§9. Social system and church organization in Rus'. Formation of church organization in ancient Rus'
2. The socio-political role of the Church
2.1 Ecclesiastical jurisdiction
2.2 Clash and demarcation of ecclesiastical and secular jurisdictions
3. Political position and activities of the Church
3.1 International status of the Old Russian Church
3.2 Church pulpits in political conflicts
3.3 Church land ownership as a subject of conflict
Conclusion
References
Introduction
The problem of relations between the state and the church in specific Rus' is of undoubted scientific interest for studying the past of our country. For the history of Russia, as well as those who preceded it Old Russian state and feudal principalities, characterized by a close connection between the secular political organization of power and administration and the church.
The church appeared on the initiative of the princely power relatively late and had to adapt to the level of development of society and to the economic system that it found here at that time.
If we try to determine the areas of activity of the medieval church in the country, we can identify no less than six such large spheres. Firstly, this is activity directly related to cult - liturgical (cult) activity: service in church, confessional practice, performance of sacraments and requirements. Missionary activity can also be attributed to this area: conversion to Christianity, in particular the Christianization of the state of Rus' itself and the surrounding peoples who were or were not part of it. Perhaps, monastic activity in the narrow sense of the word also belongs here.
Another sphere of activity of the church can be considered cultural and ideological.
To the third sphere of church activity we include its role in the socio-economic life of the country as a land owner, a participant in the production relations of feudal society, who used the labor of church peasants and other groups of workers.
The fourth, public law, sphere is associated with the broad jurisdiction of the church as an integral part of the state organization.
A special, fifth sphere of activity of the church was the internal management of the church organization itself - from the metropolitan, bishops and abbots of monasteries to priests, deacons and ordinary monks.
Finally, the last area includes political activity churches both domestically and internationally.
Church leaders took an active part in the life of their city and principality, carrying out political assignments given to them by secular authorities; their duties were to meet the princes and table (enthronement) during their enthronement, participate in the kissing of the cross when concluding treaties as a state act, etc.
From the indicated large spheres in this work to one degree or another, only those that are related to the relationship between church organizations and the princely power and city administration are considered: the formation and development of the church structure, the metropolitan system, bishoprics, the socio-economic sphere: sources of material support for the church, church jurisdiction, implementation by church organizations some city control functions, domestic and foreign policy positions and activities of the church.
1. Formation and development of the church administrative structure and management
1.1 Formation of the original church organization in Rus'
Random and fragmentary information about the church organization in Russian sources makes it possible with great difficulty to reconstruct its history in the first half century after Vladimir adopted Christianity. This lack of information has led some researchers to the opinion that the church organization itself arose only 50 years after Rus' officially became Christian.
An important evidence of the emergence of the metropolitanate in Rus' in the first years after the adoption of Christianity is the mention of the Russian metropolitan see in the Byzantine list of sees (Notitia episcopatuum).
In several editions of the list of metropolitanates, which dates back to the end of the 11th century, the department of “Rosia” occupies permanent place with number 60 after the Metropolitanate of Serra and Pompeiopolis and before the Metropolitanate of Alanya.
To justify the existence of the metropolis from the time shortly after the adoption of Christianity, a general assessment of the nature of the relationship between Rus' and Byzantium until 1037 - 1039 is also essential. and after them.
The reign of Yaroslav was marked by a significant increase in the political authority of the country, which was expressed in the establishment of trade ties and marriage alliances with many countries, in the rise of national self-awareness, which was perfectly manifested in the “Sermon on Law and Grace” by Metropolitan Hilarion. This can also be seen in a certain freedom, both political and church relations with Byzantium itself, noticeable in Russian-Byzantine war 1043, and according to the princely appointment of Hilarion to the Kyiv Metropolis in 1051. The obligations of the prince, who had just established a church diocese in his country, subordinate to Constantinople, in relation to the emperor and patriarch would not allow him to do this. Byzantine lists of metropolitan sees contain indirect indications that the Kiev Metropolis was founded no earlier than 970. and no later than 997/98. Adoption of Christianity in Rus' in 988-990. narrows this period of time to 990-997/98. It is possible to make it even narrower. This is the indication of the Tale temporary years for the consecration of the princely Tithe Church in Kyiv, which, according to the Tale of Bygone Years, happened in 6504 (996/97), and according to Memory and Praise to Prince Vladimir - in the ninth year after his baptism and 19 years before his death, i.e. . in the same 996.
