Labor is an internal need or a cruel necessity to carry out. Educational lesson "Work - as a human need" lesson plan (6th grade) on the topic. Personal and social need for work
Personal and social need for work
We must agree with K. Marx that work is a primary type of human activity that has historically developed in human society and which is a conscious activity aimed at obtaining a result and is regulated by the will in accordance with its conscious goal. Labor is one of the basic conditions for human life and society, the development of the individual as a person. In the process of purposeful labor activity, an individual reveals and develops his abilities, forms and adjusts his ideals, beliefs and attitudes. Labor activity underlies any social relations and significantly influences the relationships and interactions of people.
The French philosopher Henri Bergson called the human species not (homo sapiens), but (working man), thereby defining the basic essence of man through the constant desire to work to improve the world around him and himself. A similar idea was voiced by K. D. Ushinsky in the book “Labor in its mental and educational meaning”, where he emphasized the self-organizing role of work in the life of every person, arguing that without personal labor a person cannot move forward, cannot stay in one place , but must go back.
In the narrow sense of the word, labor is an objective condition for maintaining the life of an individual, preserving the meaning of his life. Labor activity, being conscious and purposeful, distinguishes man from the animal world. Human activity is carried out with the application of effort, the expenditure primarily of mental or physical energy, which allows a person to be full conscious personality, and not just a biological being. Labor activity is not carried out in isolation from society, but in consolidation with it, connecting the individual with other people, the outside world, causing his activity, supporting the life processes of both the individual and society as a whole. In this context, we can say that work is a sign of life for individuals and human communities.
For a person as a biosocial being, labor, of course, is, first of all, a necessity for survival in any historical era. Hence the priority of material production over all other types of human activity for many millennia. In this sense, labor is primarily a material need. The socially useful nature of work (even if it is carried out by an individual for purely personal purposes) at the same time makes it a spiritual need for a person (even if he does not realize it or does not want it).
We must agree with L. S. Shakhovskaya that labor as a motive for human activity is probably one of the few motives in which the material and spiritual principles, necessity and need, production relations at the level of the individual and society are inextricably fused together.
IN in a broad sense words, labor is a way to ensure the existence of people, of humanity as a whole. Products of labor continuously consumed in life processes require their reproduction, modernization and perfection, which can also be accomplished in the process of corresponding labor. The growth of individual needs and their changes create the prerequisites for the formation of various types of work, the improvement of its processes, and the diversity of labor technologies. Thus, work activity is a necessary condition existence of both the individual and society as a whole.
It should be noted that work is a means of satisfying a person’s affiliative need for communication. Labor activity as a process presupposes the need for interaction between people, groups, organizations, which in turn brings people together and strengthens social ties. The production team often becomes a reference group for the individual. Based on interaction in the process of joint work, informal relationships, personal likes and dislikes, and feelings (from friendship to love) arise. The nature of such socio-psychological phenomena in the process labor activity can be explained by the fact that the participants in the process have the same level of education, culture, social status, interests, and they spend a significant part of their time together. As a result, labor is a synergistic mechanism for integrating disparate people into social communities. At the same time, various contradictions and disagreements that arise in the process of work can provoke acute and sometimes insoluble conflicts.
Nevertheless, work can only become a form of self-actualization and self-expression of the individual, and in this aspect, work is not the same (just as its subject is individual), it is always different in quantity and quality, in degree of intensity, and always individual in the form of manifestation. By embodying his personal characteristics and merits in his work, a person gains public recognition. For the formation and development of a person’s personality, this is an important condition self-affirmation and self-expression. For many self-organized people, work turns into an urgent need of life; by actively participating in the labor process, they prolong active phase their life, make it bright and filled with meaning.
In work, as a motive for activity, material and spiritual features are combined - this manifests itself as the need to ensure a decent existence for the subject of activity. Thus, labor as a motive for activity is a necessity, and as an object of human need, it is, as L. S. Shakhovskaya notes, a deeper phenomenon associated with the social essence of man. The need for labor manifests itself as a person’s attitude to work, and it does not matter whether it is hired labor or “for oneself,” since at that stage of development of civilization, when it turns into the first vital need, it is no longer just labor, it is activity, always creative and always socially significant.
