappropriate. But if we are talking about long-distance trains connecting cities, this pattern does not apply.
In oral speech the names of nav -ovo, -evo, -ino, -yno have a paradigm: in Penkovo, in Kositsyn.
Therefore it is incorrect: “In Dorogomilovo behind the Ukraina Hotel...”. Should - "in Dorogomilov."
There are two cases of indecisiveness:
1) Undesirable homonymy in oblique cases different names: Name Serovo does not bow because there is a city Serov, whose name declines (with the city of Serov, in Serov).
2) Names of settlements in – O , derived from the names of famous persons: live in Pushkino (but in Pushkino near St. Petersburg– in accordance with the above); go from Golitsyno to Lermontovo. Why?
Names associated with memory outstanding people, are called memorial - you can
live in Chertanovo, But – in Tuchkovo, since the second name comes not from the owner’s surname, but from the surname of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812 who took part in the Battle of Borodino. In Sheremetyevo - And in Sheremetyevo(according to the owner’s last name; cf.: at Sheremetyevo airport)- but only in Repino(memorial name).
Titles on -O , derived from famous surnames or having analogues without this ending, do not decline: in the city of Chapaevo, in the village of Kalinino. If both parts of a compound name, written with a hyphen, end in -O , only the second one is inclined: in Orekhovo-Zuevo, in Odintsovo-Vakhramevo. At the words city, village, town It is not customary to incline such names. That is, it should be said in the city of Orekhovo-Zuevo.
You should pay attention to compound names, including those with the words city, river, which have zero declination: in the city of Belaya Tserkov, on the Podkamennaya Tunguska River; foreign languages ending in – o, -e, -i: in the city of Helsinki, in Gumri, on the Spree River, in the city of Ploesti. So, you can visit in Helsinki, in Sikoko, in Bordeaux, But in Barcelona, in Athens.
Names of settlements on -O, having a final (tip) stress, which clearly sounds during pronunciation as a differentiating factor, in the instrumental case they have an ending -ohm , if declined as nouns: Golovino - near Golovin. End -th correlates with the possessive adjective and the norm of declension of surnames: Lvov - Lvov, Pushkino - Pushkin - Pushkin. For oral speech this would be insignificant if not for names like Kopnino, Strogino with a distinct final accent. Geographical names clearly illustrate the norm of pronunciation, which differs from the norm of declension of surnames.
(Not on Cape Zeleny), Dry Creek Valley(Not valley of the Sukhoi stream), on Russian Island(Not on Russky Island).
3. Names ending with -ovo, -evo, -evo, -ino, -yno without a generalizing word: in Biryulev, in Lublin, in Novokosin;
Geographical names used in combination with a generic word are not declined if
2. names end with -e, -o: between the villages of Molodechno and Dorozhno, to the city of Grodno, from the city of Vidnoye;
3. the name in its form corresponds to the plural: in Velikiye Luki, in the city of Berezhany.
Right: in Velikiye Luki, in Uglyanets, from Vidnoye, But: in the city of Velikiye Luki, in the village of Uglyanets, from the city of Vidnoye.
Slavic names ending in
Russian and other Slavic place names on -ov(o), -ev(o), -ev(o), -in(o), -yn(o) traditionally inclined: church in Ostashkovo, station in Venev, old town in Lublin, TV tower in Ostankino, dacha in Peredelkino, highway to Strogin, construction in Novokosin, route from Lublin, polytechnic college in Kolpin. For example, from M. Yu. Lermontov:
Vladimir Pakhomov, Candidate of Philological Sciences, editor-in-chief of the Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU writes:
| Geographical names of Slavic origin ending in -ovo, -evo, -ino, -yno, do not decline in combination with a generic word: from the Lyublino region, towards the Strogino district, to the Mitino area, in the city of Ivanovo, from the village of Prostokvashino, to the edge of Kosovo. If there is no generic word, then both options are normative, inflected (old) and indeclinable (new): in Lublin And in Lyublino, towards Strogin And towards Strogino, in Ivanovo And in Ivanovo, from Prostokvashin And from Prostokvashino, to Kosovo And to Kosovo, to Mitin And to Mitino, 8th microdistrict of Mitino And 8th microdistrict Mitino. In this case, the inflected version corresponds to strict literary norms (and is recommended, for example, for the speech of announcers). |
Candidate of Philological Sciences, member of the City Interdepartmental Commission on the naming of territorial units, streets and metro stations under the Moscow Government R. A. Ageeva states this rule differently:
| If before a geographical name [neuter on -ino, -evo, -ovo] there is a so-called generic geographical term (and the toponym is grammatically an appendix), then only this term can be declined, and the toponym does not have to be declined: ... in the village of Dubnevo or in the village of Dubnevo(perhaps the first option is even preferable). However, if a toponym is used without a generic geographical term, its declension by cases is mandatory. Thus, we will say: streets of Zhulebino district, But Zhulebina streets; I live in the Zhulebino area, But I live in Zhulebin . |
In the reference book by T. F. Ivanova and T. A. Cherkasova “Russian speech on the air” refers
The endings of some names in the instrumental case should not be confused with the corresponding endings of consonant surnames of people, for example: battle of Borodino(Borodino - village), but I know Borodin(Borodin - surname).