Since in this act of creating the church and in the appointment of Anastas Korsunyanin and the Kherson and Tsarina priests, the participation of the metropolitan was not noted in any way, but the role of Vladimir was emphasized in every possible way, we can assume that at that time this highest church institution in Rus' did not yet exist. And the very organization of the princely Tithe Church presupposes a different status of the church organization without that single administrative center within the competence of the patriarchy, which became the Sofia department. Thus, the establishment of the Tithe Church preceded the establishment of the metropolitanate, but, as the data from the list of metropolitanates shows, not by much.
Closely connected with the court of Constantinople through Princess Anna, the emperor's sister, Vladimir was in search of optimal solution the question of the administrative structure of the local church organization, several years after the change of state religion, accepted in principle the form of church governance that existed in the empire and the countries belonging to its cultural circle. In connection with the formation of the early church organization in Kyiv shortly after the adoption of Christianity, the question arises about the role of the Tithe Church of the Virgin Mary, both before the emergence of the metropolitanate and after it. By its nature, it was a princely church, through which the prince’s initiative in Christianizing the population and carrying out the political and economic program that was associated with it was carried out. The church was officially dedicated to the Mother of God and was probably the first Christian church in Rus' dedicated to this widespread cult with deep pagan traditions.
1.2 Development of the church-administrative structure
The system of episcopal sees in Rus' is closely connected with the emergence of the metropolitan see in Kyiv. This very title of the see - metropolitan - in Byzantium implied the subordination to the metropolitan of other hierarchs, bishops, of which he was the head. The metropolis, which did not have any episcopal sees subordinate to it, was only titular, i.e. differed from the bishopric in title, and not in the volume and content of power. Accordingly, the metropolitan diocese included all dioceses of episcopal sees.
The establishment of the metropolis in Rus' thus presupposed the simultaneous creation of episcopal sees. Chronicles of the XVI-XVII centuries. indicate that four or six (different in different chronicles) bishops came to Rus' together with the metropolitan.
The question of the number and place of organization of episcopal sees must be resolved taking into account the fact that by the time the first stage of the formation of the church structure was completed, by the end of the reign of Yaroslav, their jurisdiction, practically or only theoretically, ideally, should have covered the entire territory of the state. Outside the created dioceses, at least their distant peripheries, there should have been no ancient Russian lands. In the process of developing the state structure and expanding Christianization, the territories of some large episcopal dioceses were divided and new sees were created, to which these dioceses were subordinate. According to the rules adopted in the Eastern Church, the creation of new bishops subordinate to the metropolitan was the responsibility of the latter, and not of the patriarch and the synod. In practice, it depended on the desires and material support of local princes. At the same time, the very organization of the system of bishops with their dioceses could not be a one-time act, for example, one year. It was formed over several decades and continued to develop later.
The process of including the main territory of the state and the emerging ancient Russian nation into the orbit of church power and the associated court in the middle and second half of the 11th century. was supplemented by another, also very important in the conditions of the state-ethnic development of the country. It was important to form dioceses headed by bishops in the territories that were being developed by the Kyiv princes and where missionary activity was very relevant.
By the middle of the 13th century. in Rus' there were 16 dioceses, in large part corresponding to large Russian principalities, equal in territory to Western European states.
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND CHURCH ORGANIZATION IN Rus'
Task 1. Make a plan to answer the question. What changes in life Eastern Slavs contributed to the formation of the ancient Russian people?
