The name of the city of Constantinople accepted in ancient Rus'. What is the name of Constantinople now? Church of St. Sophia
Constantinople is a unique city in many respects. This is the only city in the world located simultaneously in Europe and Asia and one of the few modern megacities whose age is approaching three millennia. Finally, this is a city that has undergone four civilizations and as many names in its history.
First settlement and provincial period
Around 680 BC Greek settlers appeared on the Bosphorus. On the Asian shore of the strait they founded the colony of Chalcedon (now this is a district of Istanbul called “Kadikoy”). Three decades later, the town of Byzantium grew up opposite it. According to legend, it was founded by a certain Byzantine from Megara, to whom Delphic oracle gave vague advice to “settle opposite the blind.” According to Byzant, the inhabitants of Chalcedon were these blind people, since they chose the distant Asian hills for settlement, and not the cozy triangle of European land located opposite.
Located at the crossroads of trade routes, Byzantium was a tasty prey for conquerors. Over the course of several centuries, the city changed many owners - Persians, Athenians, Spartans, Macedonians. In 74 BC. Rome laid its iron fist on Byzantium. A long period of peace and prosperity began for the city on the Bosphorus. But in 193, during the next battle for the imperial throne, the inhabitants of Byzantium made a fatal mistake. They swore allegiance to one candidate, and the strongest was another - Septimius Severus. Moreover, Byzantium also persisted in its non-recognition of the new emperor. For three years, the army of Septimius Severus stood under the walls of Byzantium, until hunger forced the besieged to surrender. The enraged emperor ordered the city to be razed to the ground. However, the residents soon returned to their native ruins, as if sensing that their city had a brilliant future ahead of them.
Capital of the Empire
Let's say a few words about the man who gave Constantinople his name.
Constantine the Great dedicates Constantinople to the Mother of God. Mosaic
Emperor Constantine was already called “The Great” during his lifetime, although he was not distinguished by high morality. This, however, is not surprising, because his whole life was spent in a fierce struggle for power. He participated in several civil wars, during which he executed his son from his first marriage, Crispus, and his second wife, Fausta. But some of his statesmanship are truly worthy of the title “Great”. It is no coincidence that descendants did not spare marble, erecting gigantic monuments to it. A fragment of one such statue is kept in the Museum of Rome. The height of her head is two and a half meters.
In 324, Constantine decided to move the seat of government from Rome to the East. At first, he tried on Serdika (now Sofia) and other cities, but in the end he chose Byzantium. Constantine personally drew the boundaries of his new capital on the ground with a spear. To this day, in Istanbul you can walk along the remains of the ancient fortress wall built along this line.
In just six years, a huge city grew on the site of provincial Byzantium. It was decorated with magnificent palaces and temples, aqueducts and wide streets with rich houses of the nobility. New capital of the empire for a long time bore the proud name of “New Rome”. And only a century later, Byzantium-New Rome was renamed Constantinople, “the city of Constantine.”
Capital symbols
Constantinople is a city of secret meanings. Local guides will definitely show you the two main attractions of the ancient capital of Byzantium - Hagia Sophia and the Golden Gate. But not everyone will explain their secret meaning. Meanwhile, these buildings did not appear in Constantinople by chance.
Hagia Sophia and the Golden Gate clearly embodied medieval ideas about the wandering City, especially popular in the Orthodox East. It was believed that after ancient Jerusalem lost its providential role in the salvation of mankind, the sacred capital of the world moved to Constantinople. Now it was no longer the “old” Jerusalem, but the first Christian capital that personified the City of God, which was destined to stand until the end of time, and after the Last Judgment to become the abode of the righteous.
Reconstruction original form Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
In the first half of the 6th century, under Emperor Justinian I, the urban structure of Constantinople was brought into line with this idea. In the center of the Byzantine capital, the grandiose Cathedral of Sophia of the Wisdom of God was built, surpassing its Old Testament prototype - the Jerusalem Temple of the Lord. At the same time city wall decorated the front Golden Gate. It was assumed that at the end of time Christ would enter through them into God’s chosen city in order to complete the history of mankind, just as he once entered the Golden Gate of “old” Jerusalem to show people the path of salvation.
Golden Gate in Constantinople. Reconstruction.
It was the symbolism of the City of God that saved Constantinople from total ruin in 1453. The Turkish Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror ordered not to touch Christian shrines. However, he tried to destroy their previous meaning. Hagia Sophia was turned into a mosque, and the Golden Gate was walled up and rebuilt (as in Jerusalem). Later among Christian residents Ottoman Empire a belief arose that the Russians would liberate Christians from the yoke of the infidels and enter Constantinople through the Golden Gate. The same ones to which Prince Oleg once nailed his scarlet shield. Well, wait and see.
It's time to blossom
The Byzantine Empire, and with it Constantinople, reached its greatest prosperity during the reign of Emperor Justinian I, who was in power from 527 to 565.
Bird's eye view of Constantinople in the Byzantine era (reconstruction)
Justinian is one of the most striking, and at the same time controversial figures on the Byzantine throne. An intelligent, powerful and energetic ruler, a tireless worker, the initiator of many reforms, he devoted his whole life to the implementation of his cherished idea of reviving the former power of the Roman Empire. Under him, the population of Constantinople reached half a million people, the city was decorated with masterpieces of church and secular architecture. But under the mask of generosity, simplicity and outward accessibility hid a merciless, two-faced and deeply insidious nature. Justinian drowned in blood popular uprisings, brutally persecuted heretics, dealt with the rebellious senatorial aristocracy. Justinian's faithful assistant was his wife, Empress Theodora. In her youth she was a circus actress and courtesan, but, thanks to her rare beauty and extraordinary charm, she became an empress.
Justinian and Theodora. Mosaic
According to church tradition, Justinian was half Slavic by origin. Before his accession to the throne, he allegedly bore the name Upravda, and his mother was called Beglyanitsa. His homeland was the village of Verdyan, near Bulgarian Sofia.