Compound place names
The first part of complex toponyms should be declined both in combination with a generic term and without it, if the toponym is Russian or mastered in the Russian language: from Kamnya-Kashirsky, in Pereslavl-Zalessky, in Mogilev-Podolsky, in Rostov-on-Don; in the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, in the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, in the city of Rostov-on-Don. There are, however, exceptions: in Gus-Khrustalny .
It should be said about double toponyms, in which the first part of the name is morphologically neuter: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Likino-Dulevo, Orekhovo-Borisovo, Vykhino-Zhulebino, Khoroshevo-Mnevniki, Tsaritsyno-Dachnoe (former name of the railway station), Konkovo-Derevlevo and etc. The first part of such names - like other similar toponyms - is traditionally declined: train from Orekhov-Zuev , settled in Orekhov-Borisov , drove up to Tsaritsyn-Dachny. Nowadays, the first part of such names is especially susceptible to a tendency towards immutability - there are cases when only the second part is inclined.
In toponyms of two words, firmly merged into one, with the first part Spas-, Ust-, Sol- (Spas-Klepiki, Spas-Ugol, Ust-Vorkuta, Ust-Ladoga, Ust-Ilim, Sol-Vychegodsk, etc.) , only their last parts are inclined.
Hydronyms consisting of own name and the words “river” are declined by both parts: “in the Moscow River”, “on the Kama River” and “beyond the Sister River”, etc.
Names of the republics
Official documents indicate the inflexibility of the following names of republics: Plenipotentiary Representative of the Republic of Kenya, in the Republic of Korea, Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Adygea. In journalistic and everyday speech, these place names are usually declined.
At one time, the full official name of the Federal Republic of Germany was adopted in the form . This form, for example, is used in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. After the unification of East and West Germany, by mutual agreement between Germany and Russia, it was decided not to decline the floor Germany V official name states Right: Federal Republic of Germany(Not Federal Republic of Germany).
Other names with the word republic usually disagree: in the Republic of Singapore, in the Republic of Sakha, in the Republic of Cuba.
Foreign language geographical names
Ending with -A
Declension of names mastered in Russian into -A: in Verona, in Bukhara, to Ankara, from Yokohama.
Those ending in no inflection -A French place names: Carpentras, Courbevoie, La Ciotat. However, names that acquired the ending in Russian -A, inclined: Toulouse, Geneva, Lausanne, Seine - in Toulouse, in Geneva, in Lausanne, along the Seine.
It is not customary to decline Estonian and Finnish names: Sirgala, Kunda, Joutsa. Georgian and Abkhazian place names are also usually not declined. But the names of the resorts may be inclined: in Pitsunda.
Declension is not typical for polysyllabic place names in Italy, the countries of Spanish, and Portuguese: from Santa Teresa de Riva, to Santiago de Cuba, from Santiago de Compostela, from São João da Madeira, to Juiz de Fora.
The names of most administrative-territorial units of foreign countries, used in the application function, are not declined: in Alabama, in the province of Granada. But: in Alabama, in Granada.
Ending with -e, -O, -And, -s
Foreign names in -e And -O(except Slavic names, which are mentioned above) in literary language are classified as indeclinable: in Calais, Ourense, Oslo, Tokyo, Bordeaux, Mexico City, Santiago, Grodno, Vilna, Kovno.
Titles on -And usually also inflexible: from Helsinki, from Chile, to Tbilisi, to Nagasaki, to the Gobi, along the Irrawaddy. But names like: in the Himalayas, in the Pyrenees, as a rule, are declined because they are plural nouns formed according to the rules of the Russian language from foreign roots.
Similarly, toponyms on -s also characterized by inclination: in Thebes, Tatras, Cannes, Cheboksary .
Ending in a consonant
Such names are usually not declined when used as an application: in the city of Louisville, in the city of Maubeuge, in the city of Benidorm, in the state of Texas, in the province of Quang Binh, on the island of Luzon, to Lake Chad. But for names mastered in Russian, the declension is normal: in the city of Washington, in the city of Paris, in the city of Cairo .
The inclination of such names increases sharply if they are not used as an application: from the city of Matanzas, But from Matanzas, near Kanpur city, But near Kanpur, on the Hindu Kush ridge, But on the Hindu Kush.
Compound
As a rule, only the last part of foreign language compound names can be declined: in Almaty, near Buenos Aires, to Santa Clara, from Yoshkar-Ola. Exceptions are names modeled after a “city on a river”: in Frankfurt am Main, from Stratford-upon-Avon .
If a complex toponym is used in an application function (with words city, capital, town, port and similar), then it does not change in the last part: in the city of Santa Cruz, to the city of Santa Clara.
Compound geographical names borrowed from Romance languages ending in -A unstressed: in Santiago de Cuba;
Compound names with the second part - street, - square, - park, - palace, - hills, - beach, etc. are not inclined: Beverly Hills, Long Beach, Downing Street, Union Square, Friedrich-stadt Palace, Enmore Park.
Compound geographical names like: Père Lachaise, Mine Mill, Cleveland Heights, Puerto Montt are not inclined .
Compound names of Slavic origin are declined, which are nouns in the presence of word-formation features of adjectives, for example: Biała Podlaska - from Biała Podlaska, Banska Bystrica - to Banska Bystrica.