By its nature, labor is an enduring human need, where the labor process acts as a way to satisfy this need. Labor generates and creates the need to work. As a result, it determines the labor process itself. The need for labor is not a product biological nature man, and his historical development, the result of the cultural ascent of society.
Only a person can experience pleasure and satisfaction from work, be in a state of labor ecstasy, and only thanks to this he is able to affirm in himself the constantly mediated essence - the essence of man, the meaning of his life. Based on this, labor (the labor process) is, on the one hand, a consequence of a person, and on the other, nothing more than the conscious necessity of a person’s life itself, his manifestation as a person, which has turned into action.
In his scientific work L.I. Chub argued that labor as a need is not something lying outside of labor, but its own moment of labor as an expression of the active, creative, social essence of man. The formation of a person as an individual occurs through various types of activities and mainly through work. In the act of production, not only objective conditions change, but also the producers themselves, developing new qualities in themselves, developing and transforming themselves, creating new forces and new ideas, new ways of communication and new needs. Man is not only an agent and subject of social development, but also its product; he is continuously in the movement of becoming from the point of view of the development of his qualities and essential forces.
Thus, as has already been shown above, labor has a functional purpose both for the formation and manifestation of the personality of each person, and for the development of society as a whole. Research by Western scientists on the role of labor in the life of a person as an individual has made it possible to highlight following functions labor:
- - ensures the position and prestige of a person in society;
- - creates his income;
- - provides employment and social activity of the individual and is in a good way service to society;
- - makes social contacts possible;
- - interesting in itself, brings joy and a feeling of deep satisfaction from labor achievements.
It should be added to this list that work makes a person’s life more conscious and gives meaning to his activities.
The social component of labor can be detected through the prism of the following social functions of labor activity.
Socio-economic the function is manifested in the fact that a person, as a subject of labor, influences various objects of the natural environment, its resources, transforming them into material goods and services to satisfy their needs.
Productive the function of labor is manifested in satisfying the individual’s needs for creative activity, actualization of their abilities and self-expression, due to which there is an increase in cultural, scientific and technological heritage.
Social-structuring the function of labor lies, on the one hand, in the social division of labor, and on the other, in the integration of the efforts of people participating in the labor process. In the first case, certain labor functions are divided between different participants in the labor process, resulting in specialized species labor. In the second case, the exchange of the results of private labor activity leads to the need to establish mutual connections between the subjects of the social labor process. Thus, this function reflects the need to build socio-economic ties between different people and social groups.
Socially controlling the function of labor demonstrates that through labor it was formed complex system social relations, adjustable a certain system values, norms of behavior, standards, methods of influence, etc., representing a set of social control labor relations. This may include labor legislation, economic and technical standards, charters of organizations, collective agreements, job descriptions, informal norms, key principles organizational culture.
Socializing the function of labor is related to the fact that work activity allows one to expand the range of social roles, patterns of behavior, master their norms and identify the values of interaction, which allows the individual to feel like a full participant public life. This function allows a person to gain a certain status, feel social belonging and identity.
Social development the function of labor manifests itself as the impact of the content of labor on the personality of the performer himself, work collectives and society as a whole. This is explained by the fact that as the means of labor develop and improve, the content of labor as a process also develops. As a result, in almost all areas of the modern economy there is an increase in requirements for the level of knowledge and qualifications of the subject of labor. For this reason, one of the priority functions of personnel management modern organization is a function of employee training.
Social stratification the labor function, in fact, is a derivative of the social-structuring function with the difference that the results of different types of labor are rewarded and valued differently by society. In accordance with this, some types of work activities are recognized as more important and prestigious compared to others. Thus, labor activity contributes to the formation and strengthening of the dominant value system in society and performs the function of ranking participants in labor activity according to the levels of the social stratum.