Ironically, it was during the reign of Justinian that Constantinople was first attacked by the Slavs. In 558, their troops appeared in the immediate vicinity of the Byzantine capital. At that time, the city had only foot guards under the command of the famous commander Belisarius. To hide the small number of his garrison, Belisarius ordered felled trees to be dragged behind the battle lines. Thick dust arose, which the wind carried towards the besiegers. The trick was a success. Believing that a large army was moving towards them, the Slavs retreated without a fight. However, later Constantinople had to see Slavic squads under its walls more than once.
Home of sports fans
The Byzantine capital often suffered from pogroms of sports fans, as happens with modern European cities.
IN everyday life For the Constantinople people, an unusually large role belonged to vibrant public spectacles, especially horse racing. The passionate commitment of the townspeople to this entertainment gave rise to the formation of sports organizations. There were four of them in total: Levki (white), Rusii (red), Prasina (green) and Veneti (blue). They differed in the color of the clothes of the drivers of the horse-drawn quadrigas who participated in competitions at the hippodrome. Conscious of their strength, Constantinople fans demanded various concessions from the government, and from time to time they organized real revolutions in the city.
Hippodrome. Constantinople. Around 1350
The most formidable uprising, known as Nika! (i.e. “Conquer!”), broke out on January 11, 532. Spontaneously united followers of the circus parties attacked the residences of the city authorities and destroyed them. The rebels burned the tax rolls, captured the prison and released the prisoners. At the hippodrome, amid general rejoicing, the new Emperor Hypatius was solemnly crowned.
Panic began in the palace. The legitimate emperor Justinian I, in despair, intended to flee the capital. However, his wife Empress Theodora, appearing at a meeting of the imperial council, declared that she preferred death to loss of power. “The royal purple is a beautiful shroud,” she said. Justinian, ashamed of his cowardice, launched an attack on the rebels. His commanders, Belisarius and Mund, standing at the head of a large detachment of barbarian mercenaries, suddenly attacked the rebels in the circus and killed everyone. After the massacre, 35 thousand corpses were removed from the arena. Hypatius was publicly executed.
In short, now you see that our fans, compared to their distant predecessors, are just meek lambs.
Capital menageries
Every self-respecting capital strives to acquire its own zoo. Constantinople was no exception here. The city had a luxurious menagerie - a source of pride and concern for the Byzantine emperors. European monarchs knew only by hearsay about the animals that lived in the East. For example, giraffes in Europe have long been considered a cross between a camel and a leopard. It was believed that the giraffe inherited the common appearance, and from the other - coloring.
However, the fairy tale paled in comparison with real miracles. Thus, in the Great Imperial Palace in Constantinople there was a chamber of Magnaurus. There was a whole mechanical menagerie here. The ambassadors of European sovereigns who attended the imperial reception were amazed by what they saw. Here, for example, is what Liutprand, the ambassador of the Italian king Berengar, said in 949:
“In front of the emperor’s throne stood a copper but gilded tree, the branches of which were filled with various kinds of birds, made of bronze and also gilded. The birds each uttered their own special melody, and the emperor’s seat was arranged so skillfully that at first it seemed low, almost at ground level, then somewhat higher and, finally, hanging in the air. The colossal throne was surrounded in the form of guards, copper or wooden, but, in any case, gilded lions, which madly beat their tails on the ground, opened their mouths, moved their tongues and emitted a loud roar. At my appearance, the lions roared, and the birds each sang their own melody. After I, according to custom, bowed before the emperor for the third time, I raised my head and saw the emperor in completely different clothes almost at the ceiling of the hall, while I had just seen him on a throne at a small height from the ground. I couldn’t understand how this happened: he must have been lifted up by a machine.”
By the way, all these miracles were observed in 957 by Princess Olga, the first Russian visitor to Magnavra.
Golden Horn
In ancient times, the Golden Horn Bay of Constantinople was of paramount importance in the defense of the city from attacks from the sea. If the enemy managed to break into the bay, the city was doomed.
Old Russian princes tried several times to attack Constantinople from the sea. But only once did the Russian army manage to penetrate the coveted bay.
In 911, the prophetic Oleg led a large Russian fleet on a campaign against Constantinople. To prevent the Russians from landing on the shore, the Greeks blocked the entrance to the Golden Horn with a heavy chain. But Oleg outwitted the Greeks. The Russian boats were placed on round wooden rollers and dragged into the bay. Then the Byzantine emperor decided that it was better to have such a person as a friend than an enemy. Oleg was offered peace and the status of an ally of the empire.
Miniature of the Ralziwill Chronicle
The Straits of Constantinople were also where our ancestors were first introduced to what we now call the superiority of advanced technology.
The Byzantine fleet at this time was far from the capital, fighting with Arab pirates in the Mediterranean. The Byzantine Emperor Roman I had at hand only a dozen and a half ships, written off due to disrepair. Nevertheless, Roman decided to give battle. Siphons with “Greek fire” were installed on the half-rotten vessels. It was a flammable mixture based on natural oil.
Russian boats boldly attacked the Greek squadron, the very sight of which made them laugh. But suddenly, through the high sides of the Greek ships, fiery jets poured onto the heads of the Rus. The sea around the Russian ships seemed to suddenly burst into flames. Many rooks burst into flames at once. The Russian army was instantly seized by panic. Everyone was thinking only about how to get out of this hell as quickly as possible.
The Greeks won a complete victory. Byzantine historians report that Igor managed to escape with barely a dozen rooks.
Church schism
Ecumenical councils met more than once in Constantinople, saving the Christian Church from destructive schisms. But one day an event of a completely different kind occurred there.
On July 15, 1054, before the start of the service, Cardinal Humbert entered the Hagia Sophia, accompanied by two papal legates. Walking straight into the altar, he addressed the people with accusations against the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius. At the end of his speech, Cardinal Humbert placed the bull of excommunication on the throne and left the temple. On the threshold, he symbolically shook off the dust from his feet and said: “God sees and judges!” For a minute there was complete silence in the church. Then there was a general uproar. The deacon ran after the cardinal, begging him to take the bull back. But he took away the document handed to him, and the bulla fell onto the pavement. It was taken to the patriarch, who ordered the papal message to be published, and then excommunicated the papal legates themselves. The indignant crowd almost tore apart the envoys of Rome.