The formation of the Old Russian people was facilitated by:
- submission to authority Prince of Kyiv;
- participation of tribes in national affairs;
- joint military campaigns;
- smoothing out linguistic differences, forming a single Old Russian language;
- acceptance of Christianity, belief in one God;
- identifying oneself with the Russian people.
Task 2. Using the textbook text, fill out the table.
| The main layers of the population of Ancient Rus' | Their characteristics |
| Princes | The Grand Dukes collected tribute from all state lands, although the population was not personally dependent on them. The younger scions of the princely family received small towns as rulers and became feudal lords. |
| Druzhina | Boyars are the senior squad. The junior squad is the administration. The princely warriors carried out administrative and military functions. For faithful service they could receive lands for management. They collected tribute from them on behalf of the prince. |
| Tribal nobility | Rich community members. Some of them, by lending money in times of famine, could make their fellow citizens dependent. |
| Clergy | Ministers of worship in religions professing faith in one God. |
| Free community members, merchants, artisans | The bulk of the population of Rus' consisted of free farmers who paid tribute and carried out duties in favor of the state. |
| Dependent population | Smerdas, purchases, rank and file and slaves. Purchases are people who have taken a purchase (borrowed) and are working off the debt itself and the interest on it. Ryadovichi are persons who served landowners under a series (agreement) and, as a rule, became dependent on him for monetary debt, help with seeds or tools. Servants were called captive slaves, who over time became objects of sale and purchase. Smerds are a dependent population in a princely or boyar estate. |
Write what strata the population of Western European countries consisted of in the Middle Ages.
In each European country the inhabitants were divided into three classes: the clergy, the knighthood (feudal aristocracy and knights-nobles), the third class (citizens and peasants).
Task 3. Match Old Russian term and his explanation.
Answers:
|
1 |
2 | 3 | 4 |
|
G |
IN | B |
A |
Task 4. Using additional sources, draw up a diagram of “Church organization in Rus'” yourself.
Task 5. Conduct your own historical research on the topic “Monasteries in Ancient Rus'.” Make a plan according to which you can create an essay on this topic.
- The monasteries played important role in the religious and cultural life of Ancient Rus'.
- From the very beginning of their foundation, the monasteries of Ancient Rus' represented something more than just religious institutions.
- Monasteries were centers of education and writing, temples of art and architectural monuments.
- The missionary role of monastic monks. Trained and enlightened the population.
- Military-strategic significance of monasteries.
Task 6. Solve the crossword puzzle
Horizontal:
2. The first head of the church was Russian. ( Hilarion)
4. Head of the Christian Church in Ancient Rus'. ( Metropolitan)
5. Head of church authority in major cities. (Bishop
)
Vertical:
1. Abbot of a monastery in Rus' (find in a reference book or on the Internet). ( Abbot
)
3. Monk, one of the founders of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery. ( Anthony
)
Task 7. Compare the organization of the Orthodox and Catholic churches. Record your findings.
There are many large and small differences between Orthodoxy and Catholicism, both in form and content. The main difference that led at one time to the division of the Christian Church into Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) is the difference in organization. At the head of the Catholic Church is the Pope - the vicar of the Son of God on earth, who, according to Catholics, is infallible in his church decisions. Orthodoxy denies the Catholic dogma of the primacy of the Pope and his infallibility.
The Orthodox Church does not have a common center and includes several independent churches. In addition to the Russian Orthodox Church, there is Georgian, Serbian, Greek, Romanian, etc. These churches are governed by patriarchs, archbishops and metropolitans. Orthodox believe that Jesus Christ is the head of the Church. Unlike the Orthodox Church, Catholicism is one Universal Church. All its parts are different countries the world are in communication with each other, follow the same creed and recognize the Pope as their head.