The evolutionary, scientific and technological development of society leads to the improvement of the human labor process, significantly complicating it; the subject of activity has to perform more complex and varied operations, while using increasingly organized and information-intensive means of labor. Modern man sets and achieves larger goals. His work became multifaceted, varied, and perfect. The substantive characteristics of modern labor include:
- - growth of the intellectual component of the labor process. The role of mental labor has increased many times over, and the requirements for a conscious and responsible attitude of the employee to the process and results of his activities have increased;
- - increasing the share of mechanized, automated and functional labor. This is due to the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the development of computer technologies, which make it possible to overcome the limitations of human physical and psychological capabilities and serve decisive factor growth in productivity and labor efficiency;
- - a more relevant social component of the labor process. Thus, the factors for the growth of labor productivity today are considered not only by increasing the qualifications of a worker or increasing the level of mechanization and automation of his work, but also by the state of a person’s health, his mood, relationships in the family, the team and society as a whole.
In primary production teams - teams, departments, laboratories, between which relations of trade in services and semi-finished products are carried out, from which the final product of the enterprise is “born”, stability is necessary for the normal functioning of the entire enterprise. Naturally, for the stability of the primary team, good working conditions are necessary, and the work itself must be well organized, for example, meaningful, popular work is always in demand and has its own attractiveness.
Job satisfaction and attractiveness of work can be attributed to the socio-psychological prerequisites for injuries and accidents. Lack of interest in work, dissatisfaction with one or another aspect of the work, and its unattractiveness are among the group of factors that consistently increase exposure to danger. Through a positive emotional attitude towards his work, a person easily learns forms of behavior that increase his security and ensure the safety of his activities.
The attractiveness of work in lately is increasingly determined by such a factor as money, however, analysis of indicators of the attractiveness of work confirms that among female workers, an orientation towards the meaningfulness of work, towards interest in work as a type of activity, dominates over material incentives and interest in earning money. For more than 60% of workers, the opportunity for training, advanced training, and the opportunity for self-realization are the main factors determining the attractiveness of work.
The material factor plays a huge role in the moral needs of a personal nature and the content of work. A positive factor is communication with employees, which has a beneficial effect on good work organization and the moral climate in the team. At the same time, there are also negative factors, such as physical fatigue, nervous tension, and monotony of work. The source of satisfaction in professional activity and the attractiveness of work may depend on the degree of creativity and its psychological comfort in real prospects for professional and job growth, satisfaction with the work performed and its compliance with individual inclinations and abilities.
Conclusion: the above has an impact on the organization and working conditions positive influence, as well as on the degree of job satisfaction. However, the main factor influencing job satisfaction is the work itself, its content and forms.
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One of the main functions of labor is that labor serves as a way to satisfy human needs.
The labor behavior of members of society is determined by the interaction of various internal and external incentive forces. Internal driving forces are needs and interests, desires and aspirations, values and value orientations, ideals and motives. They all represent structural elements complex social process of work motivation. Motive- encouragement to activity and activity of the individual, social group, a community of people associated with the desire to satisfy certain needs. Motivation- this is verbal behavior aimed at choosing motives (judgments) to explain real work behavior.
The formation of these internal motivating forces of labor behavior represents the essence of the process of motivating work activity. Motivators can be called the grounds or prerequisites for motivation. They determine the subject-substantive side of motivation, its dominants and priorities. Motivators are stimuli from the social and objective environment or stable needs and interests.
Needs in the very general view can be defined as the individual’s concern for providing the necessary means and conditions for his own existence and self-preservation, the desire to sustainably maintain balance with the environment (vital and social). There are many classifications of human needs, the basis of which is: the specific object of human needs, their functional purpose, the type of activity being implemented, etc.
The most complete and successful hierarchy of needs was developed by the American psychologist A. N. Maslow, who identified five levels of needs.
1. Physiological and sexual needs are the needs for reproduction, food, breathing, physical movements, clothing, housing, rest, etc.
2.Existential needs- these are the needs for the security of one’s existence, confidence in the future, stability of living conditions, the need for a certain constancy and regularity of the society around a person, and in the sphere of labor - for job security, accident insurance, etc.
3. Social needs- these are the needs for affection, belonging to a team, communication, care for others and attention to oneself, participation in joint work activities.
4. Prestigious needs- these are the needs for respect from “significant others”, career growth, status, prestige, recognition and appreciation.