Generally speaking, Humbert came to Constantinople for a completely different matter. At the same time, Rome and Byzantium were greatly annoyed by the Normans who had settled in Sicily. Humbert was instructed to negotiate with the Byzantine emperor on joint action against them. But from the very beginning of the negotiations, the issue of confessional differences between the Roman and Constantinople churches came to the fore. The Emperor, who was extremely interested in the military-political assistance of the West, was unable to calm down the raging priests. The matter, as we have seen, ended badly - after mutual excommunication, the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Pope no longer wanted to know each other.
Later, this event was called the “great schism”, or “division of the Churches” into Western - Catholic and Eastern - Orthodox. Of course, its roots lay much deeper than the 11th century, and the disastrous consequences did not appear immediately.
Russian pilgrims
The capital of the Orthodox world - Constantinople (Constantinople) - was well known to the Russian people. Merchants from Kyiv and other cities of Rus' came here, pilgrims going to Mount Athos and the Holy Land stopped here. One of the districts of Constantinople - Galata - was even called the “Russian city” - so many Russian travelers lived here. One of them, Novgorodian Dobrynya Yadreikovich, left the most interesting historical evidence about the Byzantine capital. Thanks to his “Tale of Constantinople” we know how the crusader pogrom of 1204 found the thousand-year-old city.
Dobrynya visited Constantinople in the spring of 1200. He examined in detail the monasteries and churches of Constantinople with their icons, relics and relics. According to scientists, the “Tale of Constantinople” describes 104 shrines of the capital of Byzantium, and so thoroughly and accurately as none of the travelers of later times described them.
A very interesting story is about the miraculous phenomenon in the St. Sophia Cathedral on May 21, which, as Dobrynya assures, he personally witnessed. This is what happened that day: on Sunday before the liturgy, in front of the worshipers, a golden altar cross with three burning lamps miraculously rose into the air by itself, and then smoothly fell into place. The Greeks received this sign with jubilation, as a sign of God's mercy. But ironically, four years later, Constantinople fell to the Crusaders. This misfortune forced the Greeks to change their view on the interpretation of the miraculous sign: they now began to think that the return of the shrines to their place foreshadowed the revival of Byzantium after the fall of the Crusader state. Later, a legend arose that on the eve of the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, and also on May 21, the miracle was repeated, but this time the cross and lamps soared into the sky forever, and this already marked the final fall of the Byzantine Empire.
First surrender
At Easter 1204, Constantinople was filled only with groans and lamentations. For the first time in nine centuries, enemies - participants in the Fourth Crusade - were at work in the capital of Byzantium.
The call for the capture of Constantinople sounded at the end of the 12th century from the lips of Pope Innocent III. Interest in the Holy Land in the West at that time had already begun to cool. But the crusade against Orthodox schismatics was fresh. Few of the Western European sovereigns resisted the temptation to plunder the richest city in the world. Venetian ships, for a good bribe, delivered a horde of crusader thugs directly to the walls of Constantinople.
Crusaders storm the walls of Constantinople in 1204. Painting by Jacopo Tintoretto, 16th century
The city was stormed on Monday, April 13, and was subjected to total plunder. The Byzantine chronicler Niketas Choniates wrote indignantly that even “Muslims are kinder and more compassionate compared to these people who wear the sign of Christ on their shoulders.” Countless amounts of relics and precious church utensils were exported to the West. According to historians, to this day, up to 90% of the most significant relics in the cathedrals of Italy, France and Germany are shrines taken from Constantinople. The greatest of them is the so-called Shroud of Turin: the burial shroud of Jesus Christ, on which His face was imprinted. Now it is kept in the cathedral of Turin, Italy.
In place of Byzantium, the knights created the Latin Empire and a number of other state entities.
Division of Byzantium after the fall of Constantinople
In 1213, the papal legate closed all the churches and monasteries of Constantinople, and imprisoned the monks and priests. The Catholic clergy hatched plans for a real genocide of the Orthodox population of Byzantium. The rector of Notre Dame Cathedral, Claude Fleury, wrote that the Greeks “must be exterminated and the country populated with Catholics.”
These plans, fortunately, were not destined to come true. In 1261, Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos retook Constantinople almost without a fight, ending Latin rule on Byzantine soil.
New Troy
At the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th centuries, Constantinople experienced the longest siege in its history, comparable only to the siege of Troy.
By that time, pitiful scraps remained of the Byzantine Empire - Constantinople itself and the southern regions of Greece. The rest was captured by the Turkish Sultan Bayazid I. But independent Constantinople stuck out like a bone in his throat, and in 1394 the Turks took the city under siege.
Emperor Manuel II turned to the strongest sovereigns of Europe for help. Some of them responded to the desperate call from Constantinople. However, only money was sent from Moscow - the Moscow princes had enough of their own worries with the Golden Horde. But the Hungarian king Sigismund boldly went on a campaign against the Turks, but on September 25, 1396 he was completely defeated in the battle of Nikopol. The French were somewhat more successful. In 1399, the commander Geoffroy Boukiko with one thousand two hundred soldiers broke into Constantinople, strengthening its garrison.
However, oddly enough, Tamerlane became the real savior of Constantinople. Of course, the great lame man least of all thought about pleasing the Byzantine emperor. He had his own scores to settle with Bayezid. In 1402, Tamerlane defeated Bayezid, captured him and put him in an iron cage.
Bayezid's son Sulim lifted the eight-year siege from Constantinople. At the negotiations that began after that, the Byzantine emperor managed to squeeze out of the situation even more than it could give at first glance. He demanded the return of a number of Byzantine possessions, and the Turks resignedly agreed to this. Moreover, Sulim took a vassal oath to the emperor. This was the last historical success of the Byzantine Empire - but what a success! Through the hands of others, Manuel II regained significant territories and ensured the Byzantine Empire another half-century of existence.
Fall
In the mid-15th century, Constantinople was still considered the capital of the Byzantine Empire, and its last emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos, ironically bore the name of the founder of the thousand-year-old city. But those were just miserable ruins once upon a time great empire. And Constantinople itself has long lost its metropolitan splendor. Its fortifications were dilapidated, the population huddled in dilapidated houses, and only individual buildings - palaces, churches, a hippodrome - reminded of its former greatness.