Task 8. Write a short essay on the topic “Spiritual values of our ancestors”, note in it how Christian values differed from pagan ones.
With the adoption and strengthening of Christianity in Rus', the spiritual values of our ancestors changed significantly. Love for God and neighbor, piety and sacrifice, as the main values of Christianity, acquired a dominant role in the life of Russians.
If under the pagan religion we saw the flourishing of the cult of power - who is stronger is right, then Christianity brought love for one's neighbor. At the everyday level, this manifested itself in the fact that people began to look for compromises, trying to maintain relationships.
It cannot be said that the Slavs during pagan times did not have traditions of respect for parents and elders, but Christianity gave a new understanding of family and clan, based on the inviolability of relationships. In life, this manifested itself in the strengthening of family traditions. In addition, the concept of personal piety became significant, although in paganism an individual outside the collective did not have any significance, and piety was determined by the traditions of the community.
Also, I cannot say that our ancestors, with the adoption of Christianity, became more sacrificial for the sake of a common goal, sacrificing own principles for the common good. However, this value has changed its meaning. Loyalty to the family began to be replaced by fidelity and sacrifice in the name of God - more general concept, which ensured the unity of people not only within their own clan, but within the entire state.
Lesson summary on Russian history in 6th grade on the topic:
"Social system and church organization in Rus'."
Antonenkova A.V.,
Teacher at Municipal Educational Institution Budinskaya Secondary School
Belsky district of Tver region
Goals and objectives: get acquainted with the changes in the life of the Eastern Slavs, which contributed to the formation of the Old Russian people; with the state management system, the main segments of the population; evaluate the spiritual values inherent in the era of Ancient Rus';
Planned results:
subject:
apply the conceptual apparatus of historical knowledge and methods of historical analysis to reveal the essence and meaning of events and phenomena of the past;
acquire a holistic understanding of the historical path of our ancestors based on the study of chronicle information and archaeological data
correlate historical time and historical space, actions and actions of individuals;
meta-subject: (communicative)
organize educational cooperation between teacher and student,
perceive the text taking into account the assigned educational task,
find in the text the information necessary to solve it
( regulatory )
formulate new objectives of educational activities,
determine the sequence of intermediate goals taking into account the final result,
draw up an action plan, evaluate the correctness of decisions.
Evaluate the correctness of solving a learning task;
( educational )
work with various sources information,
establish cause-and-effect relationships,
build logical reasoning,
analyze textbook material and additional literature
personal:
to form and develop cognitive interest in studying the history of Russia,
develop creative abilities through active forms of activity
to form Russian civic identity;
expand the experience of assessment activities;
comprehend the historical conditioning and motivation of people of previous eras
Equipment: textbook, projector, presentation, laptop, multimedia screen, additional information
Basic questions of the lesson:
1) Formation of the Old Russian people
2) The main layers of the population of Ancient Rus'.
3) Land relations
4) Church organization. Temples and worship.
5) Monasteries.
6) Spiritual values. Old Russian ascetics and saints.
Lesson type: combined
Lesson Resources: textbook, diagrams
Basic concepts and terms: patrimony, boyars, purchases, ryadovichi, smerda, ancient Russian people, values, piety, morality, bishop, metropolitan, monastery, abbot, missionaries.
Personalities : Alypiy of Pechersk, Anthony and Theodosius of Pechersk, Abraham of Smolensk, Efrosinya Pototskaya, Hilarion
Progress of the lesson.
1. Org. start of the lesson.
2. Checking homework:
Workbook – tasks 1,2, 5
Let's check:
Task 1: 1. Rus, 2. princely feuds, 3. Viceroy, 4. dynastic
5. "Russian Truth"
Task 2. NamesprincesAndtheirnicknames
Svyatopolk the Accursed, Vladimir the Red Sun, Oleg the Prophet, Vladimir II Monomakh, Mstislav the Great, Yaroslav the Wise
Task 4.
Task 5.