5. Spiritual Needs- these are the needs for self-expression through creativity.
A. N. Maslow called the first two levels of needs in his hierarchy primary (innate), the other three - secondary (acquired). In this case, the process of increasing needs looks like replacing primary (lower) with secondary (higher) ones. According to the principle of hierarchy, the needs of each new level become relevant for the individual only after previous requests are satisfied. Therefore, the principle of hierarchy is also caused by dominants (dominant in at the moment needs). A.N. Maslow believed that satisfaction itself does not act as a motivator of human behavior: hunger drives a person until this need is satisfied. In addition, the intensity of the need is determined by its place in the general hierarchy.
There are many social and moral needs that are studied and taken into account in sociology from different points of view. A certain part of them is directly related to the problem of labor motivation; they have specific motivational and labor meanings. Among them are the following: need for self-esteem(conscientious labor activity regardless of control and remuneration for the sake of a positive opinion of oneself as a person and an employee); need for self-affirmation(high quantitative and qualitative indicators in work for the sake of approval and authority, praise, positive attitude towards oneself from others); need for recognition(the focus of labor behavior on proving one’s professional suitability and abilities in general or under conditions of strict control over the quality of work, certification of jobs throughout probationary period); need for a social role (good job as a way to “be someone”, to prove one’s necessity to others, to take a worthy place among them); need for self-expression(high performance in work based on a creative attitude towards it; work as a way of obtaining some ideas and knowledge, manifestation of individuality); need for activity(work activity as an end in itself to maintain health through activity); need for procreation and self-reproduction(a special value orientation towards such goals as the well-being of family and loved ones, increasing their status in society; realization through the results of labor of a sublimated desire to create and inherit something); need for leisure and free time(preference to work less and have more free time, viewing work as a value, but not as the main goal of life); need for self-preservation(need to work less in better conditions, even for a small fee, in order to preserve health); need for stability(perception of work as a way to maintain an existing lifestyle, material well-being, risk aversion); need for communication(attitude towards work as an opportunity for communication); need for social status(clearly expressed subordination of work activity to career goals with positive and negative effects on the work itself; career as a decisive motive for behavior in relationships with others); need for social solidarity(the desire to “be like everyone else”, conscientiousness towards partners, colleagues).
Needs play one of the most important roles in general process motivation of work behavior. They stimulate behavior, but only when they are recognized by employees.
Labor plays an extremely important role in the existence and development of human society and each of its members. Only in the process of labor does a person create the goods necessary for his existence. That is why labor is the basis of human life and development. Human nature itself initially contains the need to work as a necessary and natural condition of life.
This is how K. Marx defined labor and its role in human life: “Labor as a creator of use values, as useful work, is a condition of human existence independent of any social forms, an eternal natural necessity: without it, the exchange of substances between man and nature would not be possible, i.e. human life itself would not be possible.” And further: “The labor process ... is a purposeful activity for the creation of use values, the appropriation of what is given by nature for human needs, a universal condition for the exchange of substances between man and nature, an eternal natural condition of human life.”
The role of labor is manifested in the functions it performs. In all the diversity of social functions performed by labor, a number of basic ones can be identified (Fig. 1.3).
Rice. 1.3. Functions of labor
The first and most important function of labor is consumer . It manifests itself in the fact that labor acts as a way to satisfy needs. The basis for satisfying individual and social needs is the production of material and spiritual goods, the creation of social wealth. In this - creative labor function. By satisfying needs and creating wealth, labor underlies all social development - it determines the social status of a person, forms the social strata of society and the basis of their interaction, thereby fulfilling social function. Creating all the values of human existence, acting as a subject of social development, a person, in preparation for work and in the process of work itself, acquires knowledge and professional skills, masters methods of communication and interaction, shapes himself as an individual and as a member of society, constantly develops and improves. . In this - human-creative labor function. Finally, labor emerges as a force that opens the path to freedom for humanity. Freedomtvorcheskaya the function of labor is that it is in labor and with the help of labor that humanity learns both the laws of nature and the laws of its development and, armed with their knowledge, can take into account in advance the increasingly distant natural and social consequences of its activities.
All labor functions are important and interconnected. The main thing they have in common is their focus on satisfaction. needs person and society. Everything that people do throughout life, all human life has only one driving reason - the desire to satisfy needs.