Byzantine Empire in 1450
Such a city, or rather a historical ghost, was besieged on April 7, 1453 by the 150,000-strong army of the Turkish Sultan Mehmet II. 400 Turkish ships entered the Bosphorus Strait.
For the 29th time in its history, Constantinople was under siege. But never before has the danger been so great. Constantine Paleologus could oppose the Turkish armada with only 5,000 garrison soldiers and about 3,000 Venetians and Genoese who responded to the call for help.
Panorama "The Fall of Constantinople". Opened in Istanbul in 2009
The panorama depicts approximately 10 thousand participants in the battle. The total area of the canvas is 2,350 square meters. meters with a panorama diameter of 38 meters and a 20-meter height. Its location is also symbolic: not far from the Cannon Gate. It was next to them that a hole was made in the wall, which decided the outcome of the assault.
However, the first attacks from land did not bring success to the Turks. The attempt of the Turkish fleet to break through the chain blocking the entrance to the Golden Horn Bay also ended in failure. Then Mehmet II repeated the maneuver that had once brought Prince Oleg the glory of the conqueror of Constantinople. By order of the Sultan, the Ottomans built a 12-kilometer portage and dragged 70 ships along it to the Golden Horn. The triumphant Mehmet invited the besieged to surrender. But they replied that they would fight to the death.
On May 27, Turkish guns opened hurricane fire on the city walls, punching huge gaps in them. Two days later the final, general assault began. After a fierce battle in the gaps, the Turks burst into the city. Constantine Palaiologos fell in battle, fighting like a simple warrior.
Official video of the panorama “The Fall of Constantinople”
Despite the destruction caused, the Turkish conquest breathed life into the dying city new life. Constantinople turned into Istanbul - the capital of a new empire, the brilliant Ottoman Porte.
Loss of capital status
For 470 years, Istanbul was the capital of the Ottoman Empire and the spiritual center of the Islamic world, since the Turkish Sultan was also the caliph - the spiritual ruler of Muslims. But in the 20s of the last century, the great city lost its capital status - presumably forever.
The reason for this was the First World War, in which the dying Ottoman Empire was stupid to take the side of Germany. In 1918, the Turks suffered a crushing defeat from the Entente. In fact, the country lost its independence. The Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 left Turkey with only a fifth of its former territory. The Dardanelles and Bosporus were declared open straits and were subject to occupation along with Istanbul. The British entered the Turkish capital, while the Greek army captured the western part of Asia Minor.
However, there were forces in Turkey that did not want to come to terms with national humiliation. The national liberation movement was led by Mustafa Kemal Pasha. In 1920, he proclaimed the creation of a free Turkey in Ankara and declared the treaties signed by the Sultan invalid. At the end of August and beginning of September 1921, a major battle took place between the Kemalists and the Greeks on the Sakarya River (one hundred kilometers west of Ankara). Kemal won a convincing victory, for which he received the rank of marshal and the title "Gazi" ("Winner"). Entente troops were withdrawn from Istanbul, Türkiye received international recognition within its current borders.
Kemal's government carried out the most important reforms of the state system. Secular power was separated from religious power, the sultanate and caliphate were eliminated. The last Sultan, Mehmed VI, fled abroad. On October 29, 1923, Türkiye was officially declared a secular republic. The capital of the new state was moved from Istanbul to Ankara.
The loss of capital status did not remove Istanbul from the list of great cities in the world. Today it is the largest metropolis in Europe with a population of 13.8 million people and a booming economy.
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If you try to find Constantinople on a modern geographical map, you will fail. The thing is that since 1930 such a city has not existed. By decision of the new government of the Turkish Republic, founded in 1923, the city of Constantinople (the former capital of the Ottoman Empire) was renamed. Its modern name is Istanbul.
Why was Constantinople called Constantinople? Amazing story The city dates back more than one millennium. During this period, it underwent many changes, having been the capital of three empires at once: Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman. It is not surprising that he had to change names more than once. The very first name assigned to it in history is Byzantium. The modern name of Constantinople is Istanbul.
Constantinople was perceived by Russian people as the center of Orthodoxy. Soon after the adoption of Christianity in Russian culture, a systematic sacralization (imbuing with sacred meaning) of the image of Constantinople occurs.
It is the image of Constantinople in Russian folk tales that inspired the idea of a strange overseas country with its magic and all kinds of miracles.
Vladimir's marriage to a Byzantine princess led to the establishment of cultural and spiritual ties with Constantinople. Constantinople played an extremely positive role in the development of Russian society, as business and cultural contacts led to a leap in the development of icon painting, architecture, literature, art and social science.
By order of Vladimir, magnificent cathedrals were built in Kyiv, Polotsk and Novgorod, which are exact copies of the St. Sophia Cathedral in Constantinople.
At the main entrance to Vladimir and Kyiv, golden gates were installed, created by analogy with the golden gates that opened during the solemn ceremonies of the meeting of the Byzantine emperors.
Etymological information
The etymology of the word “king” is interesting. It came from the name of the Roman Emperor Gaius Julius Caesar. The word "Caesar" became a mandatory part of the title of all rulers of the empire: both in the early and late later its existence. The use of the prefix “Caesar” symbolized the continuity of power that passed to the new emperor from the legendary Julius Caesar.
In Roman culture, the concepts of “king” and “Caesar” are not identical: in the early stages of the existence of the Roman state, the king was called the word “rex”, performed the duties of the high priest, justice of the peace and leader of the army. He was not endowed with unlimited power and most often represented the interests of the community that chose him as its leader.
End of the Byzantine Empire
On May 29, 1453, Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror took Constantinople after a 53-day siege. The last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI, having defended a prayer service in the St. Sophia Cathedral, fought valiantly in the ranks of the city’s defenders and died in battle.
The capture of Constantinople meant the end of the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople became the capital of the Ottoman state and was initially called Constantine, and then was renamed Istanbul.
In Europe and Russia the city is called Istanbul, which is a distorted form of the Turkish name.