3. Motivational - target stage.
So far we have talked about political history The Old Russian state, about the strengthening of princely power, about the relations of our country with its neighbors. It is these issues that the chronicle pays priority attention to. However, history is not only about wars and campaigns. It is impossible to objectively judge the development of a society without knowing about the customs and traditions operating in it. The topic of our lesson is “Social system and church organization in Rus'.”
What do you think we will talk about?
What questions do we have to answer?
Problematic questions :
What were the features of the structure of society in Ancient Rus'?
What role did the Orthodox Church play in the life of the country?
Today we will talk about the social system and church organization of Ancient Rus'. What changes have occurred in public life during the period under study? What layers did Russian society consist of? What role did the Church play in people's lives? What were the spiritual values of the Russian people? We will discuss these and other questions with you in our lesson.
4. Orientation stage.
1. Formation of the Old Russian people.
Task No. 1. Working in groups, study the first paragraph of § 9 of the textbook “Formation of the Old Russian Nationality” and suggest what factors contributed to the process of formation of the Old Russian Nationality.
Let's check what you got
The formation of the Old Russian people was facilitated by:
submission to the power of the Kyiv prince;
participation of tribes in national affairs;
joint military campaigns;
smoothing out linguistic differences, forming a single Old Russian language;
acceptance of Christianity, belief in one God;
identifying oneself with the Russian people.
2. The main layers of the population of Ancient Rus'.
Let's remember what strata the population of Western European countries consisted of in the Middle Ages?
In total, there were three social strata in the Middle Ages:
1) Knights (those who fight" their main duty was to serve and protect their lord (the lord of noble knights was the king).
2) Peasants -(those who work) are the working class. Their existence was limited to growing crops, feeding their families, selling goods and paying taxes to the lord’s treasury.
3)
Clergy
(those who pray) - they occupied a special place in society, since it was believed that they were close to God.
Having ceased to be divided along tribal lines, all people in the ancient Russian state began to form a single society. As in other countries, it was divided into certain layers, depending on what people did.
The ruling elite of society were the princes. Greatprinces collected tribute from all state lands, although the population was not personally dependent on them. Some scientists define such a system as “state feudalism.” The younger scions of the princely family (appanage princes) received small towns as rulers and became feudal lords.
The prince relied onsquad . It was divided intoolder- boyars and younger .
With the adoption of Christianity, a special layer of the population appears -clergy .
The bulk of the population werefree farmers - people who united in communities. As cities grow, artisans and merchants appear.
But there were also people in society who were not free.
Purchases - these are people who took out a kupa (borrowed) and are working off the debt itself and the interest on it.
Ryadovichi - these are persons who served the landowners according to a series (agreement) and, as a rule, became dependent on him for a monetary debt, assistance with seeds or tools.
servants called captive slaves, who over time became the object of purchase and sale.
Smerda - this is a dependent population in a princely or boyar estate.
Serf - slave.
Pay attention to the diagram we have compiled. The bulk of the population consisted of free farmers who paid tribute and carried out duties in favor of the state.
3. “Land relations”.
Let's remember what a tribal and neighborhood community is?
Do they have anything in common and what are the differences?
Tribal community neighbor community
The main occupation of the population remained agriculture. Land was considered the joint property of the community. How were the remaining lands used? Arable land? Meadows? Thus, the state gradually asserted its ownership of the land.
Most historians believe that by the middle of the 11th century. the land belonged to free communal peasants. Scientists believe that the ancient Russian communities independently owned the land, and their dependence on the princes was limited to the payment of tribute. Princes and warriors received income from collecting tribute and had almost no need for private land ownership. Historians believe that in the 10th century. and in the first half of the 11th century. Among the many peasant communal lands, only occasionally there were individual princely villages. Thus, in the main legislative document of that time - “Russian Truth” - there is not a word about princely arable land. Some scientists suggest that the princely economy was originally cattle-breeding or horse-breeding. The princes needed horses for military purposes.