It should be noted that until now there is no clear and completely indisputable understanding of the essence and definition of the concept of need. Most often, need is defined as “the need, the need of a subject (employee, team, society) for something for its normal functioning,” as “a person’s objective desire to consume material and spiritual goods.”
Fig.1.4. Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow
Also of interest is such a detailed definition of need as “the subjective attitude of the individual (to phenomena and objects environment), in which a contradiction is experienced (between what has been achieved and what is potentially possible in the development of values - in the case of spiritual needs, or between available and necessary resources of life - in the case of material ones), which acts as a source of activity."
There are a large number of different classifications of needs. The most popular is the classification proposed by the American psychologist Abraham Maslow, which includes five groups of needs, conventionally divided into primary and secondary (Fig. 1.4). A more detailed classification was proposed by the Russian psychologist S.B. Kaverin (Fig. 1.5). It is based on the principle activities(all that
Rice. 1.5. Classification of needs according to S.B. Kaverina
does a person throughout his life, is exhausted and described by only four main types of activity: labor, communication, cognition and recreation) and the principle subordination.
Realized by man need takes shape interest- the desire to satisfy a need in some way. This desire motivates a person to take certain actions. The internal urge to activity and activity aimed at satisfying needs is called motive, and the process of forming such incentives is motivation. The motivation for activity and certain activities can also be of an external nature in relation to the subject. In this case it is called incentive, and the process of creating conditions that encourage individuals to act in a certain way is stimulating. The variety of incentives for work activity can be combined into several classification groups (Fig. 1.6).
Fig.1.6. Classification of work incentives
The subject’s desire to satisfy his perceived needs determines the goals of his activity. The ideas of a person, a team, or society as a whole about the main and important goals of activity, as well as about the main means of achieving these goals are called values, and focus on certain values - value orientation.
The satisfaction of most needs is in one way or another connected with a person’s work activity and has a direct impact on the quality and efficiency of his work (Fig. 1.7).
Rice. 1.7. The mechanism of influence of needs on work behavior
The functions (actions, operations, responsibilities) that people perform in the labor process should be distinguished from the functions of labor. As on many other issues, there is no common point of view among specialists on the composition and classification of these functions. The most common functions in the labor process are:
· logical (mental), associated with determining the goal and preparing a system of necessary labor operations;
· performing– putting the means of labor into action in various ways depending on the state of the productive forces and the direct impact on the objects of labor;
· control and regulatory– monitoring technological process, the progress of implementation of the planned program, its clarification and adjustment;
· managerial, related to the preparation, organization of production and management of performers.
Each of these functions, to one degree or another, may be present (or not present) in the work of an individual worker, but is certainly characteristic of the total work. The totality of actions, operations, functions distributed among individual employees, their interaction and interrelationship form content of work. Depending on the predominance of certain functions in a person’s work activity, the complexity of work is determined and a specific ratio of the functions of mental and physical labor is formed.
A change in the composition of labor functions and the time spent on their implementation means a change in the content of labor. The main factor determining changes in the content of labor is scientific and technological progress.
Rice. 1.8. Classification of types of labor
The content of labor reflects the belonging of a particular type of labor to a particular field of activity (labor in the sphere of material production, in the service sector, science, culture and art, etc.), industry (labor in any branch of industry, construction, transport, in agriculture), type of activity (work of a scientist, entrepreneur, manager, worker, etc.), profession and specialty (Fig. 1.8). The content of work is reflected in qualification and tariff-qualification reference books, regulations on organizational units, job descriptions.
The main elements of the system of industrial relations that determine the nature of labor are:
the attitude of workers to the means of production, the form of ownership of the means of production (for example, private labor and hired labor);
the method of connecting workers with the means of production (forced and voluntary labor, forced and free);
the connection between the labor of an individual and the total labor of society (personal and social labor, individual and collective);
employee attitude towards work (initiative and non-initiative work, conscientious and dishonest work);
degree social differences in labor, determined by the social structure of workers, differences in the level of their training, the content of the functions performed, and working conditions.
The content and nature of work are closely related to each other, as they express different sides the same work activity. The combination of characteristics of the content and nature of work allows us to distinguish various types(types of) labor, group them according to certain characteristics. Figure 1.8 shows an approximate, not intended to be complete, classification of types of labor.