Νέα Ῥώμη , lat. Nova Roma) (part of the title of the patriarch), Constantinople, Constantinople (among the Slavs; translation of the Greek name “Royal City” - Βασιλεύουσα Πόλις - Vasilevosa Polis, city of Vasilevsa) and Istanbul. The name "Constantinople" remains in modern times. Greek, “Tsargrad” - in South Slavic. In the 9th-12th centuries, the pompous name “Byzantium” (Greek. Βυζαντίς ) . The city was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930 as part of Atatürk's reforms.Story
Constantine the Great (306-337)
Subsequently, the city grew and developed so rapidly that half a century later, during the reign of Emperor Theodosius, new city walls were erected. The new walls of the city, which have survived to this day, already enclosed seven hills - the same number as in Rome.
Divided Empire (395-527)
After the brutal suppression of the rebellion, Justinian rebuilt the capital, attracting the best architects of its time. New buildings, temples and palaces are being built, the central streets of the new city are decorated with colonnades. A special place is occupied by the construction of Hagia Sophia, which became the largest temple in the Christian world and remained so for more than a thousand years - until the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
The “Golden Age” was not cloudless: in 544, the Justinian Plague claimed the lives of 40% of the city’s population.
The city grows rapidly and becomes first the business center of the then world, and soon the largest city in the world. They even started calling him simply City [ ] . At its height, the city's area was 30 thousand hectares and its population hundreds of thousands, about ten times the typical size of Europe's largest cities.
The first mentions of a Turkish place name Istanbul ( - Istanbul, local pronunciation ɯsˈtambul- İstanbul) appear in Arabic and then Turkic sources of the 10th century and come from (Greek. εἰς τὴν Πόλιν ), “is tin polin” - “to the city” or “to the city” - is an indirect Greek name for Constantinople.
Sieges and decline
As a result of disagreements between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople, the Christian Church was divided in the city, and Constantinople became an Orthodox center.
Since the empire was no longer nearly as large as it had been in the time of Justinian or Heraclius, there were no other cities comparable to Constantinople. At this time, Constantinople played a fundamental role in all areas of Byzantine life. Since 1071, when the invasion of the Seljuk Turks began, the empire, and with it the City, again plunged into darkness.
During the reign of the Komnenos dynasty (-), Constantinople experienced its last heyday - although not the same as under Justinian and the Macedonian dynasty. The city center shifts west towards the city walls, to the current districts of Fatih and Zeyrek. New churches and a new imperial palace (Blachernae Palace) are being built.
In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Genoese and Venetians took over commercial hegemony and settled in Galata.
Fall
Constantinople became the capital of a new strong state - the Ottoman Empire.
Constantinople
The word "Tsargrad" is now an archaic term in Russian. However, it is still used in the Bulgarian language, especially in a historical context. The main transport artery in the capital of Bulgaria, Sofia, is named after Tsarigradsko highway(“Tsarigrad road”); the road begins as the Tsar Liberator Boulevard and continues to the main highway leading southeast to Istanbul. Name Constantinople also preserved in such word groups as Tsarigrad bunch(“Royal grapes”, meaning “gooseberries”), dish Tsarigrad kuftenza(“small Tsarigrad kufta”) or statements like “You can even get to Tsarigrad by asking.” In the Slovenian language this name is still used and is often preferred to the official one. People also understand and sometimes use the name Carigrad in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia.
Cards
Architecture
The urban space of Constantinople (“Queen of Cities”) was conceived as a reflection of the Heavenly Jerusalem on Earth. This sacred space is studied by hierotopy - a science at the intersection of history, theology, art history and other disciplines. The outlines of the urban planning program of New Rome can still be seen in the city, for example, marble columns (and their fragments) with decoration reminiscent of the "peacock's eye" in the former Forum of Theodosius (now Bayezid Square); on the side of Mesa (lat. Via Triumphalis, now Divanyolu); in the courtyard of the Istanbul Archaeological Museum (from the Taurus Forum); in an underground cistern of the 6th century. "Yeri Erebatan barn" as vault supports. The greyish marble was quarried and processed in the quarries of the island of Marmara in Propontis. The snow-marble columns of the cistern come from the remains of the temple of “Hera of Acre” and are not similar to any classical order: their design imitates the feather of the bird Hera and strongly taper towards the top.
The three main forums of the city: Constantine, Augustion And Feodosia(a replica of the Forum of Trojan in Rome) in ancient times were marked with the symbols of Hera, the heavenly queen of antiquity. In the first forum there was a huge bronze statue of Hera, possibly the work of the famous sculptor Lysippos (before 1204); in the forum of Theodosia the “star gate” was built - a triumphal arch of three spans and 16 pillars, decorated with the “eyes of Argus”.
In the Constantinople monastery of Chora (Kakhiriye-Jami), mosaic works of the Theotokos cycle, completed in 1316-1321, have been preserved.
| Here are the ancient monuments of the City of Constantinople, many of which now lie in ruins, as can be seen in this Picture: let us note those buildings that still remain, especially the Central Temple of Hagia Sophia, the Palace of the Emperor Constantine and, in addition, another round Palace; Thus, this Emperor [Constantine] also erected another [palace] near the Temple of Hagia Sophia, which was of large size, but is now destroyed. Some landmarks of the Capital City of Constantinople. A Here in the convolutions is a Column, the stones of which are skillfully connected to each other, and its height is 24 fathoms B There is also a Column there, which is called the “Historical Column”: and it is called that because historical chronicles were created inside the column C Here is the area where the residence of the Patriarch of Constantinople is located, from where you can proceed to the nearby Balat region; and all this can be seen [on this plane] D Church of St. Luke the Evangelist E St. Peter's Church FEATHER. In Constantinople, as already mentioned, there is (the district of) Pera, or (as the Turks say) “Galata”, there is also a Wide Gulf that flows into the Sea, there are Turkish and also Jewish cemeteries, and outside the city there are everywhere other cemeteries, and all this can be seen from the depicted (tombstones) stones (on the plan) F Here is the region in the right corner, where the Sea connects with the Gulf, where the Turks allocated the Weissenburg (area) to the Greeks, and there is also a foundry (of guns) there currently. |
Coins
Painting and mosaic
Notes
- Georgacas, Demetrius John. The Names of Constantinople // Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association (English) Russian: journal. - The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1947. - Vol. 78. - P. 347-367. - DOI:10.2307/283503.