Personal land holdings also began to appear. The princes declared free lands their property, “planted” prisoners on them and turned them into their workers. They built mansions on the lands, outbuildings, gardens and orchards, stables, hunting grounds.
The princes began to grant lands to their warriors, as well as to the church. The first ones appearpatrimony (fatherland) – hereditary lands passed from father to son
Look at the illustration on page 71. Guess what is happening at the princely court.
4. Church organization. Temples and worship.
Read it yourself and fill out the chart:
5. Monasteries.
Monasteries played a special role in the religious and cultural life of Ancient Rus'.
What role did monasteries play in the life of Western Europe in the Middle Ages?
(spread Christian ideas, medical care and protection, engaged in charity, gave alms to those in need)
How do you understand what a monastery is ((this is a religious community of monks, as well as a special place where they live)
The rules of residence for monks may be different, but they are all united under the guidance of a mentor -abbot .
Read the material on page 74 (from the words “One of the first...) to page 75 and fill out the table
Who are missionaries? (educators of the population unfamiliar with Christianity)
6. Spiritual values. Old Russian Companions.
Let's get acquainted with these values and make a table.
5. Primary consolidation.
Workbook.
Task1 .
Exercise 2.
1) “Russian Truth” - a set of laws in Rus'
2) For the murder of a person from different strata, a different amount was required: for a rank and file - 5 hryvnia, and for a prince - 80.
3) Concepts from the text.
Vira - court fee, fine.
Hryvnia is a monetary unit in Ancient Rus'.
Ryadovich is a person who has entered into an agreement to perform work.
Purchase - a person who received a loan from a master.
Serf - slave.
Lyudina is a simple free resident of Rus'.
4) A person could become a slave if he did not repay the loan. That is, a purchaser could become a slave.
Exercise 3.
Definition of concepts
Votchina is a large land property that belonged to a noble person in Rus' by right of inheritance.
Boyars are the highest stratum of society in Rus', owners of large estates.
Exercise 4.
Exercise 5.
The role of monasteries in the life of Western European countries in the Middle Ages and in the life of Ancient Rus'.
Comparison linesMonasteries in Western Europe
Monasteries in Rus'
Role in religious life
Spread of Christianity and doctrine.
Role in the development of culture
They wrote books, often taught literacy to the laity, collected information on medicine, created libraries, and engaged in science.
They painted icons, created and copied books, and kept chronicles.
Exercise 6.
Metropolitan, bishop, archbishop - the highest church hierarchy.
Monks, abbot, cells - what is in monasteries.
Anthony and Theodosius of Pechersk, princes Boris and Gleb, Euphrosyne of Polotsk - monks.
Exercise 8
1. Residence - the location of the metropolitan in Kyiv.
2. Hegumen - Who was at the head of the monastery?
3. Archbishop - The spiritual rank between the bishop and the metropolitan.
4.Metropolitan - Who was at the head of the Russian Orthodox Church?
5.Gospel - part of the Bible containing a description of the earthly life of Jesus Christ.
6. Teaching - instruction, edification, good advice.
7. Desyatinnaya - the first stone church of the Old Russian state in Kyiv.
8.A monastery is a place where monks live.
9. Christianity is a religion that worships Jesus Christ as the Son of God and the Savior of the world.
10.Orthodoxy is one of the directions of Christianity.
11. Missionaries are people who spread Christianity in other countries and lands.
6. Reflection.
7. Homework:
Paragraph 9, questions, terms,
History test Social system and church organization in Rus' for 6th grade students with answers. The test includes 2 options, each with 11 tasks.
1 option
1. Select from the list three provisions that contributed to the emergence of the Old Russian people. Write down the numbers. under which they are indicated.
1) adoption of Christianity
2) development of trade
3) preservation of tribal customs
4) maintaining differences in language
5) gathering people's militia from all lands
6) assertion of blood feud
2.
The bulk of the population of Ancient Rus' were free landowners. who paid taxes to the authorities are __________.
3.
A) prince
B) stinks
B) ryadovich doing work
D) fiefdom
Values
1) hereditary land ownership
2) a person who has entered into a contract to perform work
3) ruler in the Old Russian state
4) a free peasant in Ancient Rus', who later bore duties and paid tribute
4. Select from the list three categories of the population belonging to the ruling part of society. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) peasants
2) artisans
3) squad
4) boyars
5) prince
6) stinkers
5. The land in the community was
1) jointly owned by community members
2) in the personal property of the head of the community
3) owned by the church
4) privately owned by the richest members of the community
6. Arrange the church ministers in order of service hierarchy (starting with the top step).
1) monk
2) metropolitan
3) patriarch
4) bishop
7. Write down the term in question.
Head of the church in Novgorod in the 12th century. received a special title - __________.
8. Select three terms from the list that relate to church organization. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) arrival
2) profit
3) cathedral
4) abbot
5) servants
6) vigilante
9. The founder of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery is considered to be
1) Prince Vladimir
2) Reverend Anthony
3) Theodosius of Kursk
4) Saint Demetrius of Thessalonica
10. Write down the term in question.
The part of the clergy who lived in monasteries and took monastic vows was called __________.
11. What is the name of the most famous work of Metropolitan Hilarion?
Option 2
1. Select from the list three provisions that contributed to the emergence of the Old Russian people. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) preservation of pagan beliefs
2) development of crafts and trade
3) participation of the tribal nobility in resolving national issues
4) maintaining tribal conflicts
5) adoption of Christianity
6) division of lands as a result of princely strife
2. Write down the term in question. Servants of a religious cult who profess faith in one God are __________.
3. Establish a correspondence between the term and its meaning.
A) procurement
B) boyars are businessmen
B) rank and file
D) slaves
Meaning
1) upper class of the population, landowners
2) completely dependent population
3) people who took out a loan and are obliged to work it off
4) people who have entered into an agreement to perform work
4. Select from the list three categories of the population who lived in the cities of Ancient Rus'. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) artisans
2) peasants
3) vigilantes
4) community members
5) merchants
6) stinkers
5. The prince transferred the land to the warriors on the condition
6. Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church until the middle of the 15th century. obeyed
1) church council
2) synod
3) Patriarch of Constantinople
4) bishops
7. Write down the missing word.
Until the end of the 13th century. The residence of the Metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church was the city of __________.
8. In what language were services conducted in the churches of Ancient Rus'?
1) Greek
2) Latin
3) Old Church Slavonic
4) English
9. Select from the list three the most influential and famous monastery in Ancient Rus'. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Alexander Nevsky Lavra
2) Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg
3) Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod
4) Yeletsky Monastery in Chernigov
5) St. Basil's Cathedral
6) Mother of God Nativity Monastery in Vladimir-on-Klyazma
10. Write down the term in question.
The part of the clergy who served in cathedrals and churches and did not take monastic vows was called __________.
11. Name the metropolitan of the Russian Orthodox Church of the 11th century, the author of the essay “The Sermon on Law and Grace.”
Answers to a history test Social system and church organization in Rus'
1 option
1-125
2. people
3-3421
4-345
5-1
6-3241
7. archbishop
8-134
9-2
10. black
11. A Word about Law and Grace
Option 2
1-235
2. clergy
3-3142
4-135
5-3
6-3
7. Kyiv
8-3
9-346
10. white
11-Hilarion
Since 1037, the Russian Church was organized as a diocese of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Although some Russians opposed this provision, it was to some extent beneficial to the Church, making it less dependent on local state government and politics. From this point of view, the Russian Church in the Kiev period was an autonomous organization, a kind of state within a state; as we know (Chapter VI, 8), the Church even had its own “subjects,” since certain categories of people were under its exclusive jurisdiction. At the same time, not only in accordance with the Byzantine theory of the “symphony” between the Church and the state, but also as an active organism, the Church was important factor in the development of the Russian state and people as a whole, as well as the Russian economy. To a certain extent, church administration, based on the principle of strict subordination, served as a model for strengthening the princely administration, as, for example, in the Suzdal land. The Church contributed to the spread of Byzantine law in Rus' and, interested in protecting proprietary rights to the lands granted to it, contributed to more precise definition concepts of property. On the other hand, she introduced some feudal elements into Russian social organization, objecting to open slavery and supporting a new social group- “outcasts”, whose position had some similarities with serfs (see Chapter VI, 8).