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- The most ancient states Eastern Europe. - M.: Nauka, 2003. - P. 136.
- Levchenko M. V. History of Byzantium. - M.-L.: OGIZ, 1940. - P. 9.
- Dil Sh. History of the Byzantine Empire. - M.: Gosinoizdat, 1948. - P. 19.
- Kurbatov G. L. History of Byzantium. - M.: Higher School, 1984. - P. 7.
- Serov V.V. On the problem of forming the capital status of Constantinople // Byzantine temporary book. - M.: Nauka, 2006. - T. 65 (90). - P. 37-59.
- , With. 53.
- , With. 477.
- Sophrony Vrachanski. Life and suffering for sins Sophrony. Sofia 1987. Pp. 55 (Explanatory footnote to the autobiography of Sophrony Vrachansky)
- Gerov was found. 1895-1904. Riverman in Bulgarian language. (record on tsar in the Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language by Naiden Gerova)
- Simeonova, Margarita. Riverman on ezika na Vasil Levski. Sofia, IC "BAN", 2004 (recorded at tsar V Dictionary of the language of Margarita Simeonova Vasil Levsky)
- Seznam tujih imen v slovenskem jeziku. Geodetska uprava Republike Slovenije. Ljubljana 2001. p. 18.
- , With. 30.
- , With. 32.
- , With. 32-33.
For many years this city, which during its existence bore the names of Byzantium, New Rome, Constantinople, Istanbul and located on the border of Europe and Asia, was the capital of the Christian empire - the heir Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece. Throughout the Middle Ages, Constantinople was the largest and richest city in Europe, the “Queen of Cities.”
Prophetic Oleg nails a shield to the gates of Constantinople
New Rome
Many events happened in the life of Constantinople in the more than two thousand year history of the city.
In 658 BC. e. On an island resembling the head of an eagle, between the Golden Horn Bay and the Sea of Marmara, Greek colonists from Megara founded a city. They called it Byzantium after their leader Byzant (or Byzas). At first, the city was inhabited by fishermen and traders, but the favorable geographical position led to the rapid growth of Byzantium, and it soon took a prominent place among the Greek city-states.
In 196 BC. e. The Roman emperor Septimius Severus, after a three-year siege, took Byzantium and destroyed it, but soon, by his own order, the city was restored.
The city acquired its greatness when Constantine made it the capital of the Roman Empire.
There was no autocracy in the Roman Empire at the beginning of the fourth century. The empire was ruled by 4 emperors (two older ones - “Augustus” and two younger ones - “Caesars”). After defeating Maxentius in 312 at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge and Licinius in 323, Constantine became the sole ruler of the Roman state and made Christianity the dominant religion for the first time.
In 324, he launched the largest construction project that had existed since the 7th century BC. e. How Greek colony city of Byzantium. New palaces were built here, a huge Church of the Apostles and fortress walls were erected, and works of art were brought to the city from all over the empire. As a result of large-scale construction, the city has grown several times; population growth is significantly increasing due to migration from European and Asian provinces.
On May 11, 330, Constantine officially moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the city on the Bosphorus and named it New Rome, Constantinople. At the direction of Constantine, the best sculptures, valuable manuscripts, church utensils, and relics of saints were taken to Constantinople from Rome, Athens, Corinth, Ephesus, Antioch and other cities of the empire.
Constantine's work was continued by his descendants. Marble and copper columns that previously adorned Roman temples and squares were brought to Constantinople. Tradition says that 60 tons of gold were spent on the construction of the city. Subsequently, the city grew and developed so rapidly that half a century later, during the reign of Emperor Theodosius, new city walls were erected, which have survived to this day, and included seven hills - the same as in Rome.
During the reign of Emperor Justinian in 527–565, the largest Nika uprising broke out in the city - the city was significantly destroyed, and the Hagia Sophia burned down.
After the brutal suppression of the rebellion, Justinian rebuilt the capital, attracting the best architects of his time. A “golden age” begins for Constantinople. New buildings, temples and palaces are being built, the central streets of the new city are decorated with colonnades. A special place is occupied by the construction of Hagia Sophia, which became the largest temple in the Christian world and remained so for more than a thousand years - until the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
The city grows rapidly and becomes first the business center of the then world, and soon the largest city in the world.
The wealth of the city aroused the envy of the surrounding peoples. In the period from 666 to 950, the city was subjected to repeated sieges by Arabs and Rus.
The campaign of the prophetic Oleg
We all remember Pushkin’s lines that the prophetic Oleg nailed a shield to the gates of Constantinople. According to the "Tale temporary years“Prince Oleg was a relative (tribemate) of Rurik. After Rurik's death in 879, Oleg began to reign in Novgorod, since Rurik's son Igor was still a child.
In 882, Oleg undertook successful campaigns against Smolensk and Lyubech. After that, he went down the Dnieper to Kyiv, where the princes were Rurik’s fellow tribesmen, the Varangians Askold and Dir. Oleg lured them to his boats and ordered them to be killed. Kyiv seemed to Oleg to be very convenient for its location, and soon he moved there with his squad, declaring: “Let Kyiv be the mother of Russian cities.” Thus, he united the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs (northern and southern).
In 907, Oleg went on a large military campaign to Constantinople (Constantinople). This was not the first campaign of Rus' against Byzantium, but in the previous ones, the city could not be captured. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, Oleg’s campaign involved 2,000 rooks of 40 warriors each.
The Byzantine Emperor Leo the Philosopher gave the order to close the city gates and block the harbor with chains. However, Oleg launched an assault in an unusual way: “And Oleg ordered his soldiers to make wheels and put ships on wheels. And when a fair wind blew, they raised sails in the field and went to the city.” The frightened Byzantines offered Oleg peace and tribute. According to the agreement, Oleg received 12 hryvnia for each rowlock, in addition, Constantinople promised to pay tribute to Russian cities. It was then, according to legend, that Oleg nailed his shield to the gates of Constantinople as a sign of victory.