Last but not least, the Church, through its leaders - bishops and abbots of monasteries - had a pacifying influence on political life, with the goal of establishing peace in inter-princely discord and, especially in Novgorod, reconciling opposing popular parties.
At that time, the head of the Russian Church was the Metropolitan of Kiev. As a rule, he was a Greek, appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople.
Bishops were nominally appointed by the metropolitan. In fact, the prince of Kiev, and later the prince of each of the lands where the bishop’s residence was located, had a significant influence on the appointment of the bishop. Also in Novgorod, they turned to the veche for advice every time the Novgorod episcopal throne was vacant. Under Vladimir, eight dioceses were founded in Rus' (see Chapter III, 4). With the decline in the authority of the Kyiv prince, each of the local princes sought to establish a bishopric in their own principality. On the eve of the Mongol invasion, there were already fifteen dioceses in Russia. Since 1165, the bishop of Novgorod bore the title of archbishop. Each bishop had considerable power over the priests and other clergy in his diocese. However, the parish priest was often appointed by the parishioners, and the bishop usually confirmed the appointment.
Russian monasticism followed the Byzantine model. In Rus', as in Byzantium, there was no specialization in the activities of monks, and all monks formed, as it were, one order. As for their organization, some of the Byzantine monasteries were built according to the communal type. The brothers lived in the same building, received clothing from the monastery, ate together and worked under the supervision of the abbot. In other monasteries, each monk lived in his own cell.
The first Russian monasteries were apparently of the latter type, and the communal charter - such as in the monastery of Studio in Constantinople - was first introduced in Rus' at the Pechersk Lavra in Kyiv in the eleventh century. This monastery played an important role in supporting Christian morality and education, and the first Kiev chronicle was written within its walls. Under the patronage of the princes, monasteries quickly spread throughout Rus' during the Kievan period, by the end of which their number reached fifty-eight, to which we should also add twelve convents. With one exception, all monasteries and monasteries were located in cities. This is a stark contrast to the situation; developed during the Mongol period (from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries), during which most of the new monasteries were founded in the "desert" (that is, in virgin forests), and were thus destined to play an important role in the colonization of Northern Rus'.
As for church law, the bishop was the supreme judge in each diocese. All people subordinate to the church were under its jurisdiction in all matters of legal proceedings. Litigations between representatives of the Church and the laity were considered by a mixed court of the bishop and the prince or, accordingly, their officials.
In addition, there were special cases where even people who were not representatives of the Church were subject to the jurisdiction of the bishop. This category included crimes against the Church and religion, family conflicts, as well as cases related to moral transgressions. Lists of such cases were included in the so-called "Church Statutes", most of which are known only in later and unofficial lists. We find in them references to such crimes as church robbery, cutting off crosses (apparently in cemeteries and at crossroads), stealing clothes from the bodies of the deceased, as well as what may seem to a modern reader to be a much lesser crime - driving to church of a dog or some other animal, and so on. As for family conflicts and crimes against morality, the following cases are included in the list: a quarrel between husband and wife over property; beating of parents by children (but not vice versa); adultery; rape of a woman or girl (and if a nun, then this required the highest fines); insult, especially when a woman was called a “whore” and so on.