Some modern historians consider the campaign legendary, since there is no mention of it by Byzantine authors. However, historians have no doubt that in 911 Oleg sent an embassy to Constantinople, which confirmed the “many years” of peace and concluded a new treaty. Oleg is referred to in the treaty as the “Grand Duke of Russia.” The authenticity of this agreement is confirmed by a mention from the Byzantine side.
Apparently, as a result of the agreement, good neighborly relations were established, because subsequently Kyiv prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich decided to be baptized by the Church of Constantinople. After which, during the reign of Emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, the clergy sent by Patriarch Nicholas II of Constantinople, the Chrysoverg, baptized the Kyiv people in the waters of the Dnieper and Pochayna.
Second heyday
The second greatest flowering of Byzantium, and with it Constantinople, began in the 9th century with the coming to power of the Macedonian dynasty. Then, simultaneously with major military victories over the main enemies - the Bulgarians and Arabs, Greek-speaking culture flourished: science (the Constantinople Church was reformed graduate School- a kind of first European university, founded by Theodosius in the 2nd century. 425), painting (mainly frescoes and icons), literature (mainly theological and chronicles). Missionary activity is intensifying, mainly among the Slavs, as exemplified by the activities of Cyril and Methodius.
As a result of disagreements between the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople, in 1054, the Christian Church was divided, and Constantinople became an Orthodox center.
At this time, the empire was no longer as large as in the time of Justinian or Heraclius; there were no other large cities comparable to Constantinople. In 1071, the invasions of the Seljuk Turks began. For a short period during the reign of the Komnenos dynasty (1081–1185), Constantinople again experienced its final flourishing - although not the same as under Justinian and the Macedonian dynasty. New churches and a new imperial Blachernae palace are being built. In the 11th and 12th centuries, the Genoese and Venetians took over trade hegemony.
Crusaders in Constantinople
In 1204, Constantinople was captured by the knights of the Fourth Crusade, who, according to the plan, were to be sent on Venetian ships to liberate Palestine. But the Venetians, taking advantage of the situation, asked to restore the deposed Byzantine emperor Isaac II Angel to the throne, promising a substantial reward for this. The emperor was restored, but was in no hurry to pay what he had promised. Then the crusaders besieged the city a second time, burned it and almost completely destroyed it. In place of the Byzantine Empire, the Latin Empire was created, on the throne of which Count Baldwin IX of Flanders was placed. For more than 50 years, the city became the capital of the Crusader empire, in which economic dominance passed to the Venetians. They owned the harbor of Constantinople with the right to collect duties and achieved a trade monopoly within the Latin Empire and on the islands of the Aegean Sea. Thus, they benefited the most from the Crusade, but its participants never reached the Holy Land. In July 1261, the Byzantines, supported by the Genoese, recaptured the city, and power again passed to the Byzantine Palaiologan dynasty. But the city could no longer achieve its former greatness. Until the middle of the 14th century, Constantinople still remained a major trading center, then gradually fell into disrepair, and key positions in the city were captured by the Venetians and Genoese.
Since the end of the 14th century, the Ottoman Turks tried to take control of Constantinople more than once. After the construction of the Rumel Fortress by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror in 1452, the fate of the city was decided and on May 29, 1453, after a long siege, the city fell. Constantinople became the capital of a new strong state - the Ottoman Empire - for almost 450 years. The city quickly began to acquire an oriental appearance, everything began to adapt to the Turkish way of life. Everyone built his own house where he pleased. The streets narrowed, houses were fenced off from the outside world with blank fences, balconies shaded the already dark street passages.
But the city was also decorated. Outstanding architects Hayreddin and Sinan built mosques and erected other structures. Many Byzantine churches were converted into mosques, including the Hagia Sophia. After the Ottoman Turks captured Egypt in 1517, many Islamic relics were brought here from Cairo. Constantinople, or as the Turks called it, Istanbul, becomes the center of the Islamic world - the caliphate. In 1923, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople, with its new name Istanbul, became part of the Turkish Republic.
An ancient impregnable city from which the Christian history of Europe began. The sea gate from Asia to Europe and the crossroads of cultures.
1. At the very dawn of its existence, Constantinople (Byzantium) was a colony in historical Thrace. It was founded by Greeks, immigrants from Megara.
2. The first known name of the city, when it was still a Thracian settlement, was Lygos (according to Pliny the Elder).
3. Athens and Sparta fought among themselves for the possession of Byzantium. From the 4th century BC. it becomes autonomous and independent from other Greek policies.
4. The Greeks called the ancient city “Byzantion”. "Byzantium" is the Latinized form of the same name.
5. Byzantium had some of the most powerful walls among the Greek city-states, and already in its earliest era withstood dozens of sieges. The art of building walls by the Byzantines was especially valued in ancient times.
6. Byzantium completely controlled the Bosporus and issued permission to pass through the strait.
7. Despite the eternal confrontation between the Byzantines and Macedonians, Alexander the Great did not encroach on the independence of Byzantium, and during his campaigns the city remained untouched. At the same time, Byzantium even supplied ships to his army. After the collapse of the empire, Byzantium acted as a mediator between the opposing “splinters” - the Hellenistic states.
8. In the 3rd century BC. Byzantium became one of the richest trading cities in Greece, taking over most of slave trade.
9. Byzantium was an old ally of Rome, and even in the Roman Empire it retained autonomy until the 2nd century.
10. In the Roman Empire, the city was famous for its scientists and architects, who were in demand in other cities of the Middle East and the Black Sea region.
11. The earliest Christian communities came to Byzantium. Andrew the First-Called, Stachy, Onesimus, Polycarp I and Plutarch preached here.
12. Huge destruction was brought to Byzantium not by barbarian raids or wars with other states, but by its own rulers. Emperor Septimius Severus, whom the city did not support, deprived it of its autonomy, and in 196 ordered the most important buildings to be razed to the ground and the centuries-old city walls torn down. After this, the city was a dysfunctional province for at least a century.
13. For a whole century (III century AD), the city bore the name Augustus Antoninus in honor of the son of Septimius Severus - Anthony.
14. The Church of Hagia Irene of the 4th century is one of the oldest surviving Christian buildings and the main temple of the city before the world-famous Hagia Sophia. The Second Ecumenical Council took place in the church. It was named, however, not in honor of St. Irene, but in honor of the “Holy Myra.” “The World” (Ειρήνη) was the name given to the oldest Christian area of the city in Galata.
15. In the 4th century, Constantinople was actually rebuilt anew and immediately as the capital of the Roman Empire. The medieval “metropolis”, Constantinople, became a city of contrasts: from a simple vagabond or soldier one could rise to become an emperor. No nationality or origin of great importance. The luxurious palaces of the elite coexisted with the miserable hovels of ordinary people.
16. The first name of the new capital of the Roman Empire - “New Rome”, given to Byzantium in 330, did not stick. The city began to be called in honor of Constantine I - Constantinople.
17. During the era of the first Christian emperor Constantine I, pagan temples continued to be built in the city, which was encouraged by the authorities.
18. If the Romans’ favorite place for spectacle was the Colosseum, where gladiator fights took place, then in Constantinople such a place was the hippodrome, where chariot races took place. The hippodrome was used for all major celebrations and holidays.
19. The most valuable material in Constantinople was porphyry. Future legitimate rulers were born in the porphyry hall of the Imperial Palace.
20. The Russian name of Constantinople “Tsargrad” is a literal translation of the Greek “Basileus polis” - the city of basileus (monarch)
21. The kings of Constantinople collected the most revered artifacts from all over the empire in the city (mainly at the hippodrome). This is the Serpentine Column of the 5th century BC. from Delphi, Egyptian obelisk of the 15th century BC. from Thebes, a statue of Pallas Athena from Troy, a bronze bull from Pergamum and many others.
22. The length of the fortress walls in Constantinople was about 16 kilometers, and there were about 400 towers on them. Some walls reached 15 meters in height and 20 in depth.
23. The head of the city of Constantinople, the eparch, was the second person in the empire. He could arrest and expel from the city any person he thought posed a danger to the capital. One of the most famous eparch was Cyrus, who ruled the city during the period between the reigns of Constantine the Great and Theodosius.
24. At different times the city was under the rule of the Romans, Greeks, Galatians, Crusaders, Genoese, and Turks.
25. One of the very first monasteries of Constantinople, which laid the foundation for the monastic movement, was the Studite Monastery, built in the 5th century on the shores of the Sea of Marmara.
26. The population of Constantinople in its heyday could be up to 800,000 people.
27. Compared to Rome, Constantinople had a fairly large middle class: almost 4.5 thousand individual houses. The rich lived in three-story mansions, the poor huddled in multi-story buildings up to 9 floors in height on the outskirts of the city.
28. The main street of the city was called Mesa (same root Russian “mezha”, Latin medius) - “middle”. It ran from east to west along numerous forums and squares from the “beginning of all roads” at the Milestone near the Hagia Sophia to the city walls. Place of imperial ceremonies and active trade. The section from the Imperial Palace to the Forum of Constantine was called “Regia” - the Imperial Road.
29. To protect against attacks by the Slavs, a special Anastasia Wall, about 50 kilometers long, was built in the 6th century.
30. Greeks, Slavs, Armenians, Turks, Romans, Germanic peoples (Goths, later Scandinavian Vikings), Arabs, Persians, Jews, Syrians, Thracians, Coptic Egyptians lived in Constantinople. Due to the numerous pilgrims to Jerusalem, there were many hotels in the city.
31. Constantinople “fell” even before its official fall in 1453 from the capture of the city by the Turks. In 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, the Venetians burned down two thirds of the city's buildings. The most magnificent buildings and structures, including the Forum of Constantine, the Baths of Zeuxippus and the surrounding area of the Great Palace lay in ruins. The capital was completely looted, including the sarcophagi of the emperors.
32. After the capture of Constantinople (1204) by the Crusaders, French became the language of the urban elite.
33. In the last two centuries of the existence of Byzantium, in the suburbs of Constantinople, Galata, a city of the Genoese grew up, surrounded by a wall, and dictating its own rules of trade.
34. Throughout the history of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople was besieged 24 times. Half of the defenders of Constantinople in 1453 were Latins (Venetians and Genoese)
35. Many Russian rulers dreamed of conquering Constantinople, from the Prophetic Oleg and Igor Rurikovich to Catherine II (Greek project) and the last Russian emperor. Catherine II named her grandson Constantine.
36. Hagia Sophia is the heart of Constantinople, the largest temple in the Christian world. It was first built in 324-337, but burned down in 404; the new basilica built on this site burned down already in 532. The construction of a new grandiose temple in the 6th century was carried out by Justinian I. During Ottoman rule, four minarets were added to it, and the cathedral itself was converted into a mosque. Nowadays it is the Hagia Sophia Museum. The division of churches took place in the cathedral, and the Shroud of Turin was also kept.
37. The Turks did not rename Constantinople after the capture. There are several versions of the origin of the word Istanbul (in the original - Istanbul): from “Constantinople” distorted by the Turks to the Turkish adaptation of the everyday name “polis” (“city” as a City, capital), to which “extra” sounds were added (other examples: Smyrna- Izmir and Nicomedia-Iznik). It is known that the Arabs used the name “Istinpolin”.
In any case, in official documents until the 20th century, the city was called in the Arabic manner, Konstantiniye.
38. During the Ottoman period, a new “city within a city” emerges in Galata, with a Christian majority. Traders settled there - Greeks, Armenians, Italians. The first Central Bank was founded in Galata. The area was also called Pera, meaning "beyond."
39. Istanbul’s most famous square, Taksim, is located on the site of the largest non-Muslim cemetery (Armenian community), founded in the 16th century.
40. Constantinople during the period Civil War in Russia became the main gate of white church and civil emigration. The city and its surroundings hosted about 200,000 Russian emigrants. By the mid-20s, the main part repatriated to the USSR, emigrated to European countries (Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia) and American countries, some died of disease and hunger, forced to live on islands and territories deprived of material support.
